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SEJARAH FILSAFAT
Trias Mahmudiono, S.KM, MPH
Departemen Gizi Kesehatan
FKM UNAIR
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Sejarah Ilmu PengetahuanSejarah Ilmu Pengetahuan
• Pemikiran filsafat banyak dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan
• Pd dasarnya filsafat (Barat, India, Cina) muncul → sifat yg religius
• Di Yunani (mitos), India (Weda, Hindu), Cina (confusius)
• Barat: mitos → diganti rasio
• India: tidak pernah lepas induknya → Agama Hindu
• Pembagian periodisasi filsafat Barat → zaman (Kuno, Abad Pertengahan, Modern, Kini)
• Pembagian periodisasi filsafat Cina → zaman (Kuno, Pembaruan, Neo-Konfusionisme, Modern)
• Pembagian periodisasi filsafat India → periode (Weda, Wiracarita, Sutra-Sutra, Skolastik)
• Periode Filsafat Yunani → sangat penting → menjadi acuan
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Historisitas
• Sejarah filsafat barat dibagi menjadi tiga, yaitu zaman Yunani Kuno dengan ciri pemikirannya bersifat kosmosentris
• Zaman Pertengahan dengan ciri pemikirannya yang bercorak teosentris
• Zaman Modern dengan ciri pemikirannya yang bercorak antroposentris
• Zaman Kontemporer dengan ciri pemikiran logosentris.
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YUNANI - KUNO
6SM
MIT
OS
FILSAFAT
3SM - 6ML
OG
OS
ABAD TENGAH
14M
THEOLOGI
AN
CIL
LA
TH
EO
LO
GIA
E
ABAD MODERN
18M 19M
ABAD KONTEMPORER
20M14-15M
RE
NA
ISS
AN
CE
AU
FK
LA
RU
NG
RA
SIO
NA
LIS
ME
EM
PIR
ISM
EK
RIT
ISIS
ME
IDE
AL
ISM
EP
OS
ITIV
ISM
E
FE
NO
ME
NO
LO
GI
ST
RU
KT
UR
AL
ISM
EN
EO
PO
SIT
IVIS
ME
FAKTOR HEURISTIKILMU CABANG
AGAMAFILSAFAT FILSAFAT
BIOLOGIASTRONOMIMATEMATIKAFISIKAKIMIASOSIOLOGI
KOMPUTER
PARIWISATA
DLL.
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YUNANI KUNO
MITOS ..... - 6SM
LOGOS 3SM - 6M
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FILSAFATFILSAFATPhylo = menyenangiSophia = bijaksana
MITOLOGIDongeng, Takhayul
Pertanyaan timbul(ingin tahu)
DE-MITOLOGIDipikirkan
(secara kritis)
LOGOS(ilmu)
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Apakah ARCHE dari segala sesuatu yang ada ?
Thales (624 - 548 SM)
Anaximander (610 - 518 SM)
Anaximanes (590 - 518 SM)
Phytagoras (580 - 500 SM)
Demokritos (460 - 370 SM)
AIR
APEIRON
UDARA
BILANGAN
ATOM
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SOCRATES (469 - 399SM)
PLATO (427 - 347 SM)
ARISTOTELES (384 - 322 SM)
Dialektika
Rasionalisme
MetafisikaLogikaBiologi
Empirisme
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• Abad 6 SM – 0 M– Periode Filsafat Yunani
– Ahli filsafatnya Thales
– Menggunakan pola deduktif
– Kemunculan ilmu sangat berkembang
• Abad 0 – 6 M– Periode Kelahiran Nabi
Isa
– Pertentangan Gereja
– Filsafat mengalami kemunduran
– Raja membatasi kebebasan berfikir
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ABAD PERTENGAHAN
ANCILLA THEOLOGIAE
ABAD KEGELAPANBAGI ILMU PENGETAHUAN
DOGMA
DOGMA
DOGMADOGMA
DOGMA
DOGMA
DOGMADOGMA
DOGMA
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RENAISSANCE
AUFKLARUNG(PENCERAHAN)
14 - 15 MASEHI
18 MASEHI
PERMULAAN ABAD MODERN
LEONARDO DA VINCICOPERNICUSKEPLERGALILEO GALILEIFRANCIS BACON
VOLTAIREJJ. ROUSSEAUMONTESQUIEUIMMANUEL KANT
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AGAMA DAN FILSAFAT MULAI DI PISAHKAN
AGAMA DI DASARI KEYAKINAN (KEIMANAN)
FILSAFAT DI DASARI OLEH OLAH PIKIR (SEKULARISASI)RASIONALISMEEMPIRISMEKRITISISMEIDEALISMEPOSITIVISME
TUMBUH ILMU-ILMU CABANG (“MENINGGALKAN FILSAFAT”)BIOLOGIASTRONOMIMATEMATIKAFISIKAKIMIASOSIOLOGI
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SKEMA HUBUNGAN FILSAFAT DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN
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perkembangan
• Abad 6 M ditandai dengan runtuhnya mitologi dan dongeng-dongeng.
• Abad 6-16 M ditandai dengan kuatnya doktrin teologis atau anciella theologia. Filsafat digunakan untuk memperkuat keyakinan agama.
• Abad 16 zaman modern yang ditandai dengan renaissans merebaknya ilmu pengetahuan.
• Abad 20 atau zaman pasca renaissans ditandai dengan menguatnya pemikiran pasca modernis
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Mythology
Aim of early Greek philosophers is to find natural rather than supernatural explanations for natural practices
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Natural Philosophers
Nature of the physical worldScienceThales – 625BC – 545BC – Greek colony in Asia
Minor – first know philosopher – everything from water – single basic substance
Anaximander – 610-546 BC – all created things are limited – that which comes before and after must be “boundless” - basic stuff could not be as ordinary as water
Anaximenes – 570-526 BC – source of all things must be air of vapour
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Democritus
460-370 BC“everything was built up of tiny invisible blocks” (p.
43)Each block was eternal and immutable firm and solid not all the same – different shapes and sizesunlimited numberCalled atoms, “un-cuttable” (p. 43)
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How accurate is Democritus theory to what we know today?
Atoms theory still existsP. 84 – the lego horse – Plato’s idea of the
model plan – “World of ideas”
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Athens – circa 450 BC
“Cultural center of the Greek world.” (p. 61)Focus changed from natural philosophy to
“the individual and the individual’s place in society.” (p. 62)
Democracy evolvedArt of rhetoric – “saying things in a
convincing manner.” (p. 62)
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Prominent Philosophers
• Sophist – “a wise and informed person” (p. 62) – “ man and his place in society” (p. 62)”
• “No absolute norms for what was right or wrong.” (p. 63)
• Protogoras (485-410 BC) “Man is the measure of all things” (p. 62)
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Socrates
470-399 BC there are norms wrote nothing down greatest influence on western thinking taught in the city squares known to us through Plato’s writings we must use our reason to grasp
“philosophical truths” p. 65 feigned ignorance – “Socratic irony”
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Socratesdied because of his convictions
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Plato
428-347 BCPupil of Socratestheory of ideasMyth of the cave –
denies the reality of the natural world
We must become enlightened
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Myth of the Cave
From The RepublicWhat we take in with our senses is not real,
but rather a poor copy of it – we see only shadows – imprisoned by our senses – the shadows are less real than the actual
Should take in the world intellectuallyIgnorance is likened to imprisonment
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Plato and Aristotle
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Aristotle
384-322 BC student of PlatoElemental theory – fire, water, wind, earthRejected Plato's “world of ideas”Senses are importantWomen as inferior
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Medieval/Baroque
Machiavelli – 1469-1527 – control populace – politics, government - two books, The Prince is still used today in politics (Stalin really liked The Prince)
Spinoza – 1632-1677 - in God (one substance) tolerance and free thought – “Rationalist Mystic”
Hobbes – 1588-1679 – materialist – natural world – political thinking - The Leviathan – “The value or worth of a man is, as of all things, his price.”
Hume
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THOMAS HOBBES1588-1679
• “Alam semesta, segala yang ada, bersifat korporeal, atau badani, yang memiliki dimensi besaran panjang, lebar, dan kedalaman”
• Yang ada hanyalah materi, • Setiap benda bergerak, termasuk manusia,
adalah mesin• Proses mental merupakan gerakan materi yang
ada dalam kepala manusia.• Hobbes terpesona oleh gerak, khususnya
setelah mengunjungi Galileo.
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Locke – 1632-1704 – father of empiricism and liberalism, education. “All mankind is good and ought not to harm one another.” “No man’s knowledge here can go beyond his experiences.”
Hume – 1711-1776 – nothing is certain (complexity), empiricist, take actions because of morals
Leibniz – 1646 – 1716 – rationalist –borrowed reality – “There is a reason why every fact is as it is and not otherwise.” – calculus (Leibniz or Newton)
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Existentialism/Modernism Kierkegaard – 1813-1855 – father of existentialism -
individual finds own identity a problem – mystery of own existence
deBeauvoir - 1908-1986 – French existentialist – Sartre - feminism
Sartre – 1905-1980 – fate doesn't exist – man is what he conceives himself to be “Hell is other people.”
Descartes – 1596-1650 – father of modern philosophy – method of doubt - “Cogito ergo sum - I think therefore I am.”
Camus– 1913-1960 – French writer – absurd that humans demand significance in an indifferent universe - “Man is the only creature who refuses to be what he is.”
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Senses or Reason
Empiricists – believe that we learn through our senses; we learn based on observation, experience ; we are born with a clean slate (tabula rasa)
Rationalists – believe one has to have an understanding of one’s self to learn “Know thyself”; senses offer a limited world; rely on “truths,” logic and intuition
Kant synthesized the two – need reason and the senses to learn