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8/9/2019 Tl Mau Giot Final
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TRNG I HC LT
KHOA SAU I HC
CU TRC HT NHN
Tiu lun: MU GIT CHT L!NG
Gi"n# $i%n: TS& '() C(* H+,
N(-. /(01 (i2n: T34n 5n( K(+6
7 T(8 Ki. Tu9n
;+ T(8 Ki. An(
, L;/< =>?@
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Tiu lun: Cu trc ht nhn Mu git cht lng
MC LC
I. M U:...............................................................................................2
II. C S XY DNG MU GIT CHT LNG:.............................................2
II.1.Mt l hng s (tnh khng chu nn ca ht nhn v git cht lng!...........3
II.2" #nh $%& h'a ca cc l)c t*+ng tc!........................................................3
II.3.,-ng l*.ng /0 t1nh i2n 3&ul&4$!.........................................................3
III. CNG THC !N THC NGHI"M #$I%S&C'$(:....................................4
I). NG D*NG C+& MU GIT CHT LNG:..............................................6
I).1" 5i6i thch *.c 7ng i2u ca *8ng c&ng th)c nghi24 9:;(
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Tiu lun: Cu trc ht nhn Mu git cht lng
M78 9;< =>?< @AB9 @E8F F JF@K @ J78 =?8 < B>OB PQB 9RB B>? P BVJ 1W3. T8 PQB 9RB B>B9 FZ [ J78 9;gJ FZ hB9 =Q ^i [ ^Z 9jB9 B>8 9h
9;< =>?< @AB9 [ >< B>OB\ P` JB9 @ B>hB9 dB9 FkB9 >g8 E8R OB Jn< =f=> jB9 B>?< =>
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Tiu lun: Cu trc ht nhn Mu git cht lng
II.1. Mt l hng s (tnh khng chu nn ca ht nhn v git ch!t l"ng#$
~ j [{ 9;< =>?< @AB9: Jy< Pn _>cB9 >k 8n= [ _p=> {= =q Bt.
~ j [{ >< B>OB: => F ^j _>j & =q =f= >< B>OB @ _>f= B>8 u Jy< Pn =q
>< B>OB @ >B9 ^j\ _>cB9 P [{ J; >< B>OB.
TpB> _>cB9 =>8 BB =q >< B>OB 8 BB =q 9;< =>?< @AB9.
II.%. &nh ') h*a ca c+c l,c t-ng t+c$
T>Z= B9>gJ => ? ?< e`
>s\ B9> @ Jn< B8=@B < B>OB _>cB9
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Tiu lun: Cu trc ht nhn Mu git cht lng
0>J [ dB9 FkB9 =q J78 9;< =>?< @AB9 @ Jb8 < B>OB\ @ >J =q & [ %\ _>R ^f< =f= F PnB9 e J< =q =f= >< B>OB >uB> =o8
[ 9R p=> PB> E8f >OB >=> >< B>OB.
III& CNG THJC N THC NGHIM IPSACKR:NVB9 @lB9 @bB _m< =q >< B>OB:
K\C1
.K2
.C... 2
31
231
T< B>OB =>B~=>B
=K\C T< B>OB =>B~@
~ [{ >< B>OB @~@
9i:i thch c+c s hng t;)ng cng thgQ g< Pn e >Q. N>g< Pn B 8zB PnB9 =q =f= >OB OB >k 8n= [ ^j B8=@B < B>OB\ ^j B8=@B =B9 B>8 u BVB9
@lB9 @bB _m< =B9 @{B. N>B9 F s\ < B>OB BVB9 @lB9 @bB _m< => Jv B8=@B =>w =
M)B8=@B. Mn< >< B>OB J8jB B> =f= B8=@B bB9 eg< >R Pl= =8B9 =?
Jn< BVB9 @lB9 B9 Pl= BVB9 @lB9 @bB _m< 9h =f= B8=@B. NVB9 @lB9 @bB _m< Pt
eB9
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Tiu lun: Cu trc ht nhn Mu git cht lng
B>OB =>w =>8 ^d= >< [ >p p B9 _>cB9 =t =>?< >< B>OB Bh. Sj >B9
d > a8?< >gB @ F @Z= =VB9 J< B9. )u [y\ BVB9 @lB9 @bB _m< =q >< B>OB 9RJ
P Jn< @lB9 < B>OB [ eB9 .&23.
` hng th $aOB @ Jn?< @AB9 PgB FQB9. LZ= < B>OB \ B9> @ OB.
` hng th t*!T>Z= B9>gJ => ? B9 Pj [{ =f= >< B>OB B> [ \
=f= >< B>OB =t ^j %&2\ B9> @ ^j ?< B Pl= Jc cB9
=sB RB> >iB9 PmB eB [hB9 =q >< B>OB. D Pt\ =oB >R P ^j >g8 =>wB> BVB9
@lB9 Pj adB9.
` hng th n-4!Sj >g8 =>wB> =>B~@. T>Z= B9>gJ => ? B9\ =f= >< B>OB
=>B~=>B =t BVB9 @lB9 @bB _m< @{B\ =f= >< B>OB @~@ =t BVB9 @lB9 @bB _m< m8\
=>B9 _J eB [hB9. )u [y =oB >R P [ =cB9 d= ^j >B9 >g8 =>wB> K\C TB9 B ^ Pl= 9R p=> g [{ _>j @lB9 >< B>OB M\ _>j @lB9
j @lB9 BQ
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Tiu lun: Cu trc ht nhn Mu git cht lng
NVB9 @lB9 @bB _m< < B>OB ?< @{B\ RB> >iB9 B>8 PmB _>j @lB9 >OB. NVB9 @lB9 @bB _m< =q Jn< B8=@B < B>OB @ M) < B>OB B>K. Cf= P @lB9 J 9 [ BVB9 @lB9 @bB _m< @:
~ NVB9 @lB9 z $[: BVB9 @lB9 @bB _m< =q >< B>OB dB9 [{ @bB _m< e`
>s =q J; B8=@B $[ ~C[&K
~ NVB9 @lB9 J< $J: @J 9RJ $@_[u @bB _m< =q =f= B8=@B e`
>s $J CJ&23K
~ NVB9 @lB9 C8@Je $=: BVB9 @lB9 PgB =q >< B>OB aJ @ 9;< B{= =t
>OB ej P8 $= C=%2&~13K
~ NVB9 @lB9 Pj adB9 $Pa: P= < B>OB =t a8 >{B9 =>d ^j < B>OB =>B~=>B eB\ >OB @~@ _>cB9 eB $_P C_P&~2)
)y ez8 d= =q BVB9 @lB9 @bB _m< Pl= [m< @ B> ^8:
$@_ ~C[& CJ&23 C=%2&~13 CPa& ~ 2%K2& C_P&~2
CcB9 d= B _>f =>pB> af= [ 9R p=> Pl= Jn< ^j =>?< =Q eRB =q >OB < B>OB B>K. N>B9 =sB B>8 PzJ => 9R p=> Pl= B> eB
[hB9 =q >< B>OB J9=\ VB9 9fB9 =q BVB9 @lB9 @bB _m< Pc...
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8/9/2019 Tl Mau Giot Final
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Tiu lun: Cu trc ht nhn Mu git cht lng
IQ& JNG NG CA MU GIT CHT L!NG:
IQ&?. 9i:i thch -2c =+ng i6u ca ->ng c)ng th,c nghi68 ?@A(B#$
CDnh 1$ng i2u ca *8ng c&ng th)c nghi24 9:;(
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Tiu lun: Cu trc ht nhn Mu git cht lng
%
CDnh %$`+ D 4 t6 =hn E% @AB @C"
Cf= >< BJ {B9 >OB `
~Pz < B>OB BJ {B9
>OB ` Pz < B>OB eB i Pf 8B9 @rB9.
1
1
1
1 ++
+ Yn=
Cf= >< B>OB B> B>?< BJ 9oB J< >B9 N %.
TB9 =cB9 d= efB Z= B9>gJ #]^=_\ ^j >B9 >g8 =>pB> < B>OB =>B~=>B
=K\C T< B>OB =>B~@
~ [{ >< B>OB @~@
NbB =t > l:
IE%.1. &;->ng h2F ht nhn ng khi vNi B lO$
CDnh /$ `+ D s) =hn E% @AB @C i vFi cc ht nhn Dng khi < lG"8
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Tiu lun: Cu trc ht nhn Mu git cht lng
Cf= >< B>OB >OB ` ~[ Pz =>8zB [ >< B>OB eB B>?< =t _>j @lB9 e B>?< dB9
[{ PgB .
DZ [ >uB> 3\ yB ? >< B>OB =t _>j @lB9 M%K @ >< B>OB eB [hB9
B>?< < B>OB PB9 _>j [{ & @. D & @ u K\C TJ
PQB j eB. H< B>OB [{ % 1 i B>fB> ebB >R =q e@ =t _>j @lB9 @{B >QB
M%K BbB >OB ` Pz =>8zB [ >< B>OB B. H< B>OB PB9 _>j [{ % % 1 i
B>fB> ebB j @lB9 @{B >QB M%K [R >OB ` ~ Pz =>8zB [
>< B>OB eB. CrB9 < B>OB &\ % 2K >OB ` Pz =>8zB [ >OB &\ 1K [ >< B>OB &\ ~2K >OB ` ~ Pz =>8zB [ >< B>OB &\ ~1K.
Cf= >< B>OB i B>fB> OB ` ~Pz < B>OB eB BJ i =Z= < B>OB ebB B>fB> >R >OB ` [ J _>j @lB9 M % Pj [{ &
=j PB> [ => P >J B eB9 .
Q* :&2 u %12 Pt @ >< B>OB eB 212
Mg .
&,3 u %2 Pt @ >< B>OB eB,3
23a .
IE%.%. &;->ng h2F ht nhn ng khi vNi B chPn$
j [{ >< B>OB PB9 _>j [{ & =>B\ _>j @lB9 M%K @ >J @B9 B9 K\C T 9f f= B>8\ Pj [{ =f= >< B>OB =>B~=>B
[ @~@. '> Pt\ _>j @lB9 M _> & _>cB9 P Pl= z >gB ei 2 PxB9 e@ B>
>uB> [:
9
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8/9/2019 Tl Mau Giot Final
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Tiu lun: Cu trc ht nhn Mu git cht lng
CDnh Q$ `+ D s) =hn E% @AB @C i vFi cc ht nhn Dng khi vFi < chHn"
CDnh Qa#ng vFi cc ht nhn lG A lG khng $Kn c'n cc ht nhn chHn d chHn $Kn"
CDnh Q'#ng vFi cc ht nhn lG A lG $Kn c'n cc ht nhn chHn d chHn khng $Kn"
TbB >uB> ,K\ PxB9 e@ F{ dB9 [{ =f= >< B>OB eB >QB\ Pt @ =f= >OB [{ % =>B\ =sB PxB9 e@ < B>OB _J eB >QB\ Pt @ =f=
>< B>OB [{ % @. T >uB> [ => ?\ =f= >< B>OB =B> B>8 f= B>8 [ % PmB 2 PQB [ [ OB eB Pj [{ =f= >< B>OB PB9
_>j =>B~=>B. t @ F ^Z =>8zB P >< B>OB [{ PgB % 2 > % 2 B> >OB [{ PgB % 1 > %~1 e =?J [ J< BVB9 @lB9\ =sB ^Z =>8zB P OB % 2 > % 2 ^B9 >< B>OB %=t af= ^8?< ?< e\ =
B> _>cB9 z aR . M< _>f=\ Jv >< B>OB < B>OB B> >QB
[{ PgB =f=> 1 BJ i e@ F{ BbB
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8/9/2019 Tl Mau Giot Final
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Tiu lun: Cu trc ht nhn Mu git cht lng
jB >< B>OB B 8n= l Pl= JB> >; uB> ,eK. '> Pt\ >< B>OB
@ ~ @ eB =sB >< B>OB =>B =>B _>cB9 eB. )p Fk: [{ >< B>OB @~@ 1,N F =f= >OB =>B~=>B C1, [ 61, =>8zB B>.
IE./. &nh khi l-2ng ca ht nhn$T =cB9 d= BVB9 @lB9 @bB _m< B>OB B> ^8:
M %J & ~ %KJB~ $@_&\%K
CcB9 d= B => > Pl= e?< =d _>j @lB9 =q >< B>OB B [{ &\ %\
J\ JB=> k
8n= _>j @lB9 >< B>OB [ PgB % [ ^j _>j @lB9 &. N>x =cB9 d= efB Z=
B9>gJ\ => > j @lB9 >< B>OB pB> af= ^ [{ Z= B9>gJ.
Q* : RB9 ^ ^fB> _>j @lB9 P Pl= gJ [ eB9 =cB9 d= efB Z=
B9>gJ #]^=_.
IE.Q.Rhi l-2ng c,c tiSu ti gi+ t; $
2 13
2 13
C \ K 1 1 2 2 C KC 1K
2
1 2 2
= n
= n
M < T T f= B>8\ Pt @ F Z= B9>gJ P P= Pl=. Mv =cB9d= PB9 dB9 JB> Pl= B9 OB =B9 BB9 u ^j B8 >QB ^j ` aJ a< ^Z _p=> p=> =f= ey= R F =q 9;< =>?< @AB9 >< B>OB.
TB9 p=>\ 9;< =>?< @AB9 =t FB9 >uB>
=o8. p=>\ 9;< =>?< @AB9 _>cB9 e BB B>B9 =t z P FB9 >uB>
>;=\ F Pt =f= ey= p=> ^ @p 8m< > @lB9 ?< @AB9 f< ?< @AB9 =t FB9 >uB> @@^F =VB9 >F< >uB> eK. '> QB = Pt 9;< =>?< @AB9
=t FB9 >uB> E8R @b >uB> =K. N9 \ =f= F PnB9 bB9 _>f= d= QB [ =t QB.
'> =>8zB ^B9 @p 8m< @lB9 < B>OB Pl=
@lB9 t. )g= @lB9 t _>cB9 @J P =f= B9 =f= > BVB9
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Tiu lun: Cu trc ht nhn Mu git cht lng
@lB9 [ JJB PnB9 @lB9 =q =f= p=> 9fB PB.
'> Pt\ =f= BVB9 @lB9 F PnB9 yB =f= 9f ?< @ Jd= 2 =t BVB9
@lB9 =cB9 d= 2K. Md= 3 8 =q > @lB9 [=
Pj [{
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8/9/2019 Tl Mau Giot Final
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Tiu lun: Cu trc ht nhn Mu git cht lng
= >< B>OB 9J > 9;< =>?< @AB9 B8 p=> >OB =Z=
dB9 [{ ^Z P =?8 OB. D Pt\ BVB9 @lB9 _p=> p=> _>f @{B\ =
1~2 M) Pj [{ =f= >< B>OB BB9 [ 2~2 M) Pj [{ =f= >< B>OB B>.
N> [y\ J78 9;< =>?< @AB9 => > 9R p=> PB> ^Z >k 8n= BVB9
@lB9 @bB _m< [ & [ %\ FB9 >uB> =o8 =q P ^j =f= >< B>OB =rB9 B> ^B [ Pn =>B
@ =q Jn< ^j Jd= _p=> p=> ? =q >< B>OB =>B~=>B. T>m8 ^t< =>pB> =q J78 9;?< @AB9 @ ^j > _p=> p=> pcB9 PmB =f= =>?< bB9 eg< =q < B>OB
=rB9 B> _>cB9 z 9R p=> =f= JJB Po8
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Tiu lun: Cu trc ht nhn Mu git cht lng
>uB> =o8 eB Po8. LZ= P C8@Je =t _>8B> >{B9 >f [ _p=> {= =q 9;8B> >{B9 9h B98bB [B FB9 >uB> =o8 =q 9;< >< B>OB. Nm8
@Z= =VB9 J< B9 =sB Pq @{B u 9;< >< B>OB =>w F PnB9 [ uB> FB9 eB Po8.
~ '> BVB9 @lB9 _p=> p=> @{B\ >< B>OB =t z [l< E8 PzJ B emB FB9
PB >\ ^8 Pt _>cB9 z > >k= @ >uB> FB9 eB Po8 =q 9;< >< B>OB Bh J F
PnB9 JB> FoB @bB. LZ= P C8@Je a8?< >gB > Po8\ JB> PmB Bv @Z= =VB9 JcB9 Pq ^d= < B>OB =d _ F J` P E8
=f= FB9 ^8 PO: =o8\ @@^F\ E8R < B>OB [ B> > JRB> 9jB9 B> > 9;< B{= Pd< i =>v < [
> 9;< B{= J{. '> Pt\ @Z= =VB9 J< B9 9t >oB => >gB OB
>=>\ @J => > >oB =q E8R uB> =o8 B PB> >QB.Q* :u tEnh =hn hch 7& cc nYutE&n nhi2t"
'> >< B>OB BB9 >? k Jn< BgOB JB> OB [ =>8zB >t B> >OB i p=>. NVB9 @lB9 _p=> p=> J Bg< P [ >< B>OB
PB9 eB9 =cB9 =oB m< Pz ed< Jn< BA >< B>OB Pt\ < B>OB Pt. H< B>OB 9jB9 B> Jn< 9;< =>?< @AB9 PgB F PnB9
JB>\ >f< >uB> < = => B9B [ e< Po8 a FoB B> > }_>j
=o8 PgB. Nm8 =f= P8 _gB @ p=> >l u @Z= P PgB 9h > _>j =o8 Pt
^ e8n= =>B9 a B>8 [ @J Pd< =>v < = =>. H JRB> Pt [7B =sB JB9
Jn< ^j BVB9 @lB9 _p=> p=> =sB F e a B>8. N> [y\ ^Z >OB >=> P` aR .
,X13W 3SW 2~3K
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Tiu lun: Cu trc ht nhn Mu git cht lng
CDnh Z$u tEnh =hn hch e^_W7& cc nYutE&n nhi2t
8f B _>cB9 aR Jn< ^Q P =j PB> J =t B>8 _bB> >RB dB9\
Jv _bB> Pl= P= [ >OB >=>.
0>OB >=> B> > JRB> =t _>j @lB9 eB9 B>8 >R aR [{ af= ^8?< @{B\
bB R B> [y.
T> @ 8m >OB >=> >R Pj adB9\ j @lB9 eB9 B>8
B>B9 Z= B9>gJ af= B>yB @ =f= JRB> _>cB9 Pj adB9\ j @lB9 _>cB9
eB9 B>8.
T>Z= B9>gJ => ?: '> eB B< B>OB u Bt ^ [ B> >
>< B>OB JRB> >OB >=> >= JRB> [ >< B>OBK [ 9R >tB9 2 >= 3 BgB > >< B>OB >k 8n= [ ^j _>j &.
17
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8/9/2019 Tl Mau Giot Final
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Tiu lun: Cu trc ht nhn Mu git cht lng
CDnh [$jD th $iJu 7in s) =h thuc ca s 46nh vm =hn hch tEn 4t
=hn hch e^_W$oi nYutE&n nhi2t"
Sj JRB> [ ^B> \ 9; @ ^8?< \ Pj [{ Jv >OB >=>\ >k 8n= [ ^j _>j
@lB9 =f= JRB> [ >OB >=> Pt.
T >uB> [ => ?: Cf= JRB> >OB >=> =t _>j @lB9 ^j _>jK B>tJ =t ^8?< @{B B>?mJ WW =t & 11 [ & 121.Cf= >< B>OB =t _>j @lB9 & 1112 =t ^8?< =>w =>mJ 1. Xf= ^8?< @ =Z= & 11. N9 \ _>cB9 ? =t B>hB9 JRB> =t & 11 [ & 2.
N> [y:
~ H< B>OB U23 e >OB >=> => > JRB> [ [{ _>j @lB9 _>cB9 eB9 B>8\
^8?< @{B B>?< Pj [{ > JRB> [ =t & W [ & 13W.
~ (?< p< _> aR >RB dB9 >< B>OB =t _>j @lB9 eB9 B>8. TpB>
=>?< _>cB9 Pj adB9 OB >=> >< B>OB Pl= 9R p=> 8cB _> J78 [AF ^Z 8 uB> B> =f= >< B>OB [{ [A =>fB9 Po =>d [ 2 B8 J78 @{:
Cf= \ e