tl mau giot final

8/9/2019 Tl Mau Giot Final

1/24

TRNG I HC LT

KHOA SAU I HC

CU TRC HT NHN

Tiu lun: MU GIT CHT L!NG

Gi"n# $i%n: TS& '() C(* H+,

N(-. /(01 (i2n: T34n 5n( K(+6

7 T(8 Ki. Tu9n

;+ T(8 Ki. An(

, L;/< =>?@


2/24

Tiu lun: Cu trc ht nhn Mu git cht lng

MC LC

I. M U:...............................................................................................2

II. C S XY DNG MU GIT CHT LNG:.............................................2

II.1.Mt l hng s (tnh khng chu nn ca ht nhn v git cht lng!...........3

II.2" #nh $%& h'a ca cc l)c t*+ng tc!........................................................3

II.3.,-ng l*.ng /0 t1nh i2n 3&ul&4$!.........................................................3

III. CNG THC !N THC NGHI"M #$I%S&C'$(:....................................4

I). NG D*NG C+& MU GIT CHT LNG:..............................................6

I).1" 5i6i thch *.c 7ng i2u ca *8ng c&ng th)c nghi24 9:;(

3/24


M78 9;< =>?< @AB9 @E8F F JF@K @ J78 =?8 OB PQB 9RB B>? P BVJ 1W3. T8 PQB 9RB B>B9 FZ [ J78 9;gJ FZ hB9 =Q ^i [ ^Z 9jB9 B>8 9h

9;< =>?< @AB9 [ >OB\ P` JB9 @ B>hB9 dB9 FkB9 >g8 E8R OB Jn< =f=> jB9 B>?< =>

4/24


II.1. Mt l hng s (tnh khng chu nn ca ht nhn v git ch!t l"ng#$

~ j [{ 9;< =>?< @AB9: Jy< Pn _>cB9 >k 8n= [ _p=> {= =q Bt.

~ j [{ >OB: => F ^j _>j & =q =f= >OB @ _>f= B>8 u Jy< Pn =q

>OB @ >B9 ^j\ _>cB9 P [{ J; >OB.

TpB> _>cB9 =>8 BB =q >OB 8 BB =q 9;< =>?< @AB9.

II.%. &nh ') h*a ca c+c l,c t-ng t+c$

T>Z= B9>gJ => ? ?< e`

>s\ B9> @ Jn< B8=@B OB _>cB9

5/24


0>J [ dB9 FkB9 =q J78 9;< =>?< @AB9 @ Jb8 OB\ @ >J =q & [ %\ _>R ^f< =f= F PnB9 e J< =q =f= >OB >uB> =o8

[ 9R p=> PB> E8f >OB >=> >OB.

III& CNG THJC N THC NGHIM IPSACKR:NVB9 @lB9 @bB _m< =q >OB:

K\C1

.K2

.C... 2

31

231

TOB =>B~=>B

=K\C TOB =>B~@

~ [{ >OB @~@

9i:i thch c+c s hng t;)ng cng thgQ g< Pn e >Q. N>g< Pn B 8zB PnB9 =q =f= >OB OB >k 8n= [ ^j B8=@B OB\ ^j B8=@B =B9 B>8 u BVB9

@lB9 @bB _m< =B9 @{B. N>B9 F s\ OB BVB9 @lB9 @bB _m< => Jv B8=@B =>w =

M)B8=@B. Mn< >OB J8jB B> =f= B8=@B bB9 eg< >R Pl= =8B9 =?

Jn< BVB9 @lB9 B9 Pl= BVB9 @lB9 @bB _m< 9h =f= B8=@B. NVB9 @lB9 @bB _m< Pt

eB9

6/24


B>OB =>w =>8 ^d= >< [ >p p B9 _>cB9 =t =>?< >OB Bh. Sj >B9

d > a8?< >gB @ F @Z= =VB9 J< B9. )u [y\ BVB9 @lB9 @bB _m< =q >OB 9RJ

P Jn< @lB9 OB [ eB9 .&23.

` hng th $aOB @ Jn?< @AB9 PgB FQB9. LZ= OB \ B9> @ OB.

` hng th t*!T>Z= B9>gJ => ? B9 Pj [{ =f= >OB B> [ \

=f= >OB =t ^j %&2\ B9> @ ^j ? >iB9 PmB eB [hB9 =q >OB. D Pt\ =oB >R P ^j >g8 =>wB> BVB9

@lB9 Pj adB9.

` hng th n-4!Sj >g8 =>wB> =>B~@. T>Z= B9>gJ => ? B9\ =f= >OB

=>B~=>B =t BVB9 @lB9 @bB _m< @{B\ =f= >OB @~@ =t BVB9 @lB9 @bB _m< m8\

=>B9 _J eB [hB9. )u [y =oB >R P [ =cB9 d= ^j >B9 >g8 =>wB> K\C TB9 B ^ Pl= 9R p=> g [{ _>j @lB9 >OB M\ _>j @lB9

j @lB9 BQ

7/24


NVB9 @lB9 @bB _m< OB ?< @{B\ RB> >iB9 B>8 PmB _>j @lB9 >OB. NVB9 @lB9 @bB _m< =q Jn< B8=@B OB @ M) OB B>K. Cf= P @lB9 J 9 [ BVB9 @lB9 @bB _m< @:

~ NVB9 @lB9 z $[: BVB9 @lB9 @bB _m< =q >OB dB9 [{ @bB _m< e`

>s =q J; B8=@B $[ ~C[&K

~ NVB9 @lB9 J< $J: @J 9RJ $@_[u @bB _m< =q =f= B8=@B e`

>s $J CJ&23K

~ NVB9 @lB9 C8@Je $=: BVB9 @lB9 PgB =q >OB aJ @ 9;< B{= =t

>OB ej P8 $= C=%2&~13K

~ NVB9 @lB9 Pj adB9 $Pa: P= OB =t a8 >{B9 =>d ^j OB =>B~=>B eB\ >OB @~@ _>cB9 eB $_P C_P&~2)

)y ez8 d= =q BVB9 @lB9 @bB _m< Pl= [m< @ B> ^8:

$@_ ~C[& CJ&23 C=%2&~13 CPa& ~ 2%K2& C_P&~2

CcB9 d= B _>f =>pB> af= [ 9R p=> Pl= Jn< ^j =>?< =Q eRB =q >OB OB B>K. N>B9 =sB B>8 PzJ => 9R p=> Pl= B> eB

[hB9 =q >OB J9=\ VB9 9fB9 =q BVB9 @lB9 @bB _m< Pc...

6


8/24


IQ& JNG NG CA MU GIT CHT L!NG:

IQ&?. 9i:i thch -2c =+ng i6u ca ->ng c)ng th,c nghi68 ?@A(B#$

CDnh 1$ng i2u ca *8ng c&ng th)c nghi24 9:;(

9/24


%

CDnh %$`+ D 4 t6 =hn E% @AB @C"

Cf= >< BJ {B9 >OB `

~Pz OB BJ {B9

>OB ` Pz OB eB i Pf 8B9 @rB9.

1

1

1

1 ++

+ Yn=

Cf= >OB B> B>?< BJ 9oB J< >B9 N %.

TB9 =cB9 d= efB Z= B9>gJ #]^=_\ ^j >B9 >g8 =>pB> OB =>B~=>B

=K\C TOB =>B~@

~ [{ >OB @~@

NbB =t > l:

IE%.1. &;->ng h2F ht nhn ng khi vNi B lO$

CDnh /$ `+ D s) =hn E% @AB @C i vFi cc ht nhn Dng khi < lG"8

10/24


Cf= >OB >OB ` ~[ Pz =>8zB [ >OB eB B>?< =t _>j @lB9 e B>?< dB9

[{ PgB .

DZ [ >uB> 3\ yB ? >OB =t _>j @lB9 M%K @ >OB eB [hB9

B>?< OB PB9 _>j [{ & @. D & @ u K\C TJ

PQB j eB. HOB [{ % 1 i B>fB> ebB >R =q e@ =t _>j @lB9 @{B >QB

M%K BbB >OB ` Pz =>8zB [ >OB B. HOB PB9 _>j [{ % % 1 i

B>fB> ebB j @lB9 @{B >QB M%K [R >OB ` ~ Pz =>8zB [

>OB eB. CrB9 OB &\ % 2K >OB ` Pz =>8zB [ >OB &\ 1K [ >OB &\ ~2K >OB ` ~ Pz =>8zB [ >OB &\ ~1K.

Cf= >OB i B>fB> OB ` ~Pz OB eB BJ i =Z= OB ebB B>fB> >R >OB ` [ J _>j @lB9 M % Pj [{ &

=j PB> [ => P >J B eB9 .

Q* :&2 u %12 Pt @ >OB eB 212

Mg .

&,3 u %2 Pt @ >OB eB,3

23a .

IE%.%. &;->ng h2F ht nhn ng khi vNi B chPn$

j [{ >OB PB9 _>j [{ & =>B\ _>j @lB9 M%K @ >J @B9 B9 K\C T 9f f= B>8\ Pj [{ =f= >OB =>B~=>B

[ @~@. '> Pt\ _>j @lB9 M _> & _>cB9 P Pl= z >gB ei 2 PxB9 e@ B>

>uB> [:

9

11/24


CDnh Q$ `+ D s) =hn E% @AB @C i vFi cc ht nhn Dng khi vFi < chHn"

CDnh Qa#ng vFi cc ht nhn lG A lG khng $Kn c'n cc ht nhn chHn d chHn $Kn"

CDnh Q'#ng vFi cc ht nhn lG A lG $Kn c'n cc ht nhn chHn d chHn khng $Kn"

TbB >uB> ,K\ PxB9 e@ F{ dB9 [{ =f= >OB eB >QB\ Pt @ =f= >OB [{ % =>B\ =sB PxB9 e@ OB _J eB >QB\ Pt @ =f=

>OB [{ % @. T >uB> [ => ?\ =f= >OB =B> B>8 f= B>8 [ % PmB 2 PQB [ [ OB eB Pj [{ =f= >OB PB9

_>j =>B~=>B. t @ F ^Z =>8zB P >OB [{ PgB % 2 > % 2 B> >OB [{ PgB % 1 > %~1 e =?J [ J< BVB9 @lB9\ =sB ^Z =>8zB P OB % 2 > % 2 ^B9 >OB %=t af= ^8?< ?< e\ =

B> _>cB9 z aR . M< _>f=\ Jv >OB OB B> >QB

[{ PgB =f=> 1 BJ i e@ F{ BbB

12/24


jB >OB B 8n= l Pl= JB> >; uB> ,eK. '> Pt\ >OB

@ ~ @ eB =sB >OB =>B =>B _>cB9 eB. )p Fk: [{ >OB @~@ 1,N F =f= >OB =>B~=>B C1, [ 61, =>8zB B>.

IE./. &nh khi l-2ng ca ht nhn$T =cB9 d= BVB9 @lB9 @bB _mOB B> ^8:

M %J & ~ %KJB~ $@_&\%K

CcB9 d= B => > Pl= e?< =d _>j @lB9 =q >OB B [{ &\ %\

J\ JB=> k

8n= _>j @lB9 >OB [ PgB % [ ^j _>j @lB9 &. N>x =cB9 d= efB Z=

B9>gJ\ => > j @lB9 >OB pB> af= ^ [{ Z= B9>gJ.

Q* : RB9 ^ ^fB> _>j @lB9 P Pl= gJ [ eB9 =cB9 d= efB Z=

B9>gJ #]^=_.

IE.Q.Rhi l-2ng c,c tiSu ti gi+ t; $

2 13

2 13

C \ K 1 1 2 2 C KC 1K

2

1 2 2

= n

= n

M < T T f= B>8\ Pt @ F Z= B9>gJ P P= Pl=. Mv =cB9d= PB9 dB9 JB> Pl= B9 OB =B9 BB9 u ^j B8 >QB ^j ` aJ a< ^Z _p=> p=> =f= ey= R F =q 9;< =>?< @AB9 >OB.

TB9 p=>\ 9;< =>?< @AB9 =t FB9 >uB>

=o8. p=>\ 9;< =>?< @AB9 _>cB9 e BB B>B9 =t z P FB9 >uB>

>;=\ F Pt =f= ey= p=> ^ @p 8m< > @lB9 ?< @AB9 f< ?< @AB9 =t FB9 >uB> @@^F =VB9 >F< >uB> eK. '> QB = Pt 9;< =>?< @AB9

=t FB9 >uB> E8R @b >uB> =K. N9 \ =f= F PnB9 bB9 _>f= d= QB [ =t QB.

'> =>8zB ^B9 @p 8m< @lB9 OB Pl=

@lB9 t. )g= @lB9 t _>cB9 @J P =f= B9 =f= > BVB9

13

15/24


@lB9 [ JJB PnB9 @lB9 =q =f= p=> 9fB PB.

'> Pt\ =f= BVB9 @lB9 F PnB9 yB =f= 9f ?< @ Jd= 2 =t BVB9

@lB9 =cB9 d= 2K. Md= 3 8 =q > @lB9 [=

Pj [{

16/24


= >OB 9J > 9;< =>?< @AB9 B8 p=> >OB =Z=

dB9 [{ ^Z P =?8 OB. D Pt\ BVB9 @lB9 _p=> p=> _>f @{B\ =

1~2 M) Pj [{ =f= >OB BB9 [ 2~2 M) Pj [{ =f= >OB B>.

N> [y\ J78 9;< =>?< @AB9 => > 9R p=> PB> ^Z >k 8n= BVB9

@lB9 @bB _m< [ & [ %\ FB9 >uB> =o8 =q P ^j =f= >OB =rB9 B> ^B [ Pn =>B

@ =q Jn< ^j Jd= _p=> p=> ? =q >OB =>B~=>B. T>m8 ^t< =>pB> =q J78 9;?< @AB9 @ ^j > _p=> p=> pcB9 PmB =f= =>?< bB9 eg< =q OB

=rB9 B> _>cB9 z 9R p=> =f= JJB Po8

17/24


>uB> =o8 eB Po8. LZ= P C8@Je =t _>8B> >{B9 >f [ _p=> {= =q 9;8B> >{B9 9h B98bB [B FB9 >uB> =o8 =q 9;< >OB. Nm8

@Z= =VB9 J< B9 =sB Pq @{B u 9;< >OB =>w F PnB9 [ uB> FB9 eB Po8.

~ '> BVB9 @lB9 _p=> p=> @{B\ >OB =t z [l< E8 PzJ B emB FB9

PB >\ ^8 Pt _>cB9 z > >k= @ >uB> FB9 eB Po8 =q 9;< >OB Bh J F

PnB9 JB> FoB @bB. LZ= P C8@Je a8?< >gB > Po8\ JB> PmB Bv @Z= =VB9 JcB9 Pq ^d= OB =d _ F J` P E8

=f= FB9 ^8 PO: =o8\ @@^F\ E8R OB [ B> > JRB> 9jB9 B> > 9;< B{= Pdv < [

> 9;< B{= J{. '> Pt\ @Z= =VB9 J< B9 9t >oB => >gB OB

>=>\ @J => > >oB =q E8R uB> =o8 B PB> >QB.Q* :u tEnh =hn hch 7& cc nYutE&n nhi2t"

'> >OB BB9 >? k Jn< BgOB JB> OB [ =>8zB >t B> >OB i p=>. NVB9 @lB9 _p=> p=> J BgOB

PB9 eB9 =cB9 =oB m< Pz ed< Jn< BA >OB Pt\ OB Pt. HOB 9jB9 B> Jn< 9;< =>?< @AB9 PgB F PnB9

JB>\ >f< >uB> < = => B9B [ e< Po8 a FoB B> > }_>j

=o8 PgB. Nm8 =f= P8 _gB @ p=> >l u @Z= P PgB 9h > _>j =o8 Pt

^ e8n= =>B9 a B>8 [ @J Pd< =>v < = =>. H JRB> Pt [7B =sB JB9

Jn< ^j BVB9 @lB9 _p=> p=> =sB F e a B>8. N> [y\ ^Z >OB >=> P` aR .

,X13W 3SW 2~3K

16

18/24


CDnh Z$u tEnh =hn hch e^_W7& cc nYutE&n nhi2t

8f B _>cB9 aR Jn< ^Q P =j PB> J =t B>8 _bB> >RB dB9\

Jv _bB> Pl= P= [ >OB >=>.

0>OB >=> B> > JRB> =t _>j @lB9 eB9 B>8 >R aR [{ af= ^8?< @{B\

bB R B> [y.

T> @ 8m >OB >=> >R Pj adB9\ j @lB9 eB9 B>8

B>B9 Z= B9>gJ af= B>yB @ =f= JRB> _>cB9 Pj adB9\ j @lB9 _>cB9

eB9 B>8.

T>Z= B9>gJ => ?: '> eB BOB u Bt ^ [ B> >

>OB JRB> >OB >=> >= JRB> [ >OBK [ 9R >tB9 2 >= 3 BgB > >OB >k 8n= [ ^j _>j &.

17

19/24


CDnh [$jD th $iJu 7in s) =h thuc ca s 46nh vm =hn hch tEn 4t

=hn hch e^_W$oi nYutE&n nhi2t"

Sj JRB> [ ^B> \ 9; @ ^8?< \ Pj [{ Jv >OB >=>\ >k 8n= [ ^j _>j

@lB9 =f= JRB> [ >OB >=> Pt.

T >uB> [ => ?: Cf= JRB> >OB >=> =t _>j @lB9 ^j _>jK B>tJ =t ^8?< @{B B>?mJ WW =t & 11 [ & 121.Cf= >OB =t _>j @lB9 & 1112 =t ^8?< =>w =>mJ 1. Xf= ^8?< @ =Z= & 11. N9 \ _>cB9 ? =t B>hB9 JRB> =t & 11 [ & 2.

N> [y:

~ HOB U23 e >OB >=> => > JRB> [ [{ _>j @lB9 _>cB9 eB9 B>8\

^8?< @{B B>?< Pj [{ > JRB> [ =t & W [ & 13W.

~ (?< p< _> aR >RB dB9 >OB =t _>j @lB9 eB9 B>8. TpB>

=>?< _>cB9 Pj adB9 OB >=> >OB Pl= 9R p=> 8cB _> J78 [AF ^Z 8 uB> B> =f= >OB [{ [A =>fB9 Po =>d [ 2 B8 J78 @{:

Cf= \ e

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