3
qarTuli filosofiuri
azris istoria
II tomi
meore gamocema
oTxtomeulis meore gamocemis ideis avtori da
redaqtori mixeil maxaraZe
gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi 2013
4
UDC (uak) 1(479.22)(09) q-279
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis meore tomSi ganxi-
lulia filosofiuri azri XIII-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi.
naSromSi xazgasmulia im mZime socialur-politikur viTa-
rebaze, romelic TiTqmis eqvs saukunes grZeldeboda saqarTve-
loSi da ramac didad Seaferxa qarTuli kulturis, maT Soris,
filosofiisa da filosofiuri azris ganviTareba.
naSromSi Seswavlili da ganxilulia filosofiuri ideebi
abuserisZe tbelis, JamTaaRmwerlis, sulxan-saba orbelianis,
anton pirvelisa da daviT guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi. gansaxil-
vel periodSi mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba eTikuri, esTetikuri
da socialur-sazogadoebrivi ideebis analizs.
saredaqcio kolegia: s. avaliani
a. bregaZe
i. kalandia
m. maxaraZe (mTavari redaqtori) T. mTibelaSvili
g. SuSanaSvili
m. WeliZe
meore tomis redaqtori _
filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtori sergi avaliani
© m. maxaraZe, 2013 gamomcemloba `universali~, 2013
Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, �: 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30
E-mail: [email protected]
ISBN 978-9941-17-944-0 (saerTo yvela tomisTvis) ISBN 978-9941-17-945-7 (II tomi)
5
w i n a s i t y v a o b a
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis meore tomi
ZiriTadad moicavs XIII-XVIII saukuneebs. samwuxarod, es
periodi filosofiuri ideebiT, sxva saukuneebTan Seda-
rebiT, gacilebiT Raribia. gansakuTrebiT, es iTqmis
XIII-XVI saukuneebze, rac gamowveuli iyo im Znelbedo-
biT, romelic am periodSi qarTvel xalxs Tavs daatyda
gareSe mtrebis Semosevebis Sedegad. erTmaneTs zedized
cvlida monRolTa, Temurlengis, sparsTa da osmalTa
batonoba, rasac Tan sdevda qalaqebisa da soflebis
aoxreba, saxelmwifoebriobis moSla, dampyrobelTa ba-
tonoba da maT winaaRmdeg ganuwyveteli brZolebi. aseT
pirobebSi, cxadia, aravis ecala kulturuli cxov-
rebisa da, miT umetes, filosofiuri azrovnebisaTvis.
amis miuxedavad, am periodSi mainc gvxvdeba filoso-
fiuri azrovnebis calkeuli faqtebi: abuserisZe tbeli
(XII-XIII ss.), „JamTaaRmwereli“ (XIII-XIV ss.), samedicino-
filosofiuri literatura.
qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebis aRorZineba XVII
saukunidan daiwyo, rodesac SedarebiT mtkice da mSvi-
di sazogadoebriv-politikuri viTareba damyarda.
XVII saukunis meore naxevarsa da XVIII saukunis pirvel
meoTxedSi cxovrobda didi qarTveli moazrovne, sasu-
liero da politikuri moRvawe, sulxan-saba orbeliani
(1658-1725). mis kalams ekuTvnis pirveli qarTuli encik-
lopediuri xasiaTis naSromi „qarTuli leqsikoni“, ro-
melSic filosofiur problemebs soliduri adgili
uWiravs. marTalia, es ideebi rig SemTxvevebSi aRebulia
sxvadasxva avtorebidan (platoni, aristotele, nemesios
emeseli, ioane damaskeli, ioane petriwi da sxv.), magram
es garemoeba xels ar uSlis imas, rom isini sulxan-
6
saba orbelianis filosofiur msoflmxedvelobad gan-
vixiloT. amave dros es filosofiuri ideebi imdroin-
deli filosofiuri azrovnebis dones asaxavda. leqsi-
konSi ganxilulia ontologiuri, gnoseologiuri, lo-
gikuri da naturfilosofiuri problemebi. sulxan-saba
orbelianis kalams ekuTvnis mravali sxva naSromic,
romelTa Soris gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs
vrcel didaqtikur Txzulebas - „wigni sibrZne-sic-
ruisa”, romelSic igav-arakebis formiT gamoTqmulia
Rrma filosofiuri, eTikuri, pedagogiuri da socia-
lur-politikuri ideebi.
XVIII saukuneSi moRvaweobda didi qarTveli moaz-
rovne, filosofosi, enaTmecnieri, bunebismetyveli, poe-
ti, didi ganmanaTlebeli da religiuri moRvawe,
(kaTalikosi) anton pirveli (bagrationi) (1724-1788).
anton pirvelma XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi mTeli
epoqa Seqmna ara mxolod filosofiaSi, aramed, agreTve,
qarTuli kulturis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi Tavisi
originaluri da ucxo {laTinuri, rusuli, somxuri}
enebidan Targmnili TxzulebebiT, romlebic gankuTvni-
li iyo misive iniciativiT gaxsnili Tbilisisa da
Telavis seminariebis saxelmZRvaneloebad. anton pirve-
lis originaluri filosofiuri Txzulebebidan gansa-
kuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia „spekali“ da „katiRoria si-
metneÁ“. 1762 wels man laTinuridan Targmna kr.
baumaisteris filosofiis sruli kursi (metafizika,
logika, eTika), kr. volfis wignis safuZvelze Sead-
gina Txzuleba „Semoklebuli fisika Teoretikebri“,
romelsac vrceli komentarebi daurTo. anton pirve-
lis wyalobiT Tbilisisa da Telavis seminariebSi
filosofias dasavleT evropis doneze aswavlidnen.
winamdebare gamocemis meore tomSi gamokvleulia-
agreTve, qarTuli eTikuri, esTetikuri da sazoga-
7
doebriv-politikuri azris istoria. Seswavlilia didi
qarTveli poetis daviT guramiSvilis (1705-1792) filo-
sofiuri msoflmxedveloba, sazogadoebriv-politikuri
azris istoria XIII-XVIII saukuneebSi, filosofiuri
urTierTobani mezobel qveynebTan da a.S.
sergi avaliani
8
S e s a v a l i
qarTulma kulturam, kerZod, qarTulma filoso-
fiurma azrma Tavisi ganviTarebis umaRles mwvervals
XI-XII saukuneebSi miaRwia, rasac metyvelebs efrem
mcires, arsen iyalToelisa da ioane petriwis, rogorc
mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweoba, ise maT mier Targmnil
filosofiur Zeglebze darTuli RrmasafuZvliani ko-
mentarebi. am mimarTebiT gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia
ioane petriwis mier Targmnili neoplatonuri filoso-
fiis ukanaskneli didi warmomadgenlis, prokles (412-
485) ,,RvTismetyvelebis safuZvlebze” darTuli komenta-
rebi, romelic scildeba komentaris daniSnulebas da
warmoadgens petriwis damoukidebelsa da originalur
naSroms.
XI-XII saukuneebis qarTuli kulturis ayvavebis yve-
laze srulyofili gamoxatuleba iyo SoTa rusTavelis
,,vefxistyaosani”, romelic, maRalmxatvruli Rirebule-
bebis garda, epoqis mowinave filosofiur ideebsac
warmoaCens.
ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, qarTulma kulturam am
dros iseT simaRleebs miaRwia, romlis msgavsma
movlenebmac evropaSi renesansis warmoSoba ganapiroba.1
misive azriT, es procesi saqarTveloSi ver dasrulda
dampyrobTa mravalricxovani Semosevebis gamo.
XI-XII saukuneebSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv
aRmavlobas XIII saukunis meore naxevridan daRmavloba
mohyva, ramac Tavisi gamoxatuleba hpova kulturaSi,
maT Soris, filosofiur azrovnebaSic. efrem mcires,
arsen iyalToelisa da ioane petriwis moRvaweobis Sem-
deg qarTul filosofiaSi axali saxelebi unda gamoCe-
niliyo, magram moxda piriqiT: dakninda, daeca qarTuli
9
saxelmwifos Zliereba, rasac mohyva kulturis, maT
Soris, filosofiuri azrovnebis daRmavloba.
eqvsaukunovan (XIII-XVIII ss.) xangrZliv periodSi
saqarTveloSi filosofia, filosofiuri azri, aRar
arsebobs, radganac am drois saqarTveloSi filoso-
fosi, rogorc aseTi, aRar moRvaweobda. amitom epoqis
filosofiuri azrebi Tu ideebi xSirad mxatvrul
nawarmoebebsa da istoriul ZeglebSi, upirvelesad,
,,qarTlis cxovrebis” teqstebSia saZiebeli. swored es
aris am epoqis qarTuli filosofiuri azris erT-erTi
Tavisebureba. sabednierod, didi SeWirvebis miuxedavad,
saqarTveloSi sulieri kultura mTlad ar Camkvdara
da am periodis kulturul memkvidreobaSi SesaZlebe-
lia qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriisTvis sayu-
radRebo nimuSebis moZieba.
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom XIII-XVIII saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi sulieri kulturis mxolod dacemis
tendenciebi ar yofila. Tu XIII-XIV saukuneebSi saqarT-
veloSi qarTuli filosofiuri azris nimuSebi, Ziri-
Tadad, mecnierulsa da istoriuli xasiaTis ZeglebSi
gvxdeba (abuserisZe tbelis Semoqmedeba, ,,aswlovani
matiane”...), Semdgom modis dacemis xana, rasac mosdevs
SedarebiTi aRmavloba (XVII-XVIII ss.).
dacemis xanis ZiriTadi Tavisebureba S. nucubiZes
ase aqvs daxasiaTebuli: ,,mTavari sakiTxi XIII-XVI sau-
kuneTa ganmavlobaSi iyo gamaerTianebel da gamTiSvel
ZalTa brZola. am xnis ganmavlobaSic yovelive, rac
mxars uWerda mTlianobas da erTmmarTvelobas, isto-
riulad progresuli movlena iyo. is, rac ebrZoda
mTlianobasa da erTmmarTvelobas da rac gamTiSav
Zalebs exmareboda, istoriulad reaqciul banaks war-
moadgenda”.2
10
saqarTvelos istoriis am mZime periodSi, rogorc
ukve aRiniSna, gvxvdeba erovnuli filosofiuri azris-
Tvis sayuradRebo masalebi. am TvalsazrisiT, sayurad-
Reboa bagrat batoniSvilis ,,moTxrobaÁ sjuliTa uRm-
rToTa ismailitTaÁ”3, romelic ZiriTadad mahmadianuri
sarwmunoebis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli. amasTan, am
TxzulebaSi saubaria qarTvel mTargmnelebzec (daviTi,
stefane, arseni, efTvime, giorgi da efremi).
Semobrunebis momenti dgeba XVII saukunis meore
naxevridan, roca saqarTveloSi erTgvari kulturuli
gamococxleba iwyeba. aq upirvelesad unda davasaxeloT
mefe vaxtang VI-is kulturul-aRmSeneblobiTi moRva-
weoba (,,swavlul kacTa komisiis” Seqmna, stambis ga-
marTva, ,,vefxistyaosnis” pirvelad stamburi wesiT ga-
mocema da sxv.). am periodSi iwyebs Tavis mravalmxriv
moRvaweobas sulxan-saba orbeliani, romlis Semoqmede-
baSic wamyvani adgili ukavia eTikur problematikas da
qarTuli filosofiuri terminologiis daxvewa-ganvi-
Tarebas. amis Taobaze S. nucubiZe SeniSnavda: ,,qarTuli
filosofiis istoriis TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze meti
mniSvneloba aqvs, cxadia, s.s. orbelianis wminda
filosofiur interess; ra Tqma unda, avtoris gonebrivi
viTarebisTvis mniSvnelovania moraluri filosofiis
motivebi da mizandasaxulobac da pedagogiuri Sexedu-
lebanic. isini ara marto arkveven s.s. orbelianis
gonebrivi muSaobis ares, aramed Tanamedrove viTarebis
anarekls, ideologiur asaxvas warmoadgens. avtori,
Cans, moralur filosofiasac ar uyurebda ganyene-
bulad da aq imdenad mxilebis miznebi ar hqonda mxed-
velobaSi, ramdenad Tanamedroveebze iseTi zegavlena,
rac, saboloo angariSSi, imave aRmzrdelobiT miznebs
isaxavda”.4
11
sulxan-saba orbelianis udidesi damsaxureba iyo is,
rom man petriwsa da arsen iyalToelze damyarebiT
gaacocxla da mimoqcevaSi Semoitana Sua saukuneebis
qarTuli filosofiuri terminologia.
gansaxilveli epoqis, kerZod, misi bolo saukunena-
xevrisTvis damaxasiaTebelia qarTul-somxuri da,
gansakuTrebiT, qarTul-rusuli filosofiuri urTier-
Tobebis gaRrmaveba-ganviTareba. am mimarTebiT gansakuT-
rebiT unda gamoiyos anton pirvelisa da misi skolis
mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweoba, ris Sedegad qarTul enaze
ametyvelda evropuli filosofiisa da rusuli filo-
sofiuri azrovnebis Semcveli literatura. anton pir-
velma Seqmna enciklopediuri xasiaTis naSromi ,,speka-
li”.
saqarTvelos erT-erTi msxvili safeodalo gvaris
warmomadgeneli, mefe erekle II-is winaaRmdeg mebrZoli
da damarcxebis Semdeg umkacresad dasjili aleqsandre
amilaxvari (1750-1802), romelmac cxovrebis naxevarze
meti ruseTSi gaatara, Tavis naSromSi _ ,,brZeni
aRmosavleTisa”5 did simpaTiebs amJRavnebs saxelmwifos
mowyobis evropuli modelisadmi. eWvi ar aris, rom
aleqsandre amilaxvris msoflmxedvelobaze didi gav-
lena moaxdina anton pirvelis dawyebulma saqmem,
rasTanac dakavSirebulia evropul mowinave kulturas-
Tan daaxloeba.
gansaxilvel epoqaSi, qarTuli filosofiuri azris
gamococxlebisa da ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, umniSv-
nelovanesi movlena iyo erekle meorisa da anton
pirvelis TaosnobiT filosofiuri skolebisa da
sasuliero seminarebis daarseba Tbilissa (1755) da
TelavSi (1782). aRniSnul filosofiursa da sasuliero
centrebs sxvadasxva dros xelmZRvanelobdnen _ filipe
yaiTmazaSvili (XVIII s.), daviT reqtori (1745-1824) da
12
gaioz reqtori (1746-1821)6, romlebic, sazogadoebrivi
moRvaweobis garda, eweodnen mTargmnelobiT
saqmianobas. maT qarTul enaze araerTi filosofiuri
Txzuleba Targmnes.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli fi-
losofiuri azris istoriis meore periodi _ XIII-XVIII
saukuneebi, gansakuTrebiT ki misi pirveli ori monak-
veTi (XIII-XIV da XV-XVI ss.) aSkara daRmavlobiT xa-
siaTdeba, mesame monakveTi ki (XVII-XVIII ss.) gamococx-
leba-aRmavlobis niSnebs atarebs. mTlianobaSi es ori
tendencia: daRmavloba da Semdgom SedarebiT aRmav-
loba _ ganviTareba mTlianad qarTuli filosofiuri
azris istoriis meore periodisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
13
pirveli Tavi
XIII-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriis mokle mimoxilva
saqarTvelos istoriis ,,oqros xana”, romelsac sa-
fuZveli Caeyara daviT aRmaSeneblis moRvaweobiT (1089-
1125), didxans ar gagrZelebula. xorezm Sahis Semosevam,
1226 wels Tbilisis aRebam da gadawvam saqarTvelos
axali mtris _ monRolebis _ moaxloeba amcno.
ilxanebis batonoba da mZlavoba (1256-1336), marTalia,
saqarTvelosTvis metad mZime iyo, magram is raRac-
nairad mainc axerxebda Zveli didebis SenarCunebasa da
gavlenas mezoblebze. politikuri regresis aSkara
gamovlineba iyo samefo karis uniaTobisa da qiSpis
Sedegad saqarTvelos or samefod gayofa, rac qarTuli
samefos gauqmebamde grZeldeboda. monRolebTan daZabu-
li urTierTobis Sedegad politikuri damcrobisa da
ekonomikuri siduxWiris zogadi suraTi SedarebiT
asatani gveCveneba im didi ubedurebisa da unugeSobis
fonze, rac saqarTvelos Temur lengis Semosevebis
Sedegad daatyda. marTalia, monRolTa batonobis
Semdeg saqarTvelo TiTqos Tavs aRwevs kriziss da
warmatebebic aqvs mopovebuli politikur sarbielze,
magram XIV-XV ss. mijnaze gaTurqebuli monRoluri
tomis beladis, Temur lengis gamanadgurebelma
laSqrobebma saqarTvelo unugeSo mdgomareobaSi
Caagdo.
1386-1403 wlebs Soris Temur lengi 8-jer Semoesia
saqarTvelos. am gamanadgurebel laSqrobebs saqarTve-
los verc erTi mxare ver gadaurCa, zogi ramdenimejer
iqna darbeuli.
14
Temurlengis sisxlian TareSs saqarTveloSi uaRre-
sad mZime Sedegebi mohyva, rac socialuri da ekono-
mikur-politikuri cxovrebis Tanaziarad iqca saukunee-
bis ganmavlobaSi. erTi bizantieli istorikosi gvamc-
nobs, rom sadac Temurlengis jari gaivlida, iq
mxolod ukacrieli udabno rCeboda, aRar ismoda arc
ZaRlis yefa, arc mamlis yivili da arc Cvil bavSTa
tirilio. Temurlengi gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT anad-
gurebda da Zarcvavda saqarTvelos 1400 wlis mTeli
gazafxulisa da zafxulis ganmavlobaSi, kerZod, qarT-
lisa da samcxis soflebs. 1403 w. man oTxi Tve dahyo
saqarTveloSi da sikvdilis win kidev erTxel daarbia
ukve meramdenimejer awiokebuli adgilebi. misi sisas-
tike religiuri fanatizmiT Sepyrobili adamianis moq-
medebas hgavda _ angrevda eklesia-monastrebs, wvavda
soflebsa da qalaqebs. TiTqmis yvela eklesia, romelic
qarTveli arqeologebis mier aris aRmoCenili da gaTx-
rili, Temurlengis xeliT aris gadamwvari da dangreu-
li.
araadamianuri sisastikisa da ulmobeli qcevis
miuxedavad, rac eWvqveS ayenebda Temur lengis sulier
Seracxadobas, man ver gatexa samSoblosa da qristes
rjulisTvis mebrZoli qarTvelebis nebisyofa da
iZulebuli Seiqmna, Serigeboda Tavis politikur
marcxs; 1403 wels qarTlis mefesTan dadebuli xel-
SekrulebiT igi oficialurad aRiarebda saqarTvelos,
rogorc qristianul samefos. es iyo qarTveli xalxis
mier didi materialuri zaralis fasad mopovebuli
gamarjveba.
amierkavkasiaSi mosaxle xalxisTvis Temurlengis
parpaSs erTnairi Sedegebi ar hqonia. Tu saqarTvelo
ukanasknel amosunTqvamde ibrZoda mamulisa da rjuli-
saTvis, sxvebma ver gauZles mtarvalis zewolas, zogi
15
sruliad gadaSenda da moispo, xolo zogi gandevnil
iqna samSoblo miwa-wylidan. araraobad iqca Sirvanis
feodaluri samTavro, didad dazaralda somxuri
Temebi. magram mainc yvelaze didi ziani saqarTvelos
miadga CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTianeTSi mcxovrebi erT-
guli mosaxleobis CamoSorebis gamo. aq qarTvelebis
mier gavrcelebuli qristianobis nacvlad Temur
lengis mier mahmadianoba dainerga, ramac, marTalia,
isini gadaarCina sastiki dampyroblis risxvas, magram
qarTvelebis sawinaaRmdego banakSi miuCina bina.
kavkasiel mTielTa qristianobis misaniSneblad dRemdea
SemorCenili qristianuli eklesiebi da saflavis qvebi
qarTuli warwerebiT.
XV saukunis dasawyisi SeiZleba miviCnioT qristia-
nuli saqarTvelos irgvliv mahmadianuri koaliciis
Seqmnis periodad, rodesac samxreTidan Turqmenuli
tomebis jebirs CrdiloeTidan axlad gamahmadianebul-
Ta rkalic daemata. saqarTvelos cxovrebaSi urTulesi
istoriuli periodi dadga.
cnobilia saqarTvelos istoriis Znelbedobis pe-
riodis araerTi SemTxveva, rodesac, ukiduresi gaWirve-
bisa da gamouvali viTarebis miuxedavad, Cndebian gmi-
rebi, umamacesi adamianebi, romelTa gamWriaxobac ers
swor gzaze ayenebda da Svebas aniWebda. aseTad
SeiZleba miviCnioT mefe aleqsandre, romelic samefo
taxts ikavebs 1412 wels (mefobda 1442 wlamde). is
mondomebiTa da didi energiiT Seudga qveynis aRdgena-
ganaxlebas, ris gamoc xalxma mas ,,aleqsandre didi”
Searqva. erT sabuTSi mis mier naTqvamia, rom ,,vidre
brZola usjuloTa da ganvasxen zRvarTagan CvenTa da
qristianni friads mSvidobasa da myudroebasa miecnes”.
amis gamo uwodeben mas ,,mefeTa Soris warCinebuls”.
misi zemoaRniSnuli sityvebidan kargad Cans mefis sap-
16
rogramo moqmedeba _ usjuloTa gandevna saqarTve-
lodan da qristianTaTvis mSvidobis mopoveba. pirvel
rigSi aleqsandre didi iwyebs gandgomili moqmedi
mTavrebis alagmvasa da damorCilebas, rasac didi
mcdelobis Semdeg warmatebiT aRwevs. amis Sedegad is
iqca ,,orsave samefos mtkiced” mpyrobelad, rac
gulisxmobda dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis samefoebis
gaerTianebas. Sinauri saqmeebis mowesrigebasTan erTad
is energiulad cdilobda mterTagan mitacebuli qar-
Tuli miwebis dabrunebas. 1431 wels man daibruna lore,
1434-1435 wlebSi-sivnieTi (Tanamedrove yarabaRi),
Semoimtkica CrdiloeTis kari _ dariali da am mxaris
mTis mosaxleoba.
XIV s. bolosa da XV s. dasawyisSi gasagebi mize-
zebis gamo kulturuli mSeneblobis kvali ar Cans,
piriqiT, Semosevebis Sedegad ingreoda saero Tu
saeklesio nagebobebi, nadgurdeboda kulturuli kere-
bi. XV saukunis pirveli naxevari ekonomikuri aRdgeni-
Ti samuSaoebiTa da mtrebis mier dangreuli cixe-
simagreebisa da eklesia-monastrebis mSeneblobiT aris
gamorCeuli. am samuSaoebis gansaxorcieleblad mefes
droebiTi saxelmwifo fuladi gadasaxadi SemouRia.
aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi pirvel rigSi mcxeTis sakaTedro
taZarSi _ sveticxovelSi _ wamouwyiaT, rac 1431 wels
dasrulebula. aRudgeniaT Temur lengis mier dangreu-
li X saukuneSi agebuli ruisis taZari, sicocxle
daubrunes garejis udabnoebs, sadac VI saukunidan
didi samonastro cxovreba Cqefda. sainteresoa, rom
samefo kars yuradRebis gareSe ar dautovebia saqarT-
velos gareT arsebuli qarTuli kerebic, kerZod, sa-
berZneTSi, aTonis qarTul monasterSi, ganuaxlebiaT
sasneulo, senakebi da zRude-goldebi.
17
aleqsandre didis warmatebebis miuxedavad, misi
mefobis bolo periodSi Tavi iCina samefo saojaxo
konfliqtma, ris gamoc 1442 wels is berad aRikveca.
samefo taxti ki mas SvilisTvis _ vaxtangisTvis _
gadaucia. vaxtang mesame mcire xans mefobda (1442-1446).
igi misma Zmam giorgi aleqsandres Zem Secvala.
marTalia, giorgi VIII (1446-1466) erTiani saqarTvelos
mefed iTvleboda, magram mas mxolod qarTli, kaxeTi
da imereTi emorCileboda. dasavleT saqarTvelos
teritoriaze arsebuli samTavroebi: sabediano (samegre-
lo-afxazeTi), guria da samcxe damoukidebel politi-
kas awarmoebdnen, riTac saqarTvelos erTianobas safu-
Zveli ecleboda. es ki moaswavebda misi politikuri
daSlis procesis dawyebas, romlis SeCerebac istoriu-
li gardauvalobis gamo SeuZlebeli iyo.
saqarTvelos SigniT mtrobisa da gaTiSulobis
procesze metad damRupvelad moqmedebda arastabiluri
da meryevi sagareo viTareba, romelic qarTvelobisTvis
mtrulad ganwyobili Zalebis kontroliT mimdinareob-
da. ase gaumezoblda saqarTvelos samxreT-aRmosavle-
Tidan Savbatkniani (yara-yoinlu) TurqmenTa tomebi.
samxreT-dasavleTidan ki bizantiis xarjze afarToebda
Tavis samflobeloebs osmalTa mzardi da metad
agresiuli politikuri Zala. amis logikuri dasasruli
iyo 1453 wlis 29 maiss sulTan mehmed II-is mier bizan-
tiis dedaqalaq konstantinopolis aReba, riTac bolo
moeRo bizantiis imperias. es iyo msoflio masStabis
tragedia, kulturuli samyaros aunazRaurebeli kraxi.
amieridan marTlmorwmune bizantiis nacvlad saqarTve-
los daumezoblda metad agresiuli da islamis fana-
tizmiT Sepyrobili osmalTa saxelwifo. saqarTveloSi
yvela grZnobda moaxloebul ubedurebas. Zneli dasana-
xi ar iyo, rom saqarTvelos irgvliv ikvreboda islamis
18
saxelmwifoTa mtruli garemocvis marwuxebi. saqarTve-
lo moswyda gare samyaros, aRar hqonda saSualeba,
gascnoboda evropaSi mimdinare renesansis aRmavlobas.
gadaiketa gzebi ara mxolod evropis saxelmwifoebTan
(arada metad mWidro urTierToba myardeboda italiis
qalaqebTan), aramed maxlobeli aRmosavleTis centre-
bTanac. imis gamo, rom konstantinopolis dacemas mohyva
mcire aziis regionebSi Turquli mosaxleobis damkvid-
reba, karga xniT gadaiketa gzebi samxreTis qveynebisken.
saqarTvelo moswyda qarTuli kulturis centrebs pa-
lestinaSi, sinaze, saberZneTSi. osmaleTis gabatonebam
mcire aziasa da Sav zRvaze evropis savaWro centrebi
aiZula, axali gzebi moeZebnaT kavkasiisa da mcire
aziis gverdis avliT. es ki damRupvelad moqmedebda
saqarTvelos ekonomikaze. is karga xniT _ yovel
SemTxvevaSi XVII saukunamde _ gamoeTiSa, vidre gzebis
sxva mimarTulebebi aRmoCnda volga-astraxanisa da
ardebilis gavliT, saerTaSoriso satranzito savaWro
saqmianobas.
konstantinopolis dacemis Semdeg Seqmnil tragi-
kul situacias kargad grZnobdnen ara marto saqarT-
veloSi. mas SiSiT uyurebdnen dasavleTSic. amis gamo
iyo, rom daiwyo mzadeba osmalebis gasadevnad mcire
aziidan da konstantinopolis gasaTavisufleblad. ini-
ciativa romis papma pius II-em aiRo. misi gegmiT jvaros-
nul omSi aRmosavleTis xalxebsac unda mieRoT monawi-
leoba. am gegmis gasacnobad 1459 wels saqarTvelos
ewvia papis elCi ludoviko bolonieli. saerTo mizanma
qarTveli mefe-mTavrebi SeakavSira da elCs ufro didi
gegmebis ganxorcieleba SesTavazes; kerZod, ierusali-
mis gamoxsna mahmadianTa xelidan. aRmosavleTis
qristianTa mxridan brZolaSi monawileobas miiRebda
120 aTasi kaci, maT emxroboda iranis Sahic, romelsac
19
Tavisi pretenziebi hqonda osmalebis mimarT. qarTveli
elCebi wavidnen italiaSi. veneciaSi senatma zeimiT
miiRo isini, Semdeg estumrnen roms, Sexvdnen pius II-s,
magram gamoirkva, rom romis papma dasavleTis qveynebi
ver daiyabula jvarosnul laSqrobaze. misi rCeviT
qarTveli elCebi eaxlnen safrangeTis mefes, magram
uSedegod. dasavleTma swored ver gansazRvra mosalod-
neli safrTxe, rac SemdegSi iwvnies, roca osmalTa
jarebma daipyres balkaneTis didi nawili, ungreTi da
miadgnen venas. am movlenebs saqarTvelo ver gamoexmau-
reboda _ ukve gvian iyo. am droisTvis qarTveloba ise
iyo dauZlurebuli, rom aseTi didi tvirTis awevis
Tavi aRar hqonda. ase CaiSala romis papis ganzraxva,
romelic vin icis, rogor Semoabrunebda istoriuli
ganviTarebis mimdinareobas.
antiosmaluri gegmis CaSlis Semdeg Sinauri SuRli
qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs Soris ufro mZafr saxes iRebs.
yvela maTgani miiltvoda damoukideblobisken, ar eri-
deboda ra ukiduresi mtruli zomebis miRebas centra-
luri xelisuflebis mimarT. amasTan, xSirad mokavSi-
red mezobeli qveynebis mmarTvelebsac iyenebdnen.
giorgi VIII mxolod nominalurad iTvleboda saqarTve-
los mefed, yvela mTavari Tavis samTavroSi Tavs mefed
asaRebda. Sida aSliloba imiT dasrulda, rom saqarT-
velos erTiani samefo daiSala. giorgi VIII iZulebuli
iyo kaxeTSi gadasuliyo da kaxeTis samefo daearsebina.
aqedan daiwyo kaxeTis samefo dinastiis istoria (1466
w.). dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze Camoyalibda
calke politikuri erTeuli _ sabediano. aq Sedioda
guria, samegrelo, afxazeTi, qalaqebi: cxumi (soxumi),
foTi, baTumi. calke samefoebad Camoyalibda qarTli
da imereTi. samcxis samTavros gamgeblebic xSirad
mefeebad iwodebodnen.
20
qarTlis samefo xelisufleba, romelsac tradiciu-
lad mindobili hqonda saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwi-
fos politikuri centris roli, ar scnobda qveynis
daSlis faqts da qveynis damSleli Zalebis winaaRmdeg
brZolis moTaveobas kisrulobda. qarTlis Seunelebe-
li mcdeloba qveynis gasaerTianeblad uSedego gamodga
da 1490 wels qarTlis samefo darbazma aRiara saqarT-
velos politikuri daSlis faqti, rasac Sedegad mohyva
saTanado xelSekrulebis gaformebac mefe-mTavarTa So-
ris da sazRvrebis daweseba.
rTuli saSinao viTarebisa da arastabiluri saga-
reo politikuri garTulebebis pirobebSi ver
xerxdeboda qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis wamoweva-
ganviTareba. metad mZime viTarebaSi mefeca da feoda-
lebic arcTu iSviaTad saeklesio mamulebs ZaliT
euflebodnen, adidebdnen gadasaxadebs. ekonomikuri
gaWirvebis gamo samefo kari ver uwevda daxmarebas
saqarTvelos gareT arsebul kulturul-samonastro
centrebs da isini materialuri daxmarebis gareSe
upatronod iyo mitovebuli. 1478 wels qarTlisa da
imereTis taxtze avida aleqsandre didis Svili-
konstantine meore. kaxeTSi 1476 wlidan giorgi VIII
nacvlad gamefda misi Ze aleqsandre I. TiTqosda Caisaxa
saqarTvelos samefos gamTlianebis imedi, magram
Sedegi ar gamoCnda. Sinauri aSliloba da gareSe
mtrebis moZaleba XV s. bolo meoTxedSic ver iqna
daZleuli. qarTuli politikuri Zalebi Seqmnili
viTarebidan gamosavals aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis
qristianebis gaerTianebaSi da iran-osmaleTis
winaaRmdeg erTobliv brZolaSi xedavdnen, risTvisac
agzavnidnen werilebs romis papTan, espaneTis
dedofalTan da sxva, magram uSedegod. qarTvelebi ver
uwevdnen angariSs, rom evropisTvis iranic da
21
osmaleTic angariSgasawev Zalebs warmoadgendnen da
maTi gulmxurvale mowodeba qristianobis gadasarCenad
evropuli pragmatikosebis dadebiT reaqcias ver
iwvevda. magram gamoCnda Zala erTmorwmune da Zlieri,
magram ara dasavleTidan, aramed CrdiloeTidan,
ruseTis saxiT, romelTanac kavSiris gasabmelad
dasavleTze gulacruebulma kaxeTis mefem 1491 wels
seriozuli nabiji gadadga _ ruseTSi ivane III-Tan
gaagzavna elCebi werilebiT da saidumlo sityvieri
moxsenebiT.
aseTi iyo saqarTvelo XV saukunis dasasrulisaT-
vis. saerTo gaWirvebis fonze kulturuli da inte-
leqtualuri saqmianobis Sesaxeb laparaki Wirs. Tuki
XV s-is pirvel naxevarSi xerxdeboda Temur lengis
mier dangreuli eklesiebisa da cixe-darbazebis aRdge-
na-SekeTeba, am saukunis meore naxevarSi msgavsi
samuSaoebis warmoebis Sesaxeb cnobebi ar arsebobs.
Tumca cota ram SeiZleba iTqvas samwerlebo moRvaweTa
da ucxoeTis centrebSi arsebul SemoqmedebiT saqmia-
nobasTan dakavSirebiT. pirvel rigSi unda movixsenoT
zaza fanaskerteli-ciciSvili, romelic moRvaweobda
XV s-is meore naxevarSi da romlis saxelTanacaa da-
kavSirebuli Zvirfasi samedicino naSromis Seqmna
saTauriT ,,karabadini”. avtori wignis gadamweris mier
moxseniebulia, rogorc ,,zaza mkurnali” da ,,zaza
brZenmTavari”.
calkea mosaxsenebeli ierusalimSi arsebuli qar-
Tuli centri ,,jvris monasteri”. is XIV s. bolos sas-
tikad auoxrebiaT Temurlengis laSqrobisas. manamde,
1273 w. monasteri daatovebines qarTvel berebs da is
mizgiTad gaadaakeTes. mamluqTagan misi gaTavisufleba
moxda 1305 wels. aRdgenil iqna da ganaxlda Semoqme-
debiTi saqmianoba. 1400 wels Sedgenili xelnaweris-
22
,,golgoTis svinaqsaris” minaweris mixedviT vgebulobT
dasabuTebulsa da argumentirebul mosazrebebs
qarTvelebis golgoTaze uflebebis Sesaxeb, rac
dRemde sadavo sagnad aris qceuli. XV s. meore
naxevarSi jvris monastris energiuli msaxuri biZina
ColoyaSvili wers: ,,frangebs golgoTa davagdebineo”.
is palestinaSi qarTvelTa mitacebuli eklesiebis
saqmes awarmoebs, erTi dokumentis mixedviT, 1514
welsac. ierusalimSi qarTvelTa salocavi adgilebi
popularobiT sargeblobda da qarTvelebs garkveuli
privilegiebic hqoniaT momlocvelobis dros. rogorc
erTi mogzauri SeniSnavs: ,,ierusalimSi salocavad
Sesvlis dros qarTvelebi sazeimod morTul-mokazmul
cxenebsa da aqlemebze sxedan da gaSlil afrialebuli
erovnuli droSebiT Tavisuflad Sediodnen qalaqSi da
sxvebiviT sultans amisTvis dawesebul gadasaxads ar
aZleveno.”
aRniSnul periodSi kulturul-inteleqtualuri Se-
moqmedebis SesaniSnav magaliTs warmoadgens ,,qarTlis
cxovrebis” Cvenamde moRweeul xelnawerTa Soris uZve-
lesi XVs. daTariRebuli xelnaweri, romelic daweri-
lia kaxeTis mefis aleqsandres meuRlis, dedofal anas
brZanebiT 1479-1495 wlebs Soris.
saqarTvelos samefos politikuri daSlilobis
fonze metad sainteresod gamoiyureboda qarTuli
qalaqebi.
maT Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili eWira Tbiliss.
misma geografiulma mdebareobam igi kavkasiis upirve-
les qalaqad aqcia. Tbilisi yovelTvis saqarTvelosa
da kavkasiis centris movaleobas asrulebda. XVI-XVIII
ss. ganmavlobaSi Tbilisi xSirad icvlida patrons,
xelidan xelSi gadadioda xolme, iyo SemTxvevebi,
rodesac qalaqis erT nawilSi erTi ijda, meoreSi _
23
meore. aseTi cvalebadoba qalaqis eTnikur Semadgen-
lobaSic iyo asaxuli. qarTvelebis gverdiT qalaqSi
cxovrobdnen somxebi, sparselebi, ebraelebi, Turqebi.
qalaqSi dRemdea SemorCenili marTlmadidebluri,
kaTolikuri da grigorianuli eklesiebi, sinagogebi,
meCeTebi. sxvaTa Soris aseTi eTnikuri siWrele qalaqis
stabilur cxovrebaze uaryofiTad moqmedebda. kerZod,
mtrebis Semosevebisas araqarTuli mosaxleobis
mxridan Ralatisa da gamcemlobis araerTi SemTxvevaa
cnobili.
osmalTa imperiis gamezoblebam mxolod saqarTve-
los ar Seuqmna problemebi; aranakleb dReSi iranic
aRmoCnda. tradiciuli pretenziebiT da pirvelobisaT-
vis Jiniani swrafviT osmaleTi gadaulaxav zRuded iq-
ca sefianTa iranisaTvis. didi monarqiis brZolas
pirvelobisTvis yvelaze metad amierkavkasiis xalxebi
ewirebodnen. omis cecxli xan SirvanSi ainTeboda, xan
somxeTSi, xan saqarTveloSi da sxvadasxva poziciebidan
mas uerTdebodnen kavkasieli mTielebi. iran-osmaleTis
omi permanentulad grZeldeboda 1514 wlidan 1555
wlamde. 1514 wels osmalebma sastikad daamarcxes Sah-
ismailis laSqari da daikaves qalaqi Tavrizi. irani
cdilobs antiosmaluri kavSiris Sekvras, romlis
SemadgenlobaSic Sedis saqarTvelos samxreT dasavle-
Tis didi nawilic samcxis aTabagis meTaurobiT. Sah
ismaili amasac ar dasjerda da qarTlisa da kaxeTis
Semomtkicebasac Seudga.
gareSe mtrebTan sastiki brZolebis paralelurad
ar cxreboda dava da qiSpi calke samefoebs Soris. am
mxriv qarTli da kaxeTi gamorCeviT moqmedebdnen. Tumca
ki upiratesobas verc erTi ver aRwevs da dazavebis
Sedegad, rac iran-TurqeTs Soris moxda, samefo
gaerTianebis sakiTxi kvlav gadaido.
24
XVI-XVII saukuneebi saqarTvelos istoriaSi erT-
erTi yvelaze rTuli periodia. gareSeTa momZlavreba,
Sinagani aSliloba, separatistuli gancalkeveba,
mTliani qveynis suraTis warmodgenis saSualebas ar
iZleva; Tanac politikuri sarbielis cvalebadoba im-
denad swrafad xdeboda, rom misi gaanalizeba did
sirTules warmoadgens.
kaxeTi saqarTvelos sxva regionebTan SedarebiT
mdidari da dawinaurebuli samefo iyo. Sah-abasis Semo-
sevamde (1614-1616 ww.) aq TiTqmis yvelaferi normalurad
mimdinareobs. kaxeTis mefeebi axerxeben qveynis dawyna-
rebas, saerTo enasac pouloben iranis SahebTan, Tumca
vasalur damokidebulebas Tavs ver aRweven. kaxeTis
samefos ori sataxto qalaqi hqonda _ gremi da bazari
(zagebi). organve samefo rezidenciebi iyo mowyobili.
gremi imdroindeli aRmosavluri qalaqebis yaidaze iyo
gaSenebuli. qalaqi 150 wlis ganmavlobaSi cocxlobda
(1466-1616 ww. Soris); daingra sparselebis Semosevis
dros. aseve mniSvnelovani iyo qalaqi bazari. isic same-
fos politikuri da ekonomikuri centri iyo (amJamad
azerbaijanis teritoriazea). kaxeTis ZiriTadi ekonomi-
kuri sayrdeni iyo abreSumiT vaWroba. qsovili nedli
saxiT gahqondaT ucxoeTSi, ZiriTadad ardebilisa da
alepos bazarze, riTac savaWro garigebebs amyareben
ucxo vaWrebTan. vercxlisa da oqros fuls Wridnen
kaxeTis mefeebic. maT didi Rvawli miuZRviT ruseTTan
diplomatiuri kavSirebis damyarebaSi. ruseTi daintere-
sebas iwyebs saqarTvelos sakiTxiT. imis Semdeg, rac
ruseTma 1552 da 1556 wlebSi daipyro yazanisa da
astraxanis saxanoebi, aSkarad Canda, rom misi SeCereba
samxreTisken aravis SeeZlo. 1567 wels rusebi Tergis
SesarTavTan cixe-simagres ageben. ruseTTan kaxelebis
kavSiris damyareba ar siamovnebda arc TurqeTsa da
25
arc irans, ris gamoc araerTi samxedro operacia Cata-
rebula saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. maTi karnaxiT gaaq-
tiurdnen kavkasieli mTielebi, gansakuTrebiT-daResta-
nis tomebi, romlebic mosvenebas ar aZleven kaxelebs
yaCaRuri TavdasxmebiT. ruseTTan dakavSireba sababi iyo
Sah-abasis ulmobeli laSqrobisa aRmosavleT saqarTve-
loSi (1614-1616 ww.), rodesac, Tavganwiruli winaaRmde-
gobis miuxedavad, kaxelebi damarcxdnen. ayvavebuli da
mdidari kuTxe sastikad iqna darbeuli, gadaiwva qala-
qebi da soflebi, daiRupa mosaxleobis didi nawili,
aTi aTasobiT qarTveli iranis provinciebSi gadaa-
saxles.
kaxeTis gverdiT mniSvnelovnad dazaralda qarT-
lic. sparselTa laSqari sastikad uswordeboda
qarTlelebs. Tavis gadasarCenad qarTleli mefe-
mTavrebi imereTs afarebdnen Tavs, sadac sparselebi
ver gadadiodnen.
dasavleT saqarTvelos feodalebi da samefo kari
gamudmebuli qiSpisa da mtrobis pirobebSi xSirad
ucxo Zalasac uxmobdnen, romelTa Carevac adgilob-
rivi mosaxleobis aoxrebis xarjze xdeboda. dasavleT
saqarTvelo gansakuTrebiT daazarala tyveebiT vaWro-
bam. yovelwliurad aTasobiT bavSvi stambolis bazarze
iyideboda, romlebic avsebdnen ianiCrebisa da mamluqe-
bis razmebs.
es periodi cnobilia italieli misionerebis moRva-
weobiTac. isini gansakuTrebiT energiulad moqmedeben
samegrelos safeodaloSi. maT saqmianobas yuradRebiT
akvirdebodnen samefo xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebic
da ZiriTadad xels uwyobdnen kidevac. amis gamo iyo,
rom samisionero centrebi aRmocenda saqarTvelos
sxvadasxva regionSi _ samegreloSi, axalcixeSi, gorSi,
TbilisSi. isini kaTolikobis gavrcelebas axerxebdnen
26
piradi Rirsebebis demonstrirebiT, rogorc religiur
sferoSi, ise sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. daxmarebas
uwevdnen avadmyofebs, ebrZodnen tyveebiT vaWrobas,
exmarebodnen adgilobriv mmarTvelobas dasavleTTan
urTierTobis damyarebaSi.
ucxoeTSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa umetesoba samxedro
saqmianobiT iyo dakavebuli. isini Seadgendnen iani-
CarTAjaris umetesobas TurqeTsa da sparseTSi. TiTqmis
yovelTvis yulis jaris sardali qarTvelTa rigebidan
iyo, romelic, rogorc wesi, ,,uzenaesi mejlisis” wevri
xdeboda.
iranis maRal aristokratiulsa da samxedro-admi-
nistraciul sferoebSi qarTvelTa aqtiuri monawileo-
bis miuxedavad, saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi maTi
sasikeTo gavlena ar Cans. is, rac xdeboda sakuTriv
saqarTveloSi _ qiSpi, mtroba, muxanaToba _ Sua sauku-
neebis sazogadoebrivi seni iyo.
ngreva-awiokebis miuxedavad, XVI-XVIII ss.-is inteleq-
tualuri cxovreba saqarTveloSi sakmaod maRalia.
feodaluri aRzrdis sistema moicavda saero da sasu-
liero aRzrdis sinTezs, romlis centric eklesiebsa
da monastrebSi iyo gadatanili. ra Tqma unda, aRzrdis
saqmeSi qristianuli ideologiis SemzRudvel gavlenas
Tavisi daRis dasma ar gauWirdeboda, Tumca ki ganaT-
lebis xalxuri sawyisi Cveulebriv utevda Suasauku-
neobriv sqolastikasa da azris Tavisufali ganviTa-
rebis moTxovniT gamodioda. skolebSi RvTismetyve-
lebis gverdiT sxva disciplinebsac aswavlidnen. XVII
saukunidan skolebs aarsebdnen kaTolike misionerebic.
maTi mcdelobiT zogi qarTveli bavSvi saswavleblad
igzavneba ucxoeTSi, magaliTad, neapolis skolaSi. mi-
sionerebi aarseben skolebs TbilisSi, gorsa da qu-
TaisSi.
27
kulturis mniSvnelovan centrebs warmoadgendnen
saepiskoposo kaTedralebi: sveticxoveli, wilkani, sam-
Tavisi, alaverdi, gelaTi, caiSi, bedia, da sxva. XVI s.
biWvinTidan dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriar-
qis rezidenciis gelaTSi gadmotanis Semdeg, is kul-
turis erT-erTi Zlier centrad iqca. upirvelesi cent-
ris roli ki kvlav Tbiliss ekuTvnoda, sadac iyo
Tavmoyrili kulturul dawesebulebaTa mTeli rigi.
imis miuxedavad, rom XVI-XVII saukuneebis qarTuli
xelovneba wina epoqebisas ver Seedreba, bevri sayurad-
Rebo ram mainc gakeTda: xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebidan
mSfoTvare epoqis gavleniT ZiriTadi aqcenti gadatani-
li iyo TavdacviTi nagebobebis, cixe-galavnebis, simag-
reebis mSeneblobaze. am dros Seqmnili Zeglebidan
SeiZleba davasaxeloT gremis mTavarangelozTa komp-
leqsi, axali SuamTa, ninowmindis samreklo, ananuri,
batoni cixe TelavSi, saero nagebobebi _ abanoebi
gremSi, TelavSi, TbilisSi, xidebi _ ,,gatexili xidi”
md. qciaze, xidi quTaisTan mdinare WiSuraze da sxva.
sabazro dawesebulebebi gremSi, bazarSi, axalqalaqSi.
XVI-XVII saukuneebSi tradiciulad grZeldeboda
eklesiebis moxatva. am metad gavrcelebul xelobas
araerTi skola emsaxureboda. gansakuTrebiT gavrcele-
buli iyo didebulTa da maTi ojaxis wevrTa port-
retebis Seqmna. portretebis seriaa mocemuli gelaTis
eklesiaSi, nikorwmindis, gremis, axali SuamTis, naT-
lismcemlis (md. inwobis xeobaSi), xobis, martvilis
eklesiebSi.
am periodis oqromWedlobis nimuSebi cotaa Semor-
Cenili; isini gamoirCeva daqveiTebuli gemovnebiTa da
mdare SesrulebiT. vrceldeba saero Sinaarsis xel-
nawerTa dasuraTeba. am mxriv yvelaze sainteresoa
samegreloSi levan dadianis karze Sesrulebuli ,,vef-
28
xistyaosani”, romlis avtoria mamuka TavaqaraSvili.
saqarTvelos peizaJebis, tipaJis da yofis sxvadasxva
Canaxatebia Sesrulebuli kaTolike misionerebisa da
mogzaurebis mier, romelTa Sorisac gamorCeulia ita-
lieli misioneris don kristoforo de kastelis mier
Sedgenili albomi (XVII s. Sua wlebi).
gviani Suasaukuneebis mTel manZilze saqarTveloSi
brunvaSi iyo ucxo qveynebSi moWrili spilenZis,
vercxlisa da oqros fuli, ZiriTadad sparsuli. XVIII
s-Si imata Turqulma fulmac. saqarTvelos Cabmam saer-
TaSoriso savaWro operaciebSi bevri ucxoeli, maT
Soris, evropeli vaWaric, moizida, ris gamoc vrcel-
deba vercxlisa da oqros evropuli monetebi. mTeli am
xnis ganmavlobaSi iWreboda spilenZisa da vercxlis
qarTuli fulic. zarafxana TbilisSi samefo reziden-
ciis maxloblad mdebareobda.
gamudmebuli Sinagani SfoTisa da gareSe mtrebis
moZalebis miuxedavad, yovelTvis cocxlobda qarTvel-
Ta erTianobisa da SekavSirebis idea. ,,Cven mefeman
saqarTvelosman anu qarTlisa da afxazeTisman”-ase
iwyeboda xolme mefis sabuTi, Tumca mas xeli araTu
mTlianad saqarTveloze, aramed mis nawilzedac Zlivs
miuwvdeboda. magram azri cocxlobda da es azri mTel
progresul sazogadoebas asazrdoebda, radganac yvela
misi nawili _ mcire saqarTveloebi _ iyo Cadebuli
gamoTqmaSi: ,,SvidTave saqarTvelo”.
saqarTvelos gaerTianebis idea iran-osmaleTis
agresiisa da kavkasiis mTielTa ganuwyveteli TareSis
pirobebSic isxamda frTebs. erekle II is erTaderTi
mefe iyo, romelsac erTiani saqarTvelos xelmwifoba
unda rgeboda. qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle II-m da
solomonma, romelic iyo ,,mefe afxazeTisa da yovlissa
imereTisa”, 1753 wels gaaformes samxedro kavSiri,
29
riTac seriozuli nabiji iqna gadadgmuli gaerTia-
nebisken. 1783 w. erekle II xels awers ruseTTan urTi-
erTobisa da megobrobis xelSekrulebas (,,georgievskis
traqtati”), romlis ZaliTac aRmosavleT saqarTvelo
ruseTis mfarvelobis qveS Sedioda. 1790 wels imereTSi
erekle II-is SviliSvilis solomon II-is gamefeba gaer-
TianebisaTvis brZolaSi mopovebuli warmatebebis maCve-
nebeli iyo, rac gaformda kidevac saTanado traqta-
tiT.
saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaken gadadgmul am nabijs
da ruseTisken ltolvas sparseTis Sahis aRa-mahmad-
xanis Semoseva mohyva. es iyo iranis mier saqarTvelos
damorCilebis imedgacruebis gamomxatveli ukanaskneli
aqti.
magram es ar iyo saerTod ukanaskneli cda
qarTvelobis damorCilebisa. saqarTvelos win ufro
sastiki gamocda eloda. daarRvia ra 1783 w. SeTanxmeba,
1801 w. 12 seqtembris ruseTis imperatoris manifestiT
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefos likvidacia gamocxad-
da, is ruseTis imperiis guberniad iqca.
30
meore Tavi
XIII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli filosofiuri azris Seswavlis
istoriidan
gansaxilveli epoqis qarTuli filosofiuri azris
istoriis Seswavlasa da SefasebaSi didi wvlili mi-
uZRviT, rogorc qarTvel filosofosebs, ise mecniere-
bis sxvadasxva dargis warmomadgenlebs: istorikosebs,
filologebs, bunebismetyvelebs da sxv, imis
miuxedavad, rom XIII _XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli
filosofiuri azris istoriis Seswavlis
TvalsazrisiT, qarTvel mecnierebs saTanado
kvleva_Zieba aqvT Catarebuli, jer kidev bevri ram
gasakeTebelia. am periodis qarTuli filosofiuri
azris istoriis SeswavlaSi xarvezebi ori garemoebiT
iyo ganpirobebuli:
1. Sesaswavli obieqtis TaviseburebebiT: filosofiu-
ri kulturis jer dacema da Semdgom SedarebiT aRmav-
loba, damoukidebeli filosofiuri kerebis ararseboba
da Cveni azrovnebis masazrdoebel dasavleTis filo-
sofiisgan mowyveta;
2. ideologiuri CarCoebi, ramac didi daRi daasva
gansaxilveli epoqis filosofiuri azris istoriis yo-
velmxriv safuZvlian Seswavlasa da obieqtur Sefa-
sebas.
pirvelad gansaxilveli epoqis qarTul filosofiur
azrs Seexo solomon dodaSvili (1805-1836) mimoxilviTi
xasiaTis werilSi – ,,mokle ganxilva qarTul
literaturisa anu sityvierebisa”. werilSi igi ioane
petriws axasiaTebs, rogorc ,,WeSmarit filosofoss” da
31
misi rolis warmoCenaSi gansakuTrebiT gamoyofs anton
pirvelis wvlils: ,,Rirseba didisa mis mwerlisa
Tqmulsa leqssa Sina, romelic aRtrfobili Txzule-
baTa mier misTa hswers Semdgomsa”1.
amave werilSi s. dodaSvili laparakobs im did
kulturul aRmavlobaze (maT Soris, filosofiaSi),
rac mohyva erekle-II-is saganmanaTleblo politikas da
raSic mTavar rols asrulebda anton pirveli (bagra-
tioni) (1720-1788)2.
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis mecnierul
Seswavlas safuZveli Cauyara niko marma (1864-1934) im
naSromebiT, romlebSic ioane petriwis filosofia da
rusTavelis msoflmxedveloba iyo ganxiluli3.
sakuTriv XIII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli filosofiuri
azris istoriis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT, sayuradReboa
niko maris naSromi ioane petriwze, kerZod, misi is
nawili, sadac ioane petriwis filosofiuri memkvidreo-
bis bedia ganxiluli. am monakveTSi ganxilulia ioane
petriwis naSromebis (prokles Txzulebis Targmani da
masze darTuli komentarebi) somxurad gadaTargmnisa
(XIII s.) da Semdeg am somxuri Targmanis piruku qarTu-
lad gadmoTargmnis (XVIII s.) faqtebi. es movlenebi niko
mars saTanadod aqvs gaanalizebuli da Sefasebuli.
XIII_XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli filosofiuri
azris istoriis Seswavlis saqmeSi didi wvlili aqvs
Setanili ivane javaxiSvils (1876-1940). am mimarTebiT
kvleva-Zieba didi mecnieris moRvaweobaSi mxolod
gansaxilveli epoqiT rodi Semoifargleba. am mxriv
sayuradReboa misi ori naSromi, romlebSic mraval-
mxrivad da RrmasafuZvlianad aris ganxiluli zneob-
rivi problematika Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi4. sakiTxis
safuZvliani Seswavlis safuZvelze ki avtori im das-
kvnamde midis, rom swored am periodSi Camoyalibda
32
azri qarTvelis specifikurobaze. am droisTvis xde-
boda qarTvelTa Tvisebebis idealizacia, rac sxvasTan
dapirispirebasac warmoadgenda. magaliTad, giorgi
xuces _ monazoni qarTvelebs axasiaTebs, rogorc wrfe-
lebsa da umankoebs: giorgi dayudebulis aRniSvniT,
qarTvelebi TviT RvTismSobelsac ki uyvarda. giorgi
mTawmideli erT-erT polemikaSi saubrobs qarTvelTa
wrfelobasa da umankoebaze, mas swams qarTvelTa
rwmenis siswore da midrekileba. sabolood iv. javaxi-
Svili imowmebs giorgi mTawmidlis azrs qarTvelTa
simyareze: ,,raJams erTgzis gvcnobies, arRara midrekil
varT marcxl, gina marjul da arca mivdrkebiT, Tu
RmerTsa undes”5.
gansaxilveli periodis qarTuli filosofiuri
azris istoriis sakiTxebi gvxdeba iv. javaxiSvilis
meTodologiuri xasiaTis naSromSi – ,,istoriis mizani,
wyaroebi da meTodebi winaT da axla”6, romelSic
gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa qarTlis cxovrebis
sxvadasxva versiis avtoriseuli analizi da Sefasebebi.
aseve sayuradReboa abuserisZe tbelis moRvaweobis,
,,mesxuri daviTnis matianis”, ,,gelaTuri qronikis”,
vaxtang VI-is ,,swavlul kacTa” komisiis saqmianobis,
vaxuSti batoniSvilis, sexnia CxeiZis, papuna orbe-
lianisa da oman xerxeuliZis istoriuli Txzulebebis
SedarebiTi analizi da avtoriseuli Sefaseba, ris
safuZvelzec naCvenebia xsenebul qarTvel swavlulTa
moRvaweobis Rirsebebi da naklovanebebi. qarTuli
filosofiuri azris istoriis TvalsazrisiT, did
STabeWdilebas tovebs iv. javaxiSvilis mier vaxuSti
batoniSvilis gaweuli Rvawlis Sefaseba: ,,Tu amas-
Tanave gavixsenebT vaxuStis sworupovars saqarTvelos
istoriul-filosofiur sazogado mimoxilvas, maSin
misi sidiade ucilobeli iqneba CvenTvis da XVIII sau-
33
kunis qarTul mwerlobaSi namdvil uebro bumberazad
warmogvidgeba”7.
XIII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli filosofiuri azris
istoriis sakiTxebi ganxiluli aqvs cnobil mecniers
korneli kekeliZes (1879-1962) fundamentur naSromSi _
,,Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria”, sadac gaana-
lizebulia im avtorTa moRvaweoba, romlebic cnobili
arian, rogorc filosofiuri teqstebis mTargmnelebi
da, amasTan, arc filosofiuri azrebis naklebobas
ganicdian. am mizniT k. kekeliZes ganxiluli aqvs
abuserisZe tbelis, petre gelaTelis, JamTaaRmwerlis,
sulxan-saba orbelianis, filipe yaiTmazaSvilis, anton
pirvelis, iona xelaSvilis da sxvaTa Semoqmedeba8.
aseve mniSvnelovania k. kekeliZis naSromSi mocemuli
apokrifuli, egzegetikuri, dogmatikuri, polemikuri,
agiografiuli, asketuri da mistikuri xasiaTis
literaturis analizi9.
gareSe Zalis mier qarTuli kulturis aRmavlobis
Seferxeba-SeCerebaze sayuradRebo azri aqvs gamoTq-
muli gamoCenil mecniers, ivane beritaSvils (1884-1974).
misi azriT, ,,saqarTvelos kulturuli ganviTareba XIV
saukunemdis imnairad mimdinareobda, rom gareSe
stiqiur Zalas rom ar emoqmeda, Cven gacilebiT adre,
vidre evropaSi, mivaRwevdiT im mdgomareobas, rodesac
adamianis buneba, misi anatomia-fiziologiiT, uSualo
kvlevis sagnad gadaiqceoda”10.
i. beritaSvilis azriT, renesansisa da humanizmis
ideebi CvenSi ufro adre gamovlinda, vidre evropaSi; am
movlenebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis Sedegad CvenSi daiw-
yeboda eqsperimentuli, maT Soris, biologiur mecni-
erebaTa ganviTareba11. Aamis winapirobad avtors gelaTi-
sa da iyalTos akademiebis Camoyalibeba da iq maRal-
xarisxovani saxelmZRvaneloebiT sargebloba miaCnda.
34
XIII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli filosofiuri azris
istoriis Seswavla-SefasebaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili
miuZRviT qarTvel filosofosebs – Salva nucubiZes,
grigol kalandariSvils, Salva xidaSels, cnobil
qarTvel fsiqologs aleqsandre frangiSvilsa da
Tanamedrove mkvlevrebs (sergi avaliani, revaz baramiZe,
gulnara dedabriSvili, leo menabde, revaz siraZe da
sxv.).
S. nucubiZis (1888-1969) kvleva-Ziebani gansaxilveli
epoqis qarTul filosofiaze ZiriTadad Sesulia misi
,,qarTuli filosofiis istoriis” II tomSi12. masTan
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs qarTuli filo-
sofiis istoriis periodizacia. kerZod, S. nucubiZis
mixedviT, qarTuli filosofiis istoria 6 periodad
iyofa. amasTan, meeqvse periodi or etaps moicavs.
qarTuli filosofiis istoriis S. nucubiZiseuli
periodizacia aseTia: 1. adreuli antikuroba, romelic
xasiaTdeba miTologiurobiT;
2. gviani antikuroba (III-VII s.s.) _ misi niSania
sakuTari filosofiis ganviTareba;
3. saeklesio-dogmaturi periodi (VIII-X s.s.) _ misi
damaxasiaTebeli niSania Teologiuri azrovnebis aRmav-
loba;
4. filosofiuri aRorZinebis periodi (XI_XII s.s.) _
neoplatonuri filosofiis primatiT;
5. gviani feodalizmi (XIII-XVI s.s.) _ sqolastikuri
epoqa;
6. orientaciis Ziebis periodi, I etapi – evropuli
mimarTuleba (XVII_XVIII s.s.) da me-2 etapi (XVIII_XIX
s.s.) _ ruseTze orientacia.
aRniSnuli periodebidan me-5 da me-6 periodis I
etapi gansaxilvel epoqas exeba, romelic, S. nucubiZis
azriT, warmoadgenda qarTuli filosofiis adrindeli
35
periodis logikur gagrZelebas da masTan erTad erTian
sxeuls Seadgens. xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom
S. nucubiZis mosazrebebi qarTul filosofiaze imiTac
gamoirCeva, rom gansaxilveli sakiTxebi da problemebi
(filosofia, social-politikuri da ideologiuri Sexe-
dulebebi, filosofiuri urTierTobani) ganxilulia
mTlianobaSi.
S. nucubiZe gansaxilvel epoqaSi gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas aqcevs socialur-politikursa da ideolo-
giur viTarebas XIII-XVI saukuneebis saqarTveloSi,
ideologiur reaqcias ioane petriwis winaaRmdeg da
aseve ideologiur brZolas rusTavelis irgvliv XIII-
XVIII saukuneebSi.
S. nucubiZis qarTuli filosofiis istoriis me-2
tomSi didi adgili aqvs daTmobili ucnobi mematianis-
JamTaamRwerlis, saxeliT cnobili avtoris istoriuli
Txzulebis filosofiur analizs.
am monakveTSi saubaria, agreTve, filosofiur ur-
TierTobebze (qarTul-somxuri da qarTul-rusuli) da
rusuli filosofiis gavlenis Sesaxeb qarTul filo-
sofiur azrovnebaze. nakveTi mTavrdeba anton pirvelis
rolis SefasebiT qarTuli filosofiis ganviTarebaSi.
am mizniT ganxilulia misi enciklopediuri xasiaTis
nawarmoebi ,,spekali”.
grigol kalandariSvili (1904-1965) Tavis gamokvle-
vaSi, romelic saqarTveloSi logikis mecnierebis isto-
rias exeba, aRniSnavs, rom XIII-XVII saukuneebis pirvel
naxevramde qarTuli filosofiuri literatura axali
logikuri TxzulebebiT ar Sevsebula. XIII-XIV sauku-
neebSi ZiriTadad adgili aqvs ukve Targmnili Zeglebis
(mag. ioane damaskelis ,,dialeqtika”, amoniosis ,,komen-
tarebi” da sxva.) gadaweras14. aris, agreTve iseTi Targ-
manic, magaliTad, kaTolikos basilis (1306-1354) mier
36
Sesrulebuli porfiriosis ,,Sesavali”, romelic dakar-
gulad iTvleba, XVI-XVII saukuneebSi gadaiwera amo-
niosis, XVI–Si ki ioane petriwis Txzulebani. avtoris
azriT, XIII-XVII saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi axali naS-
romi logikaSi arc dawerila da arc gadaTargmnila15.
g. kalandariSvils SedarebiT vrclad aqvs ganxilu-
li filosofiuri aRmavlobis procesi XVIII saukunis
saqarTveloSi. am mxriv sayuradRebo iyo sulxan-saba
orbelianis leqsikoni, romelic, avtoris SeniSvniT,
Tavisebur enciklopedias warmoadgenda da romelSic
saTanado adgili aqvs daTmobili logikur terminolo-
gias. naSromSi gaanalizebulia logikuri terminolo-
gia sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonis mixedviT, maTSi
Setanili orbelianiseuli saTanado cvlilebebiT. aqve
ganxilulia vaxuSti batoniSvilisa da zurab SanSo-
vanis mier 1738 wels somxuridan qarTul enaze Targm-
nili aristoteles logikuri naSromi ,,aTi kategoriis
Sesaxeb” da SanSovanis originaluri naSromi16. avtori
sagangebod Cerdeba vaxuSti batoniSvilis Rvawlze fi-
losofiuri sakiTxebis ganxilvaSi, rac cxadad mJRavn-
deba protestanti avtoris vilhelm stratemanis ,,sayo-
velTao istoriis” Targmanze darTul vaxuStis winaa-
sityvaobasa da leqsikonSi. leqsikonSi vaxuSti batoni-
Svili iZleva filosofiuri terminebis mokle da zust
gansazRvrebebs17.
g. kalandariSvilis gamokvlevaSi mniSvnelovani ad-
gili aqvs daTmobili anton pirvelis ,,spekalis” logi-
kuri nawilis, kerZod, ,,spekalSi” Semaval aristoteles,
porfiriosis, ioane damaskelis, ioane petriwis, simeon
juRaecis logikuri Sexedulebebis analizs18.
g. kalandariSvili anton pirvelis moRvaweobaSi
gamoyofs or periods: 1756 wlamde, vidre is ruseTSi
wavidoda da ZiriTadad sqolastikuri filosofiiT iyo
37
gatacebuli; meore periodi ruseTSi wasvlis Semdeg
iwyeba, roca igi erTgvarad Sordeba sqolatikas. anton
pirveli am dros mihyveba baumaisteris ,,logikas” da,
sabolood, midis im daskvnamde, rom aristoteles ,,lo-
gika” unda ganTavisufldes sqolastikisgan (e.i. Teolo-
giis msaxuris funqciisgan)19.
g. kalandariSvilis naSromSi ganxilulia, agreTve
timoTe gabaSvilis, filipe yaiTmazaSvilis, doseTeoz
nekreselis (CerqeziSvili) da anton cagareli-Wyondi-
delis mTargmnelobiTi da ganmanaTleblobiTi moRva-
weoba.
cnobilma qarTvelma fsiqologma aleqsandre fran-
giSvilma (1909-1988) specialuri monografia miuZRvna
XVII-XVIII da XIX saukunis dasawyisis fsiqologiis
istorias saqarTveloSi. es gamokvleva qarTuli filo-
sofiuri azris istoriisTvis mniSvnelobas iZens sakv-
levi Temisadmi avtoris damokidebulebiT, rac gamoixa-
teba SemdegSi: avtoris aRniSvniT, igi fsiqologiis
istorias ikvlevs, rogorc filosofiuri codnis
dargs20. avtori sakvlev TemasTan dakavSirebiT Tavis
pozicias sabolood ase ayalibebs: ,,Cven mier Sesaswav-
lad aRebuli periodis qarTvel moazrovneTa filoso-
fiuri moZRvrebis ganuyrel nawils warmoadgenda fi-
losofiuri refleqsiis safuZvelze Camoyalibebul Se-
xedulebaTa sistema adamianis sulieri cxovrebis Sesa-
xeb. Cveni gamokvlvebis sagansac saqarTveloSi XVII-XIX
saukunis dasawyisis qarTvel moazrovneTa filosofiu-
ri moZRvrebis nawilad warmodgenili fsoqologiuri
codnis, e.i. adamianis sulieri cxovrebis Sesaxeb
codnis, istoria warmoadgens”21.
a. frangiSvilis gamokvlevaSi am poziciidan aris
ganxiluli fsiqologiis istoria da igi warmodge-
nilia, rogorc filosofiuri codnis erT-erTi dargi.
38
saerTod ki es sakiTxebi gansaxilvel epoqaSi Seswavli-
lia sulxan-saba orbelianis Semoqmedebis (ZiriTadad
misi ,,leqsikonis” mixedviT), anton pirvelis ,,spekalisa”
da saqarTvelos sasuliero seminariebsa da filoso-
fiur kerebSi (Tbilissa da TelavSi) qarTvel moRva-
weTa (zaqaria madinaSvili, anton Wyondideli, gaioz da
daviT reqtorebi) Semoqmedebis analizis safuZvelze22.
a. frangiSvilis gamokvleva Rirebul masalas Sei-
cavs gansaxilveli epoqis, kerZod, misi bolo ori
saukunis (XVII da XVIII) qarTuli filosofiuri azris
istoriis Sesaswavlad.
qarTuli filosofiis istoriis cnobili mkvlevari
_ S. nucubiZis dawyebuli saqmis gamgrZelebeli _
Salva xidaSeli (1910-1994) ZiriTadad IV-XII saukuneebis
qarTuli filosofiis istoriis problemebsa da rusTa-
velis msoflmxedvelobis sakiTxebs ikvlevda. amasTan,
mas aqvs specialuri gamokvleva, romelic eZRvneba
gansaxilveli epoqis bolo monakveTis moRvawis
aleqsandre amilaxvaris (1750-1802) Semoqmedebas.
S. xidaSeli ar iziarebs im azrs, rom aleqsandre
amilaxvari Tavaduri partikularizmis poziciidan ebr-
Zoda erekle II-s. es brZola, avtoris azriT, ufro
aleqsandre amilaxvaris mxridan dasavleTis mowinave
da progresuli ideebis gaTavisebiT iyo ganpiro-
bebuli23. aqve aRniSnulia, rom a. amilaxvaris ideali
ufro eTikuri msoflmxedvelobiTaa gansazRvruli,
vidre social-politikuri principebiT24, rac SeiZleba
sakamaTo iyos. S. xidaSeli dawvrilebiT ganxilavs
amilaxvaris pozicias mefisa da xalxis damokidebule-
baze, samxedro organizaciaze, romelic saxelmwi-
foebrivi organizmis ,,urCeulesi” nawilia25.
S. xidaSeli yuradRebas amaxvilebs im garemoebaze,
rom, a. amilaxvaris mixedviT, im drois qarTuli ekle-
39
sia ganudga WeSmaritebis gzas da SfoTsa da ganxeT-
qilebas Tesavs maSin, roca eklesia ar unda Caerios
saxelmwifo saqmeebSi. xazgasulia a. amilaxvaris pozi-
ciaze, romelic Tanasworobis ideas (,,yoveli adamiani
,,Tanasworad” aris dabadebuli) qadagebs26.
sayuradReboa S. xidaSelis naSromis SefasebiTi
nawili, romelic naTlad warmoaCens a. amilaxvars, ro-
gorc moazrovnes: ,,gansakuTrebul yuradRebas al.
amilaxvaris traqtatSi bunebrivi uflebis Teoria imsa-
xurebs, yvela im SexedulebiT, romlebic am Teoriaze
aris dafuZnebuli: adamianTa Tanasworoba, sikvdilis
dasjis uaryofa, realur ZalTa urTierTobaze damyare-
buli kanonmdebloba. kanonmdeblobis erT-erT safu-
Zvels, rogorc vnaxeT, xalxTa zne-Cveuleba, maTi speci-
fikur-fsiqikuri wyoba warmoadgens, romelic al.
amilaxvaris traqtatis mixedviT, sabolood ganisazRv-
reba ama Tu im qveynis klimaturi TvisebebiT”27.
Tanamedrove mkvlevarTagan gansaxilveli epoqis qar-
Tuli filosofiuri azri Seswavlili aqvT sxvadasxva
gamokvlevebis avtorebs28.
40
mesame Tavi
qarTuli azrovnebis istoria XIII-XV saukuneebSi
XIII saukunis dasawyisidanve saqarTvelos istoriaSi
dgeba periodi, romelsac dacemis (ekonomikuri, politi-
kuri da kulturuli mniSvnelobiT) xana ewodeba.
mecnierebaSi sxvadasxva mosazrebani arsebobs sa-
qarTvelos istoriis am mZime saukuneebis ganmsazRv-
reli mizezebis Sesaxeb. avtorebis nawili fiqrobs, rom
es mizezebi sagareo politikur viTarebaSi unda veZioT.
mkvlevarTa meore jgufs miaCnia, rom didi kulturuli
aRmavlobis gzaze mdgarma qveyanam, romelmac _ XI-XII
saukuneebSi, feodaluri sazogadoebis pirobebSi, Tavi-
si ganviTarebis umaRles mwvervals miaRwia, amowura
Tavisi Sinagani SesaZleblobani gareSe mtrebis winaaRm-
deg da erovnuli damoukideblobis dasacavad.
SesaZlebelia vifiqroT, rom saqarTvelos istoriis
am etapze orive faqtori moqmedebda, magram, pirvel
yovlisa, is mZime, SeiZleba iTqvas, autaneli pirobebi,
romlebic warmoiqmna sagareo politikur viTarebaSi: es
iyo erTi mxriv, XIII s-is dasawyisSi aRmocenebuli
Zlieri saxelmwifo mongolTa teritoriaze, meore
mxriv _ amave dros warmoqmnili xorezmSahebis saxel-
mwifo muslimur aRmosavleTSi, da, mesame mxriv, Tur-
quli tomebi, romlebmac axlo aRmosavleTi gadaiares,
bizantiis civilizacia daamxes da dasavleT evropis
erTi nawili saxelmwifoebisa daipyres.
Tu 1220-1221 wlebSi mongolebi samjer Semoesivnen
saqarTvelos, samjer gaimarjves, magram arc erTxel ar
darCenilan damarcxebul qveyanaSi, Semdegdroindeli
Semosevebi qveynisTvis gamanadgurebeli aRmoCnda. aseTi
41
iyo 1226 wlis jalaledinis (xorezmelebis) Semoseva,
romlebic, mongolebisgan gansxvavebiT, religiuri
fanatizmiT gamoirCeodnen. ,,dangreuli da aoxrebuli
cixe-qalaqebi, _ werda iv. javaxiSvili, _ didZali
umowyalod da ugunurad amowyvetili xalxi, gaZar-
culi qveynebi da ganadgurebuli ekonomikuri keTild-
Reoba, ai ra datova Tavis Semdeg xvaraz Sahma”1.
am ori Zlieri saxelmwifos _ mongolebisa da
xorezmelebis _ metoqeobaSi, saqarTveloze sakuTari
xelisuflebis gavrcelebis Zlieri tendencia xSirad
aqcevda Cvens qveyanas mZime Tavdasxmebis obieqtad.
jalaledinis gamanadgurebeli Semosevis Semdeg
saqarTvelo XIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi kvlav mongo-
lebis pirispir idga, rasac maTi xangrZlivi batonoba
mohyva.
sayuradReboa, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi gaxiz-
nuli rusudan mefe romis papisgan iTxovda damxmare
jarebs mongolebis saqarTvelodan gandevnis mizniT,
magram am Txovnas Sedegi ar mohyolia. rogorc romis,
papis grigol IX-is, sapasuxo werilidan (1240 wlis 13
ianvris TariRiT) irkveva, paps sakuTari gasaWiri
hqonda; is am dros aRmosavleTidan Semoseuli arabebis
winaaRmdeg Rebulobda zomebs da sinanuls gamoTqvamda
imis gamo, rom saqarTveloSi jarebs ver gzavnida2.
erTi mxriv, mZime ekonomikuri da politikuri piro-
bebi, xolo, meore mxriv, qarTveli eris gaerTianebisa
da SemWidroebisaken mZlavri erovnuli miswrafeba,
erovnuli TviTSegnebis gaRrmavebas uwyobda xels, rac
mravalricxovan SeTqmulebebsa da ajanyebebSi gamoixa-
teboda. mag., daviT narinisa da ulu daviTis ajanyebebs
Soris sul 2 weli iyo gasuli (1259-1260/I), rac koxtas
Tavis SeTqmulebaSi (1246/47) monawileobas Rebulobdnen
rogorc aRmosavleT, agreTve, dasavleT saqarTvelos
42
mosaxleoba; cotne dadianis zneobrivad amaRlebulma
saqcielma, rogorc cnobilia, qveyana erT-erTi Suris-
Ziebisgan mainc ixsna.
mZime mdgomareobis miuxedavad, romelic XIII s-is
Semdeg saqarTveloSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, ramdenime sau-
kune grZeldeboda, qarTveli xalxis erovnuli energia
ar modunebula; igi vlindeboda, rogorc ekonomikur
RonisZiebaTa sferoSi, agreTve, politikur cxovrebasa
da kulturul SemoqmedebaSi. amas periodulad droebiT
gaumjobesebuli sagareo politikuri viTarebac uwyob-
da xels.
jer kidev XIV s-is damdegisTvis ,,saqarTvelo uki-
duresad dacemuli iyo”3, magram sul cota xanSi, gior-
gi V brwyinvales mefobisas (1314-1346) qveyanam did war-
matebas miaRwia.
politika, romelic XIV s-is pirobebSi qveynis poli-
tikuri mTlianobis aRdgenisken iyo mimarTuli, iseve,
rogorc daviT aRmaSeneblis dros, didgvarovani feoda-
lebis (mTavrebis) uflebaTa SezRudvasa da, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, maT alagmvasac gulisxmobda. qveynis gaer-
Tianebisa da aRmavlobisken mimarTuli RonisZiebebis
ganxorcielebas mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli im gare-
moebam, rom imave saukunis 30-ian wlebSi SesaZlebeli
gaxda mongolTa xangrZlivi (TiTqmis aswlovani) bato-
nobisa da, kerZod, maTi xarkisgan qveynis ganTavi-
sufleba.
1329 wels, dasavleT saqarTvelos mefis miqelis
(narin daviTis Zis) gardacvalebis Semdeg, giorgi mefem
quTaisi SemoierTa, xolo male (1334 wels) samcxis mTav-
rad yvaryvare daadgina. amis Semdeg, SeiZleba iTqvas,
saqarTvelo gaerTianebuli iyo da giorgi mefis Semd-
gom amocanas gaerTianebuli saxelwifos centraluri
xelisuflebisa da mmarTvelobis mowesrigeba Seadgenda.
43
am dros Sedgenili iuridiuli Zegli _ ,,xelmwifis
karis garigeba” saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobis mowes-
rigebis mizniT Seqmnil sakanonmdeblo kodeqss warmo-
adgens da mniSvnelovania TavisTavad, rogorc samarT-
lebrivi azrovnebisa da qveynis SigniT arsebuli maRa-
li kulturis damadasturebeli faqti. mraval mniSvne-
lovan sakiTxSi es Zegli saqarTvelos istoriis war-
sul viTarebas asaxavs, magram iseT warsuls, rodesac
feodaluri xanis qarTulma kulturam ganviTarebis
umaRles dones miaRwia.
qveynis marTvis saTaveSi idga mwignobarTuxucesi _
Wyondideli _ romelic iseve, rogorc daviT
aRmaSeneblis dros, saero da saeklesio xelisuflebis
saTaveSi imyofeba da saero-saxelmwifoebriv saqmeebTan
saeklesio saqmeebsac ganagebs. garda gelaTisa,
romelic SeiZleba, uSualod mefis gamgeblobisa da
mzrunvelobis qveS imyofeboda, yvela monasteri, saepis-
koposo da calkeuli eklesia mwignobarTuxucesis Wyon-
didelis (da nawilobriv ,,sawolis mwignobris”)
daqvemdebarebaSi imyofeboda.
ZeglSi gansazRvrulia ,,darbazis” movaleobani da
uflebani. ,,darbazi” mmarTvelobis kolegiuri dawesebu-
lebaa, romelSic im periodSi monawileobdnen maRali
saero da saeklesio xelisufalni: karze myofni _
vazirni, saqveynod gamrigeni _ erisTavebi, kaTalikosebi
(afxazeTisa da qarTlisa), moZRvarTmoZRvari (gelaTis
akademiis reqtori), episkoposebi da samefo didi
monastrebis (gelaTis, garejis da samcxis ,,Tormeti
udabnos”) winamZRvarni ufrosi ber-monazvnobiTurT4.
giorgi V brwyinvales dros Cveni qveyana ekonomiku-
ri, politikuri da mniSvnelovani kulturuli aRorZi-
nebis gzas daadga, magram es aRorZineba, samwuxarod,
didxans ar gagrZelebula.
44
sagareo politikis mkveTr gauaresebas Tavisi
Sedegebi mohyva: drois sul mokle manZilze Temur len-
gi rvajer (1386-1405 ww.) Semoesia saqarTvelos. pirveli
Semosevebidan 1386 wels, rodesac cixeSi gamagrebuli
qarTvelebi Temurlengis jarebma zarbaznebiT ,,Seaje-
res”, qalaqi aiRes da mosaxleobis xocva-Jleta daiw-
yes, ukanasknel _ merve Semosevamde, da birTvisis cno-
bil brZolamde (1403 wels), sul 16 welma gaiara, magram
SedarebiT mokle xnis manZilze ara mxolod SeCerda
giorgi brwyinvales dros dawyebuli aRmavloba, aramed
qveyana srul ganadgurebamde mivida.
beri egnataSvili, istorikosi, romelsac Temurlen-
gis Semosevebi aqvs gadmocemuli, wers: ,,da daasrula
lang-Temur mooÃreba qarTlisa da warvida sxuaTa
queyanisa dapyrobad. da qmna mravalni saqmeni didZalni
lang-Temur, romlisa cxovreba misi vrclad aRweril
ars cxovrebasa Sina sparTasa, xolo Cuen aRvwereT
yovelive mosvla misi qarTlad da aoÃreba qarTlisa,
romeli ara sada mowevnil ars qarTlsa zeda Wiri
eseviTari, raodeni aman moawiva”5. ,,saqarTvelos isto-
riis narkvevebis” rvatomeulSi ki vkiTxulobT: ,,Cvens
qveyanas ara erTi dampyrobeli Semosevia, rogorc
Temurlengamde, ise mis Semdeg (sparselebi, romaelebi,
bizantielebi, arabebi, xazarebi, Turqebi, xvarazmelebi.
mongolebi, Savbatkniani da TeTrbatkniani Turqmenebi,
yizilbaSebi, osmalebi da a.S). droisa da Jamis Sesa-
bamisad, isini erTmaneTisgan didad ar gansxvavdebodnen
SemosevaTa miznebisa Tu qveynisaTvis miyenebuli ngreva
aoxrebis masStabebiT, magram mTeli misi mraval-
saukunovani istoriis manZilze saqarTvelos aseTi sas-
tiki da ulmobeli, veragi da cbieri, amave dros uaR-
resad daJinebuli da mizanswrafuli mteri, arasodes
Semosevia, rogoric Temurlengis urdoebi iyo”6.
45
amgvari pirobebiT iyo gansazRvruli am drois
saqarTveloSi kulturuli movlenebis mTeli wyeba.
XI-XII ss-is kulturuli aRmavloba, romelic dRes
qarTuli renesansis saxeliT aris cnobili da romel-
Sic iv. javaxiSvili dasavluri renesansis niSnebs
xedavda, misive azriT, ori niSniT iyo gansakuTrebuli
yuradRebis sagani: erTi mxriv _ saero poziciisa da,
meore mxriv, filosofiuri azrovnebis intensiuri
ganviTarebiT. ,,metad sagulixmoa”, _ werda igi, _ rom
am dros Seiqmna ,,qarTuli saero poezia”7. amave dros,
saero poeziam ,,sabolood sZlia... sqolastikur azrov-
nebas” da Seiqmna pirobebi qarTuli renesansis meore
mniSvnelovani faqtisaTvis, _ ,,Tavisufali filosofiu-
ri azrovnebisaTvis”8, raSic, sxvaTa Soris, iv. javaxi-
Svili ,,azrovnebis umwvervales xarisxs” xedavda9.
sayuradReboa da damaxasiaTebeli, rom gansaxilvel
periodSi sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis am orive formam
Sewyvita arseboba _ saero literaturamac da
filosofiurma azrovnebamac.
am dros agrZelebs arsebobas sasuliero mwerloba,
Tumca ara winasaukuneebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli intensi-
vobiT, romelic ramdenime avtorisa da Zeglis saxiT
aris warmodgenili. es faqti nawilobriv mainc SeiZ-
leba aixsnas mongolebis gulgrilobiT religiis
sakiTxebisadmi. rogorc JamTaaRmwerlis saistorio
Txzulebidan irkveva, qarTlis episkoposs, nikolozs,
(XIII s-is meore naxevari) mongolTa xelisuflebisagan
eklesiis Seuvalobis sagangebo sigelic ki gamouT-
xovia: ,,xolo queyana samefo, saydarTa da mcxeTa da
misi mimdgomi qveyana da monasteri aravisgan icvebodes,
rameTu warCinebulni amis samefosani TÂsisa
queyanisTÂs zrunvides...” da miiRo ,,ierlayi, romel ars
46
wigni Sewyalebisa” da, romlis mixedviTac nikolozma
,,daicva yovelni saydarni da monasterni”10.
qarTuli azrovnebis istoriisa da msoflmxedvelob-
riv mimarTulebaTa ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, am
periodis mweralTa Soris, yuradRebas imsaxurebs ori
avtori: abuserisZe tbeli da makari mesxi.
abuserisZe tbeli cnobilia, rogorc ramdenime
Txzulebis avtori. erT-erTi maTgani _ ,,saswaulni
wmidisa mTavarmowamisa giorgisani” _ rogorc saTau-
ridan Cans, exeba wminda giorgis saswaulebs. magram
amave TxzulebaSi gadmocemulia saqarTvelos istoriis
realuri faqtebi: xvarazmelTa Semoseva saqarTveloSi,
maT mier qveynis aoxreba, da kulturuli moRvaweobis
iseTi dargi, rogoricaa arqiteqturuli da samSeneblo
moRvaweoba.
abuserisZe tbeli, rogorc iv. javaxiSvili wers,
,,jalaledinis saqarTveloSi Semosevis Tanamedrovea”11
da, safiqrebelia, rom misi Txzulebis saistorio
nawili sayuradRebo cnobebs unda Seicavdes. saswaule-
biT gataceba mas xels ar uSlis saqarTvelos ,,im-
droindeli Sinauri yofa-cxovrebis” suraTebi ,,xorc-
Sesxmulad” warmoadginos. misi Txzuleba ,,sagulisx-
miero saistorio wyarod unda CaiTvalos”12.
k. kekeliZis azriT,13 abuserisZe tbels ekuTvnis,
Txzuleba, ,,qronikoni sruli misiTa sauwyebeliTa da
gangebiTa”. rogorc k. kekeliZe aRniSnavs, es ,,traqtati
mdidaria sxvadasxva kalendaruli, ariTmetikuli da,
gansakuTrebiT, astronomiuli terminebiT”. ase rom, _
ganagrZobs avtori, _ sruli sabuTi hqonda broses,
eTqva am Sromis gamo: ,,qarTvelebma 1233 wels (rodesac
dauweria is tbels) ukve icodnen naxevari im cTomi-
lebisa, romelmac 1582 wels papi grigol XII aiZula,
Sedgomoda kalendris Sesworebas. ,,sayuradRebo ufro
47
isaa, _ fiqrobs k. kekeliZe, _ rom avtori (abuserisZe
tbeli, avt.) cdila, Seefardebina erTimeorisaTvis
qarTuli da berZnuli welTaRricxva da pasqalisturi
sistema da SeZlebisdagvarad SeeTanxmebina isini”14.
qveynis mdgomareobisa da maSindeli qarTuli
sazogadoebrivi sulieri ganwyobis garkvevisTvis kidev
ufro mniSvnelovania abuserisZe tbelis am TxzulebaSi
asaxuli esqatologiuri ideebi, romlebsac k. kekeliZem
ukve 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi miaqcia yuradReba:
,,qristianul doqtrinasa da azrovnebaSi erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani adgili imTaviTve esqatologiur Temebs
ekava. sakiTxebi qveynis aRsasrulis, meored mosvlisa
da momavali cxovrebis Sesaxeb gansakuTrebiT iCenda
Tavs maSin, rodesac esa Tu is eri raime mwvave
Seviwroebasa da gaWirvebaSi Cavardeboda”15.
es savsebiT swori fsiqologiuri dakvirvebaa da
SemTxveviTi araa, rom Zvel saqarTveloSi esqatolo-
giuri ideebis, kerZod, qveynis dasasrulis moaxloebis
Sexedulebebis gavrcelebas sazogadoebaSi hqonda
garkveuli istoriul-qronologiuri safuZvlebi.
Sua saukuneebis moRvaweebsa da kulturuli
cxovrebis mTavar warmomadgenlebs bibliis sityvebidan
_ ,,aTasi weli winaSe TualTa Seni, ufalo, viTarca
guSindeli dRe, romel warÃda” _ gamohqondaT daskvna,
rom RmerTisTvis aTasi weli erT Rames udris, da
radgan, bibliuri kosmologiis mixedviT, RmerTma
samyaro 7 dReSi Seqmna, es procesi, Sua saukuneebis
warmodgeniT, 7 aTas wels unda gagrZelebuliyo. amis
Semdeg dadgeboda misi aRsasruli, movidoda meored
mosvla da damyareboda maradiuli arseboba16.
,,qveynis dasasrulis” gamoangariSeba da ,,dadgena”
ama Tu im qveyanaSi moqmed kalendrebze iyo damokide-
buli. qristianul qveynebSi arsebuli aseTi kalendrebi
48
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeboda. amitom, mag., berZnuli da
rusuli gamoangariSebiT 7 aTasi weli qveynis gaCenidan
sruldeboda 1492 wels (qristes Semdeg); qarTuli
kalendris mixedviT da qarTuli gamoangariSebiT _ 1396
wels. es TariRi aqvs aRniSnuli abuserisZe tbels.
berZnul enaze daweril TxzulebebaTa Soris, sadac
qveynis aRsasrulzea laparaki, mravali Zveladve iyo
Targmnili da cnobili qarTul enaze. amgvar cnobebs
Seicavs, mag., grigol RvTismetyvelis (IVs.) ,,Tqmuli
dRisa misTÂs meergasisa, romel ars martÂlobaÁ”,
romelic Targmnili iyo eqvTime aTonelisa da efrem
mcires mier; Sua saukuneebis qristianul aRmosavleTSi
farTod iyo gavrcelebuli ioane damaskelis _
,,gardamocemaÁ...”, romlis mniSvneloba gascilda aRmo-
savleTis farglebs da papis evgeni IV-is gankargulebiT
laTinurad iTargmna 1145/47 wels. qarTulad ki
iTargmna orjer: XI s-Si Targmna efrem mcirem, XII s-Si
_ arsen iyalToelma.
esqatologiur ideebs Seicavs, agreTve, mitrofane
smirnelis _ ,,TargmanebaÁ eklesiastisaÁ” (XII s-Si
Targmna ioane WimWimelma) da Teofilaqte bulgarelis
(XI s.) _ ,,TargmanebaÁ maTes saxarebisaÁ” (Targmna imave
WimWimelma).
aRniSnuli Txzulebebis es sakmaod vrceli sia
adasturebs, rom esqatologiuri ideebis Semcveli li-
teratura sakmaod farTod iyo Targmnili da war-
modgenili feodaluri qarTuli kulturis aRmavlobis
periodSi. magram maT am dros ar moupovebiaT iseTi
mniSvneloba, rogoric Cveni istoriis dacemisa da
daqveiTebis pirobebSi moipoves, rodesac amgvari idee-
bis gavrcelebis Sesaferisi pirobebi Seiqmna.
makari mesxi mxolod erTi TxzulebiTaa cnobili.
mas qarTul enaze uTargmnia petre iberis ,,cxovreba”,
49
romelic Tavdapirvelad bizantiuri xanis berZnuliT
iyo dawerili, Semdeg is asurul enaze iTargmna da am
saxiT moaRwia Cvens dromde (berZnuli cxovrebis
avtoria bizantiis cnobili moRvawe, zaqaria ritori,
romelic im qalaqSi daibada, sadac petre ibers
episkoposis maRali posti eWira).
petre iberis cxovrebis makari mesxiseul TargmanSi
vkiTxulobT: ,,ese cxoreba wmidisa netarisa mamisa
Cuenisa petre qarTvelisa amas kurTxeulsa zaqarias,
mowafisa mis wmidisa petressa, asurebriTa aRewera,
vinaÁTgan friad mecnier yofila maTsa enasa da kualad
rameTu palestines asrni mravalni arian da did da
ufrosad qalaqsa maÁumisasa, sada igi wmida petre
mRudelTmoZRurobda. xolo me, glaxakman makar xuces-
man gadmovTargmne qarTulad asurTa enisagan, rameTu
friad mecnier meca maTsa enasa”.
n. mari xsenebul Zegls XIII_XIV ss.-iT aTariRebda, k.
kekeliZe ki _ XIII s-iT.
ase Tu ise, XIII-XIV ss-Si petre iberis ,,cxovreba”
qarTul enaze gaCnda da sayuradReboa, rom es iyo
romis mTel imperiaSi ganTqmuli moRvawisa da
moazrovnis pirveli xseneba qarTul mwerlobaSi.
petre iberis saxeli dRes qarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis
kargad cnobilia; magram es gamoCenili moRvawe, romlis
Sesaxeb cnobebi berZnul wyaroSi uxvad daculia,
romelTa mixedviT igi didi avtoritetiT sargeblobda
politikur moRvaweTa Soris, saukuneebis manZilze
saqarTveloSi ucnobi iyo.
iv. javaxiSvili jer kidev ocian wlebSi Seecada am
uCveulo da gaugebari garemoebisTvis naTeli moefina
da misi mizezebi aexsna. saqme is aris, rom bizantiur
mwerlobaSi petre iberi monofizitad iyo cnobili, es
mimdinareoba VII s-is dasawyisidan eretikulad iTv-
50
leboda da saeklesio ganxeTqilebis Semdeg (VII s.)
devnas ganicdida. iv. javaxiSvili Seecada petre iberis
ignorireba saqarTveloSi konfesiuri mosazrebebiT
aexsna. im dros, _ werda mkvlevari, _ ,,rodesac
uZvelesi qarTuli qristianuli saistorio mwerlobis
,,mwvaleblobis RvarZlisagan” ganwmenda dauwyiaT,
rogorc etyoba, petre qarTvelis moRvaweobis gamo
mTlad misi xsenebis warxocva umjobinebiaT”17.
imisTvis, rom makari mesxis droindeli qarTuli
sazogadoebisTvis petres cxovreba ,,misaRebi” yofili-
yo, petre orTodoqsiis damcvelis rolSi unda gamosu-
liyo da, rogorc Cans, orTodoqsias energiuli da
Tanamimdevruli damcveli aRmouCnda makari mesxis
saxiT.
swori unda iyos k. kekeliZis dakvirveba, rom
xsenebuli ,,cxovreba” imdenad naTargmni araa, am sity-
vis namdvili mniSvnelobiT, ramdenadac ,,gadmokeTebu-
lia”18. ,,cxovreba” gadmokeTebuli yofila ruis-urbni-
sis krebis poziciidan, sadac, rogorc cnobilia, daka-
nonebuli iyo Sexeduleba, rom ,,ara midrekil ars qveya-
na igi qarTlisa wmidisa da marTlisa sarwmunoebisagan
da arca mivdrekT ukunisamde madliTave wmidisa same-
bisa”.
ra mimarTulebiT iyo Secvlili petre iberis
asuruli cxovreba makari mesxis qarTul TargmanSi? am
kiTxvaze pasuxs iv. javaxiSvilis imave naSromSi vkiT-
xulobT: ,,TargmaniTgan petres monofizitobis mauwyebe-
li yoveli cnoba amouSliaT da gamoutovebiaT ise, rom
qarTul cxorebaSi is qalkedonian moRvawed aris
qceuli da gamoyvanili”.
JamTaaRmwerlis saistorio Txzuleba, romelic XIV
s-iT TariRdeba, farTod mofiqrebuli nawarmoebia, rom-
lis mniSvneloba ar ganisazRvreba mxolod saistorio
51
qronikis moTxovnilebebiT. iv. javaxiSvili aRniSnavda
am farTod mofiqrebul TxzulebaSi warmodgenili
saistorio Txrobis mravalferovnebas. aq ,,saqarTvelos
marto politikuri Tavgadasavali ki ar aris aRwerili,
aramed saxelmwifo cxovreba da weswyobilebac cxov-
lad daxatuli”19. gadmocemulia imdroindeli saqarTve-
los ,,saeklesio saqmeebic, qveynis zneobrivi mdgomareo-
bac” da ,,Sinauri sacolqmro viTarebac sakmaod aris
dasuraTebuli” da sxv*.
rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, saqarTvelos isto-
riis gansaxilvel periodSi arseboba Sewyvita qarTul-
ma saero poeziam da filosofiurma Semoqmedebam. magram
Semoinaxa XIV s-is pirveli naxevris erTi mniSvnelovani
dokumenti, romlis mixedviT irkveva, rom im mZime
pirobebis miuxedavad, romlebic imdroindel saqarTve-
loSi iyo, mniSvnelovani kulturuli muSaoba mimdi-
nareobda qarTul monastrebSi; arsebobda sakmao ricxvi
monastrebisa, specialuri skolebi am monastrebSi,
sadac sxva sagnebTan erTad, filosofiac aswavlidnen.
sanam am dokuments detalurad SevexebodeT, aRvniS-
noT, rom am da sxva istoriuli faqtebis safuZvelze. k.
kekeliZe akeTebda savsebiT safuZvlian daskvnas:
,,XIII_XIV saukuneTa kulturuli mdgomareobis daxasia-
Tebisas Cvens istoriografiaSi gadaWarbebas unda hqon-
des adgili. Tqma ar unda, politikuri da ekonomikuri
cxovrebis autanel pirobebSi kulturuli cxovrebac
unda dakninebuliyo da daqveiTebuliyo wina periodTan
SedarebiT, da es asec moxda”. magram ,,sakmarisia movi-
gonoT, rom im xanaSi gadawerilia mravali mniSvne-
lovani Txzuleba wina droisa da literaturisa,
SeTxzulia sayuradRebo Sromebi”. k. kekeliZe gulisx-
* JamTaaRmwerelze ufro vrclad ix. winamdebare wignis IX Tavi.
52
mobs avtorebsa da Sromebs _ vinme ber mRvimels, ,,yo-
velTa aRmwerels”, Cven mier zemoganxilul JamTaaRmwe-
rels da ,,xelmwifis karis garigebas”, beqas da aRbuRas
sakanonmdeblo Zeglebs da am dros Seqmnil agiog-
rafiul Txzulebebs20.
dokumenti, romelic Cven gvaqvs mxedvelobaSi, mose
janaSvilma aRmoaCina da pirvelad gamosca Tavis
,,saqarTvelos istoriaSi”. meored gamoqveynda da
gamokvleva daurTo k. kekeliZem21.
Tavis droze ,,anderZad” dasaTaurebuli es sabuTi
Semdegi Sinaarsisaa:
,,q. odes sanatrelman man patriarqman Cuenman equTime
moixila kaxeTs: anwuxisa saepiskopozoÁ da meriTgan
gardmovida waxurs, kekelisens da movlo sayrdani _
kasri samebisaÁ, yumi RmrTismSoblisaÁ, leqarTs wmidi-
sa mociqulTa sworis ninoisi, zards wmidisa mTavar-
mowamisa giorgisi, vardians wmidisa haboÁsi, ganuxs
arCilisi, qiS-nuxs RmrTismSoblisaÁ, vardaSens eliasi,
Ta... sarans yovladwmidis mociqulis petreisi, kualad
sayrdarni xunZTa, naxcTa, ToSeTisa, nekresisa, lagoe-
Tisa, belqanisa, maj-fifineTisa, derijan-muxan-mamrexi-
sa, da yovelTa vakisa, ese igi ars Zuelisa movakanisa,
da elisanisani, verxvianiT zeganiT gamo vidre ivris
mdinaris CasarTavamde alazansa, _ da aman sanatrelman
equTime mibZana qurmuxisa mTavarepiskopossa da yovlisa
mTeulisa winamZRuarsa kÂrile donaursa gardawerine-
bad saxarebisa da wargzavnad TiTeulisa TÂs ekle-
siisa, meca gardavewerinen kakisa wmidisa barbares
taZrisa mRdelisa iase qitiaSvilisa da aTormetTa
misTa mowafeTa da warvgvzevnen saydarTa, monasterTa
da SÂdTa saswavlelTa TavsmdgomTadmi da vubrZane
swavlebad sjuli WeSmariti filasofosebaÁ, mamaTa
cxorebaÁ, qarTlisa cxorebaÁ da cxorebaÁ alvaniisaÁ,
53
ese igi ars savanisaÁ, romeli dawera petre lagaZeman
da vinme somexman gadaiRo igi. da sakuTrad werilad
gamoacxada da somexTa advilad Cuelebisamebr, ufalo
ieso qriste, meox meqmen dResa gankiTxvisasa mTava-
repiskopossa kÂriles. amin, amin! qoronikonsa fl,
Tuesa maissa id, dasabamiTgan xSid welTa”22.
es dokumenti mravalmxrivaa sayuradRebo. is zustad
TariRdeba, vinaidan xelnaweris boloSi aRniSnuli
orive TariRi, qristes dabadebidan da qveynis dasaba-
midan, rogorc k. kekeliZe aRniSnavs, iZleva 1310 wels.
amis garda, sabuTSi moxsenebuli patriarqi eqvTime is
piria, romelic qarTuli eklesiis saTaveSi idga XIV s-
is pirvel naxevarSi da moxsenebulia sxva istoriul
sabuTebSi mefe giorgi V brwyinvalesTan dakavSirebiT,
rogorc misi Tanamedrove da daaxlovebuli piri.
sabuTSi mocemuli cnobebi saqarTvelos mxolod
erT-erT nawils, aRmosavleTis mxares _ hereTs _ exeba,
sadac eklesiebisa da monastrebis ricxvi (sabuTSi
dasaxelebulia 20-mde eklesia, romelTa Soris Svidi
mainc monasteric unda yofiliyo) samonastro cxovre-
bisa da ganviTarebuli kulturis sakmaod maRali
donis damamtkicbeli unda iyos. amas emateba is faqtic,
rom saqarTvelos eklesiis mesveuris gamgeblobaSi yo-
fila Crdilo kavkasiis eklesiebi da, cxadia, misi mrev-
lic, am kuTxis mosaxleobis qristianobaze moqceuli
nawili.
garda eqvTimesi, sabuTSi moxseniebulia ,,qurmuxis
mTavarepiskoposi da yovlisa mTeulisa winamZRuari”
kirile donauri, romlis gamgeblobaSi yofila, sxvebs
Soris, erT-erTi taZari da misi mRvdeli iese qitia-
Svili; am qitiaSvils gadaawerina da gadaamravlebina
mTavarepiskoposma saxareba da daavala, eklesiebisa da
monastrebisaTvis daerigebina. es davaleba iase qitia-
54
Svilma 12 mowafes Seasrulebina da gadawerili wignebi
Svid samonastro skolas gaugzavna.
yuradRebas imsaxurebs qitiaSvilis brZaneba, rom-
liTac man, wignebis gagzavnasTan erTad, xsenebuli
skolebis meTaurebs mimarTa: eswavlebinaT skolebSi
saRmrTo sjulsa da mamaTa cxovrebasTan erTad saerTo
swavlebis sagnebi _ filosofia, qarTlis cxovreba da
albaneTis istoria. es ukanaskneli vinme petre lagaZes
dauweria da, Cans, iseTi mniSvneloba moupovebia, rom
Semdeg ,,vinme somexs” somxurad uTargmnia, da Tavis
sakuTar Txzulebad gausaRebia (,,sakuTrad dawerilad
gamoacxadao”, _ wers sabuTis avtori).
CvenTvis yvelaze metad sainteresoa am skolaSi
Sesaswavli saero sagnebi, gansakuTrebiT, filosofia.
romeli filosofia iswavleboda am dros xsenebul
saswavleblebSi da romeli avtori, an Txzuleba iyo iq
upiratesi Seswavlis sagani? am kiTxvaze pirdapiri
pasuxi ar arsebobs, mis garkvevas iribi mosazrebebi
sWirdeba. k. kekeliZe amasTan dakavSirebiT werda: ,,Cvens
skolebSi am dros filosofiaSi swavlobdnen umTavre-
sad ioane petriwis Sromas ,,kavSirni RmrTismetyue-
lebiTni”23. imis dasamtkiceblad, rom xsenebul sko-
lebSi es Sroma unda yofiliyo Seswavlis sagani, k.
kekeliZe im faqts imowmebs, rom is somxuradac iTargm-
na 1248 wels. es mosazreba safuZvliania da gasaTva-
liswinebeli, magram SeiZleboda dagvezustebina, rom
,,kavSiri RvTismetyvelebiTni” petriwis Sroma araa, is,
rogorc cnobilia, neoplatonikos prokles ekuTvnis;
petriwi avtoria am Sromis komentarebisa, romelic
ramdenjerme aRemateba Tavad prokles traqtats da
sadac petriwis sakuTari Sexedulebania warmodgenili.
amgvari gaugebroba Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSic SeimCneva
da imiTaa gamowveuli, rom prokles teqstic da
55
petriwis komentarebic erTi mTliani xelnaweris saxiT
vrceldeboda da erT saTaurs (,,kavSirni RvTismetyve-
lebiTni”) atarebda. magram, isic unda iTqvas, rom es ar
cvlis arsebiTad viTarebas, radgan im Sromis Seswavla,
romelic am saTauriT iyo cnobili, niSnavda prokles-
Tan erTad petriwis Sexedulebebis Seswavlasac.
dasaxelebuli Sromis garda, zogierTi sxva faqti
da mosazreba saSualebas iZleva, rom gazardos Sua
saukuneebis pirobebSi popularul TxzulebaTa da
avtorTa ricxvi, romlebic Seswavlis sagani unda
yofiliyo. am dros erT-erTi farTod gavrcelebuli
avtori ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed mTel qris-
tianul aRmosavleTSi, iyo ioane damaskeli da misi
Txzuleba ,,gardamocemaÁ...”, romelic qarTulad orjer
iyo Targmnili, erTxel efrem mcires mier XII s-is
meore naxevarSi, xolo meored arsen iyalToelis mier
XIII s-is dasawyisSi. cnobilia, rom es Txzuleba
laTinuradac iTargmna XII s-is Sua wlebSi da iqac
sakmaod didi mniSvneloba moipova, petriwis zemoxsene-
bul SromasTan erTad da imave simeon pRinZahanqelim
qarTulad Targmnili Sroma ioane damaskelisa
qarTulidan somxurad gadaTargmna da am gziT somexi
mkiTxvelisTvis is cnobili gaxda.
dasmul kiTxvaze naTelis mofenis mizniT SeiZleba
gagveTvaliswinebina mogviano xanis cnobebic saqarTve-
loSi cnobili filosofosebisa da maTi Txzulebebis
Sesaxeb. davimowmeb SedarebiT adrindel cnobas, rome-
lic sulxan-saba orbelians ekuTvnis da gamoTqmulia
misi leqsikonis winasityvaobaSi: ,,me sulxan-saba orbe-
liansa, Wabukobisa Jamsa Tana da siyrmesa, friadi Sro-
ma damics ama wignsa zeda. rameTu qarTulTa enaTa leq-
sikoni aRar ipoeboda, rameTU JamTa viTarebiTa uCino
qmniliyo”24.
56
avtorebi, romlebic sabas gamouyenebia Tavisi
leqsikonis Sedgenis dros (,,saRmTo werilTa da
RmrTis metyuÀlebaTa Sina” TxzulebebTan erTad) da
romlebsac Tavad saba ,,filosofosTa wignebs” uwodebs,
Semdegia: pirvel rigSi dasaxelebulia ,,platonur
(filosofosTa) diadoxosi” prokle da misi Txzuleba
,,kavSirni RmrTismetyuÀlebiTni”. am saxelwodebiT cno-
bili Sroma, rogorc iTqva, Tavad petriwis Sexedule-
bebsac Seicavda. Semdeg aRniSnulia aristoteles ,,kate-
goriebi” porfiriosis SesavalTan erTad da Txzu-
lebani nemesios emeselisa da ioane damaskelisa. aris-
toteles ,,kategoriebi” warmoadgens Sua saukuneebSi
antikuri filosofiis erT-erT yvelaze ufro gavr-
celebul Zegls, romelic, neoplatonikos porfiriosis
SesavalTan erTad, vrceldeboda. es Txzuleba Targmna
ioane petriwma, romelsac Cvenamde ar mouRwevia, magram
XIV s-Si igi SeiZleba jer kidev gamoyenebuli iyo.
nemesios emeseli IV s-is cnobili moRvawe, qristiani
neoplatonikosi, romlis mTavari Txzuleba ,,bunebisaT-
vis kacisa” Targmna imave petriwma. dasasrul, sabas
mier miTiTebuli ioane damaskelis mTavari Txzuleba
,,gardamocemaÁ...”, rogorc iTqva, ori Targmanis saxiT
vrceldeboda Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi.
57
meoTxe Tavi
Teoriuli filosofiis problemebi XVII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTul azrovnebaSi
$1. sulxan-saba orbeliani, zurab SanSovani,
vaxuSti batoniSvili, iese CubinaSvili
sulxan-saba orbeliani _ didi qarTveli mwerali,
mwignobari, leqsikografi da politikuri moRvawe;
daibada 1658 wels sofel tanZiaSi (bolnisis raioni)
didgvarovani feodalis ojaxSi, romelic daaxloebuli
iyo qarTlis samefo karTan (sulxan-saba orbelianis
mama qarTlis samefos mdivanbegi iyo). man safuZvliani
ganaTleba miiRo samefo karze, romelic maSin kul-
turisa da ganaTlebis centrs warmoadgenda; mas megob-
ruli urTierToba hqonda vaxtang V-is (Sah-navazis)
ganaTlebul vaJebTan _ mis mamidaSvilebTan. sulxan-
saba imTaviTve gamorCeoda ara mxolod saero da saek-
lesio literaturis Rrma codniT, aramed agreTve
sibrZniT, gonerebiT. swored amitom mas miandves taxtis
memkvidris _ SemdgomSi cnobili mefis vaxtang VI-is
aRzrda.
eriskacobaSi orbelians sulxani erqva. magram 1698
wels politikuri viTarebis gamo berad aRikveca
daviT garejis ioane naTlismcemlis monasterSi sabas
saxeliT. amis miuxedavad, mas xeli ar auRia sazoga-
doebriv moRvaweobaze. vaxtang VI-is gamefebis Semdeg
igi samefo karze gavlenian figuras warmoadgenda. 1713-
1716 wlebSi mefis davalebiT diplomatiuri misiiT
imogzaura safrangeTsa da italiaSi, Tumca am misias,
garTulebuli saerTaSoriso viTarebis gamo, dadebiTi
58
Sedegi ar mohyolia. sulxan-sabas mogzauroba evropis
qveynebSi aRwerilia mis wignSi ,,mogzauroba evropaSi”,
romelic dRiuris formiT aris Sedgenili da prozau-
li damwerlobis SesaniSnav nimuSs warmoadgens.
imave politikuri da patriotuli motivebiT sulxan-
saba orbelinma miiRo kaTolikuri aRmsarebloba, rac
mas dasavleT evropis qveynebTan daaxloebis saSuale-
bad miaCnda.
1724 wels sulxan-saba kvlav politikuri misiiT
moskovSi gaemgzavra, raTa niadagi moemzadebina vaxtang
VI-is ruseTSi gamgzavrebisTvis, magram am misiis Ses-
ruleba mas ar dascalda. xandazmuli mwerali, mecnie-
ri da diplomati gardaicvala moskovSi 1725 wlis
ianvarSi. dakrZalulia vsesviatskoeSi.
1. filosofiis sagani
sulxan-saba orbelianis mTavari mecnieruli naSro-
mia ,,qarTuli leqsikoni”, romelsac vaxtang VI-em ,,sity-
vis kona” uwoda. es ar aris leqsikoni Cveulebrivi ga-
gebiT, masSi leqsikografiuli masalis garda, moce-
mulia sxvadasxva mecnieruli, maT Soris, filosofiuri
cnebebis ganmarteba, romelSic naTlad Cans misi
avtoris msoflmxedveloba.
samwerlo-literaturuli moRvaweobis sferoSi sul-
xan-saba orbelianis mTavari Txzulebaa igav-arakebis
krebuli _ ,,wigni sibrZne sicruisa”, romelsac didi
didaqtikuri, eTikuri da pedagogiuri mniSvneloba aqvs.
sulxan-saba orbelianis kalams ekuTvnis agreTve
sasuliero naSromebi (,,samoTxis kari”, ,,swavlani”, him-
nografiuli Txzulebani da sxv.,) poeturi nawarmoebebi,
masve ekuTvnis ,,qilila da damanas” saboloo redaqcia
da sxv.
59
amJamad Cven sulxan-saba orbeliani gvainteresebs,
rogorc filosofiuri moazrovne, romelic SeiZleba
Seswavlil iqnas misi mTavari mecnieruli naSromis
,,sityvis kona”-s mixedviT. am leqsikonSi uxvad warmod-
genilia filosofiuri ideebic.
avtori ama Tu im filosofiuri terminis ganmarte-
bisas garkveuli filosofiuri koncefciidan amodis
da, rogorc mosalodnelia, es koncefcia obieqtur-
idealisturia, ufro xSirad ki Teologiuri. leqsikon-
ze muSaobis procesSi igi umeteswilad sxvadasxva
wyaros emyareba, magram es garemoeba ar ukargavs am
Txzulebas originaluris Rirebulebas. erTi da igive
terminis sxvadasxva ganmartebidan sulxan-saba irCevs
imas, romelic misi filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis-
Tvis ufro misaRebia. amis Sesaxeb TviTon miuTiTebs
wignis SesavalSi (,,anderZnamagi”), ,,romelman damajera
igi davwereo”1. amitom leqsikonSi warmodgenili filo-
sofiuri ideebi sulxan-saba orbelianis filosofiur
koncefciad unda CaiTvalos, imis miuxedavad, rom igi
umeteswilad sxvadasxva avtorebidan aris aRebuli.
leqsikonis wyaroebs, saidanac sulxan-saba sargeb-
lobs, TviTon asaxelebs. es aris prokles wigni
,,kavSirni RvTismetyvelebiTni” (ioane petriwis Targma-
niTa da misive komentarebiT), aristotelesa da porfi-
riosis kategoriebi, nemesios emeselis ,,bunebisaTvis
kacisa” da ioane damaskelis ,,codnis wyaro” (gansakuT-
rebiT misi pirveli nawili ,,dialeqtika”). rasakvirve-
lia, mas xelT hqonda sxva wignebic, magram maTgan
sulxan-saba martooden im Txzulebebs asaxelebs,
romelTac, etyoba, yvelaze ZiriTadad Tvlida.
,,sityvis konaSi” warmodgenil filosofiur ideebs
upiratesad saganmanaTleblo mniSvneloba hqonda. mis
Sesaxeb TviTon sulxan-sabac miuTiTebs. zemoaRniSnuli
60
avtorebis Txzulebani ,,aRvwere ara maTebr RularWni-
lad, aramed saadviloni aRvweren, raTa iswaon ena
qarTuli”.
sulxan-saba orbeliani, romelic qarTuli leqsiko-
nis Sedgenisas zemoaRniSnuli neoplatonuri da Teo-
logiuri xasiaTis TxzulebebiT sargeblobda, filoso-
fiis sagnad Tvlida zebunebrivi, metafizikuri sinamd-
vilis Semecnebas, romelic aristotelesa da neopla-
tonikosebis naazrevSi miCneuli iyo idealur, RvTaeb-
riv realobad. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, sruliad
usafuZvlo da Seuwynarebelia mosazreba sulxan-saba
orbelianis filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis materia-
listuri da aTeisturi xasiaTis Sesaxeb2.
eWvgareSea, rom sulxan-saba orbelianis msoflmxed-
veloba ekuTvnis idealistur-Teologiur mimarTulebas,
xolo sulxan-saba filosofiis sagnad pirvel rigSi
zebunebrivi (aramaterialuri) sinamdvilis Semecnebas
Tvlis.
sulxan-saba orbelianis filosofiur msoflmxedve-
lobaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs ontologiursa
da logikur problemebs. amitom Cven am moazrovnis
filosofiur msoflmxedvelobas am kuTxiT ganvixilavT.
2. ontologiuri ideebi
ontologiuri problemebidan sulxan-saba orbeliani
did yuradRebas uTmobs arsebisa da arsis, aucilebeli
da SemTxveviTi arsis erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebas. misi
ontologiuri Sexedulebebis centralur cnebas ,,myo-
fi” anu arsi, arsebuli warmoadgens. ,,myofi _ aRniSnavs
igi, _ zogadi saxeli ars yovelTa myofTa”3. es niSnavs,
rom arsebulis (,,myofis”) cneba yovelgvar arsebuls
moicavs. amitom igi uzogadesia, pirveladi cnebaa,
61
romelsac gvari ara aqvs. es is cnebaa, romelic hegelma
ukiduresi abstraqtulobis gamo ararss gauigiva. myofi
e.i. arsebuli SeiZleba iyos arsebiTi an araarsebiTi
anu aucilebeli an SemTxveviTi. ,,xolo es myofi gani-
yofebis arsebisa mimarT da SemTxuÀTisa”4. aq igulisx-
meba, rom arseba aucileblobiT arsebulia, magram arse-
bobs SemTxveviTad myofic anu SemTxveviTad arsebulic;
myofis anu arsebobis cneba ki orives moicavs; amaSi
mdgomareobs misi uzogadesoba.
arsis (,,myofis”) cnebidan sulxan-saba arsebis cne-
baze gadadis. ,,arseba _ aRniSnavs igi, - ukuÀ ars saqme
TaviT TÂsiT myofi da ara moqene sxvisa Semtkicebisa
mimarT”5. aq gamoTqmulia arsebis cnebis tradiciuli
gansazRvreba: arseba aris TavisTavad, obieqturad,
sxvisgan damoukideblad arsebuli arsi, romelic sxvis
arsebobas ar saWiroebs. cxadia, rom am SemTxvevaSi
laparakia substanciuri arsebis Sesaxeb, romelic ara-
ferze ar aris damokidebuli, upiroboa, absoluturia.
sulxan-sabam aristoteledan uTuod kargad icis, rom
nebismieri arseba substanciis niSnebis matarebelia, vi-
naidan igi yovelTvis aris gamoTqmis subieqti da ara-
sodes predikati. swored aseTia aristoteles katego-
riaTa sistemaSi ,,usias” (arsebis) kategoria. substan-
ciurobis niSnis miuxedavad, nebismieri arseba rodia
substancia, absoluturi. aseTia mxolod ukanaskneli
instanciis arseba anu arsebaTa arseba, romelic erTi
da erTaderTia. am cnebis qveS ki klasikur azrovnebaSi
mxolod da mxolod RmerTi moiazreboda.
myofis anu arsebulis meore sferoa SemTxveviTi,
SemTxveviTad myofi. sulxan-sabas azriT, SemTxveviTi
aris ,,ver SemZlebeli Tavisa Soris TÂssa yofisa,
aramed sxÂsa Soris mqonebeli yofisaÁ. oriveni ese
62
myof ars”6. aq ukve aSkarad Cans arsebisa da SemTxvevi-
Tis anu substanciurisa da aqcidenciuris dapirispi-
reba. arseba, rogorc substanciuri arsi, aucileblo-
biT arsebobs; igi sxvis arsebobaze ar aris damoki-
debuli. SemTxveviTi ki, ,,ver SemZlebelia Tavisa Soris
TÂssa yofisa”. e.i. mas Tavisi Tavis arsebobis uzrun-
velyofa ar SeuZlia, sxvisgan damoukideblad ki ar
arsebobs, aramed aris ,,sxÂsa Soris mqonebeli yofisaÁ”.
e.i. misi arseboba sxvazea damokidebuli, sxvis mimarT
da sxvis safuZvelze arsebobs, ris gamoc misi amgvarad
arseboba SemTxveviTia. am principuli gansxvavebis miu-
xedavad,, „oriveni ese myof ars”, orive arsis sferos
miekuTvneba anu orive arsebobs, orive arsebulia.
es Tvalsazrisi arsebisa da arsis anu aucilebe-
lisa da SemTxveviTis Sesaxeb kidev ufro vrclad
ganmeorebulia terminTan ,,naTesavi”. ,,myofsa egreT
gansazRvreben: myofi ukuÀ ars anu TviTguamoani saqme
da ara moqene sxuisaÁ Semtkicebisa mimarT. anu ver
SemZlebeli TaviT TÂisiT yofad, arames sxuisa Soris
mqonebeli yofisaÁ. xolo arsebaÁ saqme ars, TÂT TaviT
TÂsiT myofi da ara moqvne sxÂsaÁ Semtkicebisa mimarT;
xolo SemTxveviTi vidremde saqme ver SemZlebeli TviT
TÂsiT yofisaÁ, aramed sxvisa Soris mqonebeli yofisa.
aha arca arsebaman miiTuala yoveli sazRvari myofisaÁ,
arca SemTxÀviTman, aramed arsebaman kerZoÁ da SemTxve-
viTman sxuaÁ igi kerZoÁ”7. aq sulxan-saba imeorebs
,,myofis” (arsis) klasifikacias arsebad (aucileblobiT
arsebulad) da SemTxveviTad. amasTan, damatebiT
aRniSnavs, rom verc arseba da verc SemTxveviTi mTel
myofs ver moicavs, arseba da SemTxveviTi sxvadasxvaa.
arsebis aucilebloba misi absoluturobis gamom-
xatvelia. marTalia, yvela arseba absoluturi ar aris,
63
magram igi, rogorc arseba, yovelTvis absoluturobis,
TavisTavadobis niSans atarebs; sxvagvarad igi arsebac
ar iqneba. sulxan-saba ar akonkretebs arsebisa da
substanciis urTierTobas, Torem mas SeeZlo erTmane-
Tisgan ganesxvavebina arasubstanciuri da substanciuri
arseba, eCvenebina maTi msgavseba-gansxvaveba. arsebisa da
movlenis anu substanciurisa da aqcidentaluris
(SemTxveviTis) ,,naTesaobas” igi imaSi xedavs, rom orive
myofis sferos ekuTvnis, orive arsebobs.
sulxan-saba Tvlis, rom materialuri da idealuri
erTmaneTisgan principulad gansxvavdeba. isini SeiZleba
erTad arsebobdnen, magram maT Soris arsebiTi
gansxvaveba ucvleli rCeba. magaliTad, adamiani RmerTma
materialurisgan Seqmna, magram mas idealuri suli
STabera. amitom adamiani materialuri (sxeulisa) da
idealuris (sulis) erTianobaa. ,,kaci dabada RmerTman
xatebisa da msgavsebisaebr TÂisisa, nivTebTa mier xor-
ci Seamzada, sulisa gonierisa da sityÂierisa STaber-
viTa mimniWebelgan”8. amis miuxedavad, ar SeiZleba imis
Tqma, rom sulxan-saba orbeliani TiTqos fsiqofizi-
kuri paralelizmis poziciebze dgas. marTalia, cocxa-
li arseba, kerZod, adamiani, materialurisa da idealu-
risgan anu sxeulisa da sulisgan Sedgeba da, rogorc
ori sxvadasxva bunebis mqone arsi, TiTqos erTmane-
Tisgan damoukidebelia, magram sinamdvileSi aqtiur
Zalas mainc suli warmoadgens, romelic sxeuls
,,marTavs”. sulxan-saba am SemTxvevaSic idealisturi
monizmis poziciebze darCa. igi xSirad sargeblobs
wminda nawerebiT (,,biblia”), rac erTxel kidev adastu-
rebs imas, rom misi msoflmxedveloba idealistur-
Teologiuria da ara materialisturi, miT umetes
aTeisturi. igi amave poziciebze rCeba igav-arakebis
wignSi ,,sibrZne-sicruisa”.
64
ontologiur problemebTan mWidrod dakavSirebulia
sulxan-saba orbelianis logikuri ideebi.
3. logikuri ideebi
saerTod unda iTqvas, rom logikur problematikas
qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebis istoriaSi arasodes
yuradReba ar moklebia. interesi logikisadmi arasodes
ar gamqrala TviT qarTveli eris Znelbedobis period-
Sic. XIII-XIV saukuneebSic ki, roca saqarTvelo mon-
RolTa uRels qveS gminavda, qarTveli mwignobarni ar
iviwyebdnen im mdidar filosofiur tradiciebs, rome-
lic gelaTisa da iyalTos akademiebSi antikuri filo-
sofiis SemoqmedebiTi aTvisebis mimarTulebiT dam-
kvidrda. swored am epoqaSi xelaxla gadaiwera ioane
damaskelis ,,dialeqtika”, efrem mciresa da arsen
iyalToelis TargmaniT. aseve gadaweres V-VI saukunis
neoplatonikosis, aristoteles cnobili komentatoris
amonios hermias (ermisis) Txzuleba ,,mosaxsenebeli
aTTa katiRoriaTadmi aristotelisaTa“, romelic qar-
Tul enaze Targmnili iyo XII saukunis qarTveli moaz-
rovnis ioane tariWisZis mier9. XIV saukuneSi kaTali-
kosma basilma berZnulidan qarTul enaze Targmna
berZeni neoplatonikosis, aristoteles komentatorisa
da cnobili logikosis porfiriosis Txzuleba. am
naSromebSi Camoyalibebulia logikuri koncefcia, ro-
melic antikuri epoqis berZeni filosofosebidan
(ZiriTad aristoteledan) iRebs dasabams. XVI saukuneSi
gadaweres petriwis Txzuleba, romelSic agreTve
logikur problematikas soliduri adgili uWiravs.
gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda interesi filosofiisadmi
da, kerZod, logikisadmi XVII saukunidan. mis Sesaxeb
saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis erT-erTi sirieli mwera-
li, romelmac aRwera misi mamis antioqiis patriarqis
65
mogzauroba sxvadasxva qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTve-
looSic. patriarqi gancvifrebaSi mouyvania qarTvele-
bis codnas gansakuTrebiT logikis dargSi. patriarqi
makari saqarTveloSi Camovida 1664 wels17.
sulxan-saba orbelianis logikuri ideebi ZiriTadad
Camoyalibebulia mis ,,qarTul leqsikonSi”. specialur
literaturaSi araerTgzis miTiTebulia am leqsikonis
wyaroebze da mas aRar gavimeorebT11.
sulxan-sabas logikuri ideebi, umetes SemTxvevaSi
originaluri ar aris; igi sxvadasxva avtorTagan aris
aRebuli; es bunebrivia, vinaidan igi werda ara
filosofiur traqtats, aramed ganmartebiT leqsikons,
rac mas avaldebulebda, rom sxvadasxva moazrovnis
ideebi miewodebina qarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis. magram es
garemoeba xels ar uSlis imas, rom sulxan-sabas
filosofiur msoflmxedvelobaze, mis logikur ideebze
vilaparakoT. saqme is aris, rom sulxan-saba ganurCev-
lad ki ar alagebs sxvis naazrevs, aramed detalurad
aanalizebs maT, gansjis da, rogorc TviTon wers,
miiRebs im variants, ,,romelman daajera”12. Ees garemoeba
uflebas gvaZlevs, rom ,,leqsikonSi” warmodgenili
filosofiuri koncefciis mixedviT sulxan-saba orbe-
lianis filosofiur msoflmxedvelobaze vimsjeloT.
TiTqmis analogiuri viTareba gvaqvs am da momdevno
epoqis sxva moazrovneebTanac (anton pirveli, ioane
bagrationi, daviT bagrationi da sxva.)
sulxan-saba orbeliani ganixilavs aristoteles
moZRvrebas kategoriebis Sesaxeb, CamoTvlisa da ganmar-
tavs aT kategorias: ,,aoba” (anu arseba), ,,raisamimarTi”,
,,raodenoba”, ,,viTareba”, ,,sada”, ,,odesi”, ,,qoneba”, ,,de-
ba”, ,,vneba” da ,,moqmedeba”. igi, aristoteles kvaldak-
val, miuTiTebs arsebis (,,usias”) kategoriis pirvelad
66
mniSvnelobaze. arsebis aRmniSvnel terminad igi xma-
robs ,,myofs” da aRniSnavs, rom ,,myofi zogadi saxeli
ars arsebisa da SemTxÀviTisa, rameTu arseba TaviT
TÂsiT myofi ars da ara sxvisa Soris mqonebeli“13. es
niSnavs, rom arseboba anu arsi (,,myofi”) exeba yve-
lafers _ arsebasac da imasac, rac SemTxveviTia. igu-
lisxmeba, rom arseba ar aris SemTxveviTi, igi auci-
lebelia, vinaidan ,,TÂiT TÂsiT”, e.i. TavisTavad arse-
bobs, upiroboa, damoukidebelia anu absoluturia, xo-
lo is, rac sxvis mimarT da sxvis safuZvelze arsebobs,
SemTxveviTs warmoadgens. sityva ,,naTesavTan” dakavSi-
rebiT sulxan-saba orbeliani kidev erTxel ganmartavs
arsebisa da SemTxveviTis (arsebiTisa da ararsebiTis)
cnebebs. ,,arsebaÁ saqme ars, TÂiT TaviT TÂisiT myofi
da ara moÁqene sxÂsaÁ Semtkicebisa mimarT. xolo
SemTxueÂiTi vidreme saqme ver SemZlebeli TÂiT TÂisiT
myofisaÁ, aramed sxvisa Soris mqonebeli yofisa”14.
Semdeg mocemulia arsebis kategoriis diferenciacia
sxvadasxva saxeebad. kerZod, arseba SeiZleba iyos sxeu-
lebrivi da usxeulo, sxeuli SeiZleba iyos sulieri
da usulo, sulieri _ mgrZnobeli da ugrZnobeli,
mgrZnobeli cxoveli _ metyveli da pirutyvi, metyveli
_ mokdavi da ukvdavi, mokdavi calkeul adamianad da
calkeul cxovelad. ,,naTesavis” es danawileba sqemis
saxiT aris warmodgenili15.
SemTxveviTobis kategorias sulxan-saba aristote-
les mixedviT gansazRvravs. cnobilia, rom aristotele
SemTxveviTs uwodebda imas, rasac SeuZlia yofnac da
ar yofnac, e.i. risi arseboba aucilebeli ar aris.
,,SemTxÀeviTi ars... _ wers sulxan-saba, _ romelisa
SesaZlebel ars missive yofaÁ da arayofaÁ, rameTu
SesaZlebel ars kacisa TeTr yofaÁ”16.
67
sulxan-saba ganmartavs msjelobis formebs dade-
biTsa da uaryofiTs (,,warTqma” da ,,ukuTqma”); yoveli
msjeloba, misi azriT, an dadebiTia an uaryofiTi
(,,esreT ars yoveli warTqmaÁ da ukuTqmaÁ”)17. rogoc
vxedavT, aq laparakia msjelobis formebze, romelic
aristoteles droidan sakmaod cnobilia.
silogisturi daskvnebis garCevisas sulxan-saba,
ioane petriwis kvaldakval, arCevs wanamZRvrebs, saSua-
lo terminsa da danaskvs, romelTac berZnul saxelebs
uwodebs. amasTan, igi aRniSnavs saSualo terminis gansa-
kuTrebul mniSvnelobas. yovelgvari Semecneba, amtki-
cebs igi, saSulo terminis saSualebiT sruldeba.
sulxan-saba orbeliani aristoteles silogizmis
empiristul gagebas emxroba, magram ar uaryofs diskur-
siuli azrovnebis rolsac. sulxan-saba orbeliani pet-
riwis msoflmxevelobas misdevs da fiqrobs, rom lo-
gika da Semecnebis Teoria ganuyrelia.
aseTia zogadad sulxan-saba orbelianis Semoqmede-
baSi filosofiuri ideebi (filosofiis sagani, onto-
logia, logika).
4. zurab SanSovani, vaxuSti batoniSvili, iese Cubi-
naSvili
XVIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi friad sayuradRebo
iyo zurab SanSovanis moRvaweoba logikis dargSi. z.
SanSovani ZiriTadad gramatikosi iyo, magram mis kalams
ekuTvnis ara mxolod saenaTmecniero naSromebi, aramed
filosofiuric. igi vaxuSti batoniSvilTan (1696-1757)
iyo daaxloebuli da misive SekveTiT eweoda mTargmne-
lobiT saqmianobas. z. SanSovanma somxuridan Targmna
aristoteles Txzuleba ,,aTni queTqmulebani” da ,,peri
68
hermeneias” daviT anhaRTis komentarebis CaTvliT,
,,agreTve xuTni xmani porfirisa” da sxva.
vaxuSti batoniSvilma da zurab SanSovanma moskovSi
yofnisas Seadgines saenaTmecniero filosofiuri kre-
buli, romelSic Sevida: qarTuli enis gramatika da
filosofiuri (logikuri) Txzulebani: porfiriosis
,,Seyvanileba”, aristoteles ,,peri hermeneias”, moZRvreba
aristoteles kategoriebis Sesaxeb da originaluri
Txzuleba, romelSic gamokvleulia aristoteles 10
kategoriis gamoyeneba TeologiaSi. enaTmecnieruli da
filosofiuri Txzulebebis erT krebulSi moTavseba,
etyoba, SemTxveviTi ar iyo. rogorc gr. kalandari-
Svili SeniSnavs, krebulis avtorebi (vaxuSti batoni-
Svili da zurab SanSovani) ,,logikas gramatikis gagrZe-
lebad Tvlidnen”18.
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa z. SanSovanis origina-
luri Txzuleba aTi kategoriis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. am
naSromSi avtori, uwinares yovlisa, gadmoscems aris-
toteles Tvalsazriss substanciisa da aqcidenciis
Sesaxeb. substancia aris is, rac TavisTavad arsebobs
da Tavisi arsebobisTvis sxva raimes arsebobas ar
saWiroebs. aseTia mxolod RmerTi. maSasadame, substan-
ciis qveS z. SanSovans esmis RmerTi. aqcidencia ki aris
is, rac sxvazea damokidebuli, kerZod, damokidebulia
substanciaze. aseTi SeiZleba iyos mxolod SemTxveviTi.
substanciisa da aqcidenciis es aristoteluri gageba
z. SanSovans aRebuli aqvs ioane petriwis ,,ganmartebaÁ”-
dan.
z. SanSovani amtkicebs, rom vinaidan RmerTis buneba-
Si ar aris araviTari SemTxveviTi da aqcidentaluri,
amitom aristoteles moZRvreba kategoriebis Sesaxeb
gamosayenebelia (,,saxmarad iqmnebian”) mxolod im
nivTebis mimarT, romlebic materiisa da formisagan
69
aris Sedgenili. RmerTi ki mxolod formaa da arsebobs
SemTxveviTobis gareSe (,,viTarmed arsad iwodebis
RmerTi, raTa man mxolod ars saxe Tvinier nivTisa ars,
da arseba Tvinier SemTxveviTisa”)19. swored amitom
RmerTis mimarT aristoteles yvela kategoriis gamoye-
neba SeuZlebelia. aris mxolod erTaderTi kategoria
_ substanciis, arsebis _ kategoria, romelic RmerTis
mimarT gamodgeba. RmerTi aris yvelafris arseba,
qvemdebare, substancia da, cxadia, substanciis katego-
ria RmerTs unda asaxavdes.
anton pirvelisa da baumaisteris filosofiuri
Txzulebebis aSkara gavlena SeiniSneba SedarebiT
gviandeli qarTveli moazrovnis _ iese CubinaSvilis
(1780-1821) ,,logikaSi”, romelic man dawera Tbilisis
seminariebis saxelmZRvanelod, sadac igi seminarielebs
qarTul gramatikasa da logikas aswavlida.
am naSromSi i. CubinaSvili gvevlineba rogorc
obieqturi idealisti da Teologi; am poziciebidan
gadmoscems igi filosofiisa da logikis sakiTxebs.
logika mas esmis rogorc WeSmaritebis miRwevis
saSualeba. amdenad logikisa da Semecnebis Teorias
Soris kavSirs amyarebs. sakmarisia gavixsenoT, rom
tradiciul formalur logikas logika esmis ara
rogorc WeSmaritebis wvdomis iaraRi, aramed rogorc
mecniereba swori azrovnebis Sesaxeb. i. CubinaSvilis
mosazreba am SemTxvevaSi tradiciuli logikisgan
gansxvavdeba.
magram es gansaxvaveba kvlav antonisa da baumaiste-
risagan modis. avtori TiTqmis kvaldakval misdevs
baumaisteris ,,logikas” da mxolod koniuqturuli
TvalsazrisiT Tu scildeba mas. baumaisteris mixedviT
igi laparakobs bunebrivsa da xelovnur logikaze; am
ukanasknels Tvlis moZRvrebad logikuri azrovnebis
70
formebis Sesaxeb. i. CubinaSvilis azriT, cnebis zoga-
doba Seqmnilia azrovnebis mier individualuri sag-
nebisa da movlenebis Semecnebis procesSi. yvelaferi es
gadmocemulia baumaisteris ,,logikis” mixedviT. msje-
lobas i. CubinaSvili winadadebasTan kavSirSi ganixi-
lavs. igi miuTiTebs gramatikasa da logikas Soris
kavSirze, rac sruliad bunebrivi iyo misTvis, rogorc
gramatikosisaTvis. magaliTad, igi ,,logikaSi” lapara-
kobs sintaqsis Sesaxeb. g. kalandariSvili fiqrobs, rom
SesaZlebelia i. CubinaSvils ,,logika” misive ,,grama-
tikis” gagrZelebad miaCnda20.
msjelobasTan dakavSirebiT i. CubinaSvili lapara-
kobs subieqtze, predikatsa da kopulaze, romlebic
gagebulia agreTve tradiciuli logikis mixedviT.
daskvnas igi Tvlis ori winadadebidan mesamis gamoyva-
nad. aqac aSkarad igrZnoba logikisa da gramatikis
kavSiri.
i. CubinaSvilis ,,logika”, rogoroc vTqviT, semina-
riaSi saxelmZRvanelod iyo gankuTvnili da mas, ro-
gorc saxelmZRvanelos, originaluroba ar moeTxove-
boda. es Txzuleba Sedgenilia anton pirvelisa da pr.
baumaisteris logikuri ideebis mixedviT da mxolod
iSviaT SemTxvevaSi Tu gadauxvevs mas. es iSviaTi gadax-
vevebi ZiriTadad maSin igrZnoba, roca saqme logikisa
da gramatikis urTierTobas Seexeba. vinaidan es Txzu-
leba arsebiTad imeorebs winamorbed moazrovneebs (um-
Tavresad antonisa da baumaisteris ideebs), amitom misi
Sinaarsis ufro vrceli gadmocemisagan Tavs Sevika-
vebT21.
71
$2. anton pirveli
(1720-1788)
XVIII saukunis meore naxevris didi qarTveli moaz-
rovne, mecnieri, filosofosi, sazogado da saeklesio
moRvawe anton pirveli daibada 1720 wels. igi iyo
qarTlis mefis ieses Ze, Teimuraz meoris disSvili,
erekle meores mamidaSvili. berad aRkvecamde cnobili
iyo Teimuraz bagrationis saxeliT. igi izrdeboda
Telavis samefo sasaxleSi erekle meoresTan erTad
(isini erTi wlis moziareni iyvnen). axalgazrdobidanve
daewafa swavla-ganaTlebas, miiRo safuZvliani codna,
filosofiasa da sxva mecnierebebSi (fizika, gramatika
da sxv.). 1738 wels berad aRikveca gelaTis monasterSi
antonis saxeliT. erTxans igi iyo gelaTis monastris
winamZRvari (1739), quTaisis mitropoliti (1740), xolo
1744 wels ki axalgazrda, 24 wlis antoni saqarTvelos
kaTalikosad akurTxes. am periodidan iwyeba misi inten-
siuri, daZabuli Teoriuli da praqtikuli moRvaweoba
filosofiis, mecnierebis, mwerlobis, saeklesio da
saero asparezze, rac misi sicocxlis bolomde ar
Sewyvetila.
1752 wels anton pirvelma dawera originaluri
filosofiuri Txzuleba ,,spekali”, romelSic gadmoce-
mulia berZnul da laTinurenovani filosofiur
moazrovneTa (platoni, aristotele, albert didi da
sxv.) ZiriTadi ideebi. am saqmeSi mas daxmarebas (kon-
sultaciebs) uwevdnen TbilisSi mcxovrebi kaTolike
misionerebi. es sababad gamoiyenes antonis mtrebma da
,,gakaTolikeba” (kaTolikuri aRmsareblobis miReba)
daswames, ris gamoc 1755 wels kaTalikosobidan ga-
daayenes. momdevno wels igi ruseTSi gaemgzavra da
72
1757-1762 wlebSi iyo vladimiris eparqiis mTavarepis-
koposi, romelic maSindel ruseTSi did Tanamdebobas
warmoadgenda. ruseTSi yofnisas man kidev ufro aqtiu-
rad ganagrZo samecniero da mTargmnelobiTi moRva-
weoba. laTinuri enidan Targmna kr. baumaisteris filo-
sofiis sruli kursi, volfis ,,Teoriuli fisika” (ru-
sulidan), kvintos kurciosis mravaltomiani (aTi wigni)
Txzuleba ,,istoria aleqsandre makedonelisa” da sxv.
naTargmn Txzulebebs TbilisSi gzavnida mis mier
daarsebuli Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis (1755)
msmenelTa saxelmZRvaneloebad. Teimuraz meoris (erek-
le meoris mamis) gardacvalebis Semdeg ereklem qarTl-
kaxeTis samefoebi gaaerTiana da anton pirveli moiwvia
TbilisSi, sadac igi kvlav akurTxes kaTalikosad. 1782
wels antonis TaosnobiT gaixsna Telavis seminaria.
antonma Tavis garSemo Semoikriba ganaTlebuli qarT-
veli mwignobrebi (t. gabaSvili, d. nekreseli, a. Wyondi-
deli da sxv.), Caudga maT saTaveSi da daiwyo inten-
siuri mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweoba. amasTan erTad,
antoni wers originalur filosofiur, enaTmecnierul,
poetursa da Teologiur Txzulebebs. filosofiaSi mis
kalams, garda ,,spekalisa” da baumaisteris filosofiu-
ri Txzulebebis Targmanebisa, ekuTvnis ,,katiRoria
simetneÁ”. didi Rirebulebisaa misi ,,qarTuli Rrama-
tika”, ,,wyobilsityvaoba”, ,,mzametyveleba”, ,,RvTismetyve-
leba” (oTx tomad) da a.S. antoni gardaicvala 1788
wels, dakrZalulia mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZarSi
erekle meoris gverdiT22.
1. filosofiis sagani
anton pirveli mravalmxrivi mecnieri iyo. misi Teo-
riuli interesebis sferoSi, garda filosofiisa, Se-
dioda enaTmecnierebis, fizikis, RvTismetyvelebis prob-
73
lemebi. magram Tu misi mecnieruli memkvidreobis
mixedviT vimsjelebT, davrwmundebiT, rom mis mTavar
interess mainc filosofia warmoadgenda. am sferoSi ki
igi, uwinares yovlisa, filosofiis sagnis gansazRvre-
biT iyo dainteresebuli, romlis saSualebiT unda mox-
des, erTi mxriv, filosofiis gansxvaveba sxva (spe-
cialuri) mecnierebebisgan, xolo, meore mxriv, filo-
sofiuri disciplinebis klasifikacia.
filosofiis sagnis gamorkveva filosofiis cnebis
gansazRvrebis aucilebeli pirobaa. amasTan, antonisT-
vis cnobilia filosofiis sagnis gansazRvrebis sir-
Tule. igi ,,spekalSi” aRniSnavs, rom ,,aravisda Zal
warweraÁ filosofiisa erTiTa sityviTa”23., e.i aravis
ZaluZs, rom filosofiis cnebis Sinaarsi erTi gan-
sazRvrebiT (,,erTi sityviT”) srulyofilad gamoxatoso.
filosofiis cnebis tradiciuli gansazRvrebani antons
ar akmayofilebs. iqve antoni ganixilavs filosofiis
cnebis sxvadasxva gansazRvrebas, romlis avtorebic
arian rogorc RvTismetyvelni, aseve filosofosebi.
marTalia, arc erT aq motanil gansazRvrebas antoni ar
eTanxmeba, magram TiToeul maTganSi racionalur mar-
cvals xedavs.
filosofiis cnebis yvelaze zogad gansazRvrebad,
romelic am sityvis etimologiur mniSvnelobas emyare-
ba, antoni imas Tvlis, rom igi aris ,,sibrZnis moyva-
reoba, ese igi filosofia”24.
antoni imowmebs platonis, aristoteles, amoniosis,
baumaisteris da sxva moazrovneebis Tvalsazrisebs
filosofiis sagnis Sesaxeb. ,,spekalSi” mas moaqvs
platonis azri filosofiis sagnis Sesaxeb. ,,ityvis
didi platon: filosofia ariso mecniereba saRmrToTa
da kacobrivTa saqmeTa”.
74
platonma, antonis azriT, arsis sfero (,,myofni”) or
nawilad gayo: RvTaebrivad da kacobrivad (anu imqvey-
niurad da amqveyniurad). am SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, mxedve-
lobaSia platonis moZRvreba ideebis samyarosa da
bunebis Sesaxeb. ideebi RvTaebrivi arsia, idealuria,
namdvil sinamdviles warmoadgens. buneba ki, rogorc
ideebis samyaros mibaZva, arsisa da ararsis erTianobaa,
amqveyniuri, warmavali sinamdvilea. am gansazRvrebidan
gamomdinareobs, rom filosofia orives swavlobs _
rogorc namdvil sinamdviles (,,WeSmarit arss”), aseve
bunebas. ,,kacobrivs”, anu amqveyniur sinamdviles. amaSi
mdgomareobs filosofiis sagnis universaluroba; igi
arsze moZRvrebas warmoadgens.
antons moaqvs uSualod aristoteles gansazRvrebac:
,,filosofia aris xelovneba xelovnebaTa da zedmiwev-
nulobaÁ zedmiwevnulobaTa”25. sityva ,,zedmiwevnuloba”
antonis im terminologiiT, romelsac igi baumaisteris
filosofiuri Txzulebebis qarTuli Targmanis wina-
sityvaobaSi xmarobs, niSnavs cnebas, codnas, mecniere-
bas. aq aSkarad Cans aristoteles moZRvreba filoso-
fiis, rogorc ,,mecnierebaTa mecnierebis” anu ,,mecnie-
rebaTa dedoflis” Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi, cxadia,
mxedvelobaSia ,,pirveli filosofia” anu, rogorc
Semdeg uwodes, ontologia. aristotelesTan ontolo-
gia da metafizika erTmaneTTan gaigivebulia, Tumca
orive termini gviandeli warmoSobisaa.
sxva SemTxvevaSi antons filosofiis sagnis qveS
esmis yovelgvari arsebulis ukanaskneli mizezis cod-
na. TxzulebaSi ,,katiRoria simetneÁ” aseT gansazRv-
rebas vxdebiT: ,,filosofia aris cnoba nivTTa da mi-
zezTa, romelnica arian an iqnebian”. igive gansazRvreba
mcireodeni variaciebiT ganmeorebulia antonis sxva
TxzulebebSic, magaliTad, ase: filosofia ,,iwodebis
75
cnobad (codnad _ s.a.) mizezisa nivTTa maT, romeli
arian anu iqnebian”26. mokled: ,,filosofia ars zed-
miwevnuloba (mecniereba _ s.a.) mizezTa nivTTasa”27.
ufro gvian antonis Sexedulebebi filosofiis
sagnis Sesaxeb ramdenadme Seicvala laibnic-volfis fi-
losofiis gavleniT. saxeldobr, am periodidan filo-
sofiis sagans sakmao safuZvlis kanonis mixedviT gan-
sazRvravs. laibnicis filosofias antoni icnobs vol-
fisa da baumaisteris mixedviT, romlebic laibnicis
mowafeebi da misi filosofiis popularizatorebi iyv-
nen. saxeldobr, antoni filosofias gansazRvravs ro-
gorc mecnierebas ,,kmaTa mizezTa nivTTasa”28, e.i. ro-
gorc moZRvrebas nivTebis (samyaros) sakmao mizezis
(safuZvlis) Sesaxeb.
filosofiis sagnis gansazRvrebasTan mWidro
kavSirSia filosofiur disciplinaTa klasifikacia.
antoni laparakobs filosofiur disciplinaTa or did
jgufze: ,,xedviTi” anu ,,mxedvelobiTi” (e.i. Teoriuli)
da ,,saqmiTi” (anu praqtikuli) filosofia. Teoriuls
anu ,,xedviTs” (,,mxedvelobiT”) filosofias igi iseT
codnas uwodebs, ,,romlisa Sina iWirvan WeSmaritebani
ufrosRa saWironi ganaTlebisadmi gonebisa ganmswav-
leblisadmi gulisxmisyofsa, vidre warmarTebadi saqme-
Ta CuenTa”. praqtikuli filosofia aris is, ,,romelnica
gardamoscems kanonTa, romelTa mier warmarTuloben
saqmeni da Cueulobani kacTani”29. erTi sityviT, Teo-
riuli filosofia Cvens praqtikul miznebs ar emsaxu-
reba, aramed Cveni gonebis ganviTarebas uzrunvelyofs.
praqtikuli filosofiis kanonebi ki adamianTa yovel-
dRiuri saqmianobisa da Cveulebebis kanonebia. amitom
mas zogjer antoni ,,sayofacxovrebo filosofias”
uwodebs.
76
Teoriuli filosofiis mTavari Semadgeneli nawi-
lia metafizika, romelic antons ramdenadme gansxva-
vebuli azriT esmis. ,,spekalSi”, romelic antonis
adreuli periodis Txzulebas warmoadgens, metafizika
gagebulia platonisa da aristoteles mixedviT,
saxeldobr, rogorc Teologia, moZRvreba RvTaebaze.
igi wers: ,,ganyofen ukve amiT filosofiasa filoso-
fosni: fisikad, loRikad myofiTad (ontologiad _ s.a.)
da meTe-fisikad, romelsa dasdevs saxeli platonis-
ganTa TeoloRiad”30. aq antoni imowmebs platonsa da
prokles, romlebmac metafizikis sagani gamoikvlies da
Teologias gauigives. iqve naTqvamia, rom ,,WeSmariti
meTe-fisika aris eklesiisa moZRvarTa goneba mzeTa
filosofosTa RiaÁ da ars uaRres gonebisa xedvisagan
sarwmunoebiTisa SesapyroÁ”31.
magram ra igulisxmeba am SemTxvevaSi Teologiis
cnebis qveS? SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom aq laparakia
religiur Teologiaze _ RvTismetyvelebaze _ da,
maSasadame, metafizika da RvTismetyveleba gaigivebu-
lia. saerTod unda iTqvas, rom ,,spekalSi” amgvari
gageba WeSmaritebisgan mTlad Sors ar unda iyos. amis
miuxedavad, mTavari mainc sxvaa, saxeldobr is, rom,
rodesac antoni metafizikisa da Teologiis urTier-
Tobaze msjelobs, maSin Teologiis cnebas ar unda
xmarobdes pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, saxeldobr, ro-
gorc religiur moZRvrebas. amas gvafiqrebinebs Semdegi
garemoeba: jer kidev ,,spekalSi”, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT
ufro gviandeli periodis naSromebze, antoni metafi-
zikas filosofiis nawilad Tvlis (,,ganiyofen ukve
amiT filosofiasa filosofosni: fisikad, loRikad,
myofiTad (ontologiad _ s.a.) da meTe-fisikad”). maSa-
sadame, metafizika filosofiis dargia da ara reli-
giuri disciplina. amasTan, udavoa, rom antoni filo-
77
sofiasa da religiur Teologias erTmaneTisgan kargad
asxvavebda. amis garda, antoni metafizikasTan dakavSi-
rebiT xSirad xmarobs sityvas ,,gnosis” (codna, mecnie-
reba), rac gaugebari iqneboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki igi
filosofiasa da religiur Teologias erTmaneTTan
aigivebdes.
ramdenadme gansxvavebulia anton pirvelTan metafi-
zikis cnebis gageba mas Semdeg, rac igi baumaisteris
meSveobiT gaecno laibnic-volfis moZRvrebas. am perio-
didan igi yovelmxriv cdilobs filosofiisa da reli-
giis erTmaneTisgan gamijvnas da, maSasadame, laparaki
aRar aris metafizikisa da Teologiis igiveobaze.
saxeldobr, amieridan igi metafizikis cnebis qveS
gulisxmobs filosofiur mecnierebas sinamdvilis im
uzogadesi kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb, romelic Tumca
cdaSi ar gveZleva, magram cdiseuli sinamdvilis
safuZvels warmoadgens. igi wers: ,,gnosis (mecniereba _
s.a.) nivTTa sazogadoTa anu swavla igi, romelsa Sina
ganimartvian ideani sazogadoni metafizikad iwode-
bis”32. aq, rogorc vxedavT, laparaki aRar aris metafi-
zikisa da Teologiis igiveobis Sesaxeb. magram meta-
fizikis cnebis am or gagebas Soris principuli gan-
sxvaveba mainc ar aris. RvTaeba, rogorc grZnobadi
sinamdvilis saboloo mizezi, aris am sinamdvilis
swored is obieqturi uzogadesi gansazRvruloba, rome-
lic zegrZnobadia, cdiseuli samyaros (bunebis) safu-
Zvelia.
antoni baumaisterTan erTad (romelic laibnicsa da
volfs emyareboda) Tvlis, rom metafizika oTxi nawi-
lisgan Sedgeba: ontologia, kosmologia, fsiqologia
da bunebrivi Teologia. aq gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
iqcevs metafizikisa da ontologiis damokidebuleba.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aristotele metafizikas uwo-
78
debda moZRvrebas RvTaebis Sesaxeb. RvTaeba ki Tavis-
Tavad, substanciuri arsia, mTeli sinamdvilis ukanask-
neli safuZveli da mizania. substanciur arsebaze
moZRvrebas ki ontologia ewodeba. amitom aristoteles
filosofiaSi metafizika da ontologia erTmaneTTan
gaigivebulia. sul sxva mdgomareobaa laibnic-volfis
skolaSi, sadac ontologia metafizikas daeqvemdebara,
mis erT-erT nawilad gamocxadda. am ukanasknel Tval-
sazriss iziarebs anton pirvelic. ontologia, amtki-
cebs igi, aris ,,cnoba arsisa sazogadod, anu raoden
ars arseba”33. antoni iziarebs baumaisteris im azrs,
rom ontologiaSi ,,sazogadoni ideani da dasabamni
kacobrivisa cnobisani ganwualebulad ganimartvian”34.
es niSnavs, rom ontologia dawvrilebiT ganmartavs
uzogades ideebsa da adamianuri Semecnebis sawyisebso.
zogadi kosmologia ki aris ,,gnosis (mecniereba _ s.a.)
sazogadod soflisaTvis”, e.i. moZRvreba samyaros
Sesaxeb saerTod35. fsiqologiis sagania adamianis suli
(,,swavlasa ganmartebelsa kacobrivsa sulisasa psixo-
loRia ewodebis”36. bunebrivi Teologia ki RmerTis
arsebobas asabuTebs.
im periodSi, rodesac antoni ,,spekals” werda (meTv-
ramete saukunis ormocdaaTiani wlebi), igi platonisa
da aristoteles filosofiis gavlenis qveS imyofeboda.
marTalia, igi uSualod ar icnobda platonisa da
aristoteles Txzulebebs, magram igi uTuod kargad
icnobda sqolastikis mier ,,gadamuSavebul” aristote-
les. erTi sityviT, am periodSi anton pirveli sqolas-
tizirebuli aristoteles gavlenis qveS imyofeboda.
magram ufro gvian _ ruseTSi gamgzavrebisa da iqidan
dabrunebis Semdeg _ dasavleTis filosofiis (laibnic-
volfis skola) gavleniT igi emijneba sqolastizi-
rebul aristoteles. astraxanis arqierisaTvis gagzav-
79
nis werilSi antoni aristoteles ,,Zvel sqolastikoss”
uwodebs37. xolo kidev ufro adre _ baumaisteris fi-
losofiuri Txzulebebis qarTuli Targmanis winasity-
vaobaSi _ ruseTSi myofi antoni gulistkiviliT ambobs,
rom Cems dros (igulisxmeba antonis eqsoriamdeli
periodi) saqarTveloSi logikas aswavlidnen mxolod
porfiriosis mier gadmocemuli aristoteles aTi
kategoriis mixedviT (,,ara vinme iswavebian loRikasa
Tvinier aTTa SesmenaTa aristotelesTa”) an damaskelis
safuZvelze, rac antons ukve aRar akmayofilebs. ar
akmayofilebs imitom, rom logikas aswavlidnen ,,ufros-
Ra RvTismetyuelurebr da ara filosofosurebr”38.
amrigad, ruseTSi wasvlisa da iqidan dabrunebis Semdeg
anton pirvelis Sexedulebebma filosofiisa da Teo-
logiis urTierTobis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani evolucia
ganicada; saxeldobr, igi moiTxovs filosofiisa da
Teologiis erTmaneTisgan gamoyofas. Tu aseTi moT-
xovna ,,spekalSi” ar Cans, samagierod, am periodSi
sruliad aSkaraa. igi kategoriulad acxadebs, rom arc
metafizika da arc logika TeologiaSi ar unda
avurioT. filosofia da Teologia sxvadasxva discip-
linebia. aseTia antonis Tvalsazrisi misi moRvaweobis
meore periodSi.
aRniSnuli ar niSnavs, rom antonma mTlianad xeli
aiRo ,,spekalSi” warmodgenil filosofiur ideebze. es
imiT dasturdeba, rom man 1767 wels ,,spekalis” pirveli
ganyofilebis (,,katiRoria”) Tavebi gadakeTebuli saxiT
gamoiyena TxzulebaSi _ ,,katiRoria simetneÁ”. ,,speka-
lis” calkeuli ideebi gamoyenebulia, agreTve, baumais-
teris filosofiuri Txzulebebis qarTuli Targmanis
winasityvaobaSi.
Teoriuli (,,xedviTi”, ,,mxedvelobiTi”) filosofiis
garda, anton pirveli aRiarebs ,,saqmiTi” anu praqtiku-
80
li filosofiis (,,filosofia praqtika”) arsebobasac.
filosofiis am dargs antoni ,,spekalSi” uwodebs
,,myofiTi ese igi cxovrebiTni filosofia”, romelic
aCvenebs ,,moswrafebasa, ese igi saTnoebasa”. ufro gvian-
deli periodis nawerebSi antoni laparakobs ,,sayofac-
xovrebo filosofiis” anu ,,qceviTi filosofiis” Sesa-
xeb, vinaidan igi adgens adamianis qcevis normebs anu
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis kanonebs. es kanonebi, Teoriu-
li filosofiis kanonebisgan gansxvavebiT, adamianis
qcevis normebia anu Tanamedrove terminologia rom
vixmaroT, normatiuli kanonebia. amis Sesabamisad praq-
tikul filosofiaSi Semavali disciplinebi normatiu-
li mecnierebania. am Taviseburebis gamo antoni mas
,,saeTiko filosofias” uwodebs. ,,saqmiTi” (anu praqti-
kuli) filosofiis cnebis qveS antoni mxolod eTikas
ki ar gulisxmobs, aramed igi mas ufro farTo mniSv-
nelobiT esmis. kerZod, ,,saqmiT filosofiaSi” Sedis
,,morTulobaÁ da SewevnaÁ yofisa qalaqTa da godolTa
da saxlTa”. amitom uwodebs igi mas ,,praqtikul
filosofias” (,,filosofia praqtika”). es disciplina,
Teoriuli filosofiisagan gansxvavebiT, praqtikul
cxovrebaSi gamosayenebel codnas gvaZlevs.
2. ontologiuri problemebi
metafizikisa da ontologiis problemebs centra-
luri adgili uWiravs anton pirvelis filosofiur
msoflmxedvelobaSi. maT Sesaxeb antoni sakmaod
vrclad msjelobs jer kidev ,,spekalSi”, xolo mas
Semdeg, rac laibnic-volfis msoflmxedveloba gaicno
baumaisteris meSveobiT, antonis daintereseba am
problemebiT kidev ufro gaizarda.
81
antoni, baumaisteris kvaldakval metafizikis nawi-
lebad Tvlis ontologias, kosmologias, fsiqologiasa
da bunebriv Teologias; amave dros igi iwunebs Zvel
metafizikas misi sqolastikuri xasiaTis gamo. xSirad
metafizikosebi, aRniSnavs antoni, iseT raimes amtki-
cebdnen, rac adamianisTvis naklebad sasargeblo da
gamosadegia (,,saxmarTaTÂs cotasa saqmidan”); amitom
,,metafizika mravalTa da ugonieresTa kacTa Sina
sacinebel iqna”39. magram amasTanave antoni Tvlis, rom
sqolastikuri metafizika ar aris metafizikis erTa-
derTi SesaZlebeli forma. WeSmariti metafizika aris
mecniereba sinamdvilis uzogadesi kanonzomierebis Se-
saxeb. ,,gnosis (mecniereba _ s.a.) nivTTa sazogadoTa anu
swavla igi, romelsa Sina ganimartvian ideani sazo-
gadoni metafisikad iwodebis”40. arsebiTad igive azria
gamoTqmuli ,,spekalSi”, sadac antoni erTmaneTs ada-
rebs fizikasa da metafizikas. fizika xilul bunebas
swavlobs, metafizika ki zogads ikvlevs, e.i. ikvlevs
imas, rac bunebrivi (fizikuri) samyaros safuZvels war-
moadgens. aseTi ki aris zebunebrivi sinamdvile. amri-
gad, fizika swavlobs bunebriv sinamdviles, xolo meta-
fizika _ zebunebrivs41.
miuxedavad amisa, antonis Sexedulebebma metafizikis
arsis Sesaxeb evolucia ganicada. ,,spekalSi” igi
metafizikas TeologiasTan aigivebs (,,WeSmariti meTe-
fisikaÁ ars TeoloRiaÁ”). marTalia, Teologias am
SemTxvevaSi filosofiuri Sinaarsi aqvs da ara reli-
giuri, magram esec uaxles filosofiaSi ganswavluli
antonisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda. igi mkacrad mijnavs
erTmaneTisgan metafizikasa (saerTod filosofiasa) da
Teologias.
metafizikis Sinaarsis Semadgenel uzogades cnebebs,
antonis mixedviT, ontologia ganmartavs. ontologiis
82
sagania arsi, rogorc aseTi, e.i. yvelaze uzogadesi ram
arsebulTagan. ,,ontologia aris gnosis (mecniereba _
s.a.) anu cnoba myofisa sazogadod anu raodenca ars
myofi”42. amasTanave arsi (,,myofi”) ara marto uzoga-
desia, aramed uZiriTadesic, grZnobadi sinamdvilis mi-
marT upirvelesi. amitom misi Semswavleli mecniereba _
ontologia _ aris ,,pirveli filosofia”. yvela mec-
nierebis WeSmariteba sabolood ontologias emyareba
da miT mtkicdeba.
arsi, romelic ontologiis sagania, moicavs yovel-
gvar arsebuls, maT Soris arsebasac. arseba ki aris is,
rac TavisTavad arsebobs da sxvis arsebobas ar
saWiroebs (,,arseba ars TviT mdgomoÁ, armoqeneÁ sxvi-
saTÂs da mamyofebelad”)43. aseTi ki aris aucileblobiT
arsebuli.
arseba aris is, rac ganapirobebs imas, rom nivTi
aris es da ara sxva. igi aris nivTebis umTavresi gan-
masxvavebuli niSani. ,,arseba yovlisa nivTisa igi ars, _
wers antoni _ romlisa ZaliT nivTi ese ars da ara
sxua, ese igi romlisa ZaliT nivTi yovelgan ukuÀ nivT-
Ta sxuaTa ganrCevad SesaZlebel ars”44. es niSnavs, rom
yovel arss aqvs arseba (,,yoveli arssa Tana aqvs qone-
bad arsebaÁ TÂisi”). arsi arsebobs arsebis arsebobis
ZaliT anu arseba arsisaTvis aucilebelia (,,arseba ar-
sisa saWiro ars”). amave dros antoni xazs usvams arse-
bis zogadobas.
antoni erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs namdvilsa da
aranamdvil arss. amave dros orive maTgani aristote-
les mixedviT esmis. saxeldobr, namdvili arsi, misi
azriT, aris is, rac araferze ar aris damokidebuli,
garda Tavisi Tavisa (,,TviT-myofi, aravisadmi moqeneÁ”),
aranamdvili arsi ki sxvazea damokidebuli.
83
arsebasTan dakavSirebiT antoni aristoteles mixed-
viT ganmartavs aucileblobasa da SemTxveviTobas. Sem-
TxveviTi aris is, rac SeiZleba iyos da arc iyos,
aucilebeli ki misi sapirispiroa. magaliTad, SemTxvevi-
Tia musikis codna, e.i. SeiZleba adamiani ar iyos
musikosi. magram is ki ar SeiZleba, rom broli ar iyos
TeTri. pirveli SemTxveviTia, meore aucilebeli. SemTx-
veviTi, gveubneba antoni, is aris, romlis sawinaaRmdego
SesaZlebelia. ,,SexdomiTi (SemTxveviTi _ s.a.) igi ars,
romelic winaaRmdgomi SesaZlebel ars, ese igi, rome-
lica SesaZlebel sxua guar yofad”. iqve motanilia
magaliTebi: me vwer, magram SesaZlebelia ar vwerde;
vkiTxulob, magram SesaZlebelia ar vkiTxulobde da
sxv. aucilebeli ki aris is, risi sawinaaRmdegoc
SeuZlebelia. ,,saWirod (e.i. aucileblad _ s.a.) vidreve
wodebul vhyofT ese guarsa raimesa, romlisa winaaRm-
dgomi SeuZlebel ars yofad, ese igi saWiroÁ SeuZle-
bel ars aryofad”.
sakmao safuZvelis anu ,,kmaÁ mizezis” kanoni, antonis
mixedviT, amtkicebs, rom ,,yoveli raicaRa ars, saTanado
ars, raTa aqundes kmaÁ mizezi”. igi arkvevs imas, Tu
ratom aris sagani aseTi da ara sxvanairi. amasTanave
antoni ar eTanxmeba baumaisters, romelic am kanonis
universalurobas amtkicebs. magaliTad, ar SeiZleba
vTqvaT, rom sakmao mizezi aqvs yovelgvar suls da ara
mxolod adamianis suls. am ukanasknelis saboloo
mizezi RmerTia. suli ki, rogorc substancia, araviTar
mizezs ar saWiroebs45.
bunebriv movlenebs bunebrivi mizezebi aqvT, romel-
Ta qveS antoni aristoteles mier dasaxelebul oTx
mizezs gulisxmobs: materialuri (,,nivTebiTi”), forma-
luri (,,nakvTobiTi”), moqmedi (,,SemoqmedebiTi”) da fina-
luri (,,dasrulebiTi”)46. mizezsa da Sedegs Soris
84
droSi Tanamimdevroba arsebobs. mizezi warmoSobs da,
maSasadame, win uswrebs Sedegs: ,,adami upirveles ars
seiTisa, vinaTgan adam ars mizezi seiTisa mSobelobiT”.
antonisTvis misaRebia baumaisteris azri bunebaSi
TviTmizezobriobis SeuZleblobis Sesaxeb. ,,ara raime
ars mizez Tavisa TÂsisa, ese igi vera SemZlebel ars,
raTa awarmoos Tavis TÂisi”47. materialuri samyaros es
Tavisebureba misi inertulobis maCvenebelia.
sainteresoa antonis is mosazrebac, rom Sedegi ar
SeiZleba Seicavdes imaze met realobas, rac mizezSia:
,,SeuZlebel ars yofad ufrosi saqmesa (,,saqme” _ Sedegi
_ s.a.) Sina, viTar igi iyo mizezsa Sina”. es idea
dekartidan momdinareobs, romelsac emyareba RmerTis
arsebobis dasabuTebis ontologiuri argumenti. antoni
ki mas baumaisteris meSveobiT icnobs.
aristoteles gavlena Cans antonis mier moZraobisa
da uZraobis gagebaSic. moZraoba da uZraoba bunebas
axasiaTebs, romelic sasrul arss warmoadgens. ,,bunebaÁ
arso, _ imowmebs antoni, _ aristotelesa da damaskels
_ TiToeulisa myofTaganisa dasabami Zvrisa da myud-
roebisa”48. amis miuxedavad, materia pasiuria, moklebu-
lia TviTmoZraobis unars.
bunebrivi da metafizikuri moZraoba erTmaneTisagan
imiT gansxvavdeba, rom pirvels mamoZravebeli mizezi
Tavis gareT aqvs, meores ki _ Tavis SigniT. metafizi-
kuri arsi, aRniSnavs antoni, TviTmoZravi da TviTmoq-
media. mas ,,aqus Tavsa Sina TÂssa dasabami igi cuale-
baTa”49. aq saqme gvaqvs jer kidev antikur filosofiaSi
damkvidrebul TvalsazrisTan, romelic erTaderT
WeSmarit realobad uZravsa da ucvlel sinamdviles
Tvlida, xolo bunebas, romelic ganuwyvetlad moZ-
raobs da icvleba, aseTad ar miiCnevda.
85
anton pirveli iziarebs empedokledan momdinare
samyaros Semadgeneli oTxi elementis Teorias, rome-
lic cnobili iyo qarTul filosofiaSi mTeli Sua
saukuneebis manZilze. am stiqionebs (cecxli, wyali,
miwa da haeri) igi samyaros Semadgenel metafizikur
elementebad Tvlis. yvelaferi Sedgenilia ,,oTxTa
asoTa (,,aso” _ kavSiri, elementi _ s.a.) mier, romel
arian kavSirni oTxni”50. amave dros am elementebs ekvi-
valenturi mniSvneloba aqvs. ,,arca erTi ars meorisa
upirveles bunebiT”. es elementebi ustruqturoa (,,Seu-
zavebeli”), rac maT maradiulobas uzrunvelyofs. ,,we-
sad ars _ wers igi baumaisteris Txzulebis qarTuli
Targmanis erT-erT SeniSvnaSi _ viTarmed arsisa Seza-
vebulisa kerZoni (nawilebi _ avt.) SesaZlebel arian
ganwualebad TÂT TÂTod, amisaTÂs ara arian Tqua fi-
losofosman (e.i. baumaisterma _ s.a.) arsni Sezavebulni
pirvelad dasabamebad”51. aq antoni ambobs, rom Tuki
stiqionebi nawilebisgan Sedgebodes, e.i. struqturul
mTlianobas warmoadgendes, maSin SesaZlebeli iqneba
misi nawilebad daSla da, maSasadame, mospoba. amitom
maradiuli _ am SemTxvevaSi samyaros Semadgeneli sti-
qionebi _ nawilebisgan ar Sedgeba, ustruqturoa, mar-
tivia da ara rTuli. cxadia, am stiqionebs antoni
metafizikur (da ara fizikur) realobad Tvlis.
aseTia, mokled anton pirvelis ontologiuri
moZRvreba, romelic, misi azriT, metafizikis pirvel
nawils Seadgens.
,,metafizikis” meore nawilia ,,sazogado (zogadi _
s.a.) kosmoloRia”, romelic aris mecniereba (,,gnosis”)
samyaros Sesaxeb saerTod (,,sazogadod soflisaTvis”).
samyaros erT-erT uZiriTades niSnad antoni,
baumaisterTan erTad, droSi arsebobas Tvlis. droSi
arseboba ki moZraobisa da cvalebadobis mdgomareobaSi
86
yofnas niSnavs. droSi arsebuli warmavalia, aramara-
diulia. aseTi niSani, idealurisagan gansxvavebiT, mxo-
lod materialur arss gaaCnia.
samyaros meore arsebiT niSnad antons saganTa da
movlenaTa Soris urTierTkavSirisa da urTierTgan-
pirobebulobis arseboba miaCnia, rac, Tavis mxriv, moZ-
raobisa da cvalebadobis procesSi myardeba. sagnebisa
da movlenebis urTierTkavSiri da urTierTganpiro-
bebuloba SesaZlebels xdis samyaros, rogorc mTelis,
arsebobas.
amasTanave, antoni, laibnic-volf-baumaisteris gav-
leniT, samyaroSi arsebul kavSir-urTierTobebs xSirad
teleologiurad xsnis. igi eTanxmeba baumaisters, ro-
melic sagnebsa da movlenebs Soris miznobrivi
kavSiris arsebobas amtkicebs.
teleologizmis idea antonisTvis arc adre iyo
ucnobi. man xom ,,spekalze” muSaobis procesSi Seis-
wavla aristoteles moZRvreba, romelsac teleolo-
giuri xasiaTi aqvs. amitom antonis azrovneba axali
drois teleologiur ideebs sruliad momzadebuli
Sexvda.
materialuri samyaros erT-erTi ZiriTadi Tvisebaa
Zala. cxadia, mxedvelobaSia materialuri Zalebis ar-
seboba, magaliTad, inerciis Zalisa (,,dayenebiTi Zala”).
CaTvlilia, rom yovel sxeuls aqvs moqmedi Zala
(,,yoveli sxeuli ZaliTa moqmedebisTvis niWebul ars”)
anu ,,yovlisa nivTisa buneba ars Zali moqmedebiTi”52.
magram es ar niSnavs materialuri samyaros inertulo-
bis uaryofas. materialuri sxeulebi inertulia, rac
imas niSnavs, rom ,,ver ZaluZs quasa moZraoba, Tu sadme
aravin SesZra igi”53.
,,metafizikis” mesame nawilia moZRvreba sulis Sesa-
xeb, romelic baumaisteris filosofiuri Txzulebebis
87
mixedviT, fsiqologiisagan didad ar gansxvavdeba. amis
miuxedavad, aq mainc laparakia sulze, rogorc Tavis-
Tavad arsebul realobaze da amdenad saqme gvaqvs
sulis metafizikur problemasTan.
antoni Tvlis, rom sulis mTavari niSania aramate-
rialuroba (,,usxeulo”). materialur sagnebs aqvs sidi-
de, Sedgenilia nawilebisgan da SegrZnebebSi gveZleva.
suls ki arc erTi es niSani ara aqvs; sxeuli moZraobs
garegani Zalebis zemoqmedebiT, suli ki TviTmoZravia.
kidev metic, igi materialuri sxeulis (adamianis tanis)
mamoZravebelia. antoni imowmebs petriws, romlis mixed-
viT ,,suli gonieri ars”, ,,suli usxeuloÁ ars“ da a.S.
antons moaqvs sulis imaterialurobis damamtkicebe-
li argumentebi; suli rom materialuri iyos, gveubneba
igi, maSin is sxeulis nawili iqneboda. es argumenti mas
nemesios emeselis Txzulebidan (,,bunebisaTvis kacisa”)
aqvs aRebuli. materialuri sxeuli kvebis Sedegad
izrdeba, suli ki izrdeba ara sakvebis miRebiT, aramed
swavliT, azriT da a.S. sxeuli ganfenilia, suli ki
ara. suli rom ganfenili iyos, maSin sikvdilis (sulis
ganSorebis) Semdeg sxeulis raodenoba Semcirdeboda.
amis garda, sulis erT-erT specifikur niSnad antonma
cnobiereba miiCnia. suli cnobieria, sxeuli ki aseTi ar
aris.
amrigad, suli, antonis mixedviT, sxeulisgan damou-
kidebelia, TavisTavadi arseboba SeuZlia anu sulier
substancias warmoadgens. sulis substanciurobas anto-
ni umTavresad imaSi xedavs, rom igi marTavs sxeuls,
sicocxles aniWebs mas, xolo misi ganSorebis Semdeg
sxeuli kvdeba. sikvdili aris sxeulisgan sulis
ganSoreba. aqedan antoni daaskvnis, rom ,,arsebaÁ ars
88
suli”, e.i. suls substanciuri buneba aqvs, sxeulis
arsebas warmoadgens54.
suli, rogorc idealuri arsi, martivia, nawilebi-
sagan ar Sedgeba. ,,martiv ars suli, vinaTgan usxeuloÁ
ars igi”55. rTuli da struqturuli mxolod materia-
luri sagnebi SeiZleba iyos, rac maT aramaradiulobas
ganapirobebs. sulis simartive ki mis maradiulobas
uzrunvelyofs. ,,suli, _ wers antoni, _ martivi myoÁ
ars; xolo vinaiTgan uxrwneli, ukvdavica ars”; da Sem-
deg: ,,suli mimcemi sxeulisad cxovrebisa, rameTu ukv-
dav ars suli”56. amrigad, suli sicocxles aniWebs
sxeuls, xolo TviTon ki ukvdavia.
sulis erT-erT ZiriTad unarebad antoni gonebasa
da nebelobas Tvlis. ,,suli ars sicocxle saukunoÁ _
wers igi _ ese igi gonierebiT da nebiTa, ese igi TviT
xelmwifebiTa”57. sulis ,,xelmwifeba” sxeulze vrcel-
deba. antoni suls sxeulis mmarTvelad Tvlis. igi
imowmebs albert dids (,,didi alberdi”) da amtkicebs,
rom ,,suli arso arsebaÁ usxeuloÁ mmarTebeli sxeu-
lisa”. an kidev: ,,suli ars mimdreki (mamoZravebeli _
avt.) da mmarTebeli sxeulisa”58. arsebiTad igive azria
gamoTqmuli baumaisteris ,,metafizikis” mesame nawilSi,
romelic suls exeba.
antoni ar iziarebs aristoteles im azrs, rom suli
aris sxeulis entelexia. suli rom sxeulis entelexia
iyos, maSin, antonis azriT, suli mxolod imdenad iar-
sebebs, ramdenadac arsebobs sxeuli. aseT SemTxvevaSi
ki igi aRar iqneba substancia (arseba). magram antoni sa-
bolood mainc xels ar iRebs aristoteles am konef-
ciaze da mas neoplatonizmiT avsebs. igi Tvlis, rom
sxeuls arsebobasa da formas aniWebs suli. es Tval-
sazrisi ki man albert didisagan aiRo59.
89
adamianis sulis SemecnebiTi unarebi gansazRvrulia;
swored amitom samyaros pirvelmizezebis Semecneba mas
ar ZaluZs. am ukanasknelis Semecneba RvTaebrivi sulis
saqmea (,,angelosTa Seisminebis”). marTalia, adamianis
suli RvTaebrivi sulis Tanaziaria, magram misebri
sruli ar aris.
am gansxvavebis miuxedavad, adamianisa da cxovelebis
sulebs mainc raRac saerTo aqvT. saxeldobr, adamianis
suls (,,sulsa kacobrivsa”) da cxovelebsa (,,usityuoTa
Tana”), amtkicebs antoni, aqvT ,,bneli da Serevnili
cnobis (Semecnebis _ s.a.) unari”60, rac imas niSnavs, rom
adamians aqvs goneba da amitom Semecnebis unarsac
flobs. goneba, inteleqti adamianis specifikuri niSa-
nia. ,,gulisxmisyofaÁ kacisa namdvil sakuTari bunebiT
Tviseba ars” _ wers igi baumaisteris ,,metafizikis”
qarTuli Targmnis erT-erT SeniSvnaSi61. magram adamiani
mainc sasruli arsebaa. amis Sesabamisad gansazRvrulia
misi SemecnebiTi unaric; antoni uaryofs cxovelebSi
Semecnebis unaris arsebobas da Tvlis, rom maT ara
aqvT goneba (,,usityÂTa ara aqusT goneba”) da nebelo-
ba62, Tumca zogjer cxovelebic iseT STabeWdilebas
qmnian, rom TiTqos maT erTic aqvT da meorec.
marTalia, cxovelebs goneba ara aqvT, magram isini
mainc ar arian manqanebi (,,naxelovnebi”). maT aqvT fsi-
qika da maTi sxeulebis agebulebac araorganuli sxeu-
lebis agebulebisagan gansxvavdeba. aq, rogorc vxedavT,
gamoTqmulia dekartis sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazrisi, rom-
lis mixedviT, cxovelebi gaigivebulia manqanebTan.
,,gulismsityuÀlobidan kartezianeTani xeca pirutyvni
arian naxelovnebi”, e.i. kartezianelebis azriT, cxove-
lebi (,,pirutyvni”) manqanebi ariano. antoni uaryofs am
azrs da cxovelebSi uSvebs minimaluri (,,raime ugla-
90
xakesi”) azrovnebis unaris arsebobas, Tumca gonebas igi
martooden adamianis unarad Tvlis.
sainteresoa antonis Sexeduleba sulisa da gonebis
urTierTobis Sesaxeb. ,,spekalSi” igi imowmebs ioane
petriws, romelmac suli da goneba erTmaneTisgan ga-
nasxvava. antoni gveubneba, rom petriwis mixedviT
,,sulsa dauzavdebis gonebaÁ da sxvaÁ arsebaÁ misi da
sxvaÁ sulisa; da ars suli gamgone, xolo gonebaÁ _
gasagonoÁ”63. es niSnavs, rom goneba sulze maRla dgas
(,,dauzavdebis”) da, maSasadame, suli da goneba sxvada-
sxvaa. suli aris ,,gamgone”, xolo goneba ,,gasagonoÁ”.
anton pirveli ,,metafizikur” problemebs miakuTv-
nebs RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTebis sakiTxs, romelsac
igi exeba rogorc ,,spekalSi”, aseve ,,RvTismetyveleba-
Si”, ,,mzametyvelebaSi” da TviT baumaisteris ,,metafizi-
kaSi”, romelic antonma qarTulad Targmna da romlis
Sinaarssac igi iziarebs.
antoni am tipis argumentebidan, uwinares yovlisa,
ganixilavs ontologiur arguments, romelic jer kidev
cicerons gamouTqvams da mas Semdeg mravalma moaz-
rovnem sxvadasxva yaidaze gaimeora.
antoni mimarTavs kosmologiur argumentsac, romlis
mixedviT samyaros sakvirveli agebuleba, masSi arsebu-
li kanonzomiereba, wesrigi, mizanSewoniloba RmerTis
arsebobas asabuTebs. aq damowmebulia ciceroni, ro-
gorc am argumentis erT-erTi pirvelTagani damcveli64.
mcireodeni gansxvavebiT am arguments imowmebs ,,RvTis-
metyvelebaSic”, Tumca aq ZiriTad yuradReba sakmao
safuZvlis kanonze (,,kmaÁ-mizezi”) amaxvilebs.
yoveli arsebulis saboloo mizezs RmerTi warmo-
adgens, magram TviTon RmerTi umizezoa. aqedan
gamomdinareobs misi maradiuloba.
91
antoni laparakobs ,,sulieri Zalis” Sesaxeb, romel-
sac igi RmerTs miawers. RmerTis Zala ar unda avurioT
materialur ZalebSi, romelTac aqvT sidide da,
maSasadame, izomeba. aq igi imowmebs ioane petriws da
aRniSnavs, rom sulieri Zalis simravle misi moqmedebis
simravles niSnavs. ,,simravle igi ZalTa ars simravle
moqmedebaTa”65.
RvTismetyvelebas antoni gansazRvravs rogorc
,,gnosis RmerTisTvis da saqmeTa saRvToTa, raodenca
maT bunebiTa gulisxmiyofiTa SemZlebel varT”. aq gan-
sakuTrebiT sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom antons
RvTismetyveleba esmis rogorc codna, mecniereba (,,gno-
sis”) RmerTisa da saRvTo saqmeTa Sesaxeb, ramdenadac
adamians misi Semecneba SeuZlia.
magram amasTanave antoni laparakobs orgvari RvTis-
metyvelebis Sesaxeb. pirvels igi ,,dadebiT RvTismetyve-
lebas” uwodebs, romlis qveS igulisxmeba moZRvreba
RvTaebis Sesaxeb, romelic dafuZnebulia saRvTo
werilze, mociqulTa nawerebze, saeklesio krebebis
dadgenilebebze da a.S. amgvari RvTismetyveleba uTuod
rwmenis sferoa; magram is RvTismetyveleba, romelsac
antoni Tavis TxzulebaSi ganixilavs, aris codnis sfe-
ro, vinaidan iq mocemulia damtkiceba _ filosofiuri
dasabuTeba _ dialeqtikisa da silogizmis gamoyenebiT.
amgvar RvTismetyvelebas antoni ,,sqolastikurs” uwo-
debs, vinaidan mas filosofiuri dasabuTebis xasiaTi
aqvs.
sqolastikur RvTismetyvelebasTan dakavSirebiT an-
toni laparakobs agreTve orgvar Teologiaze: buneb-
rivze (,,fizikebri”) da zebunebrivze (,,zesT-bunebiTi”).
bunebrivi Teologia, misi azriT, aris ,,cnoba, romelic
guaqvs CuÀn RmerTisTÂs da TÂsebaTa misT, mxolod
mecnierebaTa oden gonebisa, da bunebisa CuÂnisaTa da
92
ganhsjiTa maT saqmeTa, romelnica ver SemZlebel arian
sxuÀbr gamosluad, TÂnier oden xelisagan RmerTisa”66.
es niSnavs, rom antoni bunebriv Teologias uwodebs
iseT codnas RvTaebis Sesaxeb, rac adamians miRebuli
aqvs mxolod Tavisi gonebis safuZvelze, gonebrivi
gansjis gziT; magram zebunebrivia iseTi Teologia,
romelic gamocxadebas emyareba da gonebis gziT miRe-
buli codniT ar kmayofildeba. sayuradReboa is gare-
moeba, rom antoni Teologiis am meore saxes upira-
tesobas aniWebs.
3. gnoseologiuri ideebi
anton pirvelis filosofiur msofmxedvelobaSi
saTanado adgili uWiravs gnoseologiur Sexedulebebs.
Semecnebas (,,cnobas”) antoni uwodebs adamianis sulis
(,,psixi”) iseT moqmedebas, romliTac igi warmoidgens da
gaigebs nivTebis bunebas, xolo Zalas, romelic am
moqmedebas iwvevs, Semecnebis unarad (,,Zala cnobisa”)
Tvlis.
Semecnebis amosaval wyarod anton pirveli cdas
(,,mcnobeloba”) Tvlis. igi, erTi mxriv, cdasa da
SegrZnebebs erTmaneTisgan ar ganasxvavebs67, xolo, meo-
re mxriv, cda mas ori mniSvnelobiT esmis:Ppirveli
mniSvnelobiT cda aris obieqturi sinamdvilis uSualo
grZnobadi mocemuloba, xolo meore mniSvnelobiT cda
eqsperiments niSnavs. arsebiTad asevea gansazRvruli
cdis cneba ,,spekalSi”, sadac antoni aRniSnavs, rom
SegrZneba aris is informacia, rac calkeuli grZnobis
organoebis saSualebiT gveZleva garegani sinamdvilis
Sesaxeb, xolo ,,mcnobeloba aris cnoba maTi, romelni-
ca ideaisa mimarT Cuenisa moval mxoloiT oden moswra-
febiTa”. es niSnavs, rom adamians cdis, eqsperimentis
Catarebamde aqvs idea, romlis mixedviT aqtiurobis
93
(,,moswrafebiTa”) safuZvelze ayenebs cdas da aRwevs
Semecnebas.
antoni erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs empiriuli da
racionaluri Semecnebis safexurebs. empiriuli anu
,,mgrZnobelobiTi” safexuri aRqmiTi (,,pyrobiTi”) Zale-
bisgan iwyeba. SegrZneba sagnis ,,saxes” gvaZlevs. roca
sagnebi gaaRizianebs Cveni grZnobis organoebs, maSin
,,ZarRvni misni kuÀTebulni moZraobas miscemen tvinsa”,
anu grZnobis organoebidan gaRizianeba tvins gadaecema.
,,spekalSi” antoni vrclad aanalizebs empiriuli
Semecnebis safexurs, saxeldobr, grZnobad Semecnebas,
romelsac igi ,,pyrobiT Zalebs” uwodebs. adamianis
suls (romlis aRsaniSnavad ufro gviandeli periodis
nawerebSi antoni xmarobs sityvas ,,psixi”, e.i. Ffsiqika)
aqvs orgvari Zala: ,,pyrobiTi”, e.i. grZnobadi da ,,Zvri-
Ti” e.i. mamoZravebeli. es niSnavs, rom grZnobadi Semec-
nebac da moZraobac sulis funqcias warmoadgens; suli
aris Semmecnebelic da mamoZravebelic.
magram aqedan ar gamomdinareobs, rom TiTqos suls
sxeulis gareSe SeeZlos SegrZneba an moZraoba; grZno-
bis organoebi sxeuls aqvs, aseve moZraobasac sxeuli
asrulebs. amdenad sxeuli da suli erTad grZnoben68.
amis miuxedavad, antoni suls, sxeulTan SedarebiT,
mainc upiratesobas aniWebs, saxeldobr, sxeuli mas
esmis rogorc sulis iaraRi.
,,pyrobiTi Zalebi” orgvaria _ Sinagani da garegani.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, antoni erTmaneTisgan ganasxva-
vebs Sinagansa da garegan grZnobas. igi tradiciulad
garegan grZnobas miakuTvnebs im SegrZnebebs, romelic
xuTi grZnobis organos (mxedveloba, smena, Sexeba,
ynosva, gemovneba) saSualebiT xorcieldeba, xolo Sina-
gani grZnoba moicavs zogad grZnobas, warmosaxvas
(,,warmoCineba”), eWvs, azrs, ganzraxvasa da TviT mexsie-
94
rebasac ki69. garegani grZnoba informacias gvawvdis
garegani sinamdvilis Sesaxeb da, maSasadame, adamianis
suls garegan sinamdvilesTan akavSirebs; Sinagani
grZnoba ki adamianis Sinagan mdgomareobas asaxavs.
antoni Semecnebis sakiTxebis garCevisas, gansakuTre-
biT grZnobadi Semecnebis Sesaxeb msjelobis procesSi,
aristoteles emyareba, xSirad imowmebs mas, kerZod, mis
Txzulebas ,,sulis Sesaxeb” (,,wignsa Sina ,,sulTasa”);
magram isic udavoa, rom igi uSualod ki ar icnobda am
Txzulebas, aramed mxolod meore da mesame wyaroebi-
dan. amis miuxedavad, aristoteles gavlena antonis
gnoseologiur Sexedulebebze udavoa.
TiToeul grZnobis organos specifikuri unari aqvs;
yuriT mxolod bgeris mosmena SeiZleba, xolo TvaliT
_ feris SegrZneba. ,,TiTosa mohqonan vidreme sakuTarni
saqmeni... yovelni mgrZnobelni arian Semwynarebel anu
mimTvalvel grZnobaTa kerZovanTa da ara yovlobiT-
Ta”70.
grZnobis organoebis specifikuri unarebis Sesaxeb
msjelobis paralelurad antoni laparakobs im
specifikuri garemos Sesaxebac, romelic TiToeuli
grZnobis organos aqvs. am garemos igi ,,samimRebo Suas”
uwodebs, romelic SegrZnebis obieqtsa da grZnobis
organos erTmaneTTan akavSirebs. amasTan erTad antoni
mxedvelobis grZnobis organos Semecnebis Tvalsazri-
siT sxva grZnobis organoebis mimarT upiratesobas ani-
Webs. meore adgils ki igi smenis organos miakuTvnebs.
sainteresoa is garemoebac, rom antoni laparakobs
nervuli sistemis rolze grZnobadi Semecnebis proces-
Si. grZnobis organoebs aqvT nervuli gamtarebi (,,ZarR-
vebi”), romelTa saSualebiT gaRizianeba tvins gadae-
cema. ,,ZarRuni misni kuÀTebulni _ moZraobasa miscemen
tÂnsa... moZraoba miiwevs vidreme tÂnamde”. rogorc
95
vxedavT, aq laparakia nervuli sistemis, rogorc
SegrZnebis materialuri safuZvlis Sesaxeb.
garda garegani grZnobisa, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
antoni laparakobs ,,Sinagan pyrobiT Zalebzec” anu
Sinagan grZnobaze, romelic aRqmiseuli zogadobiT
xasiaTdeba. amasTanave antoni, garkveuli azriT, zogad
grZnobas upiratesobas aniWebs; saxeldobr, igi Tvlis,
rom ,,zogadi grZnobaÁ ars mawarmoebel da wyaro da
Zir, romlisgan warmoeben yovelni grZnobani da romli-
sadmi yoveli moZraobaÁ samgrZnobelTani zedSemoyvane-
bian, viTarca dasasrulisadmi oxWanisa”71. amrigad,
garegani grZnoba zogadi grZnobisagan ,,warmoeben”,
maSasadame, maszea damokidebuli.
zogadi grZnoba ara mxolod TviTon aris yvela
sxva grZnobaTa ,,mawarmoebel da wyaro da Zir”, aramed
TviTonac ,,bevrad davalebulia” garegani grZnobebisa-
gan. igi aerTianebs garegani grZnobebis monacemebs; zo-
gadi grZnoba antonis koncefciaSi, rogorc al. fran-
giSvili aRniSnavs, ,,warmodgenilia rogorc erTiani
aRqmis grZnobadi aqti”. igi aris ,,aRqmis aqtis cno-
biereba, xedvis xedva, xilvis cnobiereba smenis smena,
smenis cnobiereba, e.i. smenis smenad gacnobiereba”72.
grZnobadi Semecneba, antonis azriT, Semecnebis
sawyisia, magram sakmarisi ar aris. misi ukmaroba Tun-
dac imaSi vlindeba, rom igi xSirad cdeba. ,,scTebian
mravljer grZnobani da eseTave mcnobelobaca” (cda _
s.a.)73. swored amitom saWiroa Semecnebis unaris ufro
maRali safexuri _ racionaluri Semecneba, romelTan
SedarebiT grZnobadi Semecneba Semecnebis ufro dabal
safexurs (,,umdablesi da uquÀnaresia”) warmoadgens. es
iqidanac Cans, rom SegrZnebis unari adamianebsac aqvT
da cxovelebsac. Tumca adamianuri da cxoveluri
SegrZnebis gaigiveba SeuZlebelia.
96
anton pirveli erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs raciona-
luri Semecnebis sxvadasxva formas: inteleqts (,,gu-
lisxmisyofa”), Wkuas (,,gnomi”). midmogonebasa da gone-
bas. aqve isic unda iTqvas, rom igi am klasifikacias
zustad ar icavs da, kidev metic, es unarebi yovelTvis
erTniSnad rodi esmis.
inteleqts antoni uwodebs ,,gulisxmisyofas”. amis
dasturad gamodgeba magaliTad, baumaisteris filo-
sofiuri Txzulebebis qarTuli Targmani74. sityva ,,intel-lectu”, romelic naxmaria baumaisteris filosofiuri
Txzulebebis dedanSi75, Targmnilia rogorc ,,gulisx-
misyofa”. es ukanaskneli niSnavs sagnis gamowvlilviT
gagebis unars. inteleqtis saSualebiT saganTa Tvi-
sebebs SevimecnebT.
Wkua (laT. ingenio76, rusulad Ум77) anu ,,gnomi” (an-
tonis terminologiiT), aris adamianis unari aRmoaCinos
saganTa Tvisebebs Soris msgavseba. antoni wers: ,,gnomi
ars Zali, raTa ganixilnesmca msgavsebani nivTTani”.
gnomi, gveubneba igi, adamianis sulis TiTqmis yvela
Tvisebas moicavs: mexsierebas, warmosaxvas, gansjas da
TviT inteleqtsac ki.
,,spekalSi” antoni laparakobs ,,midmogonebis”, ro-
gorc diskursiuli azrovnebis unaris Sesaxeb. mis qveS
daaxloebiT is igulisxmeba, rasac Tanamedrove termi-
nologiiT gansja ewodeba.
adamianis sulis mTavar Semmecnebel unarad antoni
gonebas Tvlis; ,,goneba ara sxuaÁ raime ars, TÂnier
Zali sulisa Cuenisa ganxilvad ganyofladre mikidu-
lebisa sazogadoTa WeSmaritebaTa”78, e.i. goneba sxva
araferia, garda Cveni sulis im unarisa (,,Zalisa”), rom
uzogades WeSmaritebaTa kavSiri (,,mikiduleba”) dawvri-
lebiT ganixilos. am gansazRvrebidan iseTi STabeWdi-
97
leba iqmneba, rom goneba azrovnebis unaria, maSasadame,
diskursiuli Semecnebis saSualebas warmoadgens. magram
,,spekalSi” antons goneba esmis rogorc intuiciuri
Semecnebis unari. igi wers: ,,gonebai zedmiesxmis marti-
vad; viTar aRmoxda ra mze da aha Saravandica misi
uJamod da miudrekelad dahfaraven yovelsa”79. es niS-
navs, rom goneba uSualod wvdeba (,,zedmiesxmis marti-
vad”) Tavis sagans, iseve rogorc mzis sxivi myisierad
(,,uJamod”) moefineba garemos.
antonis mixedviT, Secdoma SesaZlebelia rogorc
grZnobadi, aseve racionaluri Semecnebis procesSi. am
Secdomidan Tavis daRwevis saSualebas igi grZnobadi
da racionaluri Semecnebis erTianobaSi xedavs. grZno-
badi Semecnebis naklovanebebs racionaluri Semecneba
avsebs da, piriqiT, grZnobis organoebis Cveneba sakmari-
si ar aris da igi racionalurma Semecnebam unda Seav-
sos.
amrigad, antons miaCnia, rom Semecneba cdisa da
inteleqtis erTianobis safuZvelze xorcieldeba da
maTi gaTiSva SeuZlebelia. ,,mcnobeloba da gulisxmis-
yofa... SevaerToT esTa, raTa erTi meoresamca msaxureb-
des”. es aris Semecnebis grZnobadi da racionaluri
safexurebis erTianobis moTxovna da maTi gancalkeve-
bis SeuZleblobis mtkiceba.
grZnobadi da racionaluri Semecnebis safexurebis
erToblivi moqmedebis safuZvelze yalibdeba codna,
romelsac WeSmaritebis niSani miewereba. WeSmariteba,
rogorc gnoseologiuri fenomeni, antons gagebuli aqvs
rogorc sinamdvilis asaxva adamianis cnobierebaSi;
magram antoni amas ar sjerdeba da WeSmaritebis onto-
logizacias axdens, e.i. WeSmaritebis niSans miawers ara
mxolod azrs, aramed arssac. magaliTad, igi fiqrobs,
rom ,,WeSmariteba ars kargi (wesrigi _ s.a.) maTi,
98
romelnica arssa hSvenian” (ekuTvnis)80. metic: misi az-
riT, ,,yoveli arsi WeSmariti ars”81. aq, rogorc vxedavT,
WeSmariteba da obieqturi sinamdvile gaigivebulia.
antoni msjelobs Semecnebis meTodebzec; igi gveub-
neba, rom dava arsebobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu saidan unda
amovideT da ra gziT viaroT Semecnebis procesSi.
amovideT kerZodan da wavideT zogadisaken, Tu piriqiT?
,,romelnime ityodes _ wers igi _ Sesmenilsa ufro-
sisagan da romelTame umcrosisagan, romelTa azrisa
meca Tanaxma viyav. mizezisa amiT, viTarmed umciresi-
sagan vicnobT ufrossa... cnoba ars quÀmoTa Sina
zemoisa”. ese igi, antoni gveubneba, rom zogierTis az-
riT, zogadidan (,,ufrosisagan”) unda amovideT da
kerZosaken (,,umcrosisaken”) wavideT; sxvebi ki, piriqiT,
kerZodan amosvlas moiTxoven da aqedan zogadze
gadasvlas (zogadis gamoyvanas). me ukanaknel azrs vemx-
robi, vinaidan zogadis Semecneba kerZos saSualebiT
SeiZlebao.
aq laparakia induqciuri da deduqciuri meTodebis
Sesaxeb. antoni induqciis meTodis momxrea, vinaidan
Tvlis, rom zogadis dadgena kerZos safuZvelze SeiZ-
leba; swored amitom mas Semecnebis amosavlad SegrZ-
neba, cda miaCnia, romlis Sedegebis gadamuSavebis safu-
Zvelze racionaluri Semecnebis produqtebi miiReba. aq
aSkarad Cans aristoteles gnoseologiis gavlena.
zemoT aRvniSneT, rom antoni diskursiuli Semecne-
bis (,,midmogoneba”) gverdiT intuiciur Semecnebasac
uSvebs. zogierTi ram diskursis gziT Seimecneba, xolo
zogierTis wvdoma mxolod intuiciurad SeiZleba. aseve
antoni erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs iseT obieqtebs,
romlebic SegrZnebebSi gveZleva da iseTs, romlebic
mxolod azrovnebiT Seimecneba. ,,yovelni myofni _
gveubneba igi _ an grZnobiTa icnobian, an gonebiTa
99
miiwTomian”82. SegrZnebebis saSualebiT mxolod is
Seimecneba, rac grZnobis organoebze moqmedebs. aseTia
ZiriTadad materialuri sagnebi da movlenebi (Tumca
iseTi materialuric arsebobs, romelic SegrZnebebSi
ar gveZleva; aseTia, antonis azriT, eTeri). magram suli
SegrZnebebSi ar gveZleva; igi ar aris materialuri da,
maSasadame, misi Semecneba SegrZnebebis saSualebiT
SeuZlebelia; igi ,,misawTomia” mxolod racionaluri
Semecnebis gziT. ,,sulica gonebisa ar zedmiwevnilisa
qveSemrdomi arsebiT, ara Tavisa TÂsisa, aramed zedSes-
rulTagan icnobis samarTlad, ese igi ara misTagan,
aramed mis garemoTagan”83. erTi sityviT, suli mxolod
gonebiT miiwvdomeba (Seimecneba), magram igi Seimecneba
ara uSualod, TavisTavad, aramed misi gamovlenis gziT
(,,ara misTagan, aramed mis garemoTagan”). sulieri
movlenebi, ambobs antoni sxva adgilze, ,,moqmedebiTa
misiTa xorciTa mier iCvenebiano”.
dasasrul, aRvniSnavT, rom anton pirvels bolomde
ar hqonda Camoyalibebuli gnoseologiuri Sexedule-
bani. amis miuxedavad, is gnoseologiuri koncefcia,
romelsac igi iziarebda, sakmaod naTel suraTs gvaZ-
levs misi filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis am mxaris
Sesaxeb. TavisTavad ki antonis gnoseologiuri Sexedu-
lebani, iseve rogorc, saerTod, misi filosofiuri
msoflmxedveloba, didi movlena iyo imdroindeli
qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebis istoriaSi.
4. logikuri ideebi
logikur problemebs mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs
anton pirvelis filosofiur msoflmxedvelobaSi. bau-
maisteris filosofiuri Txzulebebis qarTuli Targma-
nis winasityvaobaSi antoni miuTiTebs logikis codnis
saWiroebasa da aucileblobaze. Semecnebis procesSi
100
adamiani xSirad cdeba. xSirad Secdomis wyaro xdeba
SegrZnebani da cda (,,scdebian mravaljer grZnobani
da aseTave mcnobelobaca”), rogorc Semecnebis amosa-
vali da sayrdeni aqtebi. grZnobadi Semecnebis Secdo-
mebs racionaluri Semecneba asworebs. magram Secdoma
racionaluri Semecnebis procesSic xdeba. igi gansakuT-
rebiT maSin aris mosalodneli, roca inteleqti (,,gu-
lisxmisyofa”) garkveuli kanonebis mixedviT ar moqme-
debs84. es aris logikis kanonebi, romelTa dacva
aucilebelia swori da WeSmariti azrovnebisTvis. xSi-
rad adamianebi azrebs arasworad akavSireben, ris
Sedegad araswori daskvnebi gamoaqvT. am Secdomebisgan
Tavis dazRvevis saSualebas logikis codnas warmoad-
gens.
anton pirvelis logikuri Sexedulebebis analizi
gvafiqrebinebs, rom antons, rogorc Cans, logika miaCn-
da ara mxolod swori azrovnebis, aramed, agreTve,
WeSmariti azrovnebis saSualebad. es ki imas niSnavs,
rom igi logikas martooden formalur mecnierebad ar
Tvlida, romelic azrTa mxolod swor gamomdinareobas
uzrunvelyofs, aramed mas gnoseologiur funqciasac
miakuTvnebda.
am mosazrebas uSualod adasturebs antonis Sexedu-
leba silogisturi daskvnebis Sesaxeb. igi laparakobs
am daskvnebis gnoseologiur funqciaze, saxeldobr,
imaze, rom isini Semecnebas emsaxureba. maTi mizania
ucnobis Semecneba. jer kidev ,,spekalSi” antoni werda,
rom ,,silogizmo iTqmis win Camosagdeblad da Sesaxebe-
lad, rameTu sityvani gamomaCineblobiTni Seiwmasvnian,
raTa mecnav yon ucnoTa”85. amrigad, antoni fiqrobs,
rom silogistur daskvnebSi sityvebi (winadadebebi,
msjelobebi) erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba, raTa cnobili
gaxadon is, rac ucnobia (,,raTa mecnav yon ucnoTa”).
101
antoni Zalian cotas laparakobs im siZnelis Sesaxeb,
Tu rogor SeiZleba silogisturi daskvnebis safuZvel-
ze axali WeSmaritebis miReba. magram is ki cxadia, rom
igi logikis gnoseologiur funqciaze msjelobs.
amis garda, isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom antoni
laparakobs Secdomebis SesaZleblobaze im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac adamianis inteleqti (,,gulisxmisyofa”) logi-
kuri azrovnebis kanonebis mixedviT ar moqmedebs. rasak-
virvelia, man icis, rom logikis kanonebis darRveva
SesaZlebelia, rac Sedegad Secdomas gvaZlevs. rogorc
vxedavT aq laparakia logikis kanonebis gnoseologiur
funqciaze. isini ara marto swori, aramed WeSmariti
azrovnebis dacvasac emsaxureba.
anton pirveli logikuri azrovnebis kanonebidan
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs winaaRmdegobis
SeuZleblobisa da sakmao safuZvlis kanonebs. Ppirveli
maTgani, rogorc cnobilia, aristotelem aRmoaCina
(igiveobisa da gamoricxuli mesamis kanonebTan erTad),
meore _ sakmao safuZvlis kanoni _ laibnics ekuTvnis,
romlis mixedviT, yvelafers aqvs sakmao safuZvli da,
maSasadame, araferi usafuZvlod ar xdeba. aristote-
lec da laibnicic am kanonebs ontologiur mniSvne-
lobas aniWebdnen, azrisa da arsis kanonebad Tvlidnen
da, maSasadame, maT universalurobas asabuTebdnen. an-
toni eTanxmeba baumaisters (romelic arsebiTad laib-
nicis azrs gamoTqvams), rom es kanonebi arian ,,upirve-
lesi dasabamni kacobrivisa cnobisani”, e.i. adamianuri
Semecnebis principebs warmoadgens86. Cveni Semecneba da-
fuZnebulia ZiriTadad am or principze, romlebic ga-
mocxadebulia WeSmaritebis Semecnebis (,,saWiro”) kano-
nebad. amave dros am kanonebs Zala aqvT obieqtur si-
namdvileSic. Tu raime arsebobs, maSin igi ar SeiZleba
102
amave dros ar arsebobdes (,,SeuZlebul ars, raTa igi
raiRaca ars, myofsa Sina aRara iyos”).
antoni am kanonebs mTeli sinamdvilis upirveles
principad Tvlis (,,dasabami pirveles ars, romelic
upirveles ara ars”), magram igi am kanonebis gnoseo-
logiuri funqciisken ixreba da gvafrTxilebs, rom
winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni WeSmaritebisa da
Secdomis gansxvavebis kriteriums warmoadgens. Tu rai-
me Tavis Tavs ewinaaRmdegeba, maSin igi mcdaria, xolo
winaaRmdegobis ararseboba miCneulia WeSmaritebis
aucilebel pirobad87. Ees erTxel kidev adasturebs
imas, rom antons logika ar esmis rogorc mxolod
swori azrovnebis iaraRi, aramed mas, uwinares yovlisa,
WeSmaritebis problema ainteresebs. am SemTxvevaSic
antoni aristotelesken ixreba da mis xazs agrZelebs.
Tu raoden did mniSvnelobas aniWebda anton pirve-
li logikis codnas, Cans iqidanac, rom man logika
(Tbilisisa da Telavis) seminariebSi savaldebulo
saswavlo disciplinebad daawesa. antonis mier logikis
mniSvnelobis did Sefasebaze isic metyvelebs, rom igi
am mecnierebas sabunebismetyvelo disciplinebze, ker-
Zod, fizikaze maRla ayenebda. jer kidev ,,spekalSi“
antoni werda: ,,TumcaRa fisikaÁ upirveles sadme loRi-
kisa; bunebaÁ, romel ars quemdebare fisikasi, upirveles
ars upirvelesisa sityvisa, romelic quemdebare ars
loRikisi, magram swavlaÁ loRikisi, ese igi sityvao-
biTisa, pirvel iqnebis swavlisagan fisikasa, ese igi
bunebiTisa”88, e. i. Tumca fizika logikaze maRla dgas
(,,upirveles ars”) imdenad, ramdenadac buneba, romelsac
fizika swavlobs, logikis Seswavlis obieqtze _ sity-
vebze (,,logosi” niSnavs sityvasa da masSi nagulisxmeb
azrs) _ maRla dgas, magram sabolood logika, e. i.
103
moZRvreba sityvebze (azrovnebaze) ufro maRla dgas
(,,pirvel iqmnebis”) fizikaze, romelsac saqme aqvs bune-
basTan. Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, raoden maRal
Sefasebas aZlevs antoni fizikas (,,umecarni fisikisani
msgavs arian brmaTa...“)89, maSin kidev ufro cxadi
gaxdeba misi mxridan logikis maRali Sefaseba.
anton pirvelis ,,spekalSi” mocemuli logikuri
Tvalsazrisi aristoteles logikis mixedviTaa dala-
gebuli. am dros aristotele antonis umaRlesi avto-
ritetia. magram ufro gvian, kerZod, ruseTSi gamgzav-
rebisa da iqidan dabrunebis Semdeg, antons aRar ak-
mayofilebs aristoteles moZRvreba da moiTxovs logi-
kis swavlebis axal yaidaze gardaqmnas. es gardaqmna,
misi azriT, Teologiidan logikis ganTavisuflebaSi
unda gamoxatuliyo.
baumaisteris filosofiuri Txzulebebis qarTuli
Targmanis winasityvaobaSi antoni gulistkiviliT lapa-
rakobs logikis swavlebis dabal doneze saqarTvelo-
Si. Cems dros, ambobs igi, logikis saxiT sxva arafers
aswavlidnen, garda aristoteles moZRvrebisa aTi kate-
goriis Sesaxeb, romelic damaskelisa da porfiriosis
mier iyo gadmocemuli (,,ara vinme iswavlebian loRiki-
sa, TÂnier aTTa SesmenaTa aristotelisTa, garmoce-
mulTa saRmrToisagan damaskelisa da xuTTa xmaTa por-
firiosiTa”); ar gvqonda logika, garda zemoxsenebuli
wignebisa; magram es wignebi ar iyo sakmarisi imisTvis,
rom mowafes logikis sruli codna mieRo (,,magra ara
kmara ese, raTa miiRosmca mowafeban cnobaÁ srulisa
loRikisa”)90.
Zveli logikis ZiriTad nakls antoni imaSi xedavs,
rom logika XVIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi sa-
qarTveloSi iswavleboda ,,ufrosRa RvTismetyvÀlurebr
da ara filosofosurebr”91. astraxanis arqiepiskoposis
104
meTodesadmi miweril werilSi (,,gaiosis saqmezed”)
antoni aristoteles ,,Zvel sqolastikos” uwodebs, ri-
Tac igi gamoxatavs Tavis ukmayofilebas aristoteles
logikuri moZRvrebis sqolastikuri interpretacii-
sadmi.
is garemoeba, rom anton pirvels aristoteles
logikuri moZRvreba im saxiT, rogorsac igi icnobda,
60-iani wlebidan ukve aRar akmayofilebs, imiT unda
avxsnaT, rom igi icnobs ara istoriul aristoteles,
aramed Sua saukuneebis mier sqolastizirebulsa da,
maSasadame, damaxinjebuls. amitom antonis protesti am
SemTxvevaSi Seexeba ara imdenad TviT aristoteles is-
toriul logikas, aramed mis sqolastikur interpret-
tacias.
rogorc ,,spekalSi”, ise momdevno periodis naSromeb-
Si, anton pirveli vrclad ganixilavs logikuri azrov-
nebis formebs: cnebas, msjelobas, daskvnas. msjeloba
(,,ganmsjeloba”) aris azrTa SeerTeba an gaTiSva
(,,ganmsjeloba anu ideaTa SeerTeba an ganhyofa”)92 anu,
Cveni sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, msjeloba aris azri sagan-
ze, romelic raimes amtkicebs an uaryofs. amis safu-
Zvelze msjelobis ZiriTad formebad CaTvlilia dade-
biTi da uaryofiTi msjelobebi; pirveli maTgani aris
,,ideaTa SeerTeba”, e.i. raimes mtkiceba, xolo meore _
ideaTa ,,ganhyofa”, anu uaryofa. antoni, aristoteles
msgavsad, msjelobas WeSmaritebasTan akavSirebs. Msje-
lobis WeSmaritebas ki ontologiuri safuZvlebi aqvs,
saxeldobr, msjeloba WeSmaritia maSin, roca imas
vamtkicebT, rac sinamdvileSia anu roca Cveni msjeloba
sinamdviles Seesabameba. xolo Secdoma maSin gvaqvs,
roca msjeloba sinamdviles ar asaxavs. amrigad, sinamd-
vilis asaxva miCneulia WeSmaritebis niSnad da safuZv-
105
lad. es erTxel kidev adasturebs, rom antoni logikas
gnoseologiur funqcias miakuTvnebs. igi aris gnoseo-
logiuri logika, romelsac ontologiuri safuZvlebi
aqvs. amis miuxedavad, antons ar moucia gnoseologiuri
logikis principebi. es idea mas aristoteledan aqvs
aRebuli, romelmac mis naazrevSi SemdgomSi ganviTa-
reba ver hpova.
antonis logikur naazrevs aristoteles gavlena
maSinac etyoba, roca igi winadadebasa da msjelobas
erTmaneTisgan ar ganasxvavebs. amis Sesabamisad igi xSi-
rad gramatikulsa da logikur Tvalsazrisebs erTmane-
Tisgan ar gamoyofs.
anton pirveli gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs
daskvnebs, kerZod, silogistur daskvnebs (,,gamoCineba
anu silogizmo”)93. silogizms igi ganmartavs rogorc
daskvnis iseT formas, romlis saSualebiT ucnobs nac-
nobis gziT SevimecnebT. igi gadmoscems tradiciul
Tvalsazriss induqciuri daskvnebis (,,zedmoyvanaÁ”)
Sesaxeb. induqciuri daskvna aris kerZodan zogadis
miReba. zogierT mklevars anton pirvelis logikuri
koncefciis erT-erT naklovanebad is miaCnia, rom igi
ver iZleva azrovnebis formebis subordinacias94. magram
es sayveduri SeiZleba zedmeti iyos, Tu gaviTvaliswi-
nebT im garemoebas, Tu ra viTarebaSi uxdeboda antons
logikuri ideebis aTviseba da popularizacia.
zemoT aRvniSneT, rom XVIII saukunis 60-ian wlebSi
antons ukve aRar akmayofilebs logikis imgvari, saxel-
dobr, Teologiuri (,,RvTismetyvÀlurebr”) gadmocema,
romelsac adgili hqonda 50-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi.
am SemTxvevaSi, etyoba, igi Tavis Tavsac gulisxmobs,
saxeldobr, ,,spekals”, romelSic aristoteles logiku-
ri moZRvreba im saxiT aris gadmocemuli, rogorc igi
Sua saukuneebma moitana. swored amitom ruseTidan
106
dabrunebis Semdeg antonis winaSe daisva aristoteles
axleburi wakiTxvisa da misi logikuri moZRvrebis
filosofiuri gadmocemis sakiTxi. es amocana man
ganaxorciela TxzulebaSi ,,wigni katiRoria simetneÁ”,
romelSic ZiriTadad gadmocemulia aristoteles
moZRvreba kategoriebis Sesaxeb da erTgvarad avsebs da
azustebs ,,spekalSi” gadmocemul logikur koncefcias.
anton pirvelis Txzuleba „wigni katiRoria simet-
neÁ“, marTalia, ar aris originaluri nawarmoebi am
cnebis Cveulebrivi gagebiT, magram igi arc Targmnili
Txzulebaa95. marTalia, masSi ZiriTadad gadmocemulia
aristotelesa da misi komentatorebis Tvalsazrisebi,
magram ara Targmanis saxiT. amasTan, antoni gadmogvcems
am avtorebis iseT Sexedulebebs, rac misTvis misaRebia,
rac misi filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis SinaarsSi
Sedis. amdenad, ,,wigni katiRoria simetneÁ”, garkveuli
azriT, anton pirvelis erT-erT originaluri nawarmoe-
badac SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
dasasrul aRvniSnavT, rom es Txzuleba iseve, ro-
gorc “spekali”, erTxel kidev adasturebs aristoteles
filosofiis mZlavr gavlenas qarTul filosofiur
azrovnebaze. aristoteles gavlena yovelTvis sagrZno-
bi iyo qarTul filosofiur azrovnebaSi, magram man
gansakuTrebuli gamoxatuleba hpova anton pirvelis
filosofiur msoflmxedvelobaSi. isic unda iTqvas,
rom anton pirveli am mimarTulebiT ukanaskneli qarT-
veli moazrovne iyo, vinaidan ruseTTan saqarTvelos
SeerTebis Semdeg qarTuli filosofiuri azrovneba
sxva mimarTulebiT wavida, kerZod, ruseTis meSveobiT
igi ufro axali drois dasavleTis filosofiur azrs
eziara da aristoteles filosofiis gavlenac arsebi-
Tad Sewyda.
107
mexuTe Tavi
naturfilosofiuri ideebi
1. naturfilosofiuri ideebi Sua saukuneebis qar-
Tul sabunebismetyvelo da samedicino literaturaSi
naturfilosofiur ideebs saqarTveloSi xangrZlivi
istoria aqvs1. am ideebis kvals vxvdebiT jer kidev
qarTul miTologiur eposSi ,,amiraniani”. rac Seexeba
qarTul filosofias, naturfilosofiuri ideebis
swavla da kvleva kolxeTis ritorikul skolaSi (III-IV
saukuneebi) udavod unda CaiTvalos. Uunda vivaraudoT,
rom am skolaSi naturfilosofiur ideebs aristo-
teles ,,fizikis” mixedviT aswavlidnen; am mosazrebis
safuZvels is gvaZlevs, rom kolxeTis ritorikul sko-
laSi aRzrdili filosofosebi evgeniosi da Temistio-
si aristoteles mimdevrebi da misi komentatorebi
iyvnen. kerZod, Temistioss ekuTvnis aristoteles ,,fi-
zikis” komentarebi.
naturfilosofiuri ideebi figurirebs giorgi mer-
Cules, petriwis da TviT rusTavelis TxzulebebSi. Zo-
gierTi avtori ,,vefxistyaosanSi” soliduri kosmolo-
giuri Teoriis arsebobasac ki amtkicebs2, rac safu-
Zvelmoklebuli ar aris.
rogorc Semonaxuli wyaroebidan Cans, naturfilo-
sofiuri ideebi farTod iyo warmodgenili Sua
saukuneebis qarTul sabunebismetyvelo da samedicino
literaturaSi. am saxis damwerloba gavrcelebuli
unda yofiliyo rogorc kolxeTis ritorikul skola-
Si, aseve swavla _ ganaTlebis sxva centrebSi saqarT-
velosa da mis farglebs gareT. samedicino codnis
gavrcelebis uSualo stimuls, uwinares yovlisa,
praqtikuli moTxovnilebani warmoadgenda. amiT iyo
108
gamowveuli, rom qarTvelebma ara marto ucxouri (Ziri-
Tadad _ arabuli) samedicino literatura SeiTvises,
aramed, agreTve, Seqmnes originaluri samedicino nawar-
moebebi (e. w. karabadinebi), romlebic saukuneebis man-
Zilze friad popularuli iyo.
CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa is garemoeba,
rom samedicino literatura xSirad ar Semoifarg-
leboda praqtikuli sakiTxebiT, aramed mas win uZRvoda
farTo Teoriuli safuZvlebi, romelsac ZiriTadad
naturfilosofiuri Sinaarsi hqonda. amas adasturebs
hipokrates, galenosis, avicenas, averoesisa da medici-
nis sxva klasikosTa naSromebi, rasac saqarTveloSi
kargad icnobdnen.
samedicino literatura saqarTveloSi gansakuTre-
buli intensivobiT gavrcelda arabebis Semosevis (VII
s.) Semdeg. arabTa batonoba ramdenime saukune gagrZel-
da, romelsac, bevri uaryofiTi mxareebis gverdiT, Tan
sdevda arabuli kulturis gavrceleba saqarTveloSi.
zogierTi mkvlevari TviT daviT aRmaSeneblis farTo
astronomiulsa da astrologiur ganaTlebas arabuli
kulturis gavleniT xsnis.
cnobilia, rom arabuli medicina berZnuli da
romauli sabunebismetyvelo da samedicino literatu-
ris gavleniT Camoyalibda. arabi medikosebis naSromeb-
Si aSkarad Cans aristoteles, hipokratesa da galeno-
sis memkvidreobis kvali. es sabunebismetyvelo da
samedicino literatura arabebis batonobis periodSi
saqarTveloSic gavrcelda. kerZod, cnobilia ramdenime
samedicino wigni (,,karabadini”) qarTul enaze, romel-
Tagan uZvelesia ,,usworo karabadini”. es Txzuleba
Seqmnili unda iyos X-XI saukuneebSi3, romelSic ara-
buli medicinis gavlena aSkarad Cans. arc isaa zustad
dadgenili, originaluria Tu Targmnili es nawarmoebi.
109
masSi moxseniebulia qananeli (,,codvilsa qananelsa
Sendobas ubrZanebdeTo”), romelic SeiZleba iyos av-
tori an gadamweri, wignis gamomcemeli l. kotetiSvili
mas avtorad Tvlis.
cota mogviano periods miekuTvneba meore samedi-
cino Txzuleba ,,wigni saaqimoÁ”, romelic XIII sauku-
neebSi unda Seqmniliyo. am wignis gamomcemeli l. kote-
tiSvili varaudobs, rom igi ekuTvnis arab moazrovnes
avicenas (ibn _ sinas). Ees wigni saqarTveloSi gamoCnda
Tamar mefis dros 1206 wels, rodesac qarTvelebma er-
zurumi aiRes. Tamar mefis mwignobarTuxucesma Wyondi-
delma, SeiZleba Tamaris uSualo miTiTebiT, igi arabu-
lidan qarTulad gadaaTargmnina viRac xojayofils,
romelic SesaZlebelia gaqarTvelebeli arabi iyo _
qarTul, arabuli da sparsuli enebis zedmiwevniT
mcodne. mkvlevarebi varaudoben, rom mTargmneli agreT-
ve kargi mkurnali unda yofiliyo; igi Tavisuflad
erkveva samedicino terminologiaSi da, rac mTavaria,
icnobs arabul medicinas.
arsebobda, agreTve, sxva saeqimo wignebic (e.w. ,,kara-
badinebi”). kerZod, cnobilia frinvelTa karabadini,
cxenis karabadini da sxva.
gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebuli iyo zaza fanasker-
teli _ ciciSvilis samkurnalo wigni _ ,,karabadini”,
romelic mogviano periodis originaluri nawarmoebia.
am TxzulebaSi samedicino codnas wamZRvarebuli aqvs
garkveuli naturfilosofiuri ideebi samyaros
Semadgeneli elementebis Sesaxeb.
,,wigni saaqimoÁ” asaxelebs oTx elements (miwa, way-
li, haeri da cecxli), romelTagan yoveli materialuri,
maT Soris adamianis sxeulic, Sedgeba. am elementebs
avtori ,,mizezebs” uwodebs4, romlebic miCneulia mar-
tiv nivTierebebad. ,,oTxni martivia _ naTqvamia am Txzu-
110
lebaSi, _ romelsac hqvia arabulad mafiadi, erTi
mxurvalea, meore _ grili, mesame _ nedli, meoTxe _
xmeli”5.
Txzulebis avtori am elementebis ganlagebas neme-
sios emeselis mixedviT warmoadgens. nemesiosi elemen-
tebis kidura wevrebad miwasa da cecxls Tvlida; aseve
iqceva ,,wigni saaqimoÁ”-s avtoric.
samyaros elementebis Sesaxeb laparakia ,,usworo
karabadinSic”. iq naTqvamia, rom ,,amaTgan izrdebian
oTxive kuTxeni”,Ee.i. mTeli materialuri samyaro. Ro-
gorc vxedavT, samyaros elementebi gamocxadebulia
amqveyniuri (materialuri) sinamdvilis sawyisebad.
TiTqmis yvela samedicino wignSi samyaros oTxi
elementi miCneulia adamianis (da cxovelis) organizmis
sawyisebad. ,,frinvelTa karabadinSi” naTqvamia, rom
yoveli xorcieli Sedgeba oTxi elementisagan. amasTa-
nave erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebulia sxeuli
(materialuri) da suli (idealuri), romelTa urTier-
Toba Sua saukuneebisaTvis Sesaferi cnebebiTaa war-
modgenili. saxeldobr, ,,frinvelTa karabadinis” mixed-
viT, sxeuli aris sulis sapyrobile (,,viTarca cixe”),
xolo ,,suli _ viTarca cixis patroni”6.
,,wigni saaqimoÁ” imowmebs aramarto medikosebs, ara-
med agreTve filosofosebs, romlebic oTxi elemen-
tisagan adamianis organizmis Sedgenilobas udavod
Tvlidnen. ,,aqimni da filosofosni erTnia da maT Sua
sacilobeli ara ars, _ naTqvamia am TxzulebaSi, _
romel ityvian viTa kaci ama oTxi bunebiTa arsni arian:
wylisa, cecxlisa, haerisagan da miwisagan”7. am SemTxve-
vaSi avtori udavod antikur filosofosebs gulisx-
mobs, gansakuTrebiT empedokles, romlis saxelTan da-
kavSirebulia oTxi elementis Teoria.
111
es oTxi elementi adamianis sxeulSi Sezavebulia
garkveuli proporciiT; maTi Tanabari Sereva adamianis
janmrTelobis sawindaria8. magram idealurad Tanabari
Sereva TiTqmis arc erT organizmSi ar xdeba (,,kacisa
Sinagan tansa ara ars”), rac daavadebis mizezia9.
am Txzulebebis avtorebi Tvlian, rom organizmis
Sedgeniloba oTxi elementisagan RvTiuri saqmea da am
Sezavebis ,,saidumloeba da sinamdvile RmerTman icis”.
RmerTma es oTxi elementi adamianis organizmSi kanon-
zomierad Seazava, sxvadasxva bunebis stiqionebi erTma-
neTs SeaTanxma. zaza fanaskerteli _ ciciSvilis wers:
,,Seqmna RmerTman kaci oTxTagan bunebaTa: cecxlisagan,
qarisagan, miwisagan da wylisa”10. am oTxi elementis
gaerTianeba ar niSnavs maT urTierTSerwymas, gaTqvefas;
isini TavianT suverenulobas cocxal organizmSic
inarCunebs. maTi swori, proporciuli Sezaveba sicocx-
lisa da janmrTelobis sawindaria.
amrigad, samyaros elementebi organizmSi meqaniku-
rad rodi erTiandeba, aramed mis Semadgenel nivTiere-
bad gadaiqceva. xolo mTeli am procesis Semoqmedi
aris RmerTi; amrigad, saeqimo wignebi adamianis Semoq-
medad RmerTs Tvlis. samyaros elementebi, rogorc
masala, materialuria.
zaza fanaskerteli _ ciciSvilis karabadinSi
vxvdebiT mixvedrebs fsiqikis materialuri substratis
Sesaxeb. kerZod, iq aRniSnulia, rom tvini aris ,,xel-
mwife srulad sxeulisa”, e. i. adamianis sxeuls Tavis
tvini ganagebs. ,,cnoba da Wkua kacisa tuins Sinagan
ars“11. cota qvemoT naTqvamia, rom ,,RmerTman tuini
gvamisa xelmwifed dahbada da cnoba yuela misgan
aris...…yoveli cnoba da Wkua kacisa tuinSigan ars, Set-
yuebaca... am niSniTa mecnieri da Wkuiani tuini aris”
112
da sxva12. miuxedavad amisa, igi, cxadia, Sors dgas
fsiqikis mecnieruli gagebisagan.
arsebobs erTi sabunebismtyvelo naSromi, romelic
ufro mogviano epoqas ekuTvnis, romlisganac mxolod
nawyvetebia darCenili. Aam TxzulebaSi laparakia samya-
ros elementebis ganlagebasa da maT urTierTgardaqm-
nadobaze. kerZod, naTqvamia, rom ,,gadindgeldes raÁ,
wylad iqmnebis qveyanaÁ da Semtkicdes raÁ-air, iqmnebis
wyali. kualad ganxmes raÁ, cecxlad Seicvlebis da
usixmeloÁ cecxli ar iqmnebis”13.
es xelnaweri an uSualod nawyvetia nemesios emese-
lis Txzulebisa ,,bunebisaTvis kacisa” (ioane petriwis
Targmani) da an Sedgenilia misi pirdapiri mibaZviT.
SesaZlebelia igi iyos sxva raRac TxzulebaSi CarTu-
li masala nemesiosis wignidan. yovel SemTxvevaSi is ki
udavoa, rom igive azri TiTqmis sityva-sityviT meordeba
nemesiosis wignis petriwiseul TargmanSi. kerZod, iq
naTqvamia, rom ,,rameTu queyanaÁ (miwa _ avt.) odes raÁ
gadindgeldes, iqmnebis wyal, xolo wyali odes raÁ
Semtkicdes da daxSirdes _ iqnebis queyanaÁ, aramed
odes raÁ ganxurdes da ganorTqldes, iqnebis air.
xolo odes raÁ Sekrbes airi da Semtkicdes, iqmnebis
wyal; aramed ganxmes raÁ, cecxlad Seicvlebis; egreTve
odes raÁ daivsos cecxli da ganagdos sixmele, air
iqmnebis”14.
amave xelnawerSi kiTxva-pasuxis saxiT warmodgeni-
lia samyaros agebulebis kosmologiuri modeli. ,,kiT-
xuaÁ: raÁ ars garegani kerZo queyanaÁ? migebaÁ: zRuaÁ.
kiTxuaÁ: da queSe kerZo zRuisaÁ raÁ ixilebis? migebaÁ:
ali, viTarca saxmili cecxlisa garemodebul ars.
kiTxuaÁ: da que kerZo cecxlisa raÁ ixilvebis? migebaÁ:
quaÁ cecxlebr motyinare. Dda queSe kerZo missa damtki-
cebul ars buneba wyalTaÁ da kualad qveSe kerZo
113
wyalTa maT ganfenil ars bunebaÁ cecxlisa wyudiadi-
saÁ”. es modeli tradiciuli Tvalsazrisisagan ramde-
nadme gansxvavdeba da SeiZleba sxva wyaroebidanac mom-
dinareobdes.
2. sulxan-saba orbeliani
sulxan-saba orbelianis naturfilosofiur koncef-
ciaSi gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa Sexeduleba samyaros
elementebze, rogorc bunebis materialur sawyisebze.
igi ase ganmartavs ,,asos” (kavSiris, elementis) cnebas:
,,aso eladelTa xmiTa hqvian kavSirTa; amisaTvis filo-
sofosTa mier asoni saxeldebian cecxlsa, airsa, wyal-
sa da queyanasa (miwa _ avt.), rameTu viTarca asoTa
dasxmiTa amoikiTxvis sityuaÁ da sityuaTagan Seiqmnebis
wigni, agreTue am oTxTa asoTgan Seimzadebis sxeuli
da sxeulisagan kaci sruli. xolo am oTxTa asoTa kav-
Sirad saxelsdeben, vinaTagan miT dakavSirdebian yo-
velni nivTni”15.
aq sainteresoa ramdenime momenti: pirveli, sulxan-
saba orbelians samyaros elementebis ganlageba
daaxloebiT tradiciulad esmis. yovel SemTxvevaSi
Tvlis, rom cecxli da miwa (,,queyana”) samyaros wyobis
kidura wevrebia (zog naturfilosofiur koncefciaSi
miwa pirvel adgilze dgas, cecxli _ ki sul bolos;
magram amas ara aqvs principuli mniSvneloba, vinaidan
orive SemTxvevaSi miwa da cecxli miCneulia samyaros
elementebis kidura wevrebad. aseve araarsebiTia wylisa
da haeris adgilmonacvleoba sxvadasxva moazrovnesTan,
vinaidan isini miwisa da cecxlis rkalSia moqceuli).
samyaros elementebis aseTi wyoba sulxan-saba orbelia-
nis msoflmxedvelobaSi, rasakvirvelia, SemTxveviTi ar
aris. amasTan aris dakavSirebuli garkveuli kosmolo-
114
giuri warmodgenebi, rac am didebul moazrovnes
uTuod gaaCnda.
meore, sulxan-saba orbeliani miuTiTebs, rom samya-
ros elementebs ,,asoebi” da ,,kavSirni” imitom ewodebaT,
rom maTgan yoveli sxeuli, maT Soris adamianis or-
ganizmic Sedgeba, iseve rogorc sityvebi Sedgeba asoe-
bisagan. materialuri sxeulebi am elementebis kavSiria.
elementi swored Semadgenel nawils niSnavs.
mesame, elementis ganmartebisas sulxan-saba emyareba
nemesios emeselis Txzulebis ,,bunebisaTvis kacisa”
petriwiseuli Targmanis arSiaze gakeTebul erT SeniSv-
nas, sadac Camoyalibebulia zemoaRniSnuli azri. Ker-
Zod, am SeniSvnaSi naTqvamia: ,,daniSne, viTar asod
nivTTa ityvis oTxTa, viTar: miwasa da wyalsa, airsa da
cecxlsa. rameTu esreT ewodebis amaT xmiTa elladel-
TaÁTa. xolo ewodebis amisaTvis asoT amaT, rameTu
viTar igi anbansa asoTagan marcualni da marcualTagan
sityuani Seiqmnebian, egreTve amaTgan oTxni balRamni
(siTxe _ avt.), xolo balRamTagan sxeulni cxovelTani
Seimzadebian”16.
rac Seexeba eTers, igi sulxan-saba orbelians
aristotelesa da misi mimdevrebisagan gansxvavebulad
esmis. eTeri, misi azriT, haers moicavs. amdenad, jer
aris dedamiwa (miwa, queyana), Semdeg haeri, xolo mis
Semdeg eTeri. ,,queyana aris mrguali da gare Seculi
haerisagan _ wers igi _ xolo haeri gare Seculi
eTerisa mier”17. sxva adgilze eTeri ganmartebulia
rogorc cecxli, romelic haers moicavs. amrigad,
gamodis, rom eTeri aris igive cecxli, maSasadame, igi
mexuTe elements ar warmoadgens. es ki niSnavs, rom
platonisa da aristoteles mier Setanili koreqtivi
elementebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebaSi sulxan-saba orbelia-
nisTvis miuRebelia.
115
es garemoeba imaSic gamovlinda, rom sulxan-saba
orbeliani ciur sxeulebs, aristotelesgan gansxvave-
biT, eTerisagan Sedgenilad ki ar Tvlis, aramed mis
Semadgenel nivTierebebad isev oTx elements (miwa,
wyali, haeri da cecxli) asaxelebs. ,,cisasa romelnime
oTxTa kavSirTagan ityvian Semzadebasa“18. es niSnavs,
rom ciur mnaTobebs sulxan-saba orbeliani iseve mate-
rialurad Tvlis, rogorc yvela sxva sagnebs.
sulxan-saba orbelianis Sexeduleba samyaros ele-
mentebis Sesaxeb imiTac gansxvavdeba tradiciuli (anti-
kuri filosofiidan momdinare) koncefciisagan, rom igi
laparakobs samyaros elementebis qmnadobaze, maT
RvTiur warmoSobaze. magaliTad, igi cecxlis Sesaxeb
wers: ,,cecxli ars erTi oTxTa kavSirTagani, subuqi da
uzeaRmavlesi sxvaTa, mwuelobiTi da ganmanaTlobiTi,
mxurvali da xmeli, pirvelisa dResa dabadebul Se-
moqmedisa mier”19. sulxan_saba orbeliani analogiu-
rad msjelobs sxva elementebzec.
amrigad, is dualizmi, romelic Zvel naturfilo-
sofiur TeoriebSi SeimCneoda materialursa da idea-
lurs Soris, sulxan-saba orbelianma moxsna. imis mtki-
ceba, rom materialuri samyaros Semadgeneli elemente-
bi RmerTma Seqmna, sxva araferia, garda religiuri
kreacionizmisa, vinaidan Tu am elementebs RvTaebrivi
warmomavloba aqvT, maSin maTgan Sedgenili samyaroc
RvTaebrivi Semoqmedebis produqti iqneba.
sulxan-saba orbeliani fizikuri sxeulebis mTavar
niSnad ganfenilobas Tvlis. ganfenili, misi azriT,
aris is, rasac sami ganzomileba aqvs. ,,sxeulsa hqonan
sami ganfenani: sigrZed, sivrced da siRrmed, romel ars
sizrqe”20. am SemTxvevaSi ,,sivrce” ixmareba ara am sity-
vis Cveulebrivi gagebiT, aramed sivrcis erT-erTi gan-
zomilebis mniSvnelobiT. aqve igulisxmeba, rom rasac
116
es sami ganzomileba ara aqvs, is usxeuloa, ganufene-
lia. aq sulxan-saba orbeliani, dekartis msgavsad, TiT-
qos carieli sivrcis arsebobas uaryofs da sivrces
sxeulTan aigivebs. magram sinamdvileSi igi carieli
sivrcis koncefcias icavs, rac adgilis gagebis sa-
kiTxSi gamovlinda. ,,adgili _ wers igi _ es ars nak-
ÀeTi raime queynisagan, gina samyofi, gina dasadgomeli
da dasjdomeli daTqmuli visime”21. rogoc vxedavT,
sulxan-saba orbeliani sivrcisa da sxeulis igiveobaze
ar laparakobs da, maSasadame, carieli adgilis (sivr-
cis) arsebobas uSvebs.
sivrcis metafizikuri Teoria kidev ufro aSkarad
Cans maSin, rodesac sulxan-saba orbeliani cis Sesaxeb
msjelobs. igi Tvlis rom ca moicavs yovelgvar mate-
rialurs, Seqmnils, sasrul samyaros. ,,caÁ ars garSemc-
veli yovelTa dabadebulTa da SeqmnilTa nivTierTa”22.
am SemTxvevaSi ca gagebulia rogorc carieli adgili,
romelSic moTavsebulia mTeli materialuri samyaro.
amasTanave sulxan-saba orbeliani cdilobs erTma-
neTs daukavSiros materialuri da idealuri sinamdvi-
le. materialur samyaros ca moicavs, xolo ca sasufe-
velSi Sedis. ,,cani Secul arian sasufevlisagan, sada
ars sayofeli angelozTa da wmindaTa”23. amrigad, sul-
xan-saba orbeliani ,,xids” debs amqveyniursa da imqvey-
niur sinamdviles Soris.
amasTan dakavSirebiT sulxan-saba orbeliani CamoTv-
lis caTa rigs, romelsac ufro metad kosmologiuri
da Teologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre filosofiuri.
TiToeuli ca dakavSirebulia cTomilis (planetis)
arsebobasTan. Svidi cTomili Svid caSia, ,,romelSi
SvidTaA maT caTa Sina TviTeulni arian”.
sainteresoa sulxan-saba orbelianis Sexeduleba
aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis Sesaxeb. aucilebels
117
igi uwodebs imas, rac ,,TÂiT TÂisiT myofi ars”, e.i. rac
TavisTavad arsebobs. SemTxveviTi ki ,,ver SemZlebelia
TÂiT TÂisiT yofisaÁ, aramed sxuisa Soris mqonebeli
yofisa”24.
aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis zemoaRniSnuli
gageba aristoteledan momdinareobs, romelic sulxan-
saba orbelianis msoflmxedvelobaSi arapirdapiri
gziT Semovida. Tqma imisa, rom SemTxveviTs Tavisi arse-
bobis safuZveli sxvaSi aqvs, sxviT aris ganpirobebuli,
misi relatiurobis mtkicebas niSnavs. am Sexedulebis
pirvel wyarosac aristotele warmoadgens.
sulxan-saba orbelianis naturfilosofiuri ideebi
imis maCvenebelia, rom axali drois qarTul filoso-
fiur azrovnebaSi SesamCnevad gaZlierda interesi na-
turfilosofiuri problemisadmi. es garemoeba sru-
liad udavo xdeba anton pirvelis filosofiuri
msoflmxedvelobis analizis procesSi.
A
3. anton pirveli
anton pirvelis filosofiur msoflmxedvelobaSi
naturfilosofiur ideebs mniSvnelovani adgili uWi-
ravs. antoni axali drois mijnaze dgas da did mniSv-
nelobas aniWebs bunebis codnas, mis Semecnebas. amis
Sesabamisad mis msoflmxedvelobaSi naturfilosofias
sapatio adgili aqvs mikuTvnebuli.
antonis naturfilosofiuri koncefcia ZiriTadad
volfs emyareba, Tumca mTel rig principul sakiTxebSi
mas daupirispirda. man volfis ,,Teoriuli fizikisa” da
sxva avtorebis safuZvelze Seadgina Txzuleba ,,Semok-
lebuli fisika Teoretikebri”. magram igi ar aris
volfis fizikis Targmani. antoni TviTon gveubneba, rom
,,gardamoviRe fisika ese sxuaTa avqsonTagan (avtorTa-
gan _ avt.) Semkreblmano“. volfisagan gansxvaveba, uwi-
118
nares yovlisa, msoflmxedvelobriv sakiTxebSi gamov-
linda. antoni TviTon gveubneba, rom ,,volfiosisgansa
sistemasa soflisasa mivrideo”, e.i. volfis warmod-
genebs samyarosa da misi agebulebis Sesaxeb ganverideo.
swored amitom antonis naturfilosofiuri Sexedule-
bani an saerTod ar atarebs spekulaciur xasiaTs da
an masSi spekulaciuri msjelobani mcire doziT aris
warmodgenili. arsebiTad, rom vTqvaT, antonis nature-
filosofia aris filosofiuri moZRvreba bunebaze anu
bunebis filosofiuri gaazreba.
antonis naturfilosofiuri ideebi ZiriTadad gad-
mocemulia mis TxzulebaSi ,,Semoklebuli fisika Teo-
retikebri”, romelsac mravalricxovani (246) SeniSvna da
komentari erTvis.
antoni imiT iwyebs, rom naturfilosofiis sagans
buneba warmoadgens, romelic agreTve fizikis Seswav-
lis obieqtia. amdenad igi fizikas (kerZod, Teoriul
,,fisikas”) da naturfilosofias erTmaneTTan aigivebs.
,,filosofia bunebiTi _ wers igi _ anu fisika aris
cnoba bunebiTTa nivTTa, ese igi yovlisa mis raÁRaca
arsebisagan da TÂsebisa sxeulTasa yofad SemZlebel
ars”25. es gansazRvreba, rogorc Cans, gavrcelebuli iyo
XVIII saukunis naturfilosofiaSi.
anton pirveli bunebismecnierebis (fizikis) da, Sesa-
bamisad, naturfilosofiur codnas didi mniSvnelobas
aniWebs. antoni gveubneba, rom erTxel saubrisas sityva
Camovarda fizikaze. erT-erTma mosaubrem Tqva: ,,fisika
gadaaqcevso kacsa WeSmaritebisagan cnobasa”, e.i. fizika
adamians WeSmaritebidan gadaacdenso. antoni amgvari
Sexedulebis winaaRmdegia da amtkicebs, rom ,,umecarni
fisikisani msgavs arian brmaTa mxolod nivTTa winamde-
bareTa xeliTa oden gamxiluÀlni da mgrZnobelni
SexebiTa oden nivTisani da ver sadme mcnobelni
119
SesaxedavaTni, xolo mecnierni fisikisani arian viTar
mxeduÀlni da ara SexebiTa oden mgrZnobelni nivTTani,
romelnica ara raimeTa mizezTa fisikosobiTasa gar-
daiqcevian WeSmaritebisagan cnobasa”26. rogorc vxedavT,
antoni Tvlis, rom fizikis codnis gareSe ar SeiZleba
vicnobdeT bunebas, mis kanonebs, kanonzomierebas; amis
gareSe vemsgavsebiT brmebs, romlebic martooden exe-
bian sagnebs, magram ver xedaven, Tu isini ras war-
moadgens.
fizikis im maRal Sefasebas, romelsac antoni
iZleva, bunebrivad unda mohyoloda empiriuli
Semecnebis meTodis win wamoweva. marTlac, antoni,
rarig ucnaurad ar unda Candes, winaaRmdegia bunebis
Sesaxeb spekulaciuri msjelobisa da cdasa (,,mcnobe-
lobas”) da eqsperiments bunebis Semecnebis ZiriTad
saSualebebad Tvlis. igi amtkicebs, rom araferi ar
SeiZleba WeSmaritad CavTvaloT bunebis Sesaxeb, rac,
,,mcnobelobisagan”, e.i. cdisagan ar momdinareobs.
magram aqedan sruliadac ar gamomdinareobs, rom
TiTqos antoni mtkiced dgas empiristuli Semecnebis
Teoriis poziciebze. es SeuZlebeli iyo Tundac imitom,
rom igi ase Tu ise mainc volfs emyareboda, volfi ki
_ laibnicis mowafe _ racionalistia. SegrZnebebSi
mocemuloba bunebis Semecnebis wyaroa, magram sakmarisi
ar aris. bunebis Semecneba SesaZlebelia racionaluri
gziT, romelic cdasa da eqsperimentebs emyareba. am-
rigad, antoni Semecnebis TeoriaSi (kerZod bunebis
SemecnebaSi) ZiriTadad swori gziT midis _ empiriu-
lisa da racionaluris erTianobis poziciebze dgas da
erT-erTi ukidurobisaken ar ixreba.
materialuri samyaros uarsebiTes niSans ganfenilo-
ba warmoadgens; sxeulebi ganfenilia imitom, rom
ganfenilia nivTiereba, romlisganac sxeulebi Sedgeba.
120
,,sxeulsa nivTisaTÂs, romlisganca warmosdgebis (e.i.
sxeuls, romelic materiisagan aris Sedgenili. avt.),
aqus ganfenilobaÁ”. es imiT mtkicdeba, rom SesaZle-
belia materialuri sxeulebis dayofa, danawileba
(,,ganwualeba”) ufro mcire nawilebad, rac SeuZlebeli
iqneboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ki igi materialuri ar
iyos27.
amrigad, ganfeniloba, romelsac antoni materia-
luris ZiriTad niSnad Tvlis, Sedgenilobis, struqtu-
ris arsebobis maCvenebelia. yoveli ganfenili Sedgeni-
lia anu struqturuli mTelia. ,,ganfenilad iwodebis
ukuÀ meqoni urTierTsa SerwymulTa kerZoTa (nawilTa _
s.a.) romelTagan erTi garegan meorisa imyofebis”28.
aq antoni materialuri sxeulebis kidev erT axal
niSans asaxelebs, saxeldobr garemdebareobas anu Seu-
valobas, rac klasikur azrovnebaSi materialuri sxeu-
lebis erT-erT ZiriTad niSnad iTvleboda. am koncef-
ciis mixedviT, sxeulebs sivrceSi garkveuli adgili
uWiravs (adgili gagebuli iyo metafizikurad, e.i.
iseTad, romelic materialuri sxeulebisagan damouki-
debelia) da, maSasadame, erT adgilze ori sxeuli ar
SeiZleba moTavsdes (,,erTi garegan meorisa, imyofebis”).
antoni Tvlis, rom materialuri sxeulebis umrav-
lesoba SegrZnebebSi gveZleva, magram aris iseTi mate-
rialuric, romelic zegrZnobadia da mxolod gonebiT
Seimecneba. aseTad igi Tvlis eTers, romelic, misi
azriT, yvela sxeuls gansWvalavs da cariel adgilebs
avsebs. sxeulebi oTxi stiqionisagan (cecxli, wyali,
miwa da haeri) Sedgeba; am stiqionebis Sedgeniloba
SegrZnebebisaTvis misawvdomia, magram sxeulebSi aris
,,nivTni sxuaobiTni”, e.i. sxvagvari materiac, romelic
,,ara aquÀs Sevrdom ars grZnobaTa “, e.i. SegrZnebebSi
ar gveZleva, aramed igi ,,mxolod oden gonebiTa”
121
Seimecneba. aseTia eTeri, romelic ,,mxolod
gonebiToden miiwvdomebis……da ara grZnobaTa”29.
garda eTerisa, antoni laparakobs umciresi mate-
rialuri nawilakebis zegrZnobadobis Sesaxeb. saxel-
dobr, igi iziarebs volfis Tvalsazriss sxeulebis Se-
madgeneli umciresi materialuri nawilakebis arsebobis
Sesaxeb. es nawilakebi uxilavia mikroskopiTac ki.
,,arian nivTni esoden wulilni, romelnica xiluad
SeuZlebelni arian”30. aseTi nawilakebis qveS antoni
albaT atomebs gulisxmobda, vinaidan im dros atomis-
turi Teoria popularuli iyo.
amrigad, antoni SegrZnebebSi mocemulobas ar Tvlis
materialuris universalur niSnad; sxeulTa Semadge-
neli umciresi materialuri nawilakebi mikroskopiTac
ki uxilavia, magram maTi arsebobis uaryofa SeuZle-
belia.
magram sabolood anton pirveli sxeulis Semadge-
nel pirvel elementebad Tvlis cnobil oTx striqons
_ miwas, wyals, cecxlsa da haers. antoni Tvlis, rom
yovelgvari materialuri zemoaRniSnuli oTxi elemen-
tisagan Sedgeba, romlebic Tavisi bunebiT Semecnebadia.
Tuki ,,pirvelni dasabamiTni nivTni (e.i. oTxi elementi -
avt.) ara sacnaur iyvnen”, e.i. Tu isini ar Seimecnebodes,
maSin SeuZlebeli iqneboda saganTa da movlenaTa
meqanikuri mizezebis povna, xolo Tu bunebis meqanikuri
mizezebi ucnobia, maSin ucnobia TviTon bunebac. `Tu
sadme ara mecnav varT pirvel dasabamiTa nivTTa, ver
SemZlebelmca vyuneT povnaÁ mizezTa mixanikebrTa...
romelica miiRebis gareganisa saxisa... xolo odes ara
mecnav varT mizezTa mixanikebrTa... maSin saTanado ars
mizezTa mier kma yofaÁ fizikebrTa cnobasa mimarT
sxeulTasa”31. amrigad, anton pirveli zemoaRniSnuli
122
oTxi elementis Semecnebis SesaZleblobas bunebis
Semecnebis aucilebel pirobad Tvlis.
anton pirveli aRiarebs sxeulebSi sicarielis ar-
sebobas. misi azriT, sxeulebs sxvadasxva met-naklebo-
biT aqvT Rrmulebi (,,fori~ antonis terminologiiT),
rac ganapirobebs erTi da igive sxeulis sxvadasxva
simZimis arsebobas. `ukeTu yoveli sxeuli iyosmca nivT-
Ta, maSin iyosmca sadame sworsa Sina sididesa tyuÂsa
da matylisasa erTi simZime~32. es argumenti atomistur
filosofias, kerZod, lukreciuss ekuTvnis. antoni ar-
sebiTad iRebs mas, saxeldobr Tvlis, rom Tuki sxeu-
lebSi saerTod ar iyos sicariele, maSin erTi mocu-
lobis yvela sxeuls (magaliTad, tyviasa da matyls)
erTi da igive simZime eqneboda.
magram antoni aramarto ar iziarebs atomistur
filosofias, kerZod, lukreciusis Tvalsazriss sica-
rielis arsebobis Sesaxeb, aramed swored mis sawinaaRm-
dego poziciebze dgas. igi uaryofs absoluturad
carieli sivrcis arsebobas da sicarielis cnebas,
dekartis msgavsad, martooden relatiuri mniSvnelobiT
xmarobs.
antoni Tvlis, rom absoluturad carieli sivrcis
arsebobis aRiareba sruliadac ar aris saganTa dife-
renciaciis (simravlis) aRiarebis aucilebeli piroba.
piriqiT, Tuki arsebobdes carieli sivrce, maSin SeuZ-
lebeli iqneboda saganTa diferenciacia, `viTar igi
sxuaobs sxeuli sxeulisagan, eg saxed kerZoÁca kerZoÁ-
sagan, xolo Tu sadame carieli yovelTa zeda kerZoTa
ganfenil ars, maSasadame, ara sxuaobdnen kerZoni
urTierTs~33. es Tvalsazrisic dekartidan momdina-
reobs. man uaryo saganTa individuaciisaTvis carieli
sivrcis saWiroeba da daamtkica, rom sicarielis
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli iqneba saganTa dife-
123
renciacia da individuacia. `sadac ars carieli ganfe-
nili – wers antoni dekartis kvaldakval – mun sxuaoba
kerZoTa arRara ars~34. amrigad, winaaRmdeg sivrcisa da
drois metafizikuri Teoriisa, romelic cariel sivr-
ces saganTa individuaciis aucilebel pirobad Tvlida,
anton pirveli kategoriulad amtkicebs, rom carieli
sivrce aramarto ar aris saganTa individuaciis auci-
lebeli piroba, aramed piriqiT, rom arsebobdes carie-
li sivrce, maSin SeuZlebeli iqneboda saganTa indivi-
duacia.
amrigad, antoni sivrcisa da drois relativistur
Teorias icavs; sxvagvarad arc SeiZleboda yofiliyo,
vinaidan igi aristotele-dekarti-laibnic-volfis xazze
dgas sivrcisa da drois gagebis sakiTxSi.
antoni erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs msoflio sivrce-
sa da konkretul sivrces. igi Tvlis, rom msoflio
sivrce aris mTeli samyaros sidide da ganfeniloba;
konkretuli sivrce ki materialur sxeulTa urTierT-
ganlagebis wesrigia. `sivrce soflisa – wers igi ara
Tu orTa Soris raimeTa sivrce ars, aramed farToeba
da sidide misi~35.
amasTan erTad antoni msoflio sivrcis usasru-
lobas amtkicebs. igi wers: `miuwTomel ars sivrce
soflisa amis, esreT viTarmed sazRuarTa misTa ara
Tu grZnobiTa oden, anu gamoxatÂTa TÂiT gulisx-
misyofsa misaca miwvTomad SeuZlebel ars~36. erTi
sityviT, antoni Tvlis, rom msoflio sivrce usasru-
loa; igi miuwvdomelia aramarto Cveni grZnobis orga-
noebisaTvis, aramed gonebisTvisac. adamianis Semecnebi-
saTvis miuwvdomloba sivrcis usasrulobis Sedegia.
sivrcesa da drosTan dakavSirebulia adgilis
cnebac, vinaidan jer kidev aristoteles adgili esmoda
rogorc konkretuli sivrce. aqedan cxadia, rogoricaa
124
sivrce saerTod, aseTive unda iyos adgilic (konk-
retuli sivrce). sivrcisa da drois relativisturi
gagebidan adgilis relativisturi gagebac gamomdina-
reobs. ,,spekalSi” antoni adgilis cnebis gansazRvrebi-
saTvis aristoteles mimarTavs. ,,aristoteli Tqva,
mdebareobaÁ (adgili – s.a.) arso debisa qoneba viTame
sxvisa mimarT”37, e.i. adgili aris sxva sxeulTa mimarT
mdebareoba. rogorc vxedavT, aq adgilis relativistu-
ri gageba gvaqvs.
sivrcisa da drois problemasTan dakavSirebulia
moZraobis sakiTxi. filosofiis istoria gvaswavlis,
rom moZraobis bunebas yovelTvis imis mixedviT xsnid-
nen, Tu rogor esmodaT sivrce da dro. amitom sivrcisa
da drois metafizikur Teorias yovelTvis Tan sdevda
moZraobis metafizikuri Teoriac da, piriqiT, visac
sivrce da dro relativisturad esmoda, igi moZraobis
aseTsave Teorias iziarebda. analogiur viTarebasTan
gvaqvs saqme anton pirvelis SemTxvevaSic. Znelia imis
Tqma, rom igi mtkiced dgas sivrcisa da drois rela-
tivisturi Teoriis poziciebze, magram ZiriTadad mainc
am Teorias iziarebs. moZraoba, misi azriT, aris adgi-
lis gadanacvleba (,,moZraoba aris cualeba adgilisa”),
magram vinaidan adgili, sivrcis msgavsad, relativis-
turad esmis, amitom moZraobac, rogorc adgilis gada-
nacvleba, sivrciTi mimarTebebis cvalebadobas niSnavs.
es ki moZraobis relativistur Teorias warmoadgens.
rogorc ukve iTqva, antoni uaryofs absoluturad
carieli sivrcis arsebobas da Tvlis, rom samyaroSi
arsebuli ,,carieli“ adgilebi, e. i. is adgilebi, sadac
ar aris samyaros Semadgeneli elementebi (cecxli,
wyali, miwa da haeri) savsea gansakuTrebuli materiiT,
romelsac eTeri ewodeba. eTeri ganmsWvalavs sxeulebs
Soris arsebul Rrmulebs, romelsac Cven cariels
125
vuwodebT. ,,sivrcesa Sina forTa _ wers igi _ ucxoÁ
raime ars nivTi, ara sakuTari sxeulisa mis romelsa
Sina ars sivrce igi”38. es niSnavs, rom sxeulis Rrmu-
lebs Soris moTavsebuli sivrce savsea eTeriT.
antoni gveubneba, rom eTeri da haeri sxvadasxvaa;
haeri samyaros erT-erTi Semadgeneli elementia da,
maSasadame, mis SigniT imyofeba; eTeri ki samyaros gars
akravs. ,,eTeri sxua ars haerisagan, romelica gare Sei-
cavs queyanasa”39. eTeri, antonis mixedviT, aris ,,nivTi
zecieri”, romelic haerze ufro faqizia da Txeli.
,,nivTi zecieri, ese igi eTeri uwuliles ars haerisa da
zemo ufrore uTxeles”40. amrigad, eTeri gagebulia
rogorc materialuri ram, Tumca igi nivTierebisagan
gansxvavdeba. msoflio sivrce savsea eTeriT.
eTeri antons esmis rogorc faqizi, Txeli, magram
uZravi ram, romelSic sxeulebi dacuravs. es SesaZlebe-
lia imitom, rom sxeulebs aqvT Rrmulebi, romlebSic
eTeri gadis, rogorc wyali sacerSi41. sxeulebs rom
Rrmuli ar hqondeT, maSin maT moZraobas eTeri daabr-
kolebda.
garda zemoaRniSnuli Tvisebebisa, antoni eTers
miakuTvnebs eleqtromagnituri talRebis gavrcelebis
funqciasac. kerZod, igi Tvlis, rom eTeri sinaTlis
sxivis gavrcelebis garemos warmoadgens. sinaTle
vrceldeba eTerSi. am SemTxvevaSi igi dekarts imowmebs.
es Tvalsazrisi, rogorc cnobilia, didxans batonobda
fizikaSi da sabolood uaryofil iqna eTeris uaryo-
fasTan erTad.
uaryofs ra carieli sivrcis arsebobas, anton pir-
veli aRiarebs moZraobis SesaZleblobas savse sivrce-
Si. am SemTxvevaSi igi aristoteles Tvalsazriss izia-
rebs, romelmac pirvelma daamtkica, rom carieli sivr-
ce ara marto ar aris moZraobis aucilebeli piroba,
126
aramed, piriqiT, carieli sivrcis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi
SeuZlebeli iqneboda moZraoba.
fizikuri moZraobis ZiriTad formad antoni meqani-
kur moZraobas Tvlida, rac dakavSirebulia sxeulebis
inertulobasTan. sxeulebi TavianTi bunebiT inertulia.
materiis inertulobis idea kargad cnobili iyo kla-
sikur filosofiaSi; mas iziarebdnen mTeli rigi filo-
sofosebisa antikurobidan axali drois CaTvliT.
anton pirveli bunebaSi arsebuli moZraobidan
daskvnas akeTebs msoflio centris arsebobis Sesaxeb.
dedamiwaze arsebuli moZravi sxeulebi, misi azriT,
dedamiwis centrisaken miiswrafvis. aseTia yovelgvari
moZraoba. es niSnavs, rom arsebobs msoflio centri.
,,centri ars saSvalo yovlisa raimes nivTisa da queyana
centri ars soflisa amis da queynisa amis centroÁ
saSualo misi ars, viTar igi mgrgual movlebulsa”42.
centri aqvs yvelafers _ dedamiwasac da samyarosac.
moZravi sxeulebis miswrafeba centrisken, rasac univer-
saluri xasiaTi aqvs, antonis azriT uZravi msoflio
centris arsebobas amtkicebs.
amasTanave sxeulebis miswrafebas centrisaken vol-
fi da antoni arsebiTad sxvadasxvagvarad ganmartaven.
volfis mixedviT, mas fizikuri mizezebi aqvs, antoni ki
volfs ar eTanxmeba da am fizikur movlenas Teolo-
giurad xsnis. es moZraoba, amtkicebs antoni, ,,yovlisa
SemZlebelisadmi nebisa” ariso, e.i. mas RmerTis neba
ganapirobebs43.
antons ar uWiravs bolomde Tanamimdevruli pozi-
cia samyaros agebulebis Sesaxeb. igi xSir SemTxvevaSi
dedamiwas da, saerTod, samyaros mrgvlad (sferosebu-
lad) Tvlis, magram sxva SemTxvevaSi igi mas uaryofs.
magaliTad, antoni ar Targmnis volfis ,,Teoriuli
fizikis” $114-is im nawils, sadac laparakia dedamiwis
127
simrgvaleze, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom antoni am azrs
ar iziarebs. magram, meore mxriv, igi msjelobs msof-
lios simrgvaleze, cis simrgvaleze da sabolood am
sakiTxs Riad tovebs _ mis gadawyvetas mkiTxvels an-
dobs. igi wers: ,,daRaTu hazrisaebr aristotelisa
sferosebrsad dgas queyana. magram axalni ese mimzra-
xoben filosofosni, viTarmed igi raodenime aramebr
sferoÁsa ars, aramed meqon ars nakuჱTisamebr kuჱrcxi-
sa; da amaTgani, romelica umarTles ars hazri, igi
gansjasa zeda mkiTxuჱlTasa damokidebul ars”44.
miuxedavad amisa, antonis msoflmxedvelobaSi xSi-
rad antoni _ Teologi imarjvebs, ris Sedegad igi
uaryofs mecnierebis miRwevebs da mecnierebas Teolo-
giiT cvlis. es aSkarad gamovlinda mis damokidebu-
lebaSi kopernikis heliocentruli sistemisadmi. volfi
kopernikis sistemas iziarebs, antoni ki mas uaryofs da
TiTqmis yvelgan, sadac laparakia kopernikze da,
saerTod, heliocentrul sistemaze, antoni cvlis
teqsts da geocentrul sistemas ubrundeba, religiur
dogmatebs iSveliebs. magaliTad, rodesac igi gadmos-
cems (volfisagan gansxvavebiT) geocentrul sistemas,
ambobs, rom am Tvalsazriss ewinaaRmdegeba koperniki
da misi Tanamoazreni, magram isini ,,WeSmaritebisa mi-
marT saRmrToisa werilisa, Zlevad ver SemZlebel
arian”. am werilSi ki weria, rom ,,uZraobisaTჳs queynisa
(dedamiwisa _ s.a.) da moZraobisaTჳs mzisa”45. aq miTiTe-
bulia saeklesio wignebi. antoni Tvlis, rom ,,saRrmToÁ
werili... savse ars yovlisa sibrZnisaTa”. amasTanave igi
xazs usvams imas, rom kopernikis sistema religiur
msoflmxedvelobas ewinaaRmdegeba da amitom igi ar
SeiZleba WeSmaritebad CaiTvalos. unda vivaraudoT,
rom ZiriTadad samyaros geocentruli da heliocent-
128
ruli sistemebis winaaRmdegoba hqonda mxedvelobaSi an-
ton pirvels, rodesac igi misi Txzulebis ,,Semoklebu-
li fisika Teoretikebris” winasityvaobaSive gaemijna
volfs (,,volfiosisgansa sistemasa soflisasa mivride”-
o). volfis msoflio sistema kopernikis heliocentru-
li sistema iyo, rac antonisaTvis miuRebelia.
amave poziciebidan antonisaTvis miuRebelia azri
sxva planetebze sicocxlis arsebobis Sesaxeb. amitom
antoni mTlianad cvlis volfis wignis $94-s da mis
nacvlad wers sruliad sawinaaRmdego azrs, kerZod,
uaryofs sicocxlis arsebobas sxva planetebze.
antoni akritikebs agreTve im moazrovneebs, romel-
Tac planetebi dedamiwis (,,queynis”) magvar ciur sxeu-
lebad warmoudgeniaT. ,,mesazreni queynad planitTagani
_ wers antoni _ Semiracxian me winaaRmdegobad
saRmrToTa werilTa, romelTa zeda brali ese mtkiced
daimtkicebisca. xolo udidesnic vhsTqua: TჳT sityÂsa
RmrTisa queyanisa zeda xorc Sesxmad mosvlჳsaca arian
mgmobar, garna avtori ese aqa ara daamtkicebs TÂT,
aramed sxvaTa mouTxrobs sityvaTa” _ ambobs antoni
baumaisteris ,,logikis” qarTuli Targmanis winasity-
vaobaSi. amrigad, aq antoni ambobs, rom im moazrovneebs
(,,mesazreni”), vinc planetebs miwad (,,queyanad”) miiCneven,
me qristianuli religiis (,,saRmrTo werilis”) mowina-
aRmdeged vTvli, romelTa danaSauli (,,brali”) mtkiced
dasturdeba. antoni uaryofs im azrs, rom dedamiwa
aris erT-erTi planeta (e.i. uaryofs dedamiwasa da sxva
planetebs Soris igiveobas) imis gamo, rom maSin deda-
miwas aRar eqneba privilegiuri mniSvneloba, rac reli-
gias ar eTanxmeba.
sicocxlis ZiriTad niSnad antoni Tvlis zrdas,
SegrZnebis unars, moZraobas, sunTqvas, sisxlis mimoqce-
129
vas da sxva. sicocxlis fundametur niSnad CaTvlilia
nivTierebaTa cvla.
adamianis doneze sicocxlis ZiriTad niSnad antoni
cnobierebas miiCnevs. cnobierebis elementebi cxoveleb-
Sic arsebobs, magram cnobiereba, rogorc aseTi, mxo-
lod adamianis sulis Tvisebaa. adamianis suli aris
gonieri, e.i. cnobierebiT dajildoebuli, gansxvavebiT
cxovelis sulisagan, romelsac cnobiereba ar gaaCnia.
amitom adamians samyaroSi gansakuTrebuli adgili
uWiravs. Tundac amitom, antonis azriT, igi ar SeiZ-
leba bunebis nawilad CaiTvalos.
anton pirvelis naturfilosofiuri ideebi Zveli da
axali epoqis mijnaze Camoyalibda da aSkarad atarebs
Tavis drois Sesafer ormag xasiaTs. antoni, erTi mxriv,
axlis, progresulis mqadagebelia da ver eteva Zveli,
sqolastikuri msoflmxedvelobis CarCoebSi, magram,
meore mxriv, mas uZneldeba axlis SeTviseba, Zveli
tradiciebi nebas ar aZlevs daeuflos axali epoqis
suliskveTebas. swored es ormagoba aSkarad aisaxa
anton pirvelis azrovnebaSi saerTod da, kerZod,
naturfilosofiur koncefciaSi.
130
meeqvse Tavi
eTikuri ideebi
1. erovnuli kulturis krizisi monRolTa bato-
nobis xanaSi
XIII saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi monRolTa da
sxvadasxva tomTa batonobis xanaSi qarTuli kultu-
ra daeca da daqveiTda. k. kekeliZe qarTuli litera-
turis (saerTod kulturis) am periods swored ase
axasiaTebs: `dacemis periodis literatura~1. amis
miuxedavad, am droisTvis kulturuli cxovreba
saqarTveloSi mTlad ar Camkvdara. `Zalian mcire
masStabebiT, magram am xanaSic SeigrZnoba moZraoba
da kulturuli majiscema~2. `kulturis majiscemis~
maCvenebelia am droisTvis CvenSi cnobili faqtebi
rogorc originaluri, ise naTargmni literaturis
saxiT. amgvar masalebSi Cans zneobrivi kulturis
done, Cans is, Tu qarTuli sazogadoeba romel
zneobriv faseulobebs aRiarebs da iwonebs da isic,
romels uaryofsa da iwunebs.
omebiTa da ekonomikuri siduxWiriT Sewuxebul
qveyanaSi zneobrivi cnobiereba, SeiZleba iTqvs,
`erToba~ vlindeba, erTi mxriv, sagmiro (amirandare-
janiani), romantikuli (leilmajnuniani) sazRapro
(rusudaniani) eposebSi, meore mxriv, TviTnebobis
TareSis pirobebSi, es cnobiereba eZebs misi
alagmvis saSualebebs. amgvar saSualebad mas miaCnia
Zvel filosofosTa Segonebani (`sibrZneni filoso-
fosTani~) da igav-arakebis meSveobiT sibrZnis gavr-
celeba. ase rom, TviTnebobis, rogorc qcevis prin-
cipis, batonobis pirobebSi Sua saukuneebis epoqis
131
saqarTveloSi adamians mxsnelad rCeboda ori ram: 1.
fizikuri Zala da 2. zneobrivi cnobiereba.
am epoqis qarTuli kulturis pirveli Zegli,
romelic eTikis mxridan seriozul yuradRebas imsa-
xurebs, aris JamTaaRmwerlis `monRolTa droindeli
matiane~. es nawarmoebi uaRresad sainteresoa ara
marto rogorc istoria saqarTveloSi monRolTa
batonobis Sesaxeb, aramed sainteresoa agreTve is-
toriis filosofiis, eTnografiisa da, rac mTavaria,
eTikis TvalsazrisiT. matianeSi Camoyalibebulia
sruliad garkveuli moraluri koncefcia; metic,
eTikuri, ufro zustad, religiur-eTikuri pozicii-
dan aris ganxiluli TiTqmis yvela movlena, da rac
mTavria, monRolTa mier saqarTvelos daqcevis
faqti.
matianes avtors esa Tu is zneobrivi movlena
ainteresebs ara cnebis, aramed misi mniSvnelobis
anu Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT. amitom avtori
Tavidanve yuradRebas amaxvilebs qveynis patronis _
mefis zneobriv Rirseba-naklovanebebze. laSa-gior-
gis, romelmac saxelovani dedis gardacvalebis Sem-
deg qveyana Caibara, hqonda rogorc mefis sakadrisi
Tvisebebi, aseve iseTic, romelic qveynis patrons ar
ekadreboda. `rameTu iyo ese laSa-giorgi mxnen,
axovani, Zlieri, laRi, ampartavani, Tavxedi, TviTbu-
neba. uxvi, saxiobis moyvare, Rvinis moyvare da gemoT
moyvare~3. xorcis siamovnebisTvis zrunvas Tavisi
uaryofiTi Sedegebi moaqvs. amis Teoriul safuZvel-
sa da sabuTs matianes avtori winaswarmetyvelis
Semdeg sityvebSi xedavs: `Wama iakob, ganZRa, gansxva,
gansuqna da dauteva RmerTi Semoqmedi Tavisi da
ganudga RmerTsa macxovarsa Tvissa~. ,,agreTve _
ganagrZobs matianes avtori _ iqmna naTesavsaca amas
132
Sina qarTvelTasa, rameTu ganZRes da iSvebdes da
uwesobad midrkes siZvaTa Sina da mTvralobaTa
ugunurni kacni, mefis karsa zeda ara yofis Rirsni
da aw karsa zeda myofni... amisTvis aRmoxcendes mi-
zezni codvaTa simravliTa saqarTvelos mooxrebi-
sani~4.
saqarTvelosTvis Tavs datexili ubedurebis
mTavar mizezs JamTaaRmwereli uzneobaSi xedavs.
`rameTu dauteves mefeTa da mTavarTa samarTali,
mowyaleba, siyvaruli, siwrfoeba, simSvide, simarT-
le da amis wil moipoves ampartavneba, zakva, Suri,
xdoma, siZulvili, angareba, mimZlavreba, klvani,
parvani, siZvani, uwesobani,... rameTu yovelman asakman
berTa da WabukTaman, mciriTgan vidre didadme,
miaqcies siboroted... rameTu ganviwireniT RmerTisa
mier, romel daviviwyeT RmerTi da RmerTmanca
samarTlad dagviviwya~5.
matianes avtors Zalian uWirs imis aRiareba, rom
zneobrivi simdablis magaliTs iZleoda Tavad
saqarTvelos mefe rusudani. magram simarTle unda
iTqvas, radgan `JamTaaRmwerloba WeSmaritis metyve-
leba ars da ara Tvalaxma visTvisme~6. rusudan
mefem saberZneTs gaagzavna Tavisi Zmiswuli daviTi,
saidumlo weriliT. mefem Tavis siZesa da qali-
Svils sTxova daviTis mokvla; roca mas es Txovna
ar Seusrules, maSin rusudanma siZes werili mis-
wera da qaliSvils cili daswama _ daviTis mokvla
imitom ar unda, rom maT erTmaneTTan sqesobrivi
kavSiri aqvTo. daviTis gadarCenaSi matianes avtori
xedavs RvTaebrivi samarTlianobis gamovlenas. saer-
Tod, rogorc religiurad moazrovne adamians See-
fereba, JamTaaRmwereli matianeSi motanil mraval
133
faqtsa da movlenas ganmartavs da afasebs RmerTze
da RvTaebriv samarTlianobaze miTiTebiT.
matianes avtori kargad xedavs ara marto qveynis
dacemasa da gaCanagebas, aramed im zneobriv winaaRm-
degobasac, rasac qarTveloba uwevda monRolTa ba-
tonobas. maRali zneoba vlindeba qarTvelTa gmiro-
bisa da Tavdadebis im faqtebSi, romelTa Sesaxebac
matiane mogviTxrobs. aseTia, magaliTad, demetre
mefis (Tavdadebulis) saqcieli, romelmac Tavi
dado saqarTvelos gadasarCenad. `ra sargebels ars
cxovreba Cemi _ mimarTa urdoSi wasvlis win mefem
Tavis xalxs, _ ukeTu CemTvis mravali xalxi mokv-
des da me tvirTmZime codviTa ganvide soflisa
amisgan! aw mnebavs, raTa warvide yaens winaSe da
iyos neba RmerTisa: ukeTu me momklan, vgoneb, rome
qveyana uvneblad darCes~7.
aseve zneobrivi gmirobisa da Tavdadebis maCvene-
belia cotne dadianis saqcieli. cotnes Tavgamode-
bam ixsna rogorc misi, ise danarCen qarTvel dide-
bulTa sicocxle8. qarTveli kacis Seupovrobasa da
gmirul xasiaTze laparakobs matianeSi motanili
qarTveli mefis sityvebi: `ara ars wesi Cven qarT-
velTa, ukeTu vixiloT mteri Cven kerZo momavali,
Seubrmelad zurgi SevaqcioT, daRaTu iyos sikvdi-
li~9.
dacemis xanis kulturis Zeglebi, rogorc origi-
naluri, ise naTargmni, eTikis TvalsazrisiT, arsebi-
Tad iseTive suraTs gvaZlevs, rogorsac JamTaaRm-
werlis `matiane~. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is garemoeba,
rom zneobrivis (eTikuris) kvleva ki ar gvaqvs am
xanis kulturis ZeglebSi (makari mesxis `petre
iberielis cxovreba~, ucnobi avtoris `luka ieru-
salimelis wameba~, `garigeba xelmwifis karisa~,
134
`Zeglis dadeba~ da sxv.), aramed zneobrivis moxmare-
ba, gamoyeneba.
giorgi V brwyinvalem mTiulebisTvis Seqmna saka-
nonmdeblo krebuli (kodeqsi), romelic cnobilia
`Zeglis dadebis~ saxeliT. kulturis am ZeglSi me-
tad sainteresoa erTi punqti, romelic valsa da
sargebels exeba. `valis saqme, wers didebuli mefe,
asre gavaCineT: sargebeli arc qarTvelTa sjulTa
Sigan Zevs wesad, rom aRiRon, da arca sxvaTa
sjulTAuweria; da sargebeli aris uweso~10: metis-
metad avi unda iyos kaci, rom sargebeli moiTxo-
voso. da Tu aseTi avi kaci gamoCndes aT TeTrze
ori TeTri mieceso11. es wesi saocari sicxadiT
gviCvenebs im xanis qarTveli kacis sameurneo gu-
lubryvilobasac da zneobriv siwmindesac.
2. eTikuri azri qarTuli kulturis aRorZinebis
periodSi. ganmanaTlebloba da eTika
sulxan-saba orbeliani (1658-1725). qarTuli kul-
turis aRorZinebis periodi iwyeba XI saukunis dam-
degidan da grZeldeba XVIII saukunis bolomde12. es
periodi gamoirCeva literaturuli Janrebis simdid-
riTa da mravalferovnebiT. sagmiro eposis gverdiT
viTardeba romantikuli, sazRapro, didaqtikur-mora-
luri da saistorio eposi. eTikis TvalsazrisiT
yvelaze sainteresoa didaqtikur-moraluri eposi,
romlis brwyinvale warmomadgenelia sulxan-saba
orbeliani.
sulxan-saba orbelianis kalams ekuTvnis rogorc
saero, ise sasuliero xasiaTis Txzulebani. saero
xasiaTis Txzulebebia: `wigni sibrZne-sicruisa~,
`leqsikoni qarTuli (I da II tomi)~, `mogzauroba
135
evropaSi~. sasuliero xasiaTis Sromebidan aRsaniS-
navia `swavlani da moZRurebani~.
moraluri problemebis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze
mdidar masalas iZleva sulxan-sabas Txzuleba
`wigni sibrZne-sicruisa~. am wignis saTauris Sesaxeb
arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba. mkvlevarTa erT
jgufs (k. kekeliZe, a. baramiZe da sxv.) miaCniaT, rom
ufro swori unda iyos saTauri `wigni sibrZnisa da
sicruisa~; mecnierTa meore jgufis (a. cagareli, a.
imedaSvili, ingliseli qarTvelologebi _ m. uord-
ropi, d. langi) TvalsazrisiT unda iyos `wigni
sibrZne-sicruisa~. Cvens mecnierebaSi damkvidrebu-
lia azri, rom sulxan-saba orbelianma sicruis
(arakis) gziT gadmosca sibrZne. aRniSnuli terminis
Sinaarsi i. WavWavaZem ase axsna: `ras hniSnavs es ori
sityva _ sibrZne-sicrue _ erTmaneTze gadabmuli...
saba-orbelianis sicrue zRaparia, arakia, igavia,
araki, zRapari amisTana saxea, kania azrisa, romelic
saWkuo da sazneo WeSmaritebas zedmiwevniT gvixa-
tavs xorcSesxmulad, Wkuas gvaswavlis, gvarigebs,
znes gviwurTvnis, avsa da kargs gvaniSnebs erTma-
neTSi da gasarCevad~13.
`sibrZne-sicruis~ azrobrivi Sinaarsis sakiTxs
calke Seexo akad. S. nucubiZe. S. nucubiZis mixed-
viT, kavSiri `da~ sibrZnesa da sicrues meqanikurad
aerTebs; kompoziti `sibrZne-sicruisa~ ki filoso-
fiurad ufro Rrma Sinaarsis matarebelia. S.
nucubiZis azriT, `aq raRac ufro Rrma garemoeba
devs sabas naTqvamSi, romelic dapirispirebulTa
Sinagan kavSirs gamoxatavs... arc sibrZne arsebobs
sabasTvis damoukideblad da arc sicrue, aramed
Secnobili sicrue, rogorc amosavali, aris `sibrZ-
136
ne-sicruisa~ anu `sibrZne-sicrue~, es aris namdvili
azri sulxan-saba orbelianis arakebis wignisa~14.
ramdenadac sulxan-sabas wigni `sibrZne-sicruisa~
moraluri xasiaTis nawarmoebia, amdenad sainteresoa
am terminis eTikuri Sinaarsi. jerjerobiT es sakiT-
xi bolomde garkveuli ar aris15. sakiTxSi gasark-
vevad udavod mniSvnelovania sabaseuli ganmarteba
iseTi eTikuri cnebebisa, rogoricaa sibrZne, sicrue,
zneoba, sikeTe, boroteba da sxv.
sulxan-saba Tavis leqsikonSi sibrZnis aseT
ganmartebas iZleva: ,,sibrZne ars mSobeli Wkuisa da
gamsinjveli cnobaTa. sibrZne da siverage emsgavse-
bian: sibrZne keTil, xolo siverage _ ara”16. am
ganmartebis bolo nawili gansakuTrebiT sayuradRe-
boa. sabas mixedviT, sibrZne da siverage erTmaneTs
emsgavseba, magram raSi? erTi SexedviT, aq msgavse-
baze laparaki zedmetia. magram es msgavseba naTeli
gaxdeba, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT sabas leqsikonSi
mocemul siveragis ganmartebas. siveragis qveS sabas
esmis qcevis garkveuli wesi, xerxi an xerxianoba.
`veragoba ars mravali RonisZieba Rvawlsa Sina,
romelsa msoflioni xerxsa uwodeben~.17 veragoba
sibrZnesTan erTad aris qcevis garkveuli wesi an
principi da amiT isini erTmaneTs emsgavseba; magram
amave dros isini erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba kidevac:
sibrZnis mizani yovelTvis aris sikeTe, siveragisa
ki _ ara. swored ase, lakoniurad ambobs saba:
sibrZne _ keTil, siverage – ara. saba ar gveubneba,
rom siverage aris boroteba, an misi msgavsi sxva
ram. saba ambobs: `siverage ars xelovan yofa Rvawl-
sa Sina~18. xelovneba ki, sabas mixedviT niSnavs `ke-
Tilad moqmeds... moqmedi keTil samuSakoTa~19. sabas
piriT aq Taviseburad gvexmianeba antikuri eTika
137
(sokrate, platoni, aristotele). am SemTxvevaSi saba
gveubneba, rom sibrZnis mizani yovelTvis aris
sikeTe (sokrate). magram marjved, xerxianad moqceva
anu siverage yovelTvis araa sikeTe. siverage ar
aris sikeTis kategoriuli piroba.
sabas leqsikonis mixedviT, `sikeTe ars winabWe
da ezo keTilobisa~20. `ese keTili ars nawili keTi-
lobisa, xolo keTiloba_tba rame ukido~21. sikeTes
upirispirdeba siborote an boroti. boroti aris
`avis moqmedi da avi... boroti ars ra keTili moak-
los kacman... boroti ars, ra igi ara genebos, igi
giyos kacman~22.
eTikis ZiriTadi cnebebidan da kategoriebidan,
romelTa ganmartebas an daxasiaTebas sulxan-saba
orbeliani iZleva, gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa
zneobis kategoria. Zvel qarTulSi sityva `zneoba~
moixmareboda `cudi qcevis~ mniSvnelobiT23. rogorc
Cans, zneobis es gageba sabas aRar akmayofilebs.
Tavis leqsikonSi saba `znes~ ase ganmartavs:
`CveulebiT raica saqme sWirdes, keTili Tu boroti,
zne igi ars~24. qarTuli sityvis _ `zne~ _ etimolo-
gia mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli sityvebTan `Cveu-
leba~, `xasiaTi~, `buneba~25. etimologiurad aseTive
viTareba gvaqvs `znes~ Sesatyvis berZnul sityvasTan
`eTos~. Zalian Znelia berZnuli enis mxridan aq
raime gavlenaze laparaki. saba aq afiqsirebs qarTu-
li enis Taviseburebas da SesaZleblobas mocemul
sityvasTan dakavSirebiT.
eTikis ZiriTad cnebaTa Sinaarsi da Tavisebureba
TvalsaCinod aris warmodgenili sulxan-saba orbe-
lianis mTavar nawarmoebSi _ `sibrZne sicruisa~. es
termini _ kompoziti sainteresod ganixila msofl-
138
mxedvelobrivi da gnoseologiuri TvalsazrisiT S.
nucubiZem. amis Sesaxeb zemoT ukve iyo naTqvami.
ras warmoadgens gamoTqma `sibrZne sicruisa~
eTikuri TvalsazrisiT? gnoseologiuri mniSvnelo-
bis gverdiT am gamoTqmas gaaCnia agreTve Rirebu-
lebiTi mniSvneloba, rasac yvelaze mkafiod gamoTq-
vams iseTi aqsiologiuri cneba, rogoricaa `Rirebu-
lebiTi sinTezi~. es cneba pirvelad Tavis eTikaSi n.
hartmanma daaxasiaTa; Tumca Sinaarseulad is ukve
mocemulia aristoteles `nikomaqes eTika~-Si. aq
gansakuTrebiT yuradRebas ipyrobs aristoteles
mezotesis Teoria da uaryofiT RirebulebaTa anti-
nomika. aristoteles mixedviT, rogorc cnobilia,
zneobrivi Rirebuleba uaryofiT RirebulebaTa
`SuagulSia~; or uaryofiT Rirebulebas mudam
erTaderTi Rirebuleba Seesabameba. mocemuli sqemis
mixedviT aSkaraa, rom maT unda Seesabamebodes ori
Rirebuleba, Tanac pozitiurad dapirispirebuli. Tu
mezotes-Si dafarulia RirebulebiTi sinTezi, maSin
is ukve gulisxmobs RirebulebaTa antiTetikas: e.i.
masSi dafarulia ori Rirebuleba. saZiebeli saT-
noeba iqneba maTi RirebulebiTi sinTezi.
RirebulebiTi sinTezis TvalsazrisiT seriozul
yuradRebas imsaxurebs sulxan-saba orbelianis mier
Rrmad gaazrebuli zneobrivi cxovrebis principi
`sibrZne sicruisa~. rogorc zemoT iTqva S. nucu-
biZis mixedviT, sibrZne sicruisa arc mxolod sibrZ-
nis gamomTqmelia da arc mxolod sicruisa; igi
Tavisufalia calmxrivobebisagan; aqsiologiuri
TvalsazrisiT ganxiluli ki, igi RirebulebiT sin-
Tezs gamoxatavs. `sibrZne sicruisa~ RirebulebiTi
sinTezia, magram metad Taviseburi.
139
aristoteles eTikur moZRvrebaSi saTnoebaTa
Sesaxeb ori uaryofiTi Rirebulebaa mocemuli da
Semdeg dgindeba maT Soris saSualo (`mezotesi~),
romelic Tavisufali iqneba ukiduresobebisgan.
sulxan-saba orbelianis cnobili principi ki dapi-
rispirebulTa erTianobas gamoTqvams, aq saxezea
mocemuli dadebiTi Rirebulebac da uaryofiTic.
`sibrZne sicruisa~ iseTi RirebulebiTi sinTezia,
romelSic, upirveles yovlisa, sibrZne (Rirebuleba)
laparakobs, magram igi laparakobs ara ubralod
Tavisi Tavidan, aramed Tavis sapirispiro Rirebule-
basTan (sicruesTan) mimarTebaSi. sulxan-saba orbe-
lianis zneobriv principSi vismenT dapirispirebul
RirebulebaTa dialogs. am dialogSi Cans dadebiT
Rirebulebis upiratesoba uaryofiT Rirebulebaze.
sibrZne sicruisa Tavad aris sibrZne, oRond iseTi
sibrZne, romelic Tavis sapirispirosTan kamaTSi
`gamowrTobilia~. sibrZne-sicruisa dapirispirebul-
Ta imgvari erTianobaa, romelSic sibrZne yovel
axal situaciaSi RirebulebiT siaxles gvTavazobs.
amis mkafio ilustracias TviTon sulxan-sabas
arakebi warmoadgens.
sulxan-saba orbelianis yoveli araki gvTavazobs
RirebulebiT siaxles. es siaxle SeiZleba mocemuli
iyos guluxvobis (`mefe xorasanisa~, `xalifa da
arabi~ da sxv.), simdablis, sulgrZelobis (`Zala
erTobisa~, `samni Zmani~, `ZaRlebi da mgeli~), sa-
marTlianobis (`indoT mefe da vazirni~), kacTmoy-
vareobis (`didvaWari da mefunduke~), stumarTmoyva-
reobis (`jizi gurgen~) da sxva RirebulebaTa saxiT.
sulxan-saba orbeliani iziarebs im Tvalsazriss,
romlis mixedviT, Tavisufleba aris zneobrivi
saqcielis arsebobis piroba. zneobrivi moqmedebis
140
ganmsazRvrelad saba, aristoteles msgavsad, gonebas
miiCnevs. saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom sabas Semoqme-
debis eTikuri mxare ufro metad aristoteluria.
sabas moralur moZRvrebaSi seriozuli adgili
ukavia religiur elements. RvTis imeds, RvTis SiSs
da RvTis mowyalebas saba ganixilavs rogorc
adamianis saTno cxovrebis aucilebel xelSemwyob
faqtors. es ukanaskneli garemoeba gansakuTrebiT
TvalSi sacemia sabas qadagebaTa krebulSi `swav-
lani~.
sulxan-saba orbeliani Tavisi moralur-didaqti-
kuri moZRvrebiT gamofxizlebisa da aRorZinebisaken
mouwodebs zneobrivad da politikurad dacemul
Tavisi drois saqarTvelos.
3. naTargmni literatura da misi eTikuri mniSvne-
loba
XVII saukunis qarTuli kultura sakmaod mdida-
ria naTargmni literaturiT; sayuradReboa, rom am
literaturaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs igav-
arakul Janrs. sxva saxis TargmanebSi TvalSisacemad
Warbobs moralur-didaqtikuri Tematika. es Tematika
SesaZleblobas iZleva gonebis Tvali gadavavloT
zneobriv faseulobaTa rogorc dinamikas, ise
statistikas anu maT adgils eTikur RirebulebaTa
Skalaze.
Txzuleba, romelic cnobilia `mefeTa salaro~-s
saxelwodebiT, ekuTvnis im nawarmoebTa jgufs, rom-
lebSic ganxilulia sakiTxebi mmarTvelTa daniSnu-
lebis, maTi ufleba-movaleobis, agreTve qveSevrdomTa
movla-patronobis idealis Sesaxeb. aq laparakia iseT
saTnoebebze, rogoricaa simarTle, siuxve, moTmineba,
Sendoba, wyaloba da sxva. magram, rogorc zemoT ukve
141
iTqva, aq zneobis arsis Zieba ki ara gvaqvs, aramed
ufro xSirad zneobriv RirebulebaTa naTelyofa, gaT-
valsaCinoeba, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs umaRles
arsebaze an RvTaebriv principze, rogorc zneobis
erTaderT safuZvelsa da sazomze miTiTebasTan26.
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis vrceli moraluri kodeqsi
warmodgenilia msoflio literaturis iseT mar-
galitSi, rogoricaa `qilila da damana~. igav-arakebis
es krebuli qarTvelebs jer kidev XII saukuneSi
uTargmniaT, magram igi dakargula da misi xelmeore
Targmani ganxorcielda XVII saukuneSi. mkvlevarTa
aRiarebiT, `qilila da damana~ didi popularobiT sar-
geblobda saqarTveloSi. `qilila da damana~-s mTargm-
nelT Segnebuli unda hqonodaT zneobriv mankierebaTa
uaryofiTi roli feodaluri sazogadoebis stabiluro-
bisaTvis. dagmobilia iseTi zneobrivi mankierebani da
socialuri borotebani, rogoricaa: Suri, sixarbe,
angareba, Ralati, sizarmace, adamianis yidva-gayidva da
sxva. feodaluri sazogadoebisaTvis aSkarad revolu-
ciuri da progresuli unda yofiliyo iseTi azrebis
propaganda, rogoricaa: `sidiadisa, morWmisa da patios-
nobis mizezi codna-mecniereba da marTebuli saqcieli
aris. ara Tu gvari, modgma da naTesaoba~. an kidev
`yovelTa kacTa patiosneba codnaa da ara saqoneli~27.
amave periods ekuTvnis cnobili ezopes igav-arakebis
qarTuli Targmani. sul uTargmniaT ormoci igav-araki;
jer moyvanilia igav-araki, Semdeg ki mosdevs axsna-
ganmarteba, romelic zneobrivi Segonebis farglebs ar
scildeba28.
analogiuria somxuridan Targmnili igav-arakTa
krebuli, romelsac `melis wigni~ ewodeba. es aris
somexi mqadageblis vardanis igav-arakTa krebuli; var-
dans ezopes igavebisTvis daumatebia zneobrivi xasiaTis
142
sakuTari ganmartebani; krebulSi gamaTraxebulia gaiZ-
vera mosamarTleebi, mtarvali mefeebi, yoyoCa gvari-
Svilebi, gakicxulia umecreba, sixarbe, angareba, ampar-
tavnoba da sxva. idealad miCneulia sazrianoba, maxvil-
goniereba, xerxianoba da sxva analogiuri Tvisebebi29.
moralur-didaqtikuri xasiaTis Tavisebur nawar-
moebs warmoadgens e.w. apofTegmebi, romlebic warmoad-
gens cnobil filosofosTa da gamoCenil pirTa senten-
cia-aforizmebisa da Tqmulebebis krebuls. qarTul
mwerlobaSi cnobilia ramdenime aseTi krebuli. esenia:
1. amiranasariani, 2. sibrZneni filosofosTani, 3.
swavlani axikar brZnisani. TiToeuli maTgani xasiaTiT
arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba zemoaRniSnul igav-arakTa
krebulisgan30. aqac mocemulia imgvari zneobrivi
Segonebani, romlebic urCeven kacs avi da kargi gaar-
Cios, keTili miiRos da borots ganeridos, sZlios si-
xarbesa da angarebas. iyos swavlis moyvare da sizar-
macis mteri. zneobrivi xasiaTis aforizmebiT gansakuT-
rebiT datvirTulia `sibrZneni filosofosTani.~ sokra-
tes, platonis, aristoteles, diogenis, aristofanes,
Zenonis, epikures da sxvaTa aforizmebSi warmodgenilia
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis eTikuri Sefasebebi, sadac
dagmobilia zneobrivi mankierebani da win wamoweulia
swavlis, sibrZnis, mamacobis, erTgulebis zomierebis da
sxva saTnoebani31.
Targmani yovelTvis iyo da aris sxva erisa Tu
xalxis kulturasTan ziarebis marjve saSualeba. mag-
ram Targmani sxva mxrivac aris sayuradRebo. yoveli
Targmani (sulieri xasiaTis nawarmoebisa) sul cota
ori ZiriTadi aspeqtiT mainc aris saintereso. jer er-
Ti, ra aris Targmnili da, meorec, risTvis aris Targm-
nili, ra ainteresebda, magaliTad, qarTul sazogadoe-
bas mocemul TargmanebSi, ra mizniT Targmnida maT da
143
ras aniWebda gansakuTrebul yuradRebas _ sxva sityve-
biT – RirebulebiT upiratesobas. Targmnil literatu-
raSi am kiTxvebze pasuxi aSkarad gviCvenebs mowinave
qarTuli sazogadoebis zneobriv sijansaRes.
Targmnili literaturis ganxilva gviCvenebs, rom
yvelaze meti upiratesoba eZleva iseT zneobriv faseu-
lobebs, rogoricaa swavla, codna, sibrZne, ganaTleba.
es ki imas niSnavs, rom sazogadoebaSi ufro metad da-
fasebulia an unda iyos dafasebuli wminda Teoriuli,
gonebrivi Sroma.
swavla-ganaTlebis upiratesi dafaseba mTels gansa-
xilvel periodSi saintereso kuTxiT warmoaCens qarTu-
li kulturis (da sinamdvilis) bevr, zneobrivi xasia-
Tis kiTxvasac.
4. arCili (1647-1713)
swavla-ganaTlebis, saerTod ganmanaTleblobis udi-
desi mniSvneloba aris naCvenebi arCil mefis Semoqme-
debaSi, gansakuTrebiT iseT poetur nawarmoebebSi,
rogoricaa `saqarTvelos zneobani~ da `leqsni asni
ormuxlni~. metad sainteresoa arCilis mier terminis
`zneoba~ _ xmareba. `zneobis~ cnebaSi arCili gulisx-
mobs ara marto xasiaTis dadebiT (da uaryofiT) Tvise-
bebs _ taqts, qcevis stilsa da maneras, aramed agreTve
calkeul xelobas (profesias), romelic misi drois
(XVII sauk.) saqarTveloSi yofila gavrcelebuli. ur-
TierTdaxmarebisa da zrunvis gverdiT arCili asaxe-
lebs zneobis iseT saxeebs, rogoricaa mxiaruleba,
Sairoba, qeifoba (`saamovno Wama da sma~), moTmineba,
musikaluri garToba, mxedroba, cxenosnoba, motirloba,
Wadrakis TamaSi, enebisa da wignis codna, Sroma (`mu-
Saobac kargi znea~), mwerloba, mTargmneloba, puradoba,
144
mamacoba, `yoveli codna zneobaa~, sibrZne da sxva mra-
vali32.
amrigad, zneobis cneba arCilTan imdenad gafarToe-
bulia, rom igi socialuri moralis cnebis Sinaarssac
ki aRemateba, Tumca, meore mxriv, (sayuradReboa isic)
zneTa arCiliseul klasifikaciaSi gamoxatulia is
azri, rom nebismieri adamianis urTierTobebi met-nak-
lebad datvirTulia zneobrivi RirebulebebiT.
yvela zneobaze aRmatebulad arCils miaCnia sibrZne.
`sibrZnes ver sworavs verara, arc ise mosaxmaria,
misi nayofi bevria, Ziri aqvs ar gamxmaria,
sad waxvalT, Tan gamogyvebaT, sagzlaTac mgon
saxmaria~...
`sibrZne sjobs, Torem uTuod zneoba yvela kaia~33.
sibrZnis dauflebas kargi maswavlebeli sWirdeba,
magram Tu amis SesaZlebloba ar aris, maSin arsebobs
sxva gzac, kerZod, saRmrTo wignTa Rrmad Seswavla. Ta-
vad arCili ambobs: `rac vici, saRmrTos wignTagan maqvs,
sxvaTa aravisgan gaviyo~34. arCili darwmunebulia, rom
`samRvTo saqmis umecari bevr avs saqmes waadgeba, eSmaks
veras ver Seutyobs, rac sacTomlad Seadgeba35~... sibrZ-
nes sWirdeba `RvTis SiSi SemsWvala~, uamisod adamians
eSmaki daimonebs; magram `RvTis SiSi~ sruliadac ar
niSnavs soflisgan gandgomas, rac mZafrad, mkveTr
ferebSia gadmocemuli mis winamorbedTan, mefe Teimurz
I-Tan (1589-1663) leqsSi `soflis samduravi~;
`sofels myofno, soflis saqme gasinjeT da gaigo-
neT,
es sofeli muxTalia, nu mihyvebiT SeigoneT36.~
Teimurazi gamosavals xedavs RvTis erTgulebasa
(,,samebiT erTsa vaqebdeT~) da asketur cxovrebaSi.
arCilis mixedviT ki, RvTis erTguleba, `RvTis SiSi~
145
sulac ar gamoricxavs sofelSi yofnas, ojaxisa da
naTesavebis yolas;
`nu geSiniaT, ar giSliT, sofeli nurvis gindao,
coli da Svili, mamuli, Zma, saxlikaci gin dao37...~
wuTisofeli arCilisTvis erTaderTi adgilia, sadac
sikeTis qmna SesaZlebelia: `sofeli ese msgavsia savaW-
ro Sesakrebelsa,
aq Tu ar viRvwviT, ver vpoebT sxva keTilT
mosakrebelsa38.~
amgvari jansaRi pozicia arCilis zneobrivi didaq-
tikis qvakuTxedia.
5. daviT guramiSvili (1705-1792)
didi qarTveli poetis daviT guramiSvilis Semoqme-
debaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, centraluri Tema aris zneob-
rivi didaqtika. arsebiTad ar darCenila am Temis arc
erTi met-naklebad mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelsac igi
ar Sexebodes.
d. guramiSvili agrZelebs da amdidrebs ganmanaT-
lebluri eTikis im xazs, romlis uSualo warmomad-
genlebic iyvnen sulxan-saba orbeliani da arCili.
ganmanaTlebluri eTika CvenSic, iseve rogorc evropaSi,
qadagebs swavla-ganaTlebis aucileblobas da ZiriTa-
dad mxatvruli (evropaSi, agreTve, filosofiuri da
mecnieruli) saSualebebiT axdens mis naTelyofas
zneobrivi cxovrebis sasargeblod. d. guramiSvilis
mier gamoyenebuli mxatvruli saSualebebi uaRresad
metyveli da damajerebelia.
swavlis nayofi aris codna, xolo codna zneobrivi
cxovrebis erT-erTi principia. amitom `swavlaze urCi
da morcxvi TvaliT ar dasanaxia40.~ mozardis ga-
sawvrTnelad d. guramiSvili arc fizikur zemoqmede-
baze ambobs uars:
146
`nu genaRvlebis swavlaze yrmis wkeplis cemiT
kivili,
mal gamTeldebis uwamlod misi wylulebis
tkivili~41.
uswavlelad yofna ufro didi borotebaa, vidre
uwvrTneli ZaRlis yola.
`ZaRli uwvrTneli patronsa aseTs ras dauSavebsa,
rom Svili briyvi, ucebi, dedmamas ganaTavebsa?
ucodinrobiT aseTsa saqmeebsa iqs avebsa
gvarsa da naTesavebsa sircxviliT sWrides
Tavebsa~42.
swavla aris mZime Sroma. `swavlis Ziri mware aris~.
swavlis mZebneli am garemoebas unda Seeguos, Tu ar
surs rom mwared inanos. `Tavs sinanuli sjobia bo-
loJams dananebasa.~ brwyinvale poeturi formiT gad-
moscems d. guramiSvili codnis idealur bunebas: `swav-
la sikvdimde Senia, mudam SenTana myofeli, mas
gecilebis veravin ar aris gasayofeli...43~
evropaSi, ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi, seriozuli
kamaTis sagani iyo zneobrivi principis an, rogorc
kanti ityoda, `moraluri filosofiis~ aucileblobis
sakiTxi. Wkviani da wesieri adamianebi, rasakvirvelia,
arseboben; magram `moraluri filosofiis~ codnis
gareSe maT advilad SeiZleba `moraluri Secdoma~
dauSvan. kantis azriT, kategoriuli imperativisa da
misi codnis aucilebloba swored amiTaa ganpirobebu-
li. daviT guramiSvili poeturi saSualebebiT naTel-
yofs arsebiTad imave amocanas, romelsac kanti filo-
sofiur cnebebSi aTvalsaCinoebs.
`avi da kargi garCeviT, vxedav rom axlos miwyvia.
minda da swavlis simokliT cal-calke ver gamiyvia.
hygavs uxorTumo spilosa Wkviani kaci briyvia44.~
147
mxolod Wkua sruliad araa sakmarisi patiosani da
warmatebuli (bednieri) cxovrebisTvis. aucilebelia
codnis, sibrZnis floba. am viTarebas d. guramiSvili
iseTi damajereblobiT gadmoscems, rom mas Tamamad
SeiZleba `poeturi argumentacia~ vuwodoT:
`viT usaWurvlod mamaci omSigan gulad lomobdes,
gacofebuli gulbrazad vefxvi uklanWod omobdes,
ver aRasrulos sawadi, rac nebavs, misTvis
Ronobdes, _
egreT Wkviani uwvrTneli ver mixvdes, rasac
ndomobdes45.~
yvela arsebul faseulobaTa Soris, d. guramiSvilis
mixedviT, yvelaze umaRlesi aris codna, sibrZne.
`vsZebne da vera vhpoe ra mjobni am swavla-mcnebisa,
brZensa aqvs Tavis ufleba, sofelSi yofna nebisa~46.
brZenis garda, d. guramiSvili asaxelebs sxva
`sarCos Zirebsac.~ ostati, xucesi, vaWari, molaSqre,
mxvneli, glaxa, xelmwife, mwyemsi da mijnuri. yvela aq
dasaxelebuli `sarCos Zirebidan~ brZeni aris
erTaderTi, romlis yofnasac axasiaTebs Tavisufleba
(`yofna nebisa~)47.
codnis SeZenis (`wurTvnis~) saukeTeso periodi aris
yrmobis periodi. mozardi Tavidanve unda mieCvios `gu-
lis Tqmis~ SezRudvas anu dRevandeli terminiT, grZno-
bebis marTvas. d. guramiSvilisTvis mozardis aRzrda
aris masSi, upirveles yovlisa, qristianuli kulturis
aRzrda. es tendencia aSkaraa d. guramiSvilis mraval
leqsSi, gansakuTrebiT ki leqsSi `qacvia mwyemsi~. ami-
tom, SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom mkvlevrebi d. gura-
miSvilis SemoqmedebaSi erT-erT Zlier nakadad miiCnev-
en soflisadmi mdurvis qristianul motivebs, mistikur
xilvebs da sxva.
148
amis miuxedavad, wuTisofelTan adamianis damokide-
bulebis problema d. guramiSvilTan mainc wuTisoflis,
saeroO cxovrebis sasargeblod aris gadawyvetili.
`aw me saero walkoti mgonia patiosani;
miyvars da mal mal msurian misTa yvavilTa ynosani
ganvSordi saRmrTos baRnarTa, vsTme mis bulbulTa
osani~48.
d. guramiSvilis zneobrivi didaqtikis damaxasiaTe-
beli principia marTlis mTqmeloba. am mxriv d. gura-
miSvili qarTuli kulturis tradiciebis erTguli
gamgrZelebelia (`qmna marTlisa samarTlisa xesa Seiqms
xmelsa nedlad~; an kidev `JamTaaRmwerloba WeSmaritis
metyveleba ars~ da sxva). simarTlis principis dacva d.
guramiSvilisTvis sasicocxlo moTxovnaa:
`marTals vityvi, Seviqmnebi tyuilisa moambe rad?
veras vuqeb saZagelTa, uferulTa pir-saferad.
me, Tu ginda Tavi momWran, tani gaxdes gasaberad,
vinc ara hgavs kaxabersa, me ver vityvi kaxaberad49.~
eTikuri azris moZraoba qarTul kulturaSi d.
guramiSvilis Semdeg Tumca kidev igrZnoba, magram igi
mkafio zneobrivi principebiT an sinamdvilis masStabu-
ri SefasebiT aRar gamoixateba. qarTuli kultura Zi-
riTadad kmayofildeba individualuri poeturi gancde-
biT, filologiuri an istoriuli ZiebebiT. eTikuri
azris axali aRmavloba saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis 60-
iani wlebidan iwyeba.
149
meSvide Tavi
esTetikuri ideebi
XIII-XVIII ss. didi droiTi manZilia qarTuli kultu-
ris istoriaSi mxatvruli da Teoriul-esTetikuri
azris ganviTarebis mxriv, amitom igi arc SeiZleba
erTgvarovani yofiliyo. aq aris `dacemac~ da `aRorZi-
nebac~.
$1. esTetikuri azri rusTavelis Semdgom
periodSi (XIII-XVI ss.)
Cveni qveynis socialur-politikuri mdgomareoba
XIII-XVI ss.-is manZilze Zlier abrkolebda sazogadoe-
bis kulturul cxovrebas. monRolTa `wyalobiT~ gaCa-
nagda da gamoiketa swavla-ganaTlebisa da mwerlobis
kerebi. iv. javaxiSvilis TqmiT, `imdroindeli werilo-
biTi Zeglebidan cxadad Cans, rom wera-kiTxvis codnac
ukve sagrZnoblad daqveiTebuli da Cveni eris kul-
turuli done daweuli iyo. dadumda am dros mSvenieri
qarTuli mxatvruli mwerlobac da SemoqmedebiTs kera-
Si cecxli ukve Zalzed iyo daferflili~.1 Tu renesan-
sul aRmSeneblobas sulier-SemoqmedebiT sferoSi or
saukuneze meti moandoma qarTvelma xalxma, qarTulma
gonma saocari ZaliT gaibrwyina petriwis filosofiasa
da rusTavelis mxatvrul samyaroSi. XIII s-is 30-iani
wlebidan TandaTan iSriteba eris sulieri energia,
erovnuli mexsierebidan TandaTan qreba renesansuli pe-
riodis filosofiuri da mxatvrul-esTetikuri azrov-
nebis saukeTeso miRwevebis kvali.
150
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, monRolTa Semosevam da
damkvidrebam, erovnuli saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis
rRvevam, kulturul RirebulebaTa gaufasurebam qveyana-
Si didi sulieri krizisi gamoiwvia. eris fizikuri
arsebobis sabediswero Jams SemoqmedebiTi potenciali
TiTqos amoiwura, aRar grZeldeba filosofiuri da
esTetikuri azrovnebis brwyinvale tradiciebi, romle-
bic XI-XII ss-Si mwvervals aRwevda ioane petriwsa da
SoTa rusTavelTan. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv-
politikuri erTianobis daSlisa da socialur fenaTa
dapirispirebis fonze sazogadoebis feodalur-religi-
urma reaqciulma wreebma qarTuli renesansis Teoriu-
li da mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis miRwevaTa
ganqiqeba, damaxinjeba, gadakeTeba wamoiwyes. akademikosi
S. nucubiZe miuTiTebs: ioane petriwi, rogorc rene-
sansis filosofiur-msoflmxedvelobrivi safuZveli,
xolo SoTa rusTaveli, rogorc qarTuli gonis Semoq-
medebiTi gabrwyineba _ `saero da saeklesio aristok-
ratiisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda~.2
esTetikuri srulyofilebis TvalsazrisiT am pe-
riodis xelovneba ver pasuxobs renesansuli esTetikis
moTxovnebs. monumenturoba adgils uTmobs wvril kom-
poziciebs, xazebis ritmi texili da moZravia, moklebu-
lia amaRlebulobas. aSkaraa profesiuli donis daqvei-
Teba xuroTmoZRvrebaSi. moWarbebuli ekleqtizmi xu-
roTmoZRvrul Zegls stilursa da mxatvrul mTliano-
bas ukargavs, CuqurTmebis natifi, cocxali gamomsaxve-
lobiTi buneba mSrali formebiTaa Secvlili. marTa-
lia, grigol xanZTelisa da misi mowafeebis mier fuZe-
Cayrilma samonastro mSeneblobam samcxeSi tempi da
masStaburoba dakarga, magram mainc Sendeba taZrebi:
zarzmis taZari da samreklo (XIV s.), aSenebuli sera-
pion zarzmelis mier, bieTis, Wules eklesiebi (XIV –
151
XV ss), safaris wm. sabas eklesia (XIII s-is 80-iani wle-
bi). aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi aRad-
genen dangreul taZrebs. aleqsandre I didis dros
aRadgines alaverdis taZris yeli, gumbaTi, moixata
interieri.
XIV s-is qarTuli monumenturi ferwera jer kidev
inarCunebs klasikuri bizantiuri skolis gavlenas,
Tumca igi ufro saero xasiaTisaa, vidre saeklesio.
Serbilebulia religiuri asketizmi, Tavisufali da
dinamikuria kompoziciebi, ganuzomelia swrafva sivrce-
Si ganlagebisken. ufro Tamami, Tavisufali rakursebiT
gamoisaxeba proporciuli, mwyobri figurebi da srul-
yofili xdeba arqiteqturuli peizaJi. igi realuri xu-
roTmoZRvruli formebiT gadmoicema. mTebi da xeebi
sul ufro emsgavseba namdvils. Zveli, religiuri xe-
lovnebis kompoziciuri sqemebis daZlevis procesi, si-
namdvilis movlenis asaxvis survili sul ufro Zlier-
deba ara marto im drois saqarTveloSi, aramed italia-
sa da bizantiaSic. sadac TandaTan fexs ikidebs rene-
sansuli suli.
XIV s-is qarTul mxatvrobaSic axali stilis
formirebis procesi rom dawyebulia, es kargad Cans
qarTveli damianes mier Sesrulebuli ubisis taZris
kedlis mxatvrobaSi. TviTon avtoris vinaoba gamJRav-
nebulia kompozicia `saidumlo serobis~ qvemoT moTav-
sebul warwerebSi, aseve satriumfo kamaraze: `saxeliTa
RvTiTaÁTa moixata monasteri ese xeliTa codvilisa
damianes gazrdilisa gerasimesiTa~. damianes ferwera
gabeduli maneriT, laRi, ostaturi, metyveli, msuye
monasmiT gamoirCeva, rac mis naxatebs `impresionistul~
iers aniWebs. am mxriv tipuria mociqulTa saxeebi `sai-
dumlo serobidan~. nakvTebi gadmoicema Tavisufali mo-
nasmiT, ferebi naTelia, figurebis moZraobac dinamiku-
152
ri, Tavisufalia, figurebidan zogi profilSia, zogic
zurgiT. sxeulis plastikis Tavisufali gamosaxva,
ferTa simsubuqe, saxis arasqematuri gamometyveleba
aSkarad renesansulia, igi didad gansxvavdeba im drois
bizantiuri xelwerisagan, rac damianes mxatvrobis
erovnul tradiciebze miuTiTebs da ara bizantiuri
ferweris gavlenaze. damianes mxatvroba XII s-is qar-
Tul renesansul monumentur ferwerasTan aris dakavSi-
rebuli. SedarebisaTvis `yinwvisis angelozi~ ikmarebda.
walenjixis wm. giorgis taZris moxatuloba mTlia-
nad bizantiur stilSia Sesrulebuli. manera natifi,
artistuli, akademiuria, koloriti civi, foni oqros-
feri. vamey dadianis mosasxami mewamuli ferisaa, rac
erTob damaxasiaTebelia bizantiuri freskisaTvis, poza
sqematuria. ubisis taZarSi damianes freskebi adamia-
nuri, miwieri silamaziT gamoirCeva. sainteresoa afsi-
dis konqi `vedrebis~ kompoziciiT. centrSi mSvid poza-
Si gamoxatulia `saydarsa~ zeda mdgomi qriste, marcx-
niv dgas RvTismSobeli angelozTa dasiTurT, marjvniv
– winamorbedi angelozebiTurT. qristes ferxTiT `sai-
dumlo serobaa~. ovaluri magidis centrSi zis qriste,
3/4-iT mobrunebuli Tavi odnav dauxria ioane mociqu-
lisaken, romlis mxarzec daudvia xeli. suraTi fsiqo-
logiuri siRrmiT gadmogvcems `saidumlo serobis~ gan-
wyobas. kompoziciis marjvena mxares iudas energiulad
gauwvdenia xeli magidis Suagulisaken. kompozicias ar-
qiteqturuli foni gasdevs. perspeqtivaSi gamosaxulia
grZeli kedeli koSkismagvari karibWeebiT. aqeT-iqiT
saocari siuJeturi siuxviT gamoirCeva TaRis moxatu-
loba. centrSi qriste-pantokratoria, romlis garSemo
mTeli bibliuri (saxarebis) Sinaarsia gadmocemuli
mxatvruli ikonografiiT: `xareba~, `Soba~, `mwyemsebTan
angelozebis gamocxadeba~, `yrmis ganbanva~, `ierusalim-
153
Si Sesvla~, `wm. giorgi diokletianesTan~ da sxv. msuye
ferTa siuxve da saocari Sexameba alag-alag impresio-
nistuli, naTeli ferebiT ivseba.
XV saukunidan monRolTa batonoba sparseT-Turqe-
Tis gaxSirebulma Semosevebma Secvales, riTac aranak-
lebi Znelbedobis Jami dadga qarTveli xalxis isto-
riaSi. XV-XVI ss-Si Zlierdeba sparsuli klasikuri
eposiT, kerZod, `Sah-nameTi~ daintereseba im Tvalsazri-
siT, rom poemis calkeuli epizodebis mixedviT iqmneba
qarTulad `naTargmanebi~ versiebi: `rostomiani~, `zaa-
qiani~, `wigni saam-falavnisa~ `barzu-name~, `gerSasf-
name~ da sxv. es versiebi imdenad damoukidebel saxes
atarebs rogorc ideur-Sinaarsobrivi, ise mxatvrul-
gamomsaxvelobiTi formebiT, rom maT damoukidebel,
originalur nimuSebadac ki Tvlian. aRmosavluri poe-
ziis feradovan-emociursa da inteleqtualur samyaros
qarTuli goni yovelTvis SemoqmedebiTad iRebda, erov-
nuli sulierebis quraSi gadaxarSavda xolme da amiT
amdidrebda sakuTar kulturas. akad. k. kekeliZis TqmiT,
ama Tu im eris TviTSegneba, misi `Tvisebrivi Tavisebu-
rebani da specifika~ mJRavndeboda ara marto origina-
lur, aramed naTargmn literaturaSic. `erovnuli Tavi-
sebureba iCens Tavs saTargmni masalis SerCevaSi:
iTargmneba is, rasac Txoulobs arsebiTi, yoveldRiuri
praqtikuli saWiroeba. iTargmneba ucxo masala, xolo
eZebs, Targmnis da iTvisebs erovnuli specifika da
Segneba~.3 am Tvalsazrisze dayrdnobiT rusTavelis
Semdeg `dacemisa~ Tu `aRorZinebis~ periodebis qarTul-
sparsul kulturul urTierTobebSi ori sapirispiro
tendenciis – miReba-uaryofis – arseboba TviT qarTuli
kulturisa da qarTuli esTetikur-SemoqmedebiTi cno-
bierebis bunebiT unda aixsnas.
154
$2. esTetikuri azri XVII saukunis
saqarTveloSi
XVII saukunis qarTul mxatvrul-esTetikur azrovne-
baSi ori urTierTsapirispiro tendencia vlindeba: er-
Ti mxriv, qarTul klasikur kulturasTan memkvidreo-
biTi kavSiris SenarCuneba, meore mxriv, sparsofiluri
tendenciebis gagrZeleba da ganmtkiceba. orive tenden-
cias dadebiTTan erTad uaryofiTi mxarec gaaCnda.
mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs Semdegi: SoTa rusTavelis poeturi
samyaro yovelTvis iyo STagonebis wyaro qarTvel
mweralTaTvis, magram rusTavelisadmi gansakuTrebulma
`wambaZvelobam~ imdenad iCina Tavi, rom `vefxistyaos-
nis~ siuJetur-fabuluri detalebi, metaforuli siste-
ma, leqsTwyobis metruli xerxebi, frazeologia da
aforizmebic ki meordeboda zogierTi poetis Semoqme-
debaSi. amis erT-erTi mizezi, vfiqrobT, is gaxldaT,
rom qarTuli poeturi suli ukve veRar hguobda XV-XVI
ss-dan gadmosul aRmosavlur tendencias mxatvrul
azrovnebaSi da yovelnairad cdilobda misgan Tavis
daRwevas, Semobrunebas erovnuli Rirebulebebisken.
swored amitom damkvidrda qarTul literaturaTmcod-
neobaSi XVII-XVIII ss-is mxatvrul-literaturuli pro-
cesebis aRsaniSnavad termini `aRorZineba~, romelic
kargad gamoxatavs erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCune-
bisaTvis brZolis suliskveTebas imdroindel qarTul
SemoqmedebiT sazogadoebaSi. cxadia, es ganwyobileba
qarTuli erovnuli sulis Zlierebaze miuTiTebda, rom
ara metismeti `wambaZveloba~ rusTavelis geniisadmi,
rac fsevdo-Rirebulebebis momravlebas uwyobda xels.
saukuneze meti dasWirda qarTul poetur sityvas,
gaerRvia mojadoebuli wre `cudi baZvisa.~ Zvel qar-
155
Tul mwerlobaSi mxolod daviT guramiSvilma SeZlo
poeturi azrovnebis Taviseburi stiliT, problemaTa
siaxliTa da frazis gamarTvis gansxvavebuli xelweriT
gaTavisuflebuliyo Tavisi winamorbedebisaTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli `rusTveliseuli wambaZvelobisagan.~ magram
daviT guramiSvili uecrad ar gamoCenila qarTuli
poeziis caze. mas niadagi Seumzada XVII s.-is orma
didma poetma bagrationTa samefo gvaridan – Teimuraz
I-lma (1589-1663) da arCil II-m (1677-1713)
1. Teimuraz I-is poeturi samyaro
Teimuraz I-is SemoqmedebiTi axali etapi (e.w. `aRor-
Zineba~) daiwyo qarTul mxatvrul azrovnebaSi: gamoik-
veTa tendencia, romelic XVII-XVIII ss-is qarTuli esTe-
tikuri azris ganmsazRvreli aRmoCnda: mxatrul-Semoq-
medebiTi procesi warmarTuliyo rusTavelis poeturi
azrovnebis kvaldakval. es erovnul-kulturuli
memkvidreobisken Semobrunebis dasawyisi iyo da im
zneobriv-esTetikuri idealebis aRorZinebaze miuTiTeb-
da, romlis gareSe warmoudgeneli iqneboda sparsofi-
lur-mahmadianuri gavlenis daZleva, erovnuli sulis
gamoRviZeba.
Teimurazma saTave daudo am tendencias imiT, rom
mis poetur Semoqmedebas wiTel zolad gasdevda rus-
Tavelis poetur sidiadesTan gajibrebis idea. mefe-
poeti sakuTar SemoqmedebiT Zalas rusTavelis poeturi
samyaros simaRlidan afasebda. misTvis rusTaveli
leqsis metri iyo, mas baZavda saleqso zomiT, sityvaTa
wyobiT, leqsikiT. `iosebzilixanianis~ SesavalSi Teimu-
razi `brZens~ uwodebs rusTavels, romelmac `... TviT
mindobilman sibrZnisa, mere Tamaris xmobiTa...~ `SeTxzna
brolsa giSeri, Zowsa sadafi wyobiTa.~ TeimurazisTvis
156
rusTaveli `ena ritoria,~ romelmac mSvenieri qarTu-
liT daamRera mijnurobis ambavi.~4
Teimuraz I-is poetur striqonTa qveteqstSi rus-
Tavelisadmi `RvTiuri Suri~ igrZnoba. giorgi merCule
swored am terminiT moixseniebda netari grigol xanZ-
Telis mowafeTa uzenaes survils, moZRvris mibaZviT
aegoT taZrebi da monastrebi qveynis sxvadasxva kuT-
xeSi. Teimurazic rusTavelTan gajibrebis survils
pirdapir acxadebs da ara SefarviT: `leqsi Cemi sjobs
gvarad da tkbilad sasmenlad yurisa, maSinac rusT-
vels aqeben, me iman gamagulisa.~5
mogvianebiT Teimurazis es sityvebi laitmotivad
aqcia arCil II bagrationma Tavis poemaSi `gabaaseba
Teimurazisa da rusTvelisa,~ sadac brwyinvaledaa ga-
moyenebuli paeqrobis forma ori sxvadasxva esTetikur-
msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsisa da sxvadasxva poeturi
Zalis SemoqmedTa Sesadareblad.
Teimurazis sulieri Zala da mxatvrul-Semoqmedebi-
Ti niWi sakuTari dedis _ qristianobisTvis uRvTod
wamebuli qeTevan dedoflis – gmiruli saxis SeqmnaSi
moCans. mefe-poeti Zlieri mxatvruli formebiT gad-
moscems qeTevan wamebulis sulier mdgomareobas, mis
mtkice xasiaTs sikvdilis win locvaSi. es aris gansa-
kuTrebuli sulieri energiiT damuxtuli, samSoblo-
saTvis Tavdadebuli dedis locva RvTisadmi, romelsac
sTxovs saswauli mouvlinos saqristianos da gaamarj-
vebinos mis Svils mterze. poemaSi qeTevanis locva ara
marto qarTuli poeturi sityvis unikaluri nimuSia,
aramed mTeli saqristiano poeziis Sedevri.
marTalia, Teimuraz I-is poezia saTaves iRebs
qarTuli klasikuri mxatvruli azrovnebis simaRleebi-
dan, magram amave dros igi mWidro SemoqmedebiT
kavSirSia sparsul klasikur poeziasTan. sparsuli enis
157
brwyinvale mcodne qarTveli mefe-poeti dedanSi eziara
firdousis, nizamis, saadis, omar xaiamis, jalaledin
rumis sityvis madls. aman ganapiroba misi aRfrTovaneba
sparsuli enis xatovanebiT. sparsuli poezia aZlevda
mas sulier sazrdos, amitomac gulwrfelad ambobda:
`sparsTa enisa sitkboman masurva musikobanio.~ yizil-
baSTa barbarosobam mis samSobloSi, ojaxis amowyvetam,
Sah-abasis dauZinebelma mtrobam ver gadafara Teimu-
razis udidesi mowiweba sparsuli poeziis winaSe, rac
mefe-poetis maRalzneobriobasa da did mxatvrul gemov-
nebaze miuTiTebs. mTeli cxovrebis manZilze sparseTis
winaaRmdeg mebrZol mefes mtris siZulvilma WeSmariti
kulturuli Rirebulebis SefasebaSi xeli ar SeuSala.
es maRali gemovnebisa da WeSmariti faseulobis Rrmad
ganmcdeli pirovnebis pozicia iyo.
2. arCil II-is msoflmxedvelobis
esTetikuri aspeqtebi
qarTuli filosofiuri da mxatvrul-esTetikuri az-
rovnebis istoriaSi arCili Semodis, rogorc evropuli
msoflaRqmis, evropuli orientaciis moazrovne.
arCil bagrationis ganmanaTlebluri moRvaweoba
mimarTuli iyo qarTul sinamdvileSi evropis doneze
mecnieruli da filosofiuri codnis gavrcelebisaken.
arCil mefem Tavisi praqtikuli da kulturul-sagan-
manaTleblo moRvaweoba am mizniT warmarTa: ruseTSi
daaarsa (Seqmna) qarTuli kulturis centri qarTvelTa
koloniis saxiT, romlis meSveobiT qarTuli sazoga-
doebrivi azri im drois ruseTisa da evropis mowinave
kulturas daukavSira, safuZveli Cauyara qarTul
stambas moskovSi da 1705 wels am stambaSi dabeWda
qarTuli wigni `daviTni,~ dasabeWdad moamzada bibliis
qarTuli teqsti da sxv. mis poetur memkvidreobaSi mTe-
158
li sibrZnea Cadebuli Sexedulebebis saxiT mxatvrul-
esTetikur Tu eTikur, filosofiur Tu sociologiur
problemebze.
arCil bagrationi pirveli ganmanaTlebelia, romel-
mac `orientaciis Ziebis xanaSi~ gonebis, sibrZnis, cod-
nis primatis problema daayena da qarTuli klasikuri
filosofiuri azris tradiciebze dayrdnobiT igi im
drois evropuli azrovnebis Sesabamisad gadawyvita:
`sibrZnes ver sworavs vera ra, arc ise mosaxmaria, misi
nayofi bevria, Ziri aqvs ar gamxmaria, sad waxvalT, Tan
gamogyvebaT, sagzlaTac mgon saxmaria, sxva dagrCeba da
is ara, gverT gaxlavs caT kamaria~.6
adamianisa da samyaros urTierTobaze, sikvdil-si-
cocxlis problemebze arCilis ganmanaTleblurma Sexe-
dulebebma ganapirobes misi filosofiuri naazrevis
mebrZoli, optimisturi xasiaTi (`gabaaseba kacisa da
soflisa,~ `leqsi asni ormuxlni~: `sofels vagineb,
magram miyvars da ver vexsnebia,~ an `etlTa brunvaTa
msgavsia am soflis lxini da Sveba, wamierT icis orive,
amaRleba da daSveba~).7
arCilis poeturi samyaro filosofiuri gansjis
samflobeloa adamianisa da wuTisoflis urTierTobis
maradiuli problemis gadasawyvetad. am problemas
exeba arCilis `gabaaseba kacisa da soflisa~, romelic
didaqtikur-moraluri lirikis Janrs ganekuTvneba da
gabaasebis stilSi daweril 33 sityva-pasuxs Seicavs.
kaci uCivis soflis simuxTles, warmavlobas, misgan mi-
yenebul simwares. sofeli amaSi TviT kacs adanaSau-
lebs, radgan igi RvTis mier ama soflis baton-patro-
nad iyo movlenili, magram gadavida RvTis mcnebas da
yovelive dakarga. kaci isev sofels adanaSaulebs: Sen
warmoSvi is xili, me rom Semacdinao da Senve miec
eSmaks, me rom Sevecdineo. soflis pasuxi aseTia: Sen
159
Secdi ara xilis WamiT, aramed imiT, rom RvTiT moce-
muli Tavisufali neba borotebisken warmarTe, araswo-
ri arCevani gaakeTe, roca sityva daiviwyeo. qristes
mosvlamac ver aRmofxvra Seni mankierebao, `Cemeuli
yoveli moklea da gaxrwnadi,~ magram Sen goneba gaqvs
da unda gaerkve: Rirs Tu ara Cemi monobao.
arCilis esTetikur koncefciaSi Tavs iyris Semdegi
sakiTxebi: ra aris xelovneba (e.i. arkvevs xelovnebis
raobas), ra unda asaxos xelovnebam (xelovnebis sagani),
rogor unda asaxos xelovnebam sinamdvile (mxatvruli
gamosaxvis wesi), riTi unda asaxos xelovnebam (asaxvis
saSualebebi) _ sakiTxebi xelovnebis klasifikaciis
formisa da Sinaarsis urTierTobis, mwerlis daniSnu-
lebis Sesaxeb.
sagulisxmoa, rom arCilis Teoriuli Sexedulebebi
brwyinvaled realizdeba mis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi.
am mxriv, araviTari winaaRmdegoba ar aris mis Teoriul
azrsa da mxatvrul praqtikas Soris. arCili, rogorc
Teoretikosi, Tanadrouli esTetikuri moTxovnilebebis
Sesabamisad aSuqebs xelovnebasTan dakavSirebul tra-
diciul problemebs. es TvalnaTliv Cans im SemTxveva-
Si, Tu mTlianobaSi ganvixilavT mis esTetikur Sexedu-
lebebs, rogorc konceptualur sistemas, romlis Rer-
Zia `marTlis Tqmis~ principi. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs Sem-
degi: `marTlis Tqmis~ principis wamoyeneba Tanamedrove
mxatvrul saazrovno sivrceSi gabatonebuli sparsofi-
luri tendenciis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. arCilis
damsaxureba swored isaa, rom man aRmosavlur ferTa
siWreliT Tvalabmuli qarTuli mwerlobis dineba, ro-
melic aRmosavluri siuJetebisa da mxatvruli saxeebis
gadmoqarTulebas gansakuTrebuli interesiT misdevda,
isev daabruna Tavis erovnul kalapotSi.
160
xelovnebis arsisa da daniSnulebis kvlevisas arCi-
li rusTavelis esTetikur koncefcias mihyveba, rac, Ta-
vis mxriv, aristoteles `poetikis~ gamoZaxils warmoad-
gens. aristotele `poetikis~ dasawyisSive xelovnebis
arsis dasadgenad 3 fundamentur kiTxvas ayenebs: ras
baZavs (asaxavs), riT baZavs (asaxavs) da rogor baZavs
(asaxavs) xelovneba, e.i. arkvevs xelovnebis sagnis, asax-
vis saSualebebisa da gamosaxvis wesis raobas. arCil
mefec am sam sakiTxs wamoswevs wina planze. igi rus-
Tavelis esTetikur koncefciaze dayrdnobiT aristote-
les xazs agrZelebs, roca xelovnebas sibrZnis wyarod,
e.i. SemecnebiTi Rirebulebis fenomenad miiCnevs. arCili
poemas `gabaaseba Teimurazisa da rusTvelisa~ `samgva-
movani~ RvTaebis xotbiT iwyebs da rusTavelis msgavsad
RmerTs – samyarosa da adamianis Semqnels – gamosTxovs
Sewevnas, madlobas moaxsenebs imis gamo, rom man
`arwmuna talanti~ da aswavla `SeTxzvna sulnelTa
yvavilTa, walkotqmna anu baReba.~
arCilis esTetikur naazrevSi poeziis, rogorc
`sibrZnis dargis,~ gageba, pirvel rigSi, mis ideur
siRrmes, Sinaarsobriv mxares ukavSirdeba. SemoqmedebiT
sisusted miiCnevs igi Teimuraz I-is SemoqmedebaSi
sityvaTa siuxves, rac, misi azriT, ver faravs ideur
simwires: `Tumc uxvia Teimuraz, magram sibrZnes ki ar
gascems,~ - ambobs igi, _ rusTavelis poezia mxatvruli
eniT Tqmuli sibrZnea, igi namdvili poeziaa, maSin, ro-
ca Teimuraz I-is poezia `arafriTaa savse.~ aq arCili
mkacrad afasebs Teimurazs, magram, vfiqrobT, am ori
poetis Sedarebis fonze es Sefaseba obieqturia. sain-
teresoa igi sakiTxis dayenebis TvalsazrisiTac: arCi-
li mxatvruli nawarmoebis Sefasebis ZiriTad krite-
riumad mis SemecnebiT Rirebulebas miiCnevs. `poezia
sibrZnis dargia,~ _ am debulebis dacviT igi Tamamad
161
agrZelebs renesansuli esTetikis xazs, qarTuli
poeziis metrad rusTavels asaxelebs: `vin ver mihyves
rusTvlis Tqmulsa, gadmobrZandes ase aqeT! meleqsoba
ar SeSvenis, daayeneT mosabaqeT!~8 arCilis azriT,
mxatvruli nawarmoebi `tkbilad morTuli~ ki ar unda
iyos, e.i. marto garegani, formiseuli mxariT ki ar un-
da brwyinavdes, aramed sibrZnes unda gamoxatavdes. Mxo-
lod am SemTxvevaSi moaxdens igi did esTetikur
zemoqmedebas.
xelovnebis mxatvrulobisa da esTetikuri Rirebu-
lebis Sefasebis kriteriumebis Ziebisas arCili marTe-
bulad Sinaarsisa da formis urTierTobis sakiTxis
gadawyvetas cdilobs da msjelobis gasaSlelad Sesa-
niSnav mxatvrul xerxs mimarTavs _ SoTa rusTavelisa
da Teimuraz pirvelis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaTa Sedare-
biT analizs axdens. arCilis esTetikur naazrevSi Si-
naarsisa da formis urTierTobis sakiTxis wamoWra
SemTxveviTi araa. igi uSualod ukavSirdeba im drois
qarTul mxatvrul azrovnebaSi sapirispiro – aRmosav-
lur-dasavlur _ tendenciaTa brZolas. sparsuli poe-
ziiT gatacebam mxatvruli nawarmoebis garegani formis
komponentebisadmi gansakuTrebuli interesi gamoiwvia:
poeziaSi mTavari yuradReba eqceoda leqsTwyobis
formalur mxares: riTmas, taepobriv struqturas, sity-
vis mxatvrul-esTetikur Seferilobas, raSic aRmosav-
leTisTvis damaxasiaTebeli metaforebisa da Sedarebe-
bis siuxve, hiperbolizacia igulisxmeboda. nawarmoebis
ideur-Sinaarsobrivma mxarem ukana planze gadaiwia.
amgvari leqsTmTxzveloba garkveul safrTxes uqmnida
qarTuli poeziis ganviTarebas. igi TandaTan kargavda
cxovelmyofel kavSirebs erovnul fesvebTan. am safrT-
xes rom aSkarad grZnobda arCili, Cans `gabaasebaSi...~
ori klasikosis Semoqmedebis analiziT arCilma SeZlo
162
sakuTari esTetikuri kredo Camoeyalibebina aRniSnul
problemasTan dakavSirebiT. erTi SexedviT, igi TiTqos
neitralur poziciaze dgas da am ori didostatis
Sepaeqrebisas arc erTs ar aniWebs upiratesobas, magram
SigadaSig iseTi mkveTria misi azri, rom aSkaraa – igi
rusTavelis mxareze dgas. amitom acxadebs Tamamad: `vin
ver mihyves rusTvlis Tqmulsa, gadmobrZandes ase,
aqeT!~ arCili ostaturad aviTarebs paeqrobis process
ise, rom TviT Teimurazis pasuxebSi agrZnobinebs mkiTx-
vels rusTavelis genialobas: `aw, Seni mqebi ufroa, bo-
los dros hyofen nanasa~. TviT rusTaveli, miuxedavad
mefisadmi krZalvisa da ridisa, moridebiT faqtze
miuTiTebs Teimurazs: `saqarTvelo savse aris, Cemi
wigni yvelgan gahquxs.~ es TviT arCilis azria, rome-
lic rusTavelis popularobis mizezs im `sibrZnis
tbaSi~ xedavs, rac SoTas geniam Seqmna. arCilis azriT,
rusTaveli erovnul fesvebze dgas, amitom igi `Ziria
leqsis Tqmisa,~ saqarTvelos poetebi cdiloben rusTa-
velze aaSenon TavianTi poeturi samyaro: `me var Ziri
leqsis Tqmisa, meleqseni Cemze Senobs,~ - acxadebs
rusTaveli.
arCili mxatvruli nawarmoebis Sinaarsisa da for-
mis urTierTobaSi zomierebis dacvas moiTxovs, arc
erTs ar aniWebs primats, ufro zustad, orive kompo-
nents aucileblad Tvlis nawarmoebis esTetikuri
srulyofisaTvis. mxatvrul nawarmoebSi arCili upirve-
lesad esTetikur Rirebulebas xedavs, rac gansazRv-
rulia ZiriTadad ideur-Sinaarsobrivi mxriT, magram
sulac ar gamoricxavs mxatvrul formas. misi azriT,
mxatvruli nawarmoebi unda iyos `tkbilad gasagoni,
gana Tavsa visme dahkras.~ nawarmoebma esTetikuri ganc-
da unda gamoiwvios melodiurobiT, musikalobiT, leqs-
163
ma ise unda gaitacos mkiTxveli, rom `guli asre dauye-
nos, egonos, Tu Toki abas.~
arCili xelovnebis nawarmoebis esTetikur Rirebu-
lebas mxatvrul gamosaxvaTa formaSic eZebs da gansa-
kuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs mxatvruli sityvis fe-
nomens. misi SexedulebiT, esTetikuri zemoqmedebis
TvalsazrisiT yovelTvis igebs is nawarmoebi, romel-
Sic mxatvruli sityvis savseoba moCans, sityvas metafo-
ruloba alamazebs: `mxatvrobas, monaxazobas arvin
Caagdebs avada.~9
gansakuTrebiT unda SevCerdeT saliteraturo enas-
Tan arCilis damokidebulebis sakiTxze, romelic arCi-
lis esTetikur koncefciaSi aRmosavlurobis daZlevis
erT-erT mTavar momentad warmogvidgeba.
arCili qarTul mwerlobaSi aRmosavlur-sparsulis
nacvlad evropuli literaturuli gemovnebis danergvas
uwyobs xels. arCili, cxadia, ar icnobda im drois
evropul mxatvrul-esTetikur Teoriebs literaturuli
stilis, enis siwmindis, esTetikuri gemovnebis sakiTxe-
bis Sesaxeb, magram is saerTo kanonzomiereba, rac Sei-
niSneba XVII-XVIII ss. evropis qveynebisa da saqarTvelos
kulturul cxovrebaSi am sakiTxebisadmi damokidebu-
lebaSi, iZleva imis saSualebas, davaskvnaT, rom arCi-
lis esTetikuri Sexedulebebi, erovnuli interesebidan
gamomdinare, Tanxmieria zogadad evropul esTetikur
TvalTaxedvasTan. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is garemoeba,
rom enis siwmindis sakiTxi yoveli erisaTvis mwvave
problemad iqceva. maSin, roca sxva qveynis politikuri
Tu kulturuli gavleniT Tvisebrivad icvleba mxatv-
rul-esTetikuri gemovneba, xdeba erovnuli tradiciebis
ugulebelyofa, saganTa da movlenaTa aRsaniSnavad ukve
damkvidrebuli sityvebis nacvlad Semodis barbarizme-
bi, Seuferebeli kalkebi, xdeba enis danagvianeba.
164
arCilis esTetikuri Sexedulebebis qvakuTxeds erov-
nuli literaturis ganviTarebisTvis aucilebeli prin-
cipebis moTxovna warmoadgens. am kuTxiT igi iseTive
Teoretikosad da normis damdgenad moevlina qarTul
kulturas XVII_XVIII ss. mijnaze, rogorc n. bualo
safrangeTs. enis siwmindis, naTeli stilis moTxovniT,
`naWorTa~ nacvlad istoriuli sinamdvilis gamosaxvis
anu `marTlis Tqmis~ principis damkvidrebiT arCils
Tamamad SeiZleba igive adgili mivakuTnoT XVII-XVIII
ss. qarTul sinamdvileSi, rac evropuli klasicizmis
Teoretikosebs ukaviaT safrangeTis literaturaSi.
`marTlis Tqmis~ principi klasicizmis monapovari
rodia. renesansuli realizmis warmomadgenlebic (lope
de vega) mwerlis daniSnulebas `saukunis zneTa simarT-
lis aRweraSi~ xedavdnen, amasTan isini did mniSvnelo-
bas aniWebdnen fantazias. rac Seexeba arCils, mas poe-
ziisaTvis mniSvnelovnad martooden konkretul-isto-
riuli, sakuTari TvaliT danaxuli da gamogonili
faqtebi miaCnda. erovnulma Tematikam erovnuli enisken
Semoabruna qarTuli cnobiereba. arsebuli viTareba ki
marTlac sagangebo iyo im drois qarTul litera-
turaSi: sparsulma poeziam ara marto leqsTwyobis
formebi gaabatona, aramed leqsiviT gaaucxova qarTuli
samwerlo ena, aRmosavluri enobrivi ornamentikiT daam-
Zima igi. arCili sastikad ebrZvis am tendencias da ama-
yad aRniSnavs Tavis Rvawls: `sityva nagrexi ar miTq-
vams~-o. arCili araa winaaRmdegi ucxour enaTa codnisa,
piriqiT: `bevri sxvac unda icodes, srul ar ubnobdes
qarTulad,~ magram misTvis miuRebelia enaTa aRreva:
`magram cudia gareva qarTuls enaSi sxvas aviT.~ Tavisi
poeziis Rirsebad swored is miaCnia, rom `miTqvams
qarTuli eniTa, sxva ena ar urevia.~ am poziciidan akri-
tikebs igi Teimuraz I-s da TviT rusTavelsac, roca
165
qarTuli enis siwmindis daucvelobaSi sdebs brals
maT. arCilisaTvis miuRebelia Teimurazis narevi stili
- `marilad urTe sparsuli,~ - mimarTavs igi kaxT ba-
tons, arc rusTavels indobs: `rac enaa, yvela giTqvams,
somxuri da megrulica~ an `Razoda sTqvi, SemoiRe java-
xuri ena mZime.~10
arCils xelovneba esmis ara mxolod individualur
SemoqmedebiT procesad, romelsac kavSiri ar aqvs sxva
individebTan. xelovneba, arCilis gagebiT, esTetikuri
fenomenia, romlis arsi TanaSemoqmedebaa im gagebiT,
rom esTetikuri tkboba, siamovneba axlavs mxatvruli
nawarmoebis, rogorc esTetikuri sagnis, aRqmas, Tu
respodenti saTanadodaa Semzadebuli `esTetikuri si-
tuaciisaTvis.~ WeSmariti poeziiT mxolod WeSmariti
mkiTxveli datkbeba. esTetikuri zemoqmedeba maSin
xorcieldeba, Tu msmenel-aRmqmels saTanado poeturi
gumani, alRo gaaCnia. poezias iseTive SegrZneba da
musikaluri smena sWirdeba, rogorc musikas. amrigad,
poeziaze msjeloba, poeziiT tkboba mxolod poeziis
mcodnes SeuZlia. arCili esTetikuri Semecnebis Tavise-
burebazec miuTiTebs. misi azriT, esTetikuri Sefaseba
mxatvruli nawarmoebis did codnasa da gemovnebas
moiTxovs. ai, aseTi azri SeiZleba amovikiTxoT arCilis
striqonebSi: `ara advil ars ritorTa da meleqseTa
garCeva ZalTa da leqsTa sitkboTa mis-mis adgilis
SerCeva, viT walkots Soris yvavilTa erTis sxvaTasa
aRrCeva va, Tu vercerTi iseno, suliT uynoselT dar-
Ceva.~11
arCilis `marTlis Tqmis~ principi uSualod pasu-
xobs kiTxvas: ra aris xelovnebis sagani, ra unda asa-
xos xelovnebam? arCilis principuli pozicia am sa-
kiTxTan dakavSirebiT aseTia: xelovnebam uwinaresad
sinamdvile, namdvili ambavi, namdvilad momxdari faqti
166
unda asaxos da ara mogonili, SeTxzuli, fantastikuri,
aseTi namdvili ambavi ki istoriuli realobaa. amdenad,
sinamdvilis realisturad asaxvis saWiroebam istori-
ul-erovnuli Tematikis damuSavebis aucileblobis wi-
naSe daayena arCili, rogorc Teoretikosi da rogorc
mwerali, Semoqmedi. udavoa, rom es Tematika arc misi
winamorbedis, Teimuraz I-isaTvis aris ucxo, magram
arCilis poeziaSi igi wamyvania. arCili TiTqmis uar-
yofs mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi fantaziis rols, SeTxz-
vas, rogorc SemoqmedebiT process. misi realizmi sinam-
dvilesTan siswores moiTxovs. rogorc zemoT aRvniS-
neT, arCilis es moTxovna Tanamedrove mxatvrul-esTe-
tikuri azris novacias warmoadgenda, radgan mimarTuli
iyo im dros gabatonebuli aRmosavlur-sparsuli ten-
denciis winaaRmdeg. arCili gadaWriT iTxovs qarTvel
mweralTagan yuradRebis miqcevas qarTuli sinamdvi-
lisaken. arCilis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi ara mxolod
istoriuli sinamdvile, aramed Tanamedroveobac gansa-
kuTrebul adgils iWers, radgan misi, rogorc mwerlis,
umTavresi amocanaa eris winaSe dasmuli saWirboroto
problemebis gadaWra.
arCilis literaturuli meTodi realisturia, igi
`Taviseburi realisturi mimarTulebis damcvelia.~12
marTalia, arCilis realizmisTvis ucxoa ganzogadeba
da tipizacia, magram akad. a. baramiZe savsebiT marTebu-
lad Tvlis, rom igi sulxan-saba orbeliansa da daviT
guramiSvilTan erTad kritikuli realizmis winamorbe-
dad gvevlineba qarTul literaturaSi. amis safuZvels
mkvlevars aZlevs is mamxilebeli toni, romelic ar-
Cils Tanamedroveobis naklovani mxareebis samxileb-
lad aqvs aRebuli. sinamdvilis asaxva miukerZoeblad,
tendenciurobis gareSe – aseTia arCilis moTxovna.
167
amrigad, arCilis esTetikuri Sexedulebebis centra-
luri xazi - `marTlis Tqmis~ principi – gulisxmobs,
erTi mxriv, istoriuli faqtis, rogorc namdvilad ar-
sebulis aRwera-asaxvas, meore mxriv, arsebuli realo-
bis marTebulad, miukerZoeblad asaxvas. arCilis rea-
lizmi vlindeba istoriuli Temis, istoriuli persona-
Jebis SemotaniT qarTul mwerlobaSi. marTalia, misi
weris manera, Txroba, stili paTetikuria, aRmosavlur-
romantikuls Camohgavs, igi, rogorc Semoqmedi, Tavs ver
aRwevs rusTavelisa da Teimuraz I-is gavlenas, magram
mis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom igi axal droSi,
gansxvavebul mZime viTarebaSi TviTmyofadi, damoukide-
beli SemoqmedebiTi saxiT Semodis qarTul mwerlobaSi
da Tan axali tendenciebic moaqvs.
arCilis esTetikur naazrevSi sainteresodaa warmo-
adgenli xelovnebis, kerZod, literaturis JanrTa kla-
sifikaciis sakiTxi. aRsaniSnavia, rom igi misdevs
tradicias da sityvis xelovnebas or dargad hyofs,
saeklesio da saero literaturad: `ori aris sityvis
codna: samRdelo da saerio, samRdelosa mcodinare sae-
rosa moerio.~ SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos am striqonebSi
JanrTa amgvari rigiToba: `samRdelo da saero,~ rac
imaze miuTiTebs, rom Rrmad ganaTlebuli arCili
brwyinvaled icnobs ra qarTuli mwerlobis istorias,
saeklesio mwerlobis mdidar tradiciebze dayrdnobiT
saero mwerlobis aRmocenebas literaturis ganviTare-
bis erTian istoriul procesad warmoidgens. amitomac
xazs usvams: Tu saeklesio mwerloba ici, saerosac gai-
gebo. Tavad arCili SesaniSnavad icnobs saeklesio
mwerlobas, mis Janrebs. igi pirdapir asaxelebs sagalo-
belTa saxeebs: `Wrel-sadagsa~ da `Wrels~: `mwignobroba
Wrel-sadagi, Wrel ZilispirTa gardaTqma, msmeneloba,
mTargmneloba, Rrmis sityvis advil gamoTqma.~13
168
aq saintereso faqtTan gvaqvs saqme: qarTul musikis-
mcodneobaSi gavrcelebulia Tvalsazrisi, romlis
mixedviT termini `Wreli~ sagaloblis Tu garkveuli
ritmul-intonaciuri struqturis mqone musikaluri
muxlis mniSvnelobiT pirvelad gvxvdeba fitareTis
xelnawerSi (a 298), romelic XVIII s. miekuTvneba.14 ro-
gorc zemomotanili strofidan Cans, `Wrelis~ moxsenie-
ba erTi saukuniT adre unda gadavitanoT, radgan arCi-
li ukve XVII s-Si pirdapir asaxelebs sagalobelTa am
saxeebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom es SeuniSnavi ar darCenia iv.
javaxiSvils, romelic Tavis fundamentur naSromSi
`qarTuli musikis istoriis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi~ aRniS-
navs: `ucnauria, rom sabas leqsikonSi `Wrel-sadagi~
arsad moepoveba da calkeuli `Wrelisa~ da `sadagis~
ganmartebaSic araa aRniSnuli da arc nagulisxmevi,
rom orive musikis terminebic iyo. arCil mefes ki
orive termini moepoveba.~15
arCilis mxatvruli memkvidreoba unikalur masalas
Seicavs qarTuli mwerlobis istoriis Sesaswavlad. am
TvalsazrisiT, XVII s. istoriul-bibliografiul wya-
roTa Soris erT-erT mniSvnelovans warmoadgens arCi-
lis poema `gabaaseba Teimurazisa da rusTavelisa,~
kerZod, Tavi `ZvelTa da axalTa saqarTvelos meleqse-
TaTvis,~ romelSic arCili qarTuli literaturis erT-
erT pirvel kritikosad gvevlineba. arCilis poeturi
traqtatiT irkveva, raoden did interess iwvevda saero
mxatvruli poezia XVII s. saqarTvelos literaturul
wreebSi. arCils miznad dausaxavs kritikulad Sefasos
rogorc warsuli saukuneebis qarTuli mwerloba (rus-
Taveli da CaxruxaZe), ise Znelbedobis Jamis poeti, misi
uSualo winamorbedi Teimuraz I, Semdeg ki mokle,
magram sxartad moqneuli sityviT Tanamedrove meleqse-
Ta literaturul portretebs xatavs. rogorc qarTul
169
literaturaTmcodneobaSia aRniSnuli, `es pirveli
kritikuli mimoxilvaa Zveli qarTuli mwerlobisa~ (al.
baramiZe).
`gabaasebaSi~ arCili qarTuli mwerlobis mimoxil-
vas CaxruxaZis xotbiT iwyebs. arCili aRfrTovanebulia
CaxruxaZiseuli leqsTwyobiT, uwodebs poets `Sinaymas,~
`mdivans,~ `mona xevsurs,~ gulnatkenia imiT, rom saxels
gvimalavso. aRniSnavs, rom CaxruxaZem Tamaris mzeoba
sruliad ver hyo, radgan `adre uTxares samare.~
sayuradReboa isic, rom arCili CaxruxaZes rusTavelze
adrindel poetad miiCnevs. Teimurazi (poemis personaJi)
ase SeniSnavs rusTavels: `CaxruxaZem uwin ar Tqva, rad
iparav pirvel Tqmasa.~
arCili Semdeg strofs `rostomianis~ gamleqsavs
xosro TurmaniZes uZRvnis. TurmaniZes, misi azriT,
`cxraas samocdaTormeti~ leqsi dauweria. xosro Tur-
maniZe XVII s-is II naxevris poetia. arCili maRali war-
modgenis ar aris poetze: `didis saqmisa ucodni
sjerdeba saqmes momcrosa~ - wers igi. gansakuTrebuli
kritikis sagnad aqcevs arCili rusTavelis epigonebs.
maT ricxvs miakuTvnebs nanuCas, romelsac `... rusTvlis
naTqvamSi bevri ram Caurevia, sabralos ver Seuwyvia,
wminda ram aumRvrevia, ... rusTveli sibrZnis tba aris,
ara Tu ig morevia.~
`nanuCoba~ arCils yalbismqnelobis, mdare meleqseo-
bis aRmniSvnel ganzogadebul terminad aqvs aRebuli.
rusTavelis teqstis Seryvnas `siregvenes~ uwodebs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom arCilis azri nanuCaze upirispirdeba
qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi jer kidev XVII s. da
Semdgom XIX s. arsebul azrs. nanuCa ciciSvili zaqaria
WiWinaZes moxseniebuli hyavs rogorc niWieri poeti,
`qarTuli mwignobari,~ romelsac mdidari biblioTeka
170
hqonia da rostom mefis karze maRali Tanamdebobac
ekava.
`gabaasebaSi~ moxseniebul poetTa Soris arCili
centralur adgils uTmobs Teimurazsa da rusTavels,
romelTa poeturi Semoqmedeba qarTuli poeziis mwver-
valad warmoudgenia: `qarTvelT eniTa meleqse ver
edarebis am orsa rusTvelsa ena ritorsa, mefes –
alvisa namorsa,~ wers igi da iqve asabuTebs Tavisi
azris siswores: brwyinvaled Semkuli sityvebiT, kalmis
erTi mosmiT moqnilad axasiaTebs Tavis kerpebs: `rusT-
veli moklis sityviTa mzesa viT aTinaTinebs, mefe
TeTrs cremlsa Rawvzeda ferad rad aTinaTinebs SoTa
zis sibrZnis etlzeda, Tavsa miT aTinaT-inebs, batoni
sCarxavs sityvasa, avs kargaTqmad aT-inaT-inebs.~
arCil mefis esTetikuri Sexedulebebis analizi
safuZvels gvaZlevs davaskvnaT:
1. arCili qarTul mwerlobaSi realizmis Teoreti-
kosad unda miviCnioT. man qarTul mwerlobaSi aRmosav-
luri poeziis gavleniT damkvidrebul `zRaparT Tqmas~
sastiki omi gamoucxada da mwerlobas amocanad `marT-
lis Tqma~ dausaxa. misi esTetikuri koncefcia isto-
riuli faqtis, namdvilad momxdaris gadmocemasTan er-
Tad Tanadroulobis satkivaris asaxvasac gulisxmobs,
amasTan grZnobadobaze anu `gulis guriaobaze~ maRla
gonebis Zalas ayenebs.
2. arCilis filosofiur-esTetikur naazrevSi ganma-
naTleblobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi niSnebi
moiZieba. sibrZnis, codnis kultis aRiarebiT arCili
racionalizmis filosofiaze dafuZnebul esTetikur
Teorias qmnis da misi drois evropul moazrovneebs
usworebs mxars.
3. erovnuli Tematikisadmi gansakuTrebuli yuradRe-
bis miqceviT, mSobliuri enis siwmindisaTvis brZoliT
171
arCili erovnuli cnobierebis Camoyalibebas uwyobs
xels da qarTul sinamdvileSi erovnul-gamaTavisufle-
beli moZraobis Teoriuli safuZvlis Semqmnelad gvev-
lineba. es SemTxveviTi ar iyo. misi mamis, vaxtang V,
`Sahnavazad~ wodebulis mier gatarebuli erovnuli
politikuri kursi saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-kultu-
rul cxovrebaSi erovnuli TviTSegnebis gamoRviZebis-
ken iyo mimarTuli da am process, cxadia, garkveuli
Teoriuli safuZveli sWirdeboda.
4. arCili iyo poeti, romelic qarTvelT cnobie-
rebaSi mongol-sparsTa Semosevebis Sedegad dangreuli
qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ideis aRorZinebas cdi-
lobda. Tavisi mxatvruli SemoqmedebiT, mwyobrad Camo-
yalibebuli esTetikuri koncefciiT, romlis ZiriTadi
principi qarTuli sinamdvilis asaxvas warmoadgenda,
arCili sulxan-saba orbelianisa da daviT guramiSvi-
lis Rirseul winamorbedad gvevlineba.
$3. esTetikuri azri XVIII saukunis
saqarTveloSi
XVIII saukune saqarTvelos istoriaSi politikuri
TvalsazrisiT kritikuli xanaa, magram raoden paradoq-
sadac ar JRerdes, kulturuli aRmavlobis niSniT mas
`aRorZinebas~ uwodeben.
ivane javaxiSvili aRtacebuli werda XVIII s-Si
qarTuli inteleqtualuri Zalebis marTlacda aRor-
Zinebaze: `swored gasaocari xana iyo es xana! aseTi
dauRalavi da medgari muSaoba, romelsac erTi sazoga-
do mimarTuleba hqonda da farTo da Rrma niadagi
epyra, uflebas gvaZlevs qarTuli mwerlobis am xanas
172
enciklopediuri xana davarqvaT saxelad. TiTqmis yvela
amdroindeli moRvawis azri da goneba am fiqrisken iyo
mimarTuli, rom qarTveli xalxis SemoqmedebiTi niWi
mravali saukunis namuSevari da naWirnaxulevi Seekri-
baT, SeeswavlaT da CamomavlobisTvis damTavrebuli,
yovelmxrivi warmodgena da codna gadaeca. am diadi
saqmis moTave da sulisCamdgmeli giorgi XI da metadre
dauviwyari vaxtangi iyo~.16 rogorc vxedavT, iv. Javaxi-
Svili gansakuTrebiT aRniSnavs vaxtang VI-is Rvawls,
riTac igi iseTi SemoqmedebiTi-aRmSeneblobiTi atmos-
feros Seqmnas axerxebs XVIII s-is I naxevris saqarTve-
loSi, romelic iSviaTia msgavs viTarebaSi.
1. vaxtang VI-is poeturi msoflaRqmis
esTetikuri aspeqti
vaxtang VI-is kulturul-saganmanaTleblo moRvaweo-
bis Tavisebureba iyo ara mxolod piradi mravalmxrivi
SemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba, aramed im drois erovnuli
Zalebis inteleqtualuri da sulieri potencialis
mobilizeba erovnuli cnobierebis Camosayalibeblad.
swavlul mefes kargad esmoda, rom eris sasicocxlo
Zalebis aRdgena istoriuli memkvidreobisadmi intere-
sis gaZlierebiT unda daewyoT. am mizniT man samefo
karze Semoikriba Tavisi drois swavlulebi saeklesio
da saero wreebidan da maT winaSe saSuri da saSvi-
liSvilo amocana daayena: JamTa svlisgan waryvnili
saistorio qronikebi daemuSavebinaT, SeejerebinaT da
Rrmad mecnieruli Ziebis Sedegad saqarTvelos isto-
riis erTi mTliani da sarwmuno matiane SeeqmnaT. `swav-
lul kacTa~ komisias leonti mroveliseuli `qarTlis
cxovrebis~ redaqtirebasTan erTad damatebiT unda dae-
wera XIV-XVIII ss-is saqarTvelos istoria. am komisiis
muSaobas vaxtangTan erTad saTaveSi Rrmad ganswav-
173
luli beri egnataSvili edga. vaxtang mefis uSualo
xelmZRvanelobiT ar marto akademiur doneze damuSavda
Zveli `qarTlis cxovreba~, aramed Seiqmna axali `qarT-
lis cxovreba~ XIV-XVIII ss-isa. aRsaniSnavia, rom vax-
tangis saredaqcio muSaoba garkveuli mizandasaxulo-
biT mimdinareobda. igi gulisxmobda eris srulad
warmoCenas, movlenaTa analizis safuZvelze mizez-
Sedegobrivi aspeqtebis gamokveTiT erovnuli Rirsebis
grZnobis damkvidrebas qarTvel xalxSi.
vaxtang VI Tavis poetur memkvidreobaSi iseT Temebs
exeba, romlebic misi msoflmxedvelobrivi mizandasaxu-
lobisa da esTetikuri mrwamsis maRali moqalaqeobrivi
pasuxismgeblobiT gadmocemis saSualebas iZleva. misi
poeturi samyaro erTdroulad gamoxatavs rogorc av-
toris subieqtur gancdebs, aseve qveynis mZime mdgo-
mareobas. vaxtang VI_is poezias `melanqoliur lirikas~
uwodeben im sevdisa da wuxilis gamo, romelsac poeti
gamoxatavs mSobliuri qveynis bedukuRmarTobis gamo. k.
kekeliZis daxasiaTebiT, `vaxtangis lirika gamomxatve-
lia ara marto misi ukuRmarTi bedisa, romelic mas xan
sparseTSi gadaagdebda da xan ruseTSi, aramed misi
qveynisac~.17
mefe-poetis SemoqmedebiTi interesis sferoSi erTma-
neTis gverdiT Tavsdeba istoriebi, religiur-esTeti-
kuri da didaqtikuri motivebi, did yuradRebas aqcevs
leqsis garegnul, formalur mxares, magram amasTan
Rrma ideur-Sinaarsobrivi datvirTviT gamoirCeva misi
saukeTeso leqsebi. sailustraciod movitanoT majamur
formaTa da ideuri gaazrebiT erT-erTi saukeTeso
leqsi `rani da movakani~, romelSic vaxtang VI yoveli
striqonis Sinagani JReradobiTa da formis daxvewilo-
biT iseT poetur ostatobas aRwevs, rom mkiTxvelis
warmosaxvaSi mTeli sigrZe-siganiT ixateba wuTisoflis
174
mRvrie talRebSi aTamaSebuli mefe-poetis xifaTiT
savse cxovreba. am leqss akad. al. baramiZe `gedis
simReras~ uwodebs. igi astraxanSi sikvdilis win daiwe-
ra: `rani da movakani, da, saxli da, kari, bani da, gaTav-
da yoveli werili, ani, bani da, gani da... viare yovli
qveyana, sigrZe da sivrce, gani, da. vera vpove ra mis
meti, davyare Zma da dani da... xorcsa mravali davakle,
suls mivec iqi, rjani, da, vai-vaÁ, msajes ubralod, ar
momces me ajani, da!~18
adamianis amqveyniuri daniSnulebis filosofiuri
azri aRmosavleT-dasavleTis kulturul saazrovno
sivrceSi renesansis droidan gansakuTrebiT dominan-
turi gaxda. es zogadsakacobrio idea wiTel zolad
gasdevs `vefxistyaosans~, `bneli wlebis~ Semdeg kvlav
gacocxlda aRorZinebis epoqaSi, kerZod, arCil II
bagrationis esTetikur naazrevSi. vaxtang VI-m gaagr-
Zela Tavisi winaprebis tradiciuli xazi, amasTan iseTi
mxatvrul-poeturi forma mouZebna am filosofiur
azrs, rom Semdgom man ara marto qarTvel romantiko-
sebTan, aramed ilia WavWavaZesTanac Zireuli cvlileba
ver ganicada. SedarebisTvis: baraTaSvili _ `arc kaci
varga, rom cocxali mkvdarsa emsgavsos, iyos sofelSi
da soflisTvis ara izrunvos~. ilia _ `kacad maSin xar
saqebi, Tu es wesi wesad darge, yovel dResa Sens Tavs
hkiTxo, aba, dRes me vis ra varge!~. am SemTxvevaSi, ara-
marto ideuri naTesaoba da problemis erTgvar sibrt-
yeSi ganxilva gvaqvs, aramed mxatvruli warmosaxvis
fsiqogenuri erTianoba, Sinagani tonusiT, ritmiT,
melodikiT, sityvaTa xmarebiT.
simbolur-alegoriuli gamoxatva mxatvruli azrov-
nebis damaxasiaTebelia misi arsebobis yvela safexurze,
mxolod gansxvavebuli intensivobiT. arc Zveli qarTu-
li mxatvruli esTetikuri azrovnebisTvis iyo ucxo
175
simbolur-alegoriuli `saxismetyveleba~, rogorc sam-
yarosa da mis calkeul saganTa Tu movlenaTa gaazre-
bis forma.
Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi simbolur-alegoriuli ga-
momxatvelobiT formaTa mTeli sistema iyo warmodge-
nili. simbolur-alegoriuli gziT gaiazreboda lite-
raturuli nawarmoebis Sinaarsi, saganTa da movlenaTa
mniSvnelobani, adamianTa urTierTobani, miwieri da
zeciuri samyaros erTianoba, TviT RmerTis cneba. Aami-
saTvis gamoiyeneboda igavuri alegorizmi, `SefarviT~
gamoxatva, adamiani – RvTaebis amqveyniuri simbolo,
satrfos simbolizireba (satrfo – qriste, satrfo –
samSoblo) da sxv. amgvari `totaluri simbolizmi~ az-
rovnebas esTetikuri damokidebulebisaken warmarTavda,
ramdenadac `simboluroba zeSTaarsis mSvenierebas
cxadyofda~.19
simbolur-alegoriuli gamoxatvis formebisa da me-
Todebis Teoriul principebs qarTuli mxatvruli az-
rovneba egzegetikuri Txzulebebidan ecnoboda. davasa-
xelebT ramdenime maTgans: literaturuli nawarmoebis
simbolur gaazrebas Seicavda Zveli da axal aRTqmaTa
wignTa `Targmanebi~, kerZod, `qebaTa-qebaTaisa~, `fsal-
munTa~, `igavTa~. adamianis sxeulisa da sulieri bune-
bis alegoriul gaazrebas ecnobodnen grigol noselis
naSromiT `sulis agebulebisaTvis~, nemesio emeselis
`bunebisTvis kacisa~, angelozTa simbolur warmodgenas
eZRvneba areopagitikis specialuri Tavi wignSi `zecaTa
mRvdelT-mTavrobisaTvis~ (Tavi ie). RvTaebis simbolur
gaazrebas vxvdebiT qarTuli neoplatonizmis cnobili
warmomadgenlebis efrem mcirisa da ioane petriwis
SromebSi.
amjerad, yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT ramdenime moment-
ze, romlebic aRorZinebis xanis qarTul literatu-
176
rul-esTetikur naazrevSi nawarmoebis iduri Sinaarsisa
da siyvarulis simbolur-alegoriuli gamomxatvelobis
sakiTxebs exeba. am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovan masalas
vaxtang VI-is SemoqmedebaSi vawydebiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom
vaxtang VI iyo pirveli, vinc specialuri Teoriuli
traqtati uZRvna am sakiTxs. vgulisxmobT mefe-poetis
komentarebs, romlebic 1712 w. stamburi wesiT gamoce-
mul `vefxistyaosans~ daurTo saTauriT: `Targmani
pirvel wignisa mis `vefxistyaosnisa~.
vaxtang mefem Tavisi komentarebiT SeZlebisdagvarad
axsna poemis ideuri Sinaarsi, gaarkvia teqstis
bundovani adgilebi, gaaSuqa istoriul-literaturuli
sakiTxebi. amiT man Seqmna pirveli, Rrmad mecnieruli
monografia rusTavelis poemis Sesaxeb. mefe-mecnieri,
rogorc misi sityvebidan Cans, kargad icnobda poemis
komentarebs, redaqciebs, magram eWvi Sehqonda maT
WeSmaritebaSi da amitomac moiwadina poemis ideuri
arsi axleburad gaeazrebina. vaxtang VI samarTlianad
iTvleba rusTvelologiis, rogorc mecnierebis, fuZem-
deblad. poemis originalobis damtkicebisa da rusTave-
lis msoflmxedvelobis qristianul-sarwmunoebrivi
aRmsareblobis mixedviT axsnasTan erTad vaxtang VI-is
komentarebi esTetikuri analizis im meTodologiur
principebsac gadmogvcems, romlebic literaturuli
Zeglis esTetikur Rirebulebas warmoaCenda. am Tval-
sazrisiTac, vaxtang mefis `Targmani~ XVIII s-is qarTul
literaturul-Teoriuli da esTetikuri naazrevis
SesaniSnav nimuSad unda CaiTvalos.
mTavari, rac aRelvebda XVIII s-is qarTul sazoga-
doebas, es poemis originalobis sakiTxi iyo. vaxtangis
udidesi damsaxureba swored isaa, rom man pirvelma
mtkiced aRiara `vefxistyaosnis~ fabula-ambis qarTuli
warmomavloba: `sparsSid es ambavi arsad ar ipoveba,
177
ambavic TviTon gaakeTa da leqsadac~. vaxtangma es
avtoritetuli gancxadeba Rrma mecnieruli dakvirvebi-
sa da Ziebis Sedegad gaakeTa. igi kargad icnobda
sparsul literaturas, amasTan, SesaZlebloba hqonda
(10 weli qirmanSi gaatara) eZebna sparsuli dedani,
magram ver ipova. amitomac dabejiTebiT acxadebda, rom
poemis ambavi – fabula rusTavelis `mogonili zRapa-
ria~.
pirveli amocana – daemtkicebina poemis orginaloba
– vaxtang mefem brwyinvaled Seasrula, radgan isto-
riulma drom daadastura misi varaudi.
meore da yvelaze mTavari amocana, rac vaxtang
mefes awuxebda, es poemis ideuri Sinaarsis mimarT waye-
nebuli im braldebis moxsna iyo, rac klasikuri qar-
Tuli mwerlobis daqveiTebis droidan XVII-is CaTvliT
mosdevda rusTavelis poemas. saqme isaa, rom reaqciuli
Zalebi `vefxistyaosnis~ renesansul ideebs mwvaleblu-
rad acxadebdnen da poemas antiqristianul, sameZao wig-
nad Tvlidnen. gavixsenoT, timoTe gabaSvilisa da TviT
friad ganaTlebuli anton pirvelis gamonaTqvamebi
poemis Sesaxeb, rom rusTavelis `vefxistyaosani~ ryvnis
adamianis suls, rom poeti niWieria, magram amaod
daSvra da `sawux ars ese~.20 vaxtang mefe poeturad
gamoxatavs `avad mCxrekelTagan~ poemis Seryvnis ambavs:
`rusTvelsa ena-Saqarsa uqnia risme mkobani, sitkbo,
sibrZne da igavni, col-qmarTa aSikobani, bevrad saCx-
reki, ver mixvden, mibaZes cudi xmobani, saRmTo werili
sacruod Tqves da dagvigdes gmobani~.
mefe-poeti Tvlis, rom nebismier mxatvrul nawar-
moebSi xelovanis sulieri da zneobrivi simaRleebia
realizebuli. amasTan zneobrioba Semoqmedis inteleq-
tualur SesaZleblobebs efuZneba. am azriT, igi darw-
munebulia, rom `eseviTari mecnieri kaci (rusTavels
178
gulisxmobs – avt.) arca daSvreboda warsawymedad~, Tu
vinme poemaSi ver xedavs saRvTo azrs, es umecrebis
braliao: `ucodinrobiTa da soflis nivTTa SemsWval-
viTa ritorisa da brZeni mecnieris~ wigns sameZaod
ganmartaveno. vaxtang mefe irwmuneba, vaCveneb, rom poema
`sibrZnisa da keTilisa dargia~... `rusTavelis wigni
sul saswavlebeli aris~ - amdenad, askvnis vaxtang VI,
rusTaveli, didaqtikos-moralistad unda CaiTvalos da
ara eklesiisgan SesaCveneblad.
vaxtang VI-is Rrma rwmeniT, rusTaveli orTodoqsu-
li qristiani iyo. mefe-poetma poemis mimarT antiqris-
tianobis braldebis gasabaTileblad ori safuZveli
monaxa: `vefxistyaosnis~ aRiareba erTdoulad saero da
saRvTo nawarmoebad da simbolur-alegorizmis gziT
poemis gmirTa siyvarulis saRvTo mijnurobad gamocxa-
deba. `Targmanis~ mixedviT, vaxtangis Tvalsazrisi ase
SeiZleba SevajamoT: rusTavelis poema saerocaa da
saRvToc. saeroa Tavisi `ambiT~, azriT ki – saRvToa. sa-
ero xasiaTis `soflis zRapriT~ alegoriulad gadmogv-
ca maRalzneobrivi moZRvreba. poema RvTisadmi mijnuro-
bas eZRvneba da ara miwier siyvaruls. saero ambavi ki
poetma imitom aiRo, rom `naxa, saRmrTo wigns aravin
kiTxulobda, soflis zRapars ufro waikiTxavden~, e.i.
vaxtangis azriT, rusTavelma angariSi gauwia Tavisi
drois qarTveli mkiTxvelis literaturul-esTetikur
gemovnebasa da moTxovnilebas. vfiqrobT, am SemTxvevaSi
vaxtang mefe Tavisi drois literaturul moTxovnile-
bebs ufro gulisxmobs, vidre XII s-isa. saero wignze
rom meti moTxovnileba iyo XVII-XVIII ss-Si, vidre sasu-
lieroze, amas Teimuraz I da arCil II-c aRiarebdnen:
`arvis unda saxareba, arc wigni mociqulTa~ (Teimuraz
I).
179
rogorc aRvniSneT, vaxtangi rusTavelis poemis
ideur Sinaarss `orplanianad~ miiCnevs. Sua saukuneebis
dasavlur-aRmosavluri literatura kargad icnobs
`orplanian~ Txzulebas. aseTi ideuri struqturis iyo
dante aligieris, evropuli renesansis pirveli poetis,
`RvTaebrivi komedia~ da `axali cxovreba~, sparsi poe-
tis omar xaiamis sufisturi, religiur-mistikuri sim-
bolikiT datvirTuli robaiebi. cxadia, am avtorTa
nawarmoebebis `orplanianobas~ Tanamedrove mkiTxveli
aRiarebs da ara maTi Tanamedroveni, radgan genioss
mxolod istoria aRmoaCens da ara Tanamedroveoba.
yovelive zemoTqmuli kargadaa cnobili, amitom ar
gaWirdeba daskvnis gakeTeba imis Taobaze, rom didad
ganaTlebuli vaxtang mefe rusTavelis poemis redaqti-
rebisas Rrmad gaicnobda aRmosavlur-dasavluri reli-
giur-msoflmxedvelobrivi da kulturuli urTierTobe-
bis im wyaroebs, riTac gamdidrebulia qarTuli neop-
latonizmi da rusTavelis filosofiuri naazrevi. vax-
tang mefe Tavisi msoflmxedvelobiT axlos idga da
savsebiT iziarebda qarTuli neoplatonizmis amosaval
princips – imqveyniuri da amqveyniuri Rirebulebebis
erTianobasa da mis pirvel sawyisad RvTaebriobis
gamocxadebas. amas misi poeturi memkvidreobac mowmobs.
amrigad, mefe-mkvlevars sruliad sarwmunod unda mieC-
nia `vefxistyaosnis~ `orplanianoba~ anu misi ideuri
Sinaarsis saero da saRvTo xasiaTi.
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom marTebulia qarTvel mec-
nierTa azri21 imis Sesaxeb, rom vaxtang VI-is rusTvelu-
ri siyvarulis saRvTo mijnurobad gamocxadeba mxo-
lod poemis dacvis mizniT ar SeiZleba aixsnas; rom igi
ufro metad mefe-poetis msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsisa
da poeturi TvalTaxedvis Sedegi unda iyos. amas
mowmobs vaxtang VI-is satrfialo leqsebSi satrfos
180
saxisa da siyvarulis grZnobis iseTi simbolur-misti-
kuri gaazreba, romlis msgavsi manamde qarTulma li-
rikulma poeziam ar icis. vaxtang mefem erT-erTma pir-
velma Semoitana qarTul poeziaSi amqveyniur movlenaTa
metafizikuri gaazrebisaTvis iseTi simboloebi, romle-
bic saidumlos faraven, raTa `am dafarviT saCinoyos
da idumalyofiT gamoavlinos igi~. am TvalsazrisiT,
mdidar masalas iZleva vaxtang mefis samijnuro leqsTa
krebuli `satrfialoni~, romlis dasawyisSive poeti
mkiTxvelisagan gulisxmierebas da dakvirvebas iTxovs,
raTa gaerkves `Tu visdame trfialebs mefe~. am gafrT-
xilebaSi miniSnebaa imaze, rom trfobis sagani iduma-
lia da ar warmoadgens konkretul, realur arsebas.
oTxstriqonian, mokle leqsebSi TandaTan ikveTeba
RvTaebrivi satrfos irealuri saxe. poeti umReris ara
amqveyniur, adamianur, bunebriv siyvaruls, aramed RvTa-
ebrivs, mistikurs.
aRsaniSnavia kidev erTi simboluri saxe vaxtangis
satrfialo lirikaSi. esaa satrfo-samSoblo, romli-
sadmi trfoba poetis guls sevdiTa da mwuxarebiT
avsebs, radgan moRalate da qveynis gamyidvelTa xelSi
Cavardnili satrfo-samSoblo Sercxveneli da daCoqi-
lia, TviT poeti ki Sors aris da veras Svelis mijnurs
(Sdr. akaki wereTlis `aRmarT-aRmarT~). poeti `farva-
nebr iwvis bulbulebr ekalT Sina~ magram satrfo
poetis mxurvale grZnobas ar pasuxobs. guldaTuTquli
poeti mwared moTqvams. `keklucT zeda xar xelmwife,
trfialiT cecxls udeb malamoT, madiT nasrolma
isarma, guli gamipo mal amiT~. es striqonebi rom rea-
lur qals – satrfos _ ar eZRvneba, Semdgomi stri-
qonebiT dasturdeba: iranSi tyved myofi mefe-poeti
mSvenieri qalis silamazes Soreuli qarTlis Tvalis-
momWrel bunebas ukavSirebs, igonebs didgorze nadiro-
181
bas, lilos tbaze weroobas, `ra sjobs maisSi tfilis-
sa. vardi varskvlaveb esxasa!~ – mwared amoikvnesebs
mefe-poeti. `satrfialonis~ leqsebi tanjviT savse
gabmuli moTqmaa damonebuli samSoblos bedze. satrfo-
samSoblos poeturi xatis SeqmniT vaxtang mefe qarTve-
li romantikosebisa da ak. wereTlis winaprad gvevli-
neba.
vaxtang VI qarTuli mxatvruli sityvis didi osta-
tia. originaluri mxatvruli formebiT, Rrmad gaazre-
buli saxeebiT, leqsis riTmuli tkbilxmovanebiT, me-
lodiurobiTa da mdidari leqsikiT SesamCnev gavlenas
axdens ara marto Tanamedrove, mis samefo karTan
daaxloebul poetebze, aramed Semdgom saukuneebSic. Tu
amas davumatebT mis RrmadSinaarsian kulturul moR-
vaweobas da bolos Teoriul-esTetikur ganazrebasac,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom vaxtangma kulturul-
SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis mTeli skola Seqmna XVIII s-
is I naxevris saqarTveloSi.
2. mamuka baraTaSvilis esTetikuri Sexedulebebi
mamuka baraTaSvili (XVIII s.) vaxtang VI-is litera-
turuli skolis warmomadgenelia, romelic Tavis Se-
moqmedebaSi axali sazomebisa da sasimRero-saleqso
`xmebis~ SerCevisas wyarod xalxur Semoqmedebas iyeneb-
da, riTac gadaaxalisa qarTuli leqsis strofika,
ritmika da sariTmo sistema. niSandoblivia, rom m. bara-
TaSvilis SemoqmedebiTi Zala saleqso formis mxatv-
rul RirebulebaSi ufro vlindeba, vidre Sinaarsobriv
siaxleSi.
vaxtang VI-sTan erTad ruseTs gadaxvewili poeti
uimedo, sevdiani ganwyobilebiT gamoxatavs emigrantis
sulier mdgomareobas. masTan erTad gadaxvewil Tana-
memamuleTa umoqmedoba, rusTa samefo karis cru dapi-
182
rebebi poets TandaTan ukargavda samSobloSi dabrune-
bis imeds, amitomac ismis mis leqsebSi sawyalobeli
Civili: `SegewyalodesT yovelTa, mwiri mwirobdes
rebulad~ (`grCobledi~), an `viT ganvimarTlo, ucadman
ra icis CemTvis Wirebad? numca vis mogvvdes Cemebriv,
guli mkvnes _ aRmomtirebad~.22 `mwirobam sxvaTa Temisa
da uqmad gdebam~ poets `sawuTo ese muxTali, yovelTa
mteri~ daanaxa. `bevri hyavs Cemebr mduravio~, - ambobs
wuTisofelze da wyevlis `cru da Wrel sawuTos~
(`mokle Sewyobili~).
amrigad, `soflis samduravis~ Tema, romelic erT-
erTi ZiriTadia aRorZinebis xanis poetTa Semoqmede-
baSi, grZeldeba m. baraTaSvilTanac. aseve memkvid-
reobiT xazs agrZelebs igi satrfialo JanrSic, Tumca
vaxtang VI-is literaturuli skolis aRzrdili poeti
emijneba Tavis maswavlebels imiT, rom vaxtangiseuli
simbolur-mistikuri saxis nacvlad trfobis sagnad
realur, miwier arsebas irCevs da iseTi brwyinvale
epiTetebiT amkobs satrfos xorciel silamazes, rom
mkiTxvelis warmodgenaSi odnavadac ar iCrdileba qa-
lis sulieri sispetake da zneobrivi sifaqize. k. Kkeke-
liZis TqmiT, m. baraTaSvilma `qarTuli satrfialo
poezia zeciuri samyarodan amqveynad Camoiyvana da
daamkvidra~.23 swored am niSniT m. baraTaSvili XVIII s-
is II naxevris satrfialo lirikis brwyinvale warmo-
madgenlis besikis winamorbedad SeiZleba miviCnioT. miT
ufro, rom mamukas satrfialo leqsebis mxatvrul-ga-
momsaxvelobiTi ferebisa da riTmuli JReradobis gav-
lena besikis poetur enaze aSkarad SesamCevia. Ddavi-
mowmoT mamukas erT-erTi saukeTeso leqsi `vixile Seni
Sveneba~: `vixile Seni Sveneba – saxesa vetrfialebi...
sulo, alvad aRzrdili lerwami – wvlils tansa
vetrfialebi. Savni, mSvildurad moxrilni, - warbebsa
183
vetrfialebi... sulo, mWvretT gulsa damasobelsa –
wamwamTa vetrfialebi~.24
rogorc vxedavT, mamukas satrfialo leqsebi Tavi-
seburia swored mxatvruli gamosaxvis axali formiTa
da leqsis musikaluri JReradobiT.
m. baraTaSvils gansakuTrebuli damsaxureba qarTu-
li Teoriul-esTetikuri azris ganviTarebaSi miuZRvis.
man qarTul saazrovno sivrceSi pirvelma Seqmna norma-
tiuli poetikis saxelmZRvanelo – Teoriuli traqtati
saxelwodebiT `WaSniki~ anu `swavla leqsTa Tqmisa~. es
Txzuleba uSualod vaxtang VI-is davalebiT Sesrulda
moskovSi 1731 w. wigni Tamamad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
pirvel Teoriul gaazrebad qarTuli esTetikuri azris
istoriaSi, radgan misi ZiriTadi nawili xelovnebis,
kerZod, poeziis arsisa da daniSnulebis zogades-
Tetikur sakiTxebs arkvevs, meore nawilSi ki Tavmoyri-
lia qarTuli leqsTwyobis mxolod nimuSebi.
`WaSnikis~ avtori xelovnebis, kerZod, poeziis Sesa-
xeb saubars garkveuli mizniT iwyebs – gamokveTos
xelovnebis daniSnuleba, adamianisaTvis saWiroeba. misi
yvela Segoneba poeziis didaqtikur-aRmzrdelobiTi
rolis xazgasmas emsaxureba.
m. baraTaSvili Tvlis, rom poezia seriozuli saqmea,
romelic adamians ukvdavebisTvis sWirdeba: `leqsi erTi
ram aris am soflis saqmeSi. amisaTvis am soflis saqmis
cda kacisTvis yovelive amazed aris – sikvdils ukan
moigonebdes~. rodis iqneba poetis saxeli ukvdavyo-
fili? mamukas azriT, mxolod maSin, Tu `sityvis
simarjviTa da codnis ZaliT, sulieris codniTa da
samxedro codniT~ Seqmnis Tavis nawarmoebs. mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi `mTqmeli moigoneba da msmeni iswavlis~.
mwerlobas aRmzrdelobiTi daniSnuleba aqvs, Tvlis
m. baraTaSvili, amitom sifrTxilea saWiro saTqmelis
184
SesarCevad. poetma mxolod `kargi~ unda Tqvas, radgan
Tu `avzeda Tqva, urigod Tqva, qebisa da mogonebis
nacvlad saZraxavi da sagmobeli iqneba~... `kacma avi
ambavi ar galeqsos... radgan avis mTqmeli~ poeti codvas
Cadis, msmenelis zneobas ryvnis, `avs aswavlis~. amri-
gad, m. baraTaSvilis mtkicebiT, mwerlobas adamianis
zneobrivi aRzrda evaleba. mamuka, rogorc normatikosi,
afrTxilebs mwignobrebs, rom `es swavla~ imitom
davwere, `leqsi urigo aravis mouvides~.25
`WaSnikis~ avtoris azriT, xelovnebis asaxvisa da
gamoxatvis sagani sazogadoebrivad Rirebuli da mniSv-
nelovani unda iyos, radgan xelovneba sazogadoebis
ideologiuri aRzrdis qmediTi iaraRia. igi rjulis,
mefisa da qveynis interesebs emsaxureba. amitom qarTu-
li poeziis sagani erovnuli Sinaarsisa unda iyos da
misi daniSnuleba – saqveyno-patriotuli. mamuka baraTa-
Svilis Tanaxmad, mwerlobam ideurad unda aRzardos
sazogadoeba, Seayvaros samSoblo, gauRvivos gmiruli
suli mtris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad.
misive azriT, poeturi sityvis wyaro cocxali,
xalxuri metyvelebaa, romelsac folklorSi xedavs.
mas umarTebulod miaCnia qarTul leqsSi rusTveluri
Sairisa da CaxruxaZiseuli metris batonoba da
cdilobs xalxuri sasimRero-saleqso `xmebi~
Semoitanos, amiT axali sicocxle misces qarTul
poetur xelovnebas. es kargad Cans mis leqsebSi:
Svidtaepiani, Teqvsmetmarcvlovani leqsi `mdenari~
xalxuri leqsis `patara qalo Tinaos~ kvalobazea
SeTxzuli: `Cem sayvareli vinao, miwyiv midgexar winao,
gonebiT, Semkra survilma, arodes momelxinao~.
dasasrul aRvniSnavT, rom aRorZinebis periodis
qarTuli esTetikuri saazrovno sivrce arc ise mdida-
ria Teoriuli TxzulebebiT. miuxedavad amisa, am drois
185
poeturi azris arsenalidan esTetikur problematikaze
sistemuri saxis mecnierul SexedulebaTa magistralu-
ri xazis gamokveTa SesaZlebelia. mamuka baraTaSvilis
Rvawli ki am SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebulia imiT, rom
man zogadesTetikuri problematika Teoriuli msjelo-
bis sagnad aqcia specialur traqtatSi da amiT Rir-
seuli adgili daimkvidra qarTuli esTetikuri azris
istoriaSi.
3. daviT guramiSvilis msoflmxedvelobis
esTetikuri aspeqtebi
daviT guramiSvili qarTuli filosofiuri da
mxatvruli azrovnebis saukeTeso tradiciebis gamgrZe-
lebelia; igi amave dros aSkarad exmianeba Tavisi
drois (XVIII s.) evropul progresul saazrovno
kulturas. mis SemoqmedebaSi erTdrouladaa
gaerTianebuli ganmanaTleblobis racionalizmi da
danteseuli `humanuri misticizmi~, mkacri realizmi da
cxovrebiseuli movlenebis uaRresad zneobrivi,
qristianuli xedva.
daviT guramiSvilis Semoqmedeba ara marto XVIII s.
saqarTvelos cocxali matianea, aramed, agreTve, Cvens
Tanamedroveobas Sexmianebuli da amdenad sadReisod
aqtualuri filosofiur-zneobrivi traqtati, romelSic
eris zneobrivi saxis damxvewi da amamaRlebeli
kodeqsia Camoyalibebuli.
ilia WavWavaZem daviT guramiSvili qarTul mwerlo-
baSi `evropeizmis~ Semomtanad miiCnia. misi TqmiT, daviT
guramiSvilma qarTuli poezia gawminda `maRalferado-
vani enawylianobisagan~, `RvarWnilobisagan~, sazoga-
dod, mwignobrul-xelovnurobisa da pirobiTobisagan.26
magram iliam guramiSvilis `evropeizmi~ mxolod mxatv-
ruli formis daxvewaze rodi daiyvana: man am cnebaSi
186
farTo saazrovno sivrce igulisxma, romelic daviT
guramiSvilma Semoitana qarTul mxatvrul azrovnebaSi
da romelSic sazogadoebrivi da kulturuli movlene-
bis aRmosavlurobisagan gansxvavebuli, gonis primatiT
aRbeWdili, humanisturi da mowinave, evropuli TvalTa-
xedviT gaSuqeba igulisxma.
daviT guramiSvilis mxatvrul memkvidreobaSi, rome-
lic `daviTianis~27 saxeliTaa cnobili, pirovnuli da
sazogado ise gauTiSvelad erwymis erTmaneTs, rom
msgavsi aramcTu qarTulma, aramed evropulma litera-
turamac iSviaTad icis. xolo misi ZiriTadi istoriu-
li xasiaTis poema `qarTlis Wiri~ dawerilia garkveu-
li istoriul-filosofiuri koncefciiT. misi Sexedu-
lebiT, qveynis saxelmwifoebriobis aSenebas duRabiviT
sWirdeba sazogadoebis zneobrivi siwminde, rac Tavis-
Tavad rodi miiRweva. daviT guramiSvili am umaRlesi
miznis ganxorcielebisaTvis or gzas irCevs: erTi –
sazogadoebis kulturuli ganviTarebis, swavla-ganaT-
lebis popularizaciis, rac erovnuli da pirovnuli
cnobierebis Camoyalibebis saSualebaa da, meore –
qristianuli sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebis, rac sazoga-
doebas umaRlesi zneobrivi Rirebulebebisaken warmar-
Tavs. daviT guramiSvilis mxatvruli Semoqmedebis Tavi-
seburebas misi msoflmxedvelobrivi kredo da `marT-
lis Tqmis~ esTetikuri koncefcia gansazRvravs; poeti
obieqturad da Rrmad aanalizebs Tavisi qveynis socia-
lur-politikursa da sazogadoebis zneobriv-sarwmu-
noebriv mdgomareobas da mis analizs arCil mefis mier
dakvalianebuli `marTlis Tqmis~ principebis erTgule-
biT iZleva. amisaTvis ki SesaniSnavi mxatvruli gamosax-
vis formisTvis miugnia: avtobiografiuli faqtebisa da
subieqturi msoflgancdis prizmaSi atarebs Tavisi
qveynis kulturul-istoriuli viTarebis suraTs. amito-
187
mac es suraTi SiSveli istoriuli faqtebiT rodia Sev-
sebuli, aramed pirdapiri, grZnobadi uSualobiT aqvs
gadmocemuli: `metad mwared guli mtkiva, maJrJolebs
da tanSi mzaravs~. poetma kargad icis, rom `mZraxvels
Zraxva ki Tavad mouxdebis, magram farva siavisa qveyanas
ar mouxdebis~ da am poziciidan mzis sinaTleze
gamoaqvs imdroindeli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mTeli
siave. igi ar indobs eriskacsa Tu samRvdelo pirs,
mkacrad akritikebs TviT mefis – vaxtang VI-is –
ugergilo politikas, arc kuTxuri kinklaoba da
erTmaneTis mtroba, feodaluri usamarTloba, Tavadaz-
nauruli sazogadoebis zneobrivi dacemuloba gamohpar-
via mis kalams. poeti adamianTa modgmis udides codvad
miiCnevs Surs, mtrobas da qveynis ganadgurebis mizezad
swored amas asaxelebs: `borotisagan keTili SuriT ver
ganarCieso~. meoregan ki dananebiT askvnis: `rac mogax-
sene, mogvgvara Cven erTmaneTis brZolama, qarTli osma-
lom daipyro, kaxeTi lekTa molama~.
daviT guramiSvilis amgvar analizs axlac ar
daukargavs Tavisi mniSvneloba, radgan sazogadoebriv
ZalTa dapirispireba dResac saqarTvelos mdgomareo-
baze damRupvelad moqmedebs.
daviT guramiSvili sazogadoebrivi gardaqmnis
ganmanaTleblur gzas irCevs iseve, rogorc misi wina-
morbedebi – arCili da sulxan-saba. swavla-ganaTleba
miaCnia zneobis amaRlebis erT-erT mZlavr saSualebad,
radgan swavla-ganaTleba adamians profesias aZlevs,
sazogadoebis socialur struqturaSi adgils miuCens,
movaleobis grZnobas uviTarebs, erTi sityviT, moqala-
qed aqcevs. amitom mouwodebs TanamedroveT: `ismine,
swavlis mZebnelo, moyev daviTis mcnebasa, jer mware
Wame, kvlav tkbili, Tu eZeb gemovnebasa~. zneobriobaa
gamocxadebuli mtkice safuZvlad iseTi maRali grZno-
188
bebisaTvis, rogoricaa qal-vaJis siyvaruli. daviT gura-
miSvili aidealebs qal-vaJis mtkice, ojaxur, meuRleob-
riv urTierTobas. misi azriT, zneobrivi siyvaruli
sulieri siaxlovisgan warmoiSoba da ara xorcieli
ndomisgan. TviT buneba ewinaaRmdegeba fizikur, xor-
ciel ltolvas, Tu mas suliereba ar amagrebs. amitom
pirvelive Jinmoreul ndomas qal-vaJs Soris `qacvia
mwyemsSi~ bunebis yvela arseba: sulieri Tu usulo,
SaSvi, Cxikvi, ekali, qacvi, xis mWreli kaci – win
aRudgeba da xels uSlis. `qacvia mwyemsis~ finali gu-
ramiSvilis msoflmxedvelobis arsebiT niSans warmoa-
Cens. poeti sazogadoebis dabal socialur fenebSi
aRmoaCens im zneobriv simaRles, rac Tavadaznaurul
aristokratizms aklia. man am poemiT pastoraluri
nakadi Semoitana qarTul mwerlobaSi, brwyinvale fere-
biT daxata sofluri buneba, STamagoneblad umRera Ta-
vis xalxs – glexobas, agviwera misi bunebrivi mgrZno-
beloba, simpaTiurad dagvixata mdabio xalxis yofa,
Cvevebi da aCvena misi maRali zneobrivi suliereba.
`qacvia mwyemsi~ bukolikuri Janris nawarmoebia, ro-
melic ase gavrcelebuli iyo renesansisa da, gansakuT-
rebiT, axali drois evropul mxatvrul-literaturul
sferoSi. qarTul mwerlobaSi ki es axali sityvis Tqma
iyo, riTac daviT guramiSvilma saTave daudo demokra-
tiul nakads. daviT guramiSvilis `mxiaruli zafxuli~
sicocxlis himnia, laRi, bunebis aTasferebiT gajere-
buli da ubralo xalxuri leqsikiT mdidari. marTalia,
nawarmoebSi uxvadaa warmodgenili qristianul mora-
listikaze agebuli darigeba-sentenciebi da zogjer
rigoristuli xasiaTis mkacri SeniSvnebi, magram nawar-
moebSi mTlianad dominantobs xalxuri warmodgenebis
mZafri nakadi. nawarmoebis siuJetur RerZs qmnis xal-
xuri warmodgenebi bunebis gaRviZeba-ganaxlebaze, rasac
189
iseTive umwikvlo siyvaruli moaqvs axalgazrdebSi,
rogoric axladgaRviZebuli bunebaa.
Tavisi winamorbedebisgan gansxvavebiT, daviT gurami-
Svilma qarTuli mwerloba aristokratiuli salonebi-
dan (samefo karidan) gamoiyvana da xalxuri nakadi
daamkvidra, amasTan klasikur simaRleze. adamianisa da
bunebis Tanxmieri harmoniulobaa mocemuli `qacvia
mwyemsSi~. bunebis gamococxlebis fonzea gaSlili qal-
vaJis gamijnurebis ambavi. axalgazrda gogonebi mxiaru-
li JiviliT moedebian trial mindors da yvavilebs
krefen. erTi gogona yvavilebma tyeSi Seityues, sadac
mwyemss gadaeyara, jer SeSinda, mere vaJis TavSekavebam
gaaTamama da gaamxiarula. maTi gamijnureba qristianu-
li moralis mkacr CarCoebSi viTardeba. qali Rirsebis
damcvelia da miuxedavad axalgazrduli gznebisa,
fizikuri siaxlovisagan Tavs ikavebs da vaJsac mouwo-
debs, afrTxilebs, rom misTvis ubiwoba sicocxleze
metia: `sjobs guli mokvdes da daimarxos, urigo saqme
ar daiZraxos... gTxov, ar Semarcxvino da Semanaxvino
Tavi dromdisa~. bunebis Zalebi exmareba qal-vaJs cdu-
nebisagan Tavi Sors daiWiron. bolos maTi siyvaruli
mamisa da mRvdlis kurTxeviT mTavrdeba. mTeli am
scenis ganmavlobaSi guramiSvili ara erT moralur,
sentencias aviTarebs mamis SegonebiT. poeti gvamcnobs
Tavis moralur, filosofiursa da sarwmunoebriv Sexe-
dulebebs... mamis darigebas wiTel zolad gasdevs Te-
zisi: ojaxuri siwynare sasicocxlo energiis dacvaao.
al. gvaxaria miuTiTebs aRmosavlur (kavkasiur
garemoSi) mxatvrul literaturaSi msgavsi siuJetis
mqone novelis arsebobaze, romelic nizam ganjelis
`bahar-nameSia~ CarTuli. aqedan gamomdinare, al.
gvaxaria Tvlis, rom ufro bunebrivi iqneboda gurami-
Svilisa da nizam ganjelis poeturi nawarmoebebisaTvis
190
saerTo wyarod aRmosavluri xalxuri folkloruli
siuJetis daSveba. amdenad, SesaZloa aRmosavlur (kavka-
siur garemoSi) xalxur folklorSi arsebuli siuJeti
qal-vaJis gamijnurebis Sesaxeb safuZvlad daedo nizam
ganjelisa da daviT guramiSvilis poetur qmnilebebs.
`bahar-names~ ukanaskneli novela `walkotis mepatro-
ne vaJisa da meCange mxevali qalis asaki~ aseTi siuJeti-
saa: mSvenier Wabuks baRi hqonda qalaqgareT; erT dRes
miadga da daketili daxvda; baRidan Cangisa da qalebis
mxiruli xmebi ismoda. vai-vaglaxiT baRSi Sesul vaJs
guli Seuvardeba erT mxevalze da roca mijnurebi
ganapirebas apireben, oTxjer maT sasiyvarulo alerss
xels uSlis sxvadasxva bunebrivi mizezi – erTxel
fanCaturis saxuravi CamoeqcaT Tavze, meored katam
SeaSina Seyvarebulebi, mesame kvaxebis mTeli acma dae-
caT Tavze, meoTxed gamoqvabulSi meliebma da mgelma
SeaSines. bolos Wabuki mixvda, rom misi vnebis winaaRm-
deg mTeli buneba amxedrda, mixvda Tavis Secdomas da
gadawyvita wesisa da rigis mixedviT SeerTo ymawvili
qali. igive siuJeturi xazi gvaqvs daviT guramiSvilTan.
mwyemsisa da glexis gogos paemans xels uSlis xan
Cxikvi, xan SaSvi, xan qacvi, xan mezoblis kaci waadge-
baT Tavs da maTi paemanic jvrisweris gadawyvetilebiT
mTavrdeba. maSasadame, askvnis al. gvaxaria: `bahar –
names~ meSvide novela siuJeturad axlos dgas d. gura-
miSvilis `mxiaruli zafxulis~ siuJetur xazTan da es
SemTxveviT ar unda iyoso.28
daviT guramiSvili brwyinvaled icnobs biblias da
uSualo wyarod iyenebs mas. es Cans `qacvia mwemsidan~,
sadac leqsadaa gadmoRebuli bibliuri siuJetebi da
poeti perifrazis sizustiT amuSavebs bibiliis calke-
ul adgilebs. magram yuradsaRebia sxva ram, kerZod, is
faqti, rom daviT guramiSvili Tavis poetur saTqmels
191
bibliuri teqstis qveteqstebiT wakiTxvis im principiT
gamoxatavs, romelic jer kidev filon aleqsandrieli-
dan moyolebuli, gavrcelebuli iyo bibliis mTargm-
nelobiT praqtikaSi. swored qveteqstiT wakiTxvis am
princips sTavazobs daviT guramiSvili mkiTxvels, ro-
melsac pirdapir ucxadebs: `scan am leqsTa igavi,
Targmne Tu giyvardeo! qrTilis puris qerqSia Sig
TaTuxi Cavdeo! qerqi gafrcven, ganagde, SigniT guls ki
sWamdeo!~ an `rac sityva giTxar, oria~. amgvarad, daviT
guramiSvili Tavis gancdebsa da fiqrebs or planSi
warmogvisaxavs – erTi xiluli, realuri plani, meore –
dafaruli, uxilavi, romlis gancda Sinagani WvretiTaa
ganpirobebuli. orplanianoba materialursa da sulier
samyaros moicavs: `tans rac ginda uyavi, Tavs nu
Semiryeo~. orplanianoba daviTis mxatvrul saxeebs -
`mzeTa mzes~, `sikvdilisa sikvdiliT damTrgunvels~,
`cxovrebis wyaros~, `sxivs~ da sxv. eikonur xasiaTs
aZlevs xilulisa da miRmuris erTianobiT.
`daviTianSi~ orplanianoba ar unda gavigoT rogorc
ori, urTierTdapirispirebuli msoflxedvis gamoxatva.
piriqiT, `daviTianis~ saero – yofiT da sasuliero
leqsebSi erTiani msoflmxedvelobrivi gadmosaxedidan
gaerTianebulia ori samyaro – amqveyniuri da imqvey-
niuri, moxsnilia dualizmi, dapirispireba zecasa da
miwas Soris (es areopagituli moZRvrebis gavlenaze
migvaniSnebs – avt.); es aris qveynis av-kargze, samSob-
los bedze. adamianis arsze, sikvdil-sicocxlis erTia-
nobaze dafiqrebuli kacis gabmuli locva, galoba,
sityvieri zvaraki uzenaesis mimarT, qristiani kacis
gulmxurvale aRsareba mamazecieris winaSe da amave
dros locva qveynis Sewevnisa da xsnisaTvis.
amqveyniuri cxovrebiT tkbobis survili esoden
Zlier dauflebia daviT guramiSvilis poetur subieqts,
192
rom aSkarad iCrdileba mistikis aRqma mis leqsebSi.
daviT guramiSvilis mimarTeba ayvavebuli, amqveyniuri
mSvenierebisadmi pasiuri Wvreta rodia, romelsac
SeeZlo mistikur gancdebSi gadaeyvana suliT amaRlebu-
li poeti, aramed Zlieri sulis, miwieri mSvenierebiT
tkbobis mosurne, realuri gancdebis mqone poetis
xedvaa. msubuqi, haerovani sulierebiT zeaRtacebuli
poeti Tavis himnebSi RmerTs uerTdeba, mas erwymis,
rogorc uxorco, fSvinieri ram, `qacvia mwyemsSi~ ki
miwieri mSvenierebiT tkbobas eZleva. poetis sicocx-
lismoyvareoba maRali zneobrivi SegnebiTaa pirobade-
buli. swored es Segneba karnaxobs poets mouwodos
adamianebs amqveyniuri bednierebisaken, aqtiuri qmedebi-
saken. es renesansuli msoflmxedvelobrivi xazis gagr-
Zelebaa axal droSi. rusTavelis poetur samyarosTan
xelovnurad Cawyvetili xazis aRdgenas cdilobs daviT
guramiSvili Tavisi Rrma sulierebiTa da natifi
xorcielebiT. RmerTis warmodgena mzis sinaTlis saxiT
Sua saukuneebis mxatvrul-esTetikuri koncefciebis amo-
savali wertilia ara marto qarTul, aramed evropul
literaturaSic. sakmarisia davasaxeloT dante ali-
gieri, romlis mixedviTac mzis sinaTle is wyaroa, ro-
melic angelozebs cis usasrulo sivrceSi moZraobis
Zalas aniWebs. mzis naTlis esTetikuri principi
renesansidan didxans mihyveba mxatvrul azrovnebas
dasavleT-aRmosavleTSi XVIII s.-Sic. amis magaliTia
daviT guramiSvili aRmosavleTSi, goeTe – dasavleTSi.
goeTes azriT, mze qristes saxea: `mzec iseTive
gancxadebaa uzenaesisa da Tanac uZlieresi yvela im
gancxadebaTa Soris, romelic Cven, miwis SvilT, ger-
gebia. me Tayvans vcem masSi RvTaebris sinaTles, ro-
gorc umaRlesi zneobis princips~, - eubneba goeTe
ekermans. goeTe mzis saxiT gamoxatavs meufes `faustSi~.
193
`mze kvlav aaJRerebs Zvelebur hangze, Zmur sferoebSi
jadosnur Cangsa, misi Wvreba sZenT angelosT Zalas,
veravin Caswvdes Tumca mis siRrmes~.29
daviT guramiSvilTanac mze da qriste sinonimebia,
orive sicocxlisa da siTbos wyaros warmoadgens da
umaRlesi zneobrivi principebis gamomxatvelia. daviT
guramiSvilis religiur-mistikuri xasiaTis leqsebisaT-
vis damaxasiaTebelia zekacis gaadamianureba da miwie-
ris gaRmerTeba. es Cans mis lirikul leqsSi `zubovka~,
sadac poeti aRgviwers `Sav Tval-warba~, pirad `TeTrs~,
`xalians~ ukrainel qals. qalisadmi vnebiT anTebuli
vedreba RvTismosavur RaRadisSi gadadis da bolos
qristes warmodgenas ukavSirdeba. miwieri qalis saxis
qristes RvTaebriv saxesTan gaigiveba dantes `salxine-
belis~ me-10 simReras mogvagonebs. komentatorTa azriT,
dante uyoymanod aTanabrebs beatriCes TviT qristesTa-
nac ki, riTac, ubralod rom vTqvaT, aRmerTebs mas.
magram daviT guramiSvilis trfobis gamomxatveli sity-
vebi ufro Rrmad grZnobad-erotikul STabeWdilebas
tovebs, rac ganasxvavebs guramiSvils dantesagan. daviT
guramiSvilis sarwmunoebrivi samyaro araa mowyvetili
miwierebas, poeti adamianur tragedias xedavs `nawlav-
gaTanguli~ RvTismSoblis saxeSi, romelsac muxlebze
dausvenebia `daWrili, gverdapobili~, `sawyalad yelga-
dagdebuli~ qriste da `RawvTa sisxlis mdebare~ dasti-
ris mas. guramiSviliseuli RvTismSoblis datirebis
scena marTlac freskulia da aRqmis simZafriT aranak-
leb STambeWdavia, vidre miqelanjelos `pietas~ vizua-
luri saxe.
daviT guramiSvilma saTave daudo pirSi avis
mZraxvelis politikas: `avsa avi ar uwodo, kargs saxe-
lad ra davarqo?~ - kiTxulobs poeti da mkacri pir-
dapirobiT amxels yovelgvar uzneobas. qveynis Wiri
194
poets suls uxuTavs: `metad mwared guli mtkiva,
maJrJolebs da tanSi mzaravs~-o, es sityvebi mtrulad
ganwyobili kacis gesliani lanZRva ki ar aris, aramed
gulSematkivari Wirisuflis gafrTxilebaa da moyvasis
pirSi Zraxvis princips gamoxatavs, rasac Semdgom ilia
WavWavaZe brwyinvaled agrZelebs.
$4.besikis poeturi samyaro
XVIII saukunis socialur-politikurma `decentrali-
zaciam~, rac feodaluri daqucmacebulobisa da erTiani
saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis ganuxorcieleblobis Sede-
gi iyo, Taviseburi daRi daasva Teoriul-esTetikuri da
mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis `arasistemur~ gan-
viTarebas; kerZod, igi aisaxa im urTierTgansxvavebul
tendenciebSi, romlebic mTeli saukunis manZilze
gamovlindeba qarTul mxatvrul-esTetikur azrovnebaSi.
mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs SemoqmedebiTi procesis istoriul-
realisturi TematikiT gamdidreba, xalxuri nakadis
Semotana tradiciul-xalxuri Tu qalaquri folklo-
ris aTvisebis gziT, stilur-Janrobrivi siaxleebi, da-
savleTisken kulturuli swrafvis miuxedavad, aRmosav-
luri poeturi formebiT gataceba. aRsaniSnavia, rom
CamoTvlili tendenciebi Tavs iyris XVIII saukunis II
naxevris qarTuli poeziis kidev erTi brwyinvale
warmomadgenlis _ besikis _ besarion gabaSvilis (1750-
1791) SemoqmedebaSi.
besikis poeturi samyaro mravalferovania rogorc
Tematurad, ise Janrobrivi moculobiT: samijnuro li-
rikuli leqsebi, poema, oda, elegia, satira, iambako,
zma, anbanTqeba. tradiciuli SefasebiT, besiki cnobi-
lia, rogorc mgznebare, vnebiani siyvarulis momRerali
195
mgosani. akad. k. kekeliZis TqmiT, `rusTavelis Semdeg
ise mZafrad, uSualod, Rrmad da STagonebulad aravis
gamouvlenia siyvarulis grZnoba, rogorc es moaxerxa
besikma~30. magram besikis sasiyvarulo gancdas Zlieri
tragikuli intonacia axlavs – moTqma-godeba, cremlTa
Rvra, sikvdilTan uTanasworo WidiliT gamowveuli
SiSi, bedis Civili da a.S., cxadi xdeba, rom poetis su-
lieri mdgomareoba, romelic mis poeziaSi gansvavebul
ganwyobilebaTa kontrastuli feradovnebiTaa gamoxa-
tuli, im socialur-politikuri da pirovnuli yofis
bunebrivi Sedegi iyo, romelSic poeti ymawvilobidanve
moeqca.
saqme isaa, rom erekle II-is samefo karze didad
dafasebuli, Rrmad ganswavluli, satirisa da iumoris
niWiT dajildoebuli, samusiko xelovnebis didostati
ubadlo poeti cilismwameblebma da moSurneebma iseT
politikur intrigebSi gaabes anton I-isa da besikis
mamis, zaqaria gabaSvilis, dapirispirebis gamo, rom Wa-
buki poeti samSoblodan gaaZeves. imereTis samefo kars
TavSefarebuli poeti solomon I-is davalebiT dip-
lomatiur misias asrulebs sparseTsa da ruseTSi da
bolos, 40 wlis asakSi samSoblodan Sors, rumineTSi,
amTavrebs sicocxles.
besikis poeziis musikaluroba, riTmis simdidre,
feradovneba, saleqso zomaTa mravalgvaroba qarTuli
klasikuri leqsis wiaRidan aris amozrdili, misi
samijnuro-satrfialo leqsebi davalebulia rusTave-
lis, CaxruxaZis, Teimuraz I-is memkvidreobisgan. satr-
fos saxis dasaxatavad poeti uxvad iyenebs qarTuli
klasikuri saleqso fondidan iseT metaforul aqse-
suarebs, rogoricaa `mileuli mTvare~, `brZolis veli~,
`nawnavebi-gvelebi~, `melnis tba~, `wamwamebi-isari~,
`daziduli mSvildi~ da a.S.
196
besikis samijnuro ganwyobileba Zlieri siyvarulis
uSualo gancdaa, romelic poetur fiqcias ki ar exeba,
aramed realur, cocxal arsebas. besiki daucxromeli,
aRgznebuli siyvaruliT umReris satrfos garegnul
moxdenilobas, satrfos tanis ritmul rxevas, Tval-
wamwamis elvarebas. am mxriv, besikis `tano-tatano~, ro-
gorc qalis silamazis didebuli himni, namdvili Se-
devria qarTul satrfialo lirikaSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom besikis satrfialo lirikaSi
`vard-bulbulianis~ tradiciuli Temac gvxvdeba, magram
avtori imdenad originalurad axerxebs am Temis gaS-
las, rom qarTuli poeturi ornamentebiT damSvenebuli
`vard-bulbulianis~ ciklis misi leqsebi sruliad
axali sityvaa qarTul poeziaSi (`sevdis baRs Sevel~,
`bulbuli modis mwuxarebiT~, `bulbulis Sursa~, `var-
do sasuro~, `stvens bulbuli~)31.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, besikis siyvarulis
gancdas Rrma sevda da kaeSani axlavs. es toni
gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia `yaribobaSi~ _ ucxoeTSi _
daweril leqsebSi. poeti uCivis beds – `va, Cemsa
bedsao~, Tavs `bedkruls~, `bedisgan iavarqmnils~ uwo-
debs, mgosans `hklavs da awylulebs sevdis Sxami~,
`Rawvebi cremliTa naRari aqvs~, amitom wyevlis muxTal
sofels: `soflisa brWalman, viT grigalman, Cemsa
bedasa uswora kilo~ an `var ucxo vinme yaribi, ama
muxTlisa soflisa maginebeli, mgmobeli~. poetis am-
gvari sulisSemZvreli amonakvnesi mxolod gacruebuli
satrfialo grZnobebiT ar unda iyos gamowveuli.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom besikis mwuxarebas ufro Rrma sa-
fuZveli aqvs da igi mSobeli qveynis satkivars ukavSir-
deba.
besiki mgznebare patrioti iyo – mSobliuri qveynis
usazRvrod moyvaruli. samSoblos moSorebuli poeti
197
gulistkiviliT igonebs tol-amxanagebs, mSobliur
adgilebs, sadac bavSvoba aqvs gatarebuli (`cremlTa
isarni~). igi xedavs Tavisi qveynis gasaWirs, ganicdis
samSoblos socialursa da politikur rRvevas, mzadaa
Tavi gauWylitos `eniT mkvlel gvels~. tragizmis ganc-
da imdenad mZafria, rom poeti sikvdilsac ar uSindeba:
`besiki sikvdils ar vemalebi, Tavi maqvs misTvis
Senawonebi~ (`sevdis baRs Sevel~). sazogado da piradi
bedukuRmarTobis erTian tkivilad gacnobierebasa da
didi sulieri tragizmiT gamoxatvas besiki `igavuri~
formebiT cdilobs, rac mas Teimuraz I-isa da daviT
guramiSvilis poeziasTan aaxloebs. besikis mamuliSvi-
lur grZnobas gamoxatavs misi damokidebuleba qveynis-
Tvis Tavdadebuli, saxelovani gmirebisadmi, rac gadmo-
cemulia istoriul Temaze Seqmnil sagmiro-saxotbo
poemebSi: `aspinZisaTvis~ da `ruxis brZola~. am poemebSi
poetma saqarTvelos konkretul-istoriuli faqtebi asa-
xa, gamoCenil TanamedroveTa dauviwyari portretebi
Seqmna. am mxriv gansakuTrebulia samgloviaro odac
`samZimari~, romliTac poetma cxare cremliT daitira
erekle II-is sayvareli Svili, `morige laSqris~ orga-
nizatori, misi megobari da mfarveli leon batoniSvi-
li, romlis moulodneli sikvdili Tavzardamcemi
aRmoCnda mefisa da samSoblos bediT dainteresebuli
yvela qarTvelisaTvis.
aRsaniSnavia, rom besikma qarTul poeziaSi
daamkvidra saxumaro da satirul-iumoristuli Janri.
marTalia, besikis satira zog SemTxvevaSi piradi xasia-
Tisaa, (`mzeWabuk orbelians~), magram mis enamaxvilobasa
da satirul niWs ZiriTadad imdroindeli sazogadoeb-
rivi cxovreba asazrdoebda. samefo karTan daaxloebu-
li poeti kargad icnobda feodaluri aristokratiis
meSCanur bunebas, Sursa da gautanlobas pirad urTier-
198
TobebSi, intrigebs. amitom Tavis geslian, satirul
leqsebSi Tamamad dascinoda adamianTa mankier mxareebs.
mis SemoqmedebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs
xalxur, sayofacxovrebo Temaze daweril satirul poe-
mas `rZal-dedamTiliani~, romelSic poeti uxvad iyenebs
qarTuli xalxuri yofis damaxasiaTebel masalebs,
Tumca ambavi samaryandSi gadaaqvs da rZal-dedamTilis
tradiciul mtrobasa da kinklaobas ucxo qveynis
movlenad Tvlis. besiki msubuqi, laRi toniT iwyebs
rZal-dedamTilis urTierTobis sasacilo mxareebis
aRweras. TandaTan poetis saxumaro toni mware satira-
Si gadadis: poeti gmobs ojaxis myudroebis damrRvevTa
sisastikes, flidobas, daundoblobas, somexi terteras
saxec saeklesio pirTa uzneobisa da simdablis
gansasaxiereblad aqvs CarTuli poemaSi. aRsaniSnavia,
rom `rZal-dedamTilianis~ xalxuri Tema qarTul mwer-
lobaSi pirvelad besikma Semoitana.
besikis poetur Semoqmedebas gansakuTrebul xibls
aniWebda e.w. muxambazur yaidaze dawerili leqsebi.
`misi baiaTebi da muxambazebi, romelTac is saucxood
amRerebda Tarze, garkveul wreSi piridan pirSi gada-
dioda da qalaqis baRebsa da quCebs ayruebda~32. (k.
kekeliZe). besikma, saiaTnovasTan erTad, qarTul
poeziasa da musikaSi daamkvidra e.w. muxambazuri kilo,
gaaZliera aSuRuri poeziis tradicia, romelic Rrmad
SeiWra qalaqur yofaSi da safuZvlad daedo XIX s-Si
ukve `Tbilisurad~ wodebul qalaqur folklors.
besikis poeturi xmis gavlena igrZnoba al. WavWavaZisa
da gr. orbelianis poeziaSi. besikis poeziis mkvlevari
da Tayvanismcemeli giorgi leoniZe besikis poeturi
`saxelis fuZed musikalur stiqias~ miiCnevda da sav-
sebiT samarTlianad, amaSi gulisxmobda besikis poeziis
saocar musikalur JReradobas, poeturi inerciis Tavi-
199
sebur ritmSi gamoxatulebas, frazis simsubuqesa da
elvarebas. besiks Tanamedroveni rusTvelsac ki ada-
rebdnen: `rusTvelisebr xmatkbilobiT ar aklebda arc
erT gvarso~. ioane batoniSvili Tavis `kalmasobaSi~
wers: `besarion gabaSvili iyo mecnierebasa Sina gamoc-
dili ucxo piitikos-moSaire, msgavsi rusTvelisa, ro-
melmac mravalni saamo Sairni daswera sparsTa xmaTa
zeda samRerali qarTulisa eniTa~33.
kompoziciuri daxvewilobiTa da mTlianobiT, meta-
foraTa simravliTa da nairferobiT, aliteraciaTa
siuxviT besikma gaamdidra qarTuli leqsis esTetikuri
buneba, riTac didi gavlena moaxdina aramarto e.w.
`gardamavali xanis~ (XVIII-XIX ss. mijna) poeziaze, ara-
med qarTvel romantikosTa Semoqmedebazec.
200
merve Tavi
sazogadoebriv-politukuri ideebi
XIII-XVIII saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qarTveli eris
socialur-politikuri da kulturuli cxovrebis, misi
istoriuli bedis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli iyo gamaer-
Tianebel da gamTiSvel ZalTa brZola, romelSic qarT-
velebs uwevdaT cxovreba. swored saqarTvelos saxel-
mwifoebriobisTvis am ukiduresad araxelsayreli da
uaryofiTi pirobebis gamo, yovelive, rac xels uwyobda
erTmmarTvelobis damkvidrebasa da saqarTvelos poli-
tikursa da ekonomikur mTlianobas, progresul movle-
nad unda CaiTvalos. yovelive is ki, rac xels uSlida
am mTlianobasa da erTmmarTvelobas, istoriulad cal-
saxad regresul Zalad unda iqnes miCneuli.
sagareo mZime pirobebi da gareSe mtruli Zalebis
Careva winaTac xSirad iwvevda erTgvar garTulebebs
Sinaur ZalTa brZolaSi. magram, XIII saukunidan moyo-
lebuli, saqarTvelosTvis sul ufro da ufro Zneli
Seiqna am ZalTa neitralizeba da bolos is saqarTve-
los istoriuli bedis ganmsazRvrel ZiriTad faqtorad
gadaiqca.
TviT aRniSnuli brZolis arsebobis faqti, romelic
drois msvlelobis kvalobaze sul ufro da ufro
mZafrdeboda, saqarTveloSi ori urTierTgamomricxavi
politikuri Sexedulebis, politikuri azris arseboba-
ze metyvelebda. pirveli maTgani, saqarTvelos politi-
kur momavals erovnulsa da saxelmwifoebriv erTiano-
baSi xedavda; meore _ regresuli azri _ ki, arad da-
gidevdaT erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi mTlianobis
ideas da kuTxuri partikularizmiTa da viwro feo-
daluri interesebiT iyo nasazrdoebi.
201
politikur azrTa es siWrele pirdapir aisaxeboda
politikur bataliebsa da momxdur mterTan brZolebSi
Cabmuli qarTvelobis cnobierebaSi. kvlavac Zlieri iyo
gardasuli didebis dReTa sulieri gamocdilebis gav-
lena da uklebliv yvelas hqonda imis pretenzia, rom
samSoblos sakeTildReod iRvwoda da ibrZoda; oRon-
dac, am samSoblos yvela sakuTari sulis sarkmlidan
,,umzerda”. da Tu progresuli ZalebisTvis samSoblod
upiratesad yovelTvis erTiani da mTliani saqarTvelo
ganicdeboda, regresulTaTvis is, arc Tu iSviaTad,
mxolod sakuTari saerisTaoTi, saTavadoTi, sakuTari
mamuliT ifargleboda. yovelive es iwvevda ZalTa uki-
dures daqsasulobas, rac naTeli gaxada ukve pirvelma
brZolebma.
rogorc momxdur mterTan brZolebSi, aseve masTan
dazavebisas, mravali kuTxe xSirad irCevda gankerZoebis
gzas. rusudan dedoflis mTavarsardali avag mxargrZe-
li, mandaturTuxucesi SanSe, varam gageli da sxvani
sakuTar SexedulebaTa da interesTa mixedviT arkvevd-
nen Tavis damokidebulebas Semoseul monRolebTan. ase
dabneulad da areulad Sexvda saqarTvelo Semoseul
mters ukve XIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi da es maSin,
roca sul raRac ori-sami aTeuli wlis win is TiTqos
mtkiced iyo erTian Zalad Camoqnili. axalma politi-
kurma pirobebma cxadyo, rom es erTianoba sinamdvileSi
zedapiruli da moCvenebiTi iyo1.
gansxavavebul politikur ZalTa brZolas amwvavebda
da progresul ZalTa sazianod moqmedebda isic, rom
saqarTvelos mefe xSirad iZulebuli iyo mtris banakSi,
_ jer monRolTa yaenis urdoSi, Semdeg ki sxva mefeTa
(mag. iranis Sahis) karze _ gamocxadebuliyo, da Tanac,
sakmaod didi xniT. es saqarTvelos faqtobrivi ume-
fobis sakmaod xangrZlivi periodebi ama Tu im kuTxis
202
msxvil feodalebsa da mmarTvelebSi xSirad badebda
gankerZoebis tendenciebs, Zalauflebis gafarToebis
survils. ,,feodaluri aristokratia (unda vigulisxmoT
feodaluri aristokratiis garkveuli nawili _ avt.)
TandaTan gaSiSvlda Tavisi egoisturi antierovnuli
miswrafebebis SesrulebaSi.”2 yovelive es ki uaRresad
uaryofiTad moqmedebda erovnuli cnobierebis mTlia-
nobaze, xels uwyobda qarTveli eris wina saukeTeso
Taobebis mier udidesi ZalisxmeviT miRweuli qarTuli
erovnuli gonis erTianobisa da mTlianobis moSlasa
da rRvevas, calkeuli samTavroebisa da kuTxeebis
mixedviT mis daSlasa da danawevrebas; qarTvelTa didi
nawili sakuTari Tavis identificirebas upirvelesad
sakuTar kuTxesTan axdenda da ara mTel saqarTvelos-
Tan; es tendencia gansakuTrebiT niSandoblivi gaxda
XVII-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTvelosTvis, risi mravali
sabuTis moZiebac SeiZleba werilobiT ZeglebSi.3
momZlavrebuli feodaluri aristokratia, upirve-
les yovlisa, ibrZoda sakuTari politikuri da ekono-
mikuri Zalauflebis ganmtikiceba-gafarToebisTvis, ri-
si safuZvelic, nebismier feodalur sazogadoebaSi,
upirveles yovlisa, miwis sakuTrebaa. es garemoeba adek-
vaturad aisaxa kidec am periodis feodalTa moqme-
debebSi. ukve XIII saukunis miwuruls Zalze masobrivi
gaxda saeklesio miwebis CamorTmevisa da mitacebis faq-
tebi. yovelive es ki imis maniSnebeli iyo, rom TandaTan
sustdeboda eklesiis gavlena da qristianobis, rogorc
erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos ideologiuri safuZvlis
Zalmosileba. es moqmedebebi sruliad organulad jdeba
im saerTo suraTSi, romelic Cven qarTveli eris
cxovrebaSi sulierebis TandaTanobiT da ganuxrel
Sesustebad miviCnieT.
203
gansaxilveli periodis social-politikuri azris
Taviseburebebi mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra im socia-
lurma cvlilebebma, rac qarTul sinamdvileSi XIII sau-
kunidan moxda aznaurebisa da glexobis mdgomareobaSi.
kerZod, am droidan iwyeba aznaurTa didi nawilis
TandaTanobiTi gaRaribeba. meore mxriv ki, maT nacvld
da xSirad maT xarjzec win wamoiwia adamianTa axalma
jgufma, romelmac am oromtrialSi ara mxolod gadar-
Cena, aramed gamdidreba da aRzevebac moaxerxa. Ees Sina-
gani diferenciacia aznaurTa fenaSi momavalSi TavadTa
wodebis Seqmnas amzadebda. yovelive amis gamo, ,,Tava-
doba saqarTveloSi ar iyo aznaurTa ganviTarebis
kanonzomieri Sedegi, aramed gaubedurebisa da amdenad,
SemTxveviTi ambavi ufro iyo”4. CvenTan Tavadoba war-
moiSva ara saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTarebis
safuZvelze, aramed, piriqiT, misi dacemis pirobebSi.
Tavadobis warmoSobis pirobaa ara erTiani da mZlavri,
ekonomikurad da politikurad damoukidebeli saqarTve-
losTvis gaweuli Zalisxmeva, aramed ufro im Zalebis
samsaxuri, romlebic saqarTvelos erovnul, politi-
kur, ekonomikur, kulturul interesebs upirispirdeba.
yovelive es ki, cxadia, Tavis uaryofiT daRs asvamda
am periodis socialursa da politikur Sexedulebebsa
da azrs.
XIII saukuneSi moxda Tavisufali glexobis Tanda-
TanobiTi mospoba; glexobisa, romelic gaWirvebis Jams
yovelTvis erTi adgilidan meoreze gadanacvlebiT Sve-
loda Tavs. Eamave dros qarTuli sazogadoebis am fe-
nisTvis ufro sasurveli (da xelsayrelic) iyo erTiani
da mTliani saqarTvelo. es ki, cxadia, maTSi saerTo
erovnul-patriotuli grZnobebis gaRvivebasa da Sesaba-
misi politikuri Sexedulebebis damkvidrebas uwyobda
xels.
204
XIII-XIV saukuneebidan ki glexTa Tavisuflad ga-
daadgilebis winaaRmdeg TandaTanobiT SemzRudvel zo-
mebs iReben. maT pirdapir ekrZalebaT erTi adgilidan
meoreze gadasvla. ,,damkvidrda glexTa mimagreba mi-
waze, an, ufro sworad, miwis patronze. nacvlad
winandeli glexobisa, Seiqmna yma glexoba. Ees procesi
Seexo glexebis im jgufsac, romelic winaT Tavisufal
glexobad iTvleboda. Mmale am ukanasknelTa ricxvma
sagrZnoblad iklo. glexobis mimagreba miwaze, maSasa-
dame, faqtobrivad iyo maTi mimagreba memamuleTa pirov-
nebaze.
ramdenadac feodalizmis erT-erT damaxasiaTebel
Taviseburebad pirovnebis pirovnebaze mimagreba iTv-
leboda, amdenad miwis mflobelobaze glexobis mimag-
rebis procesi warmoadgenda ekonomikur dasayrdens
saqarTvelos pirobebSi feodalizmis gamococxlebisa
da gaZlierebisTvis, ramac Tavisi Sedegi momdevno
saukuneebSi gamoiRo”5. es Sedegi, rac erTiani erovnuli
cnobierebis saboloo moSlasa da misiT nasazrdoebi
socialuri da politikuri Sexedulebebis daknineba-
damcrobaSi gamoixata, saTaves glexTa cnobierebis im
cvlilebebSic iRebda, rasac maTi socialur-ekonomi-
kuri Tu politikuri mdgomareobis Secvla iwvevda: yma-
glexTa mdgomareobis, maTi cxovrebiseuli probleme-
bisa da bedis gadawyvetasa da gansazRvraSi sul ufro
da ufro nakleb realur mniSvnelobas iZenda erTiani
da mTliani saqarTvelo, rogorc aseTi. samagierod, am
sibrtyeSi wina planze gamodioda kuTxuri Tu sxva ram
viwro interesebi, rac Taviseburad aisaxeboda kidec
maT socialur Tu politikur azrovnebasa da Sexedu-
lebebze.
yovelive es, cxadia, imas ar niSnavs, rom progre-
suli socialuri da politikuri Zalebi ubrZolvelad
205
Tmobdnen sarbiels. aRniSnuli procesi, xSirad Zalzed
sastiki da mZafri brZolebis saxiT mimdinareobda,
sadac, gamarjvebis saswori, arcTu iSviaTad, swored
progresuli Zalebis mxares ixreba. erT-erTi aseTi
movlena iyo XIV saukunis pirvel naxevarSi giorgi
brwyinvales mefobis periodSi ganviTarebuli procese-
bi, rodesac TvalsaCino Sedegebi iqna miRweuli sa-
qarTvelos mTlianobis aRdgenis TvalsazrisiT. am
movlenebma aCvena, rom qarTul saxelmwifoebriobas ki-
dev hqonda imis unari, rom xelsayreli sagareo
pirobebis SemTxvevaSi kvlavac warmatebiT gadaeWra mis
winaSe mdgari amocanebi. dasavleT da aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos gaerTianeba, samcxesTan mainc erTgvarad
mtkice damokidebulebis aRdgena qmnida iseT pirobebs,
rodesac saqarTvelom kvlav moipova Sinagani simtkice
da sagareo gavlena. ,,...erTmmarTvelobisa da feodalu-
ri gaTiSulobis winaaRmdeg brZola saqarTvelos so-
cial-politikuri istoriis am safexurze gamoixata
imaSi, rom erTmmarTvelobam ajoba iseT partikula-
ristebs, rogoric iyvnen kaxeT-hereTis da somxeTis
mflobel-mmarTvelebi, ramac erTmmarTveloba sagrZnob-
lad ganamtkica.”6
aseTi mdgomareoba iyo saqarTveloSi XIV saukunis
pirvel naxevarSi. amis Semdgom ki daiwyo Temurlengis
(1336-1405) Semosevebi. Aam, Tavisi xasiaTiT erT-erTma
yvelaze ufro masStaburma, xangrZlivma da damangre-
velma Semosevebma, saqarTvlo rogorc politikurad,
aseve ekonomikurad da kulturulad ise moSala da gaa-
nadgura, rom man XVI saukunemde fexze wamodgoma da
odnav mainc saxelmwifoebrivi mTlianobis SenarCuneba
veRarc SeZlo.
bunebrivia, rom aseTi mdgomareoba uaRresad xelsay-
reli iyo erTmmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli Zale-
206
bisTvis, risi dasturicaa samcxeSi jayelebis sagvareu-
los da misi wamxedaobiT sxva antisaxelmwifoebrivi
Zalebis gaaqtiureba, rasac Sedegad mohyva saqarTvelos
erTmmarTvelobisa da saxelmwifos mTlianad moSla.
XV saukuneSi moxda kidev erTi mniSnvnelovani faq-
ti, romelmac arsebiTad gansazRvra Semdgomi saukunee-
bis saqarTvelos socialur-politikuri azris
ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi da xasiaTi. es iyo osmalTa
konstantinepolSi damkvidreba da SemdgomSi otomanTa
Zlieri imperiis Seqmna.
osmalTa imperiis Seqmnisa da gaZlierebis yvelaze
didi uaryofiTi Sedegi saqarTvelosTvis imaSi gamoixa-
ta, rom is bunebrivi da istoriulad gakvaluli gza,
romliTac saqarTvelo ukavSirdeboda evropul samya-
ros, faqtobrivad, am imperiis mier gadaketili aRmoCn-
da. muslimur samyarosTan pirispir SerCenili, igi izo-
laciaSi moxvda da gawyda evropul kulturasTan is
kontaqtebi, romelTa safuZvelzec saqarTvelo sauku-
neTa manZilze kulturuli ganviTarebis mZlavr impul-
sebs iRebda. es ki ukiduresad uaryofiTad moqmedebda
qarTuli sazogadoebrivi da politikuri azris
ganviTarebis proceszec, radgan es ukanaskneli mxolod
kulturis erTian qsovilSia moazrebadi.
Zalzed didi mniSvneloba hqonda imasac, rom
aRniSnuli faqtis Semdgom periodSi saqarTvelo, ori
Zlieri da agresiuli saxelmwifos, _ osmaleTsa da
sparseTs Soris myofi, mudmivi da Seunelebeli ormx-
rivi politikuri, ekonomikuri, ideologiuri, kulturu-
li da a.S. wnexis qveS moeqca. es saxelmwifoebi mudmi-
vad eqiSpebodnen erTmaneTs saerTod mTels kavkasiaSi,
kerZod, ki saqarTveloSi hegemoniis damyarebisa da
gabatonebisTvis. am qiSpobasa da davaSi orive es agre-
sori yovelTvis axerxebda saqarTvelos erTiani sxeu-
207
lidan Tavisi ,,wilis miRebas” da es wili, rogorc
wesi, erTisTvis aRmosavleT saqarTvelo iyo, meoris-
Tvis dasavleTi da samxreTi; da swored esec iyo erT-
erTi umTavresi mizezi imisa, rom saqarTvelos isto-
riis am umZimes periodSi sabolood damarcxda saqarT-
velos erTianobis aRdgenis idea da giorgi brwyinva-
les magaliTis ganmeoreba, saerTod SeuZlebeli gaxda.
aseTi mZime mdgomareoba, cxadia, gamTiSavi Sidareaq-
ciuli Zalebis moqmedebis Sedegic iyo. magram qarTuli
reaqciuli Zalebi arasdros ar yofilan ise Zlieri,
rom Tuki gamTiSavi Zalebi saqarTvelos gareT Zlier
dasayredensa da mxardamWers ver monaxavdnen, maTi
damarcxeba SeuZlebeli yofiliyo. amaze metyvelebs
Tundac is, rom progresul Zalebs, araTu arasdros
farxmali ar dauyriaT, aramed, dro da dro saqarTve-
los aRdgenisa da gaerTianebisTvis Zalisxmevas ar
iSurebdnen. am mimarTebiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelova-
nia giorgi saakaZis, vaxtang VI-isa da erekle II-is moR-
vaweoba. rac Seexeba imereTis mefe solomons, rogorc
marTebulad SeniSnavs S. nucubiZe, isic ,,imave xazs
agrZelebda imereTSi (igulisxmeba erekle II-is xazi. _
avt.), amdenad ereklesa da misi cda erTi movlenis
Semadgenel elementad SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli”7.
damoukidebloba dakargul saqrTvelos mTliani an
nawilobrivi gaerTianebis es cdebi nasazrdoebi iyo
imis sruli SegnebiT, rom mxolod am gziT SeiZleboda
saqarTvelos xsna da gadarCena. magram samive es cda,
romelTagan TviToeuli Tavis TavSi mraval warmatebasa
da warumateblobas moicavda, sabolood, mainc marcxiT
damrTavda. marcxis mizezi ki kvlav da kvlav qveynis
Sida reaqciuli da gamTiSavi Zalebis moqmedebasTan
Sewyvilebuli gareSe Zlieri mtris veraguli politika
iyo.
208
saqarTvelos uZlieresi dartyma miayena Sah-abasis
(1571-1623) mier warmoebulma omebma. am omebma naTelyo,
rom dauZlurebul saqarTvelos arc Tavisuflebis
SenarCuneba SeeZlo da arc gaerTianeba. saWiro iyo
raRac axali, gadamwyveti nabijis ganxorcieleba; iseTi
nabijis, rac Zireul gardatexas Seitanda da Secvlida
saqarTvelos bed-iRbals. erTi aseTi nabiji SeiZleboda
yofiliyo Zlieri mtris Zalebis gamoyeneba saqarTve-
losave sasikeTod da sakeTildReod, mis gasaerTianeb-
lad da Tavs gasuli Tavadobis asalagmavad. pirovneba,
vinc moindoma misi umZimesi problemebis gadaWra, iyo
didi meomari da sazogado moRvawe, wvrili aznaurobis
wridan gamosuli giorgi saakaZe. magram saqarTvelos
gaerTianebisken mimarTuli saakaZiseuli gegmebi, rac
gareSe Zalebis gamoyenebis ideaze iyo damyarebuli,
erTnairad gaugebari da miuRebeli aRmoCnda rogorc
Tavadebis, aseve mefisTvisac. qarTveli moRvaweebisTvis
ufro maxlobeli da misaRebi iyo is suliskveTeba, rac
Semdgom, XIX saukuneSi poeziis enaze gamoxata vaJa-
fSavelam. kerZod, vaJas Tanaxmad, WeSmariti suliereba,
TviT yvelaze ufro didi ,,Wiris” dasaZlevadac ki
gamoricxavs ,,bilwTan” zavis Sekvrasa da mtris xeliTa
da daxmarebiT TanamoZmeTa sisxlis Rvras. asea Tu ise,
Cveni istoriis am etapze, mowinave qarTuli sazoga-
doebrivi da politikuri azri sruliad ,,moumzade-
beli” aRmoCnda saakaZis gzis gasaziareblad da misa-
Rebad da misi brZolac marcxiT damrTavda.
aseve marcxiT damTavrda vaxtang VI-is mcdelobac.
am uaRresad ganaTlebuli da qarTuli kulturis Tav-
dadebuli moamage mefis udidesma Zalisxmevamac ver
uSvela saqmes: verc mefis ganaTlebulobam, verc misma
Zalzed mniSvnelovanma sameurneo da sakanonmdeblo
saqmianobam, verc sagangebo ,,mcvelTa jarma” sabolood
209
sasikeTo Sedegi ver gamoiRo. araTu ver moxerxda Tav-
gasuli Tavadebis ZirgamomTxreli saqmianobis aRkveTa,
aramed, piriqiT, igi ufro sagrZnobi da saSiSi gaxda.
sabolood nadgurdeboda qarTuli ekonomikisa da
meurneobis balavari _ qarTuli sofeli. Mmasobrivi
xasiaTi miiRo glexobis erTi adgilidan ayram da sxva
kuTxeebSi gadasaxlebam, magram saSveli arsad iyo.
gamTiSvel, reaqciul ZalebTan brZolaSi faqtobrivad
damarcxebuli vaxtang VI bolos iZulebuli gaxda
ruseTs gamgzavrebuliyo imis imediT, rom ruseTis same-
fo karis daxmarebiT SeZlebda saqarTveloSi dabru-
nebas da Tavisi miznebis aRsrulebas.
es imedi, rogorc Semdgom drom aCvena, usafuZvlo
aRmoCnda da vaxtang VI-is miznebsac aRsruleba ar
ewera. samagierod, am nabijma uaryofiTad imoqmeda
qarTuli sazogadoebrivi da politikuri azris
xasiaTze, mis Semdgom bedze: vaxtang VI-s
saqarTvelodan Tan gahyva mravalricxovani amala,
romelic TiTqmis mTlianad misi Tanamoazreebisgan, e.i.
saqarTvelos erTianobisa da qarTuli
saxelmwifoebriobis momxreebisgan Sedgeboda. raoden
keTilSobiluric ar unda yofiliyo vaxtang VI-is
miznebi, faqtobrivad ase gamovida: qarTveli eris
progresuli Zalis udidesi nawili, nebsiT Tu uneb-
lieT, Segnebulad Tu Seugneblad, brZolas gaerida da
saqarTveloc mxolodRa arakeTilsaimedo Tavadebis
saTareSod darCa.
mesame da bolo mcdeloba saqrTvelom gaakeTa erek-
le II-is mefobis dros, roca erTgvarad Cvenda sasike-
Tod Secvlilma sagareo pirobebma gadarCenis garkveu-
li imedi dasaxa. qarTlisa da kaxeTis gaerTianeba erT-
gvar imeds iZleoda, rom qarTuli samefoebis gaerTia-
nebis procesi SemdgomSic gagrZeldeboda da, bolos da
210
bolos, SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda gareSe Tu Sida mtruli
Zalebis aRkveTa da damarcxeba. magram am Zalebma,
romlebic manamde mainca da mainc didi erTobiT ar
gamoirCeodnen, ,,igrZnes ra erTmarTvelobis gaZliereba,
gaerTianebuli ZaliT mis winaaRmdeg Setevis samzadiss
Seudgnen, saqme TavadTa organizebul SeTqmulebamde
mivida erTmmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg.”8
qarTuli erTmmarTvelobisTvis brZolis istoriis
am epizodSi mefem sZlia SeTqmulebas. isini mxilebulni
da mkacrad, dRevandeli gadasaxedidan zedmeti sisas-
tikiTac ki dasajes. magram erekles es aqti, sxva
mniSvnelovan miRwevebTan (mag. gareSe mterTan brZo-
laSi mopovebul araerT brwyinvale gamarjvebasTan) er-
Tad Cveni istoriis iseTi epizodi iyo, romelic isto-
riis Carxs, cxadia, waRma ver Semoatrialebda. moZale-
buli mteri Zlieri iyo, qveyana ki sisxlisgan daclili
da xalxi welSi gatexili. Aanalogiuri mdgomareoba
sufevda dasavleT saqarTveloSic.
aseT pirobebSi saqarTvelos samefo karis mier
ruseTis mfarvelobis qveS Sesvlis gadawyvetileba da
am gadawyvetilebis Sesruleba, romelic patriotuli
Zalebis mier TviT erekle II-is dros sxvadasxvagvarad
fasdeboda9, mainc SegviZlia saqarTvelos istoriis
mocemuli periodis tragikuli movlenebis ukanasknel
aqtad miviCnioT; rogorc Zalze zustad da erTgvarad
mxatvrul konteqtSi SeniSnavs S. nucubiZe, ,,isini,
(igulisxmebian erekle II da solomon pirveli _ avt.),
rogorc gmirebi, istoriis scenaze aRar iyvnen, roca
tragedia daskvnamde mivida da saqarTvelo ,,qarTul
guberniad” iqca”.10
ase savalalod dasrulda saqarTvelos eqvssaukuno-
vani brZola saxelmwifoebrivi mTlianobisaTvis, ro-
melSic Tavisi gadamwyveti sityva Tqva orma ZiriTadma
211
faqtorma: saqarTvelos bedTan dakavSirebuli gamwvave-
buli msoflio politikuri procesebis pirobebSi gare-
Se mtrebis mravaljeradma Semosevam, da aseT viTareba-
Si TviTon Cvens sinamdvileSi warmoCenilma Sinaganma
winaaRmdegobebma.
aqve saWirod migvaCnia imis aRniSvnac, rom saqarT-
velos saxelmwifoebriobis sruli politikuri marcxi
gamowveuli iyo imiTac, rom qarTuli politikuri azri
sruliad moumzadebeli aRmoCnda im axali situaciis-
Tvis, romelSic igi XVIII saukunis dasasrulsa da XIX
saukunis dasawyisSi aRmoCnda.
is garemoeba, rom qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis
mxardamWer Zalebs politikuri mxardamWerisa da mfar-
velis ZiebaSi mzera jer kidev erekle II-mdec ruseTi-
saken hqondaT mipyrobili, ar yofila mxolod imiT
gamowveuli, rom ruseTi am dros msoflios erT-erTi
uZlieresi saxelmwifo iyo. Zliereba ar akldaT arc
iransa da arc TurqeTs. Tanac, rogorc erekles Semd-
gomma istoriulma movlenebma cxadyo, wminda politi-
kuri TvalsazrisiT am qveynebis mfarvelobis qveS yof-
na, ruseTis mfarvelobaze uaresi sruliadac ar yofi-
la. Mamis miuxedavad, mowinave qarTuli politikuri az-
risTvis am qveynebis proteqtoratobis qveS yofna
arasodes yofila misaRebi da miT umetes, sasurveli.
es upirvelesad gamowveuli iyo imiTac, rom erov-
nuli erTianobisa da saxelmwifo mTlianobisTvis brZo-
la saqarTvelosTvis, cnobierad Tu qvecnobierad yo-
velTvis warmoadgenda sakuTari erovnuli TviTmyoba-
dobisa da kulturuli TavisTavadobisTvis brZolasac.
is msoflmxedvelobrivi sivrce, romelSic qarTuli
kultura saukuneTa manZilze viTardeboda, iyo qristia-
noba. swored amitom im epoqaSi, romelSic erebisa da
saxelmwifoebis urTierTagresias TiTqmis yovelTvis
212
Tan axlda msoflmxedvelobrivi da kulturuli agre-
siac, saqarTvelosTvis Zalzed araxelsayreli da miu-
Rebeli iyo aRniSnuli qveynebis mfarvelobaSi yofna,
radganac es momakvdinebel safrTxes uqmnida mis
msoflmxedvelobasa da kulturul TavisTavadobas. am
saxelmwifoebTan qarTvelTa xangrZlivi da uTanasworo
brZolis siRrmiseuli sazrisic swored es iyo: am
brZolaSi qarTuli kultera icavda sakuTar Tavs,
sakuTar TavisTavadobasa da unikalurobas. Dda rode-
sac sakuTari ZalebiT brZolis yvela SesaZlebloba
amoiwura da misi Semdgomi gagrZeleba ubralod SeuZ-
lebeli gaxda, sruliad bunebrivia, rom qarTulma
politikurma azrma mzera erTmorwmune ruseTisken
miapyro, radganac swored ruseTTan erTmorwmuneobaSi
xedavda igi Tavisi erovnuli da kulturuli TavisTava-
dobis SenarCunebis garantias; erTmorwmuneoba saxavda
imis imedsa da rwmenasac, rom qristianuli ruseTi
erTmorwmune saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi qristianuli
zneobrivi moZRvrebis principebsac daicavda da qoma-
gad, mfarvelad upirvelesad saqarTvelos saxelmwi-
foebriobas moevlineboda.
es imedi, ra Tqma unda, gulubryvilo iyo, rwmena ki
usafuZvlo. arc imis mtkiceba SeiZleba, rom mosalod-
nel safrTxes qarTuli politikuri azri saerTod ver
xedavda. magram mainc im realobisTvis, romelsac igi
rusuli saxelmwifoebrivi politikis saxiT waawyda, is
saerTod mzad ar iyo.
rogoric ar unda iyos moaruli, Tu damkvidrebuli
azri e.w. aRmosavleTis politikosebis (Sesabamisad po-
litikisac) mzakvrobis Sesaxeb, maTSi mainc sakmaod
didad fasobda da didi Rirebulebac hqonda iseT
movlenebs, rogoricaa adamianis (miT umetes, mefeTa)
piradi Rirseba, samarTlianoba, micemuli sityvisa da
213
ficis erTguleba, Rirseuli mowinaaRmdegis pativiscema
da a.S. isini Tavisebur daRsac asvamdnen am regionis
politikur cxovrebasa da qcevebs; im donemde, rom
principi: ,,mizani amarTlebs saSualebas” arasodes
yofila politikuri cxovrebis ganmsazRvreli
erTaderTi faqtori. saqarTvelos politikuri azri,
romelic maRali zneobrivi RirebulebebiT iyo
gajerebuli, rusuli imperiuli politikis saxiT
waawyda ukiduresad mzakvrul, zneobrivi
Rirebulebebisgan TiTqmis mTlianad daclil movlenas,
sadac dasaxul politikur mizans iyo daqvem-
debarebuli yvela da yvelaferi, TviT gvirgvinosanTa
piradi Rirsebisa da saTnoebis CaTvliT. aseT politi-
kasTan Rirseuli ,,paeqrobisTvis” ki, qarTuli politi-
kuri azri sruliad moumzadebeli iyo, rac, Tundac
imis danaxvis srul uunarobaSic gamoCnda, rom aspinZis
omis dros general totlebenis mzakvruli qmedeba
sruliadac ar iyo sakuTriv generlis piradi inicia-
tiva, aramed ruseTis saimperatoro karis miTiTebebi da
instruqciebi. aseT pirobebSi ki, saqarTvelos sruli
politikuri marcxi, ubralod, drois saqme iyo da es
dro, rogirc cnobilia, Zalian male dadga.
saerTod, XIII-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTvelos social-
politikuri viTarebis ideologiuri asaxva Zalzed
gaZnelebulia. am siZneles ganapirobebs is, rom am dros
Zalzed cota iwereboda, JamTa siaves ki ufro cota
gadaurCa.
mTeli am periodis qarTuli azrovnebis gasagebad
uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs im faqts, rom uki-
duresad araxelsayreli pirobebis miuxedavad, mainc
yovelTvis ganagrZobda arsebobas is kultura, rome-
lic qarTveli xalxis erovnulma geniam XIII saukunemde
Seqmna. Tuki am saukuneebSi qarTuli erovnuli goni
214
mainc gadarCa, SeZlo SeenarCunebina erovnuli arsebo-
bisTvis aucilebeli social-politikuri, ideologiuri,
mxatvruli da a.S. azri, upirveles yovlisa, imis
wyalobiT, rom XIII saukunemde qarTvelma erma moaxerxa
Seeqmna TviTmyofadi da mZlavri kultura, _ is erTiani
sulieri sivrce, romelic, yovelTvis ganagrZobda
arsebobas da garkveuli mimarTulebiT warmarTavda
qarTvelTa azrovnebasa da sazogadoebriv cxovrebas.
amitom bunebrivia, rom is ideologiuri viTareba,
romelic saqarTveloSi XIII saukunemde arsebobda,
grZeldeboda Semdgom saukuneebSic. erTmmarTvelobasa
da gankerZoebisken midrekil feodalebs Soris brZolam
am saukuneebSi garkveuli cvlilebebi ganicada. amjerad
,,centridanuli” ZalebisTvis ufro xelsayreli dro
iyo damdgari. am pirobebSi erTmmarTvelobis ideolo-
gia maRal filosofiur argumentacias aRar emyareba _
saamiso dro aRar arsebobda. gamTiSvelTa winaaRmdeg
ufro praqtikuli da, SeiZleba iTqvas, moraluri argu-
mentacia iyo saWiro, raTa maT SegnebaSi gaeRviZebinaT
is azri, TuUraoden mavnebeli iyo qarTuli saxelmwi-
fosTvis angarebiani motivebiT nasazrdoebi feodaluri
gamTiSvelobis politikuri azri.
es iyo am periodis qarTuli sazogadoebrivi da po-
litikuri azris moZraobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTu-
leba. mas Tavisi istoriografia unda SeemuSavebina ro-
gorc Tavs datexili ubedurebis mizezebis gamosarkve-
vad, ise sasurveli amaRlebis gzebis mosaniSnad. es
istoriografia SemuSavda XIV saukuneSi ,,JamTaaRmwere-
lis” saxeliT cnobili ucnobi avtoris mier. es traq-
tati qarTul istoriografiaSi ,,aswlovan matianedacaa”
cnobili.
es traqtati, Cvens yuradRebas, upirvelesad, imiT
ipyrobs, rom aq, mTel qarTul azrovnebaSi pirvelad
215
aris gaazrebuli dacemis mizezebi da aseve pirveladaa
istoriuli TvalTaxedva dafuZnebuli kargisa da
cudis, ufro sworad, sikeTisa da borotebis Tavisebur
gagebaze.
JamTaaRmwerelis naazrevSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs
imas, rom igi Tavs movlenaTa martooden aRmwerlad ar
grZnobs. misi erT-erTi umTavresi mizani imis garkvevaa,
saxeldobr, Tu ra mizezebiT xdeba istoriaSi esa Tu
is, an ufro zustad, aseTi Tu iseTi movlena. ,,JamTaaRm-
werlobis” avtors istoriografia ise esmis, rom masSi
Sedis ara mxolod movlenaTa, adamianTa da maT qmede-
baTa aRwera, aramed maTi Sefasebac da am Sefasebis
safuZvelze maTi mizezebis dadgena.
istoriis aRwera, anu JamTaaRmwerloba avtoris
rwmeniT, sikeTisa da borotebis, anu, rogorc igi
ambobs, ,,keTilisa” da ,,borotis” cnebaTa gansxvavebidan
unda amodiodes. amiT ,,aRmwerlobis” mizani farTovdeba
da igi adamianTa da maT moqmedebaTa iseT aRweras gu-
lisxmobs, romelic keTilsa da borot saqmeTa gansxva-
vebasac Seicavs. maSasadame, ,,aswlovani matianes” avto-
ris Tanaxmad, JamTaaRmwerloba unda arCevdes, erTi
mxriv, keTilqmedebas, xolo, meore mxriv, borotqmede-
bas. TviT es wigni ki erTgvarad ,,Suamdebare” unda iyos
borotsa da keTil saqmeTa Soris (,,...wigni ese Suamde-
bare ars keTilismoqmedTa da borotismoqmedTa...”11). Ees
niSnavs Semdegs: istoria unda iyos movlenebis obieqtu-
ri, miukerZoebeli aRwera. marTlacda, ,,Suamdebareoba”
SeuZlebelia sxva rames niSnavdes, Tu ara obieqturi da
miudgomeli gansjis moTxovnas. sxva SemTxvevaSi unda
vifiqroT, rom aq laparakia keTilsa da borots Soris
raRac saSualos monaxvis mcdelobaze. magram cxadia,
rom avtorisTvis, romelic istoriis moralur princi-
pebze damyarebas cdilobs, aseTi neitraluri, indife-
216
rentuli damokidebuleba adamianTa da maT saqmeTa
mimarT gamoricxulia.
aq mniSvneloba aqvs ara imdenad imas, Tu ramdenad
axerxebs TviT avtori istoriul qmedebaTa aRweraSi
daicvas mkacrad obieqturi pozicia, iyos adamianTa
ganzraxvaTa da saqmeTa miukerZoebili aRmweri, aramed
TviT imis gacnobierebis faqts, rom istoriul xdomi-
lebaTa aRmweri unda iyos obieqturi. avtori, romelic
istoriis dafuZnebas keTilsa da borot saqmeTa gansx-
vavebaze cdilobs miukerZoebeli da obieqturi ver iqne-
ba. JamTaaRmwerelic Tavisi qveynis Svili, misi Wiri-
sufali da patrioti adamiania da ramdenic ar unda
gvarwmunos, rom misi wigni ,,Suamdebare ars keTilis
moqmedTa da borotis moqmedTa”, mainc Znelia dajereba
rom ,,koxtas mTis” SeTqmulTa da, gansakuTrebiT, cotne
dadianis moqmedebisa da laSa giorgis moqmedebis (ro-
melTagan pirveli misTvis udavod ,,keTilis moqmedTa”,
xolo meore ,,borotis moqmedTa” rigs ganekuTvneba),
miseul aRweras ,,Suamdebareoba” SenarCunebuli hqondes.
amis miuxedavad, JamTaaRmwerlis Tvalsazrisi CvenT-
vis mainc Zalzed mniSvnelovania, radganac aq naTlad
mJRavndeba rogorc qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azrovne-
bis ideologiuri xasiaTi, ise misi socialuri da
politikuri Taviseburebebic. es azrovneba, rogorc
sruliad marTebulad SeniSnavs r. kiknaZe, ukve ,,Seiara-
Rebulia garkveuli TeoriiT istoriuli codnis darg-
Si”12, romlis Tanaxmadac istorias, anu JamTaaRmwer-
lobas pirvel rigSi WeSmaritebis samsaxuri evaleba.
TavisTavad namdvilad araa meorexarisxovani is, Tu
ramdenad axerxebs TviT JamTaaRmwereli am Teoriis
moTxovnebis ganuxrel dacvas. magram aq mainc pirvel-
xarisxovani mniSvneliba aqvs imis gacnobierebas, rom
,,Suamdebareoba”, anu obieqturoba aq gaazrebulia isto-
217
riuli codnis WeSmaritebis erT-erT aucilebel piro-
bad. Ees azrovneba cdilobs ,,Suamdebare”, anu obieqtu-
ri iyos da amiT Tavis Tavs WeSmaritebisa da sibrZnis
mniSvneloba mianiWos; es mcdeloba, rogorc iTqva,
yovelTvis warmatebuli ver aris. magram qarTuli
istoriografiuli azris ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT
mas mainc udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs, rogorc qarTuli
politikuri azris swrafvas _ daZlios subieqtivizmi
da relativizmi, iyos miukerZoebeli da obieqturi.
JamTaaRmwereli eZebs saqarTvelos politikuri
marcxis mizezebs da aseTebad, upirvelesad, samefo
karze da saerTodac, mTel qarTul sinamdvileSi uzneo
da WeSmarit qarTul Rirebulebebs dapirispirebuli
cxovrebis wesis damkvidreba miaCnia. ,,arRara iyo
Senebuleba, Tvinier cixeTa da simagreTa, _ wers igi, _
rameTu queyana saqarTvelosa mieca gasaryunelad amis
ZaliTa, rameTu dauteves mefeTa da mTavarTa samarTa-
li, mowyaleba, siyuaruli, siwrfoba, simSvide, simarT-
le da amis wil moapoes ampartavnoba, zakva, Suri,
kdomqa, siZulvili, angareba, mimZlavreba, klvani, par-
vani, siZvani, uwesobani... rameTu yovelman asakman, berTa
da WabukTaman, mciriTagan vidre didamde, miiqcies
siboroted”13; da kidev: “rameTu dauteves simarTle da
WeSmariteba, vinaTgan TviT mRvdelTa mier ixilveboda
arawmindeba, vinaTgan yoveli eri iqmodes sibilwesa,
viTar odesme Zeni beniamenisni”14.
avtoris es dakvirveba Zalzed mniSvnelovania, ro-
gorc genialuri mixvedra, rom nebismieri eri TviTonaa
sakuTari Tavisa da istoriis WeSmariti avtori, risi
upirvelesi safuZvelic sakuTari kulturis Rirebule-
bebis ganuxreli erTgulebaa; Sesabamisad qveynis Sina-
gani mTlianobis rRvevis saTave am Rirebulebebisgan
gaucxoebaa. swored kultura gansazRvravs nebismieri
218
eris cxovrebis wesis Taviseburebebs da misi Secvla,
swored kulturisgan gandgomas, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
mis arsebiT Secvlas mainc gulisxmobs.
dabolos, istoriis aRwerasa da SefasebaSi igi
amodis keTilisa da borotis garkveuuli gagebidan da
cdilobs am kategoriebis mixedviT gansazRvros kargi
da cudi, mTeli Cveni istoriuli bedi da misi avkar-
gianoba.
Semdgom saukuneebSi, qarTuli socialuri da poli-
tikuri azris xasiaTis gasarkvevad gansakuTrebul yu-
radRebas ipyrobs sami moazrovne da sazogado moRvawe:
sulxan-saba orbeliani, anton pirveli da gansakuT-
rebiT aleqsandre amilaxvari.
sulxan-saba orbelianis socialur-politikuri Sexe-
dulebani im periods ekuTvnis, roca is jer kidev
eriskaci iyo da misi azrovnebac jer kidev ar iyo
moqceuli sabero-samonazvno CarCoebSi. sulxan-sabas
cxovreba da moRvaweoba imiTacaa mniSvnelovani, rom is
politikur moRvaweobas eweoda da, cxadia, misi poli-
tikuri orientaciebi misi azrovnebisa da Sexedu-
lebebis uSualo gamoxatulebac iyo.
politikuri orientaciebis gansazRvris sakiTxi am
drois qarTuli politikuri azrovnebis erT-erTi
upirvelesi da umniSvnelovanesi saazrovno areali iyo.
ukve aleqsandre kaxTbatonidan moyolebuli, qarTvel
politikur moRvaweTa winaSe sul ufro da ufro
naTlad ikveTeboda imis azri da Segneba, rom saqarT-
velos Tavisi Sinagani ZalebiT aRar SeeZlo moZalebu-
li mtris mogerieba, Sina problemebis gadawyveta, msof-
lio istoriul procesSi sakuTari adgilis damkvid-
reba da rom saWiro iyo gareSe damxmere Zalis monaxva.
ama Tu im konkretuli politikuri problemis gadasawy-
vetad saqarTvelos xSirad gamouyenebia romelime me-
219
zobeli musulmani qveynis politikuri Tu samxedro
Zalebi. magram, zemoaRniSnuli mizezebis gamo bolomde
saimedosa da myar mfarvelsa da mokavSires is am
sinamdvileSi ver ipovida. aseTi dasayrdeni da Zala mas
mxolod evropul-qristianul samyaroSi SeiZleboda
moenaxa. sulxan-saba orbelianis mTeli cxovrebac da
moRvaweobac imis naTeli magaliTia, rom aseT Zalad
qarTul politikur azrovnebas, pirvel rigSi, evropu-
li samyaro miaCnda da igi upirvelesad swored am
samyaroze iyo orientirebuli. TviTon ruseTic, qarTu-
li politikuri azrovnebis mier aRiqmeboda, rogorc
qristianuli samyaro da, amdenad, rogorc socialurad,
aseve politikurad da kulturulad dasavleTis, anu
evropis nawili. cxadia, rogorc adre, ise am periodSic
saqarTveloSi yovelTvis arsebobdnen iseTi politiku-
ri Zalebi, romlebic TavianTi politikuri miznebis
ganxorcielebis saukeTeso saSualebas aRmosavlur
orientaciaSi xedavdnen, magram saqarTvelos politi-
kuri azrovnebis mowinave nawili saqarTvelos politi-
kur momavals mainc, yovelTvis dasavleTs ukavSirebda.
dasavlur, qristianul samyaroze orientireba sru-
liadac ar niSnavda imas, rom saqarTvelos damouki-
deblobasa da saxelmwifoebriobas araviTari safrTxe
ar emuqreboda. adreul saukuneebSi bizantiasTan sa-
qarTvelos urTierTobis gamocdilebas Tu gaviTvalis-
winebT, qarTul politikur azrs ar SeiZleba es safrT-
xe gacnobierebuli ar hqonoda da, rogorc yvelaf-
ridan Cans, hqonda kidec. magram, gadamwyvet rols am
SemTxvevaSi asrulebda is, rom kulturuli Tvalsazri-
siT, qristianul samyarosTan, kerZod, ruseTTan
kavSiri, yvela sxva SesaZlo kavSirebs Soris, yvelaze
ufro misaRebad da sasurvelad gamoiyureboda.
220
ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlam saqarTvelo mis erT-
erT guberniad aqcia da saxelmwifoebrivi damouki-
debloba daakargvina. amas daemata is rusifikatoruli
politika, rasac ruseTi mTeli imperiis masStabiT
atarebda da ramac am imperiaSi Semavali sxva mcire
erebis msgavsad, udidesi safrTxe Seuqmna qarTuli
kulturis da aqedan gamomdinare, TviT qarTveli eris
samomavlo arsebobis perspeqtivasac; es iyo kidev erTi
boroteba, rac saqarTvelos Tavisi bedis ruseTTan
dakavSirebam moutana.
ruseTis imperiis nawilad qcevam qarTveloba impe-
riuli Zalebis mier damonebul erad aqcia. monis xved-
ri ki, rogori rafinirebuli formiTac ar unda xor-
cieldebides es monoba, kulturis maRali Rirebulebe-
bisgan gandgoma, Sesabamisad, sulieri daknineba-damdab-
leba, SurSi, siZulvilSi da sxva borotebaSi CaZirvaa.
swored es iyo yvelaze ufro didi safrTxe, rac qarT-
vel ers ruseTis imperiaSi Sesvlam, an ukeT, ZaliT
Seyvanam Seuqmna; yovelive es asea, magram samarTlianoba
moiTxovs aRiniSnos Semdegi garemoebac:
aRniSnulma politikurma nabijma saqarTvelos sul
ramdenime aTwleulSi moutana Tavisi, manamde mTlianad
daqucmacebul-danawevrebuli ,,sxeulis” gamTlianeba da
gaerTianeba Tundac mxolod guberniis saxiT, magram
mainc gamTlianeba da gaerTianeba! meTvramete saukunis
dasasrulisTvis, gansakuTrebiT aRa-mahmad-xanis laSq-
robis Semdeg, saqarTveloSi Seqmnil ekonomikursa da
politikur situacias Tu gaviTvaviswinebT, unda vaRia-
roT: mxolod sakuTar Zalebze dayrdnobiT saqarTvelo
amis gakeTebas Zalzed Soreul perspeqtivaSi Tu moa-
xerxebda. rusuli imperia, cxadia, saqarTvelos sasike-
Tod ar iRvwoda. is mxolod Tavis sazRvrebs afar-
221
Toebda, magram obieqturad is, rac xdeboda, saqarTve-
losTvisac momgebiani da sasikeTo iyo.
ruseTTan dakavSirebam saqarTvelos gza gauxsna ev-
ropisken, SesaZlebloba misca mis mowinave sazogadoeb-
rivsa da politikur azrTan ziarebisa, ramac axali
perspeqtivebi dasaxa da axali impulsebi SesZina TviT
qarTuli kulturis srulyofasa da ganviTarebas. yove-
live amis mZlavri niSnebi ki ukve meTvramete saukuneSi,
e.i. ruseTTan saqarTvelos saboloo mierTebamde gaCnda.
aman naTeli gamoxatuleba hpova am periodis qarTuli
kulturis ZeglebSic. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs anton pir-
velis moRvaweoba ruseTSi, aseve aleqsandre amilaxva-
ris traqtati ,,brZeni aRmosavleTisa”.
aleqsandre amilaxvari (1750-1802) da misi Txzuleba
,,brZeni aRmosavleTisa” udavod yvelaze ufro mniSvne-
lovania XVIII saukunis qarTuli socialuri da poli-
tikuri azris istoriis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT. swo-
red es ganapirobebs im did interess, rasac qarTveli
mkvlevrebi (e. TayaiSvili, l. asaTiani, g. qiqoZe, S. xi-
daSeli, g. akofaSvili, v. kiknaZe da sxvebi) imTaviTve
iCendnen da iCenen misi SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis mi-
marT.
al. amilaxvaris cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis mkvle-
vari vaJa kiknaZe marTebulad SeniSnavs, rom ,,brZeni
aRmosavleTisa”-s gamomcemeli eqvTime TayaiSvili pir-
veli iyo ,,vinc aRniSna al. amilaxvaris traqtatis kav-
Siri evropul ganmanaTleblobasTan”15 da yuradReba
miaqcia imas, rom ,,am TxzulebaSi gatarebulia is
ganaTlebluri azrebi da ideebi, romlebic aRelvebdnen
da asuldgmulebdnen dasavleT evropas meTvramete sau-
kunis meore naxevarSi da romelnic ekuTvnodnen vol-
ters, monteskies, rusos, enciklopedistebs da fiziok-
ratebs... nametnavad emCneva aleqsandres (amilaxvaris)
222
Sromas zegavlena monteskies Txzulebisa ,,gulisxmiT
yofisaTvis sjulisa”16; v. kiknaZes Tanaxmad, es al.
amilaxvaris im azriTac dasturdeba, rom: ,,mefe,
rogorc eris uzenaesi nebis gamomxatveli, unda iyos
ganaTlebuli, brZeni monarqi. misi uflebebi usazRvro
ar unda iyos. e.i. aSkarad igrZnoba monarqiuli wyobis
gamijvna despotiisgan, rac klasikuri formiT mocemu-
li aqvs frang ganmanaTlebels S.l. monteskies”.17
e.…TayaiSvilis am mosazrebas mciredi koreqtivebiT
da sxvadasxva konteqstSi imeoreben TvalsaCino qarTve-
li mkvlevrebi: levan asaTiani, geronti qiqoZe, Salva
xidaSeli da sxvebi. S. xidaSeli, magaliTad, aleqsand-
re amilaxvaris Sexedulebebis did mniSvnelobas imaSi
xedavda, rom misma ,,traqtatma pirvelad gaxsna kari
dasavleTis mowinave azrovnebisTvis da amiT, rogorc
Cans, garkveuli gavlenac moaxdina qarTuli socialur-
politikuri azrovnebis ganviTarebaze”.18 aseTive mosaz-
rebebiTaa gansmWvaluli sxva mkvlevarTa didi umrav-
lesobis Sefasebebic.
al. amilaxvaris traqtatSi, mravali mniSvnelovani
Tvalsazrisidan upirveles yuradRebas imsaxurebs
evropaSi ganaTlebuli absolutizmis saxeliT cnobili
idea, romlis mixedviT, despotizmisa da TviTnebobis
Secvla unda moxdes kanonierebiTa da brZeni, qveSevr-
domebze zrunvis movaleobiT ganmsWvaluli mmarTvelo-
biT. ,,bednieria is eri, _ aRniSnavs igi traqtatis da-
sawyisSive, _ visac brZeni mefe hyavs da netaria is mefe,
romelsac morCili eri hyavs. isini erTmaneTs ganapi-
robeben da erTis gareSe, meoris bednierebac sruli
ver iqneba. ...sanatrelia mefe, romelic Tavis valdebu-
lebas grZnobs da samefo gvirgvinis simZimes Rirseu-
lad itvirTavs! ...romelmac icis, rom misi uflebebi ar
aris usazRvro; romelic Tanasworad sTvlis im
223
adamianebs, romelTac misces mas ufleba marTos isini;
romelsac Tavisi sicocxlec ki ar enaneba maTi mSvi-
dobisaTvis; ...romelic Tavisi cxovrebis yovel saaTsa
da wuTsac ki imaze fiqrSi atarebs, rogor airCios
swori gza misi (eris) keTildReobisaTvis.”19 ,,me mefeTa
uflebebs ar verCi, _ wers igi iqve, mefobis zemoaRniS-
nuli brZnuli wesebis xelaRebiT damrRvevTa ukidure-
sad uaryofiTi daxasiaTebis Semdeg, _ radgan maT
xarisxs igi (dideba) Seefereba. magram amas yovelives
vaRiareb, Tu isini arian, ara mZlavrebiT miTvisebuli,
aramed RirsebiT mopovebuli;”20 ,,me pativs vcem gvars
(igulisxmeba eris winamZRol mefeTa da didebulTa
gvarebi. _ avt.), vaRiareb damsaxurebas, magram Tayvans
vcem qvelmoqmedebas (,,keTilmoqmedebas”), rogorc raime
RvTaebas, romelic saWiroa yvela adamianisTvis, urom-
lisodac yvelafers azri ekargeba.”21
avtoris es azrebi, rac sruliad Seesabameba ganaT-
lebuli absolutizmis ideebs, saSualebas gvaZlevs
ufro sworad gavigoT rogorc amilaxvaris, aseve
mTeli am drois qarTuli politikuri Sexedulebebis
xasiaTi da Taviseburebebi. saxeldobr is, rom am pirov-
nebis Seurigebeli brZola erekle meoris winaaRmdeg
gamowveuli iyo ara mefis erTmmarTvelobisa da am
drois qarTuli saxelmwifos politikuri wyobis raime
principuli xasiaTis naklovanebebiT, aramed mxolod
da mxolod piradi mtrobiT, an Tundac erekles wina-
aRmdeg bolomde brZolis im ,,hanibalis ficiT”, rome-
lic man axalgazrdobaSi dado. saqarTvelos mravali
gasaWirisa da satkivaris mizezic mTeli misi istoriis
manZilze, xom swored es iyo: qarTveli politikuri
moRvaweni TavianT praqtikul saqmianobaSi Zalzed
xSirad yurs ar ugdebdnen da ar mihyvebodnen gonebis
xmas. Tumca qarTuli sazogadoebrivi da politikuri
224
cxovrebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli am erT-erTi ,,ukurnebe-
li da ZvelTa-Zveli” senis miCneva al. amilaxvaris Se-
xedulebebis erTgvari gaorebis mizezad garkveulwi-
lad afermkrTalebs am Sexedulebebis politikursa da
zogadkulturul Rirebulebas. amis miuxedavad, maT
mainc didi mniSvneliba unda mieniWos, rogorc
politikisa da zneobis umWidroes kavSirSi ganxilvisa
da eris politikuri cxovrebis moraluri principebis
Sesatyvisad warmarTvis mcdelobas.
did yuradRebas imsaxurebs traqtatSi ganviTarebu-
li bunebrivi uflebebis Teoria, romlis mTavari idea
isaa, rom qveynis kanonmdebloba unda emyarebodes
xalxis zne-Cveulebebs, maT specifikur fsiqikur wyobas,
rasac safuZvlad uZevs am qveynis klimaturi Tavise-
burebebi. ,,yoveli keTilgonieri msjulmdebeli, _ wers
igi, _ valdebulia jer sami piroba Seasrulos da mere
SeimuSaos Tavisi erisTvis sasargeblo kanoni. pirveli
_ es aris drois Sesabamisoba (,,mdgomareoba Jamisa”),
meore _ eris zne-CveulebaTa gaTvaliswineba (,,CveulebaÁ
erisa”); da mesame _ (kanonebis) bunebriv pirobebTan
SeTanxmeba (,,bunebiTi gahsinjulebaÁ”). am pirobebis
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe SemuSavebuli samarTali, morCi-
lebis nacvlad, ers urCobamde da SfoTvamde miiyvans,
rac ar unda kargi Cvevebis eri iyos igi”.22
al.Aamilaxvaris am mosazrebebs didi mniSvneloba
aqvs imiTac, rom, rogorc marTebulad SeniSnavs S.
xidaSeli, misma ,,mosazrebebma xalxis zne-Cveulebebis,
rogorc samoqalaqo kanomdeblobis erT-erTi safuZv-
lis Sesaxeb, male moipova didi mniSvneloba qarTuli
istoriuli viTarebis TvalsazrisiT da ramdenime aTeu-
li wlis Semdeg rTul da mwvave problemad dadga
qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris mowinave warmomadge-
nelTa winaSe. kerZod, solomon dodaSvilis 1832 wlis
225
SeTqmulebaSi monawileobis erT-erTi mTavari motivi
mdgomareobda ruseTis imperiis kanonmdeblobis Seu-
fardeblobaSi qarTveli xalxis zne-CveulebebTan da
xasiaTTan”.23 S. xidaSelis am mosazrebis marTebulobas
is garemoebac adasturebs, rom am SeTqmulebis erT-
erTi ideuri mokavSiris iagor WilaSvilis azrebic
srul SesabamisobaSia al. amilaxvaris aRniSnul Sexe-
dulebebTan.
dRevandeli gadasaxedidanac ki aqtualurad gamoi-
yureba da Sesabamis yuradRebasac imsaxurebs al. ami-
laxvaris damokidebuleba eklesiisadmi, rac traqtatSi
pirdapir da araorazrovnadaa gamoTqmuli da rac
srulad Seesabameba meTvramete saukunis evropuli gan-
manaTleblobis ideebs. ,,saeklesio wesebi, _ wers igi _
dasabamiTve keTili ganzraxviT iqna SemoRebuli, raTa
adamianTa boroteba SeezRuda da daemSvidebina. magram
zogierT Jams da Cvens droSic gamoCndebian xolme
xalxi, romlebic simSvidis nacvlad, SfoTs sTesen.
...qriste (Tavis moZRvrebas) aravis uqadagebda xmliTa
da makratliT, rasac axlandeli (moqadageni) xSirad
xmaroben. ...amitom vfiqrob, sworia... ar SevaviwrovoT
sxva sarwmunoebis mimdevrebi da neba davrToT Tavisi
rjulis Sesabamisad ilocon, radgan sxvis sulze
(batonobis) ufleba Cven ara gvaqvs mocemuli”.24 am kon-
teqstSi sayuradReboa al. amilaxvaris Semdegi msjelo-
bac, sadac isic naTlad Cans, rom is WeSmaritad keTil-
morwmune qristiania: ,,mxolod RmerTia usazRvro da
miuwvdomeli. ...amas imisTvis ar vityvi, rom mRvdel-
mTavrebs... pativi ar mivago. amas imitom vambob, rom
gavarCio isini (samRvdeloeba) am qveynis Cveulebrivi
xalxisagan (,,soflieri kacebisagan”) da imisTvisac, rom
(Tavis mxriv) isinic ar ereodnen im saqmeebSi, rac maT
ar SeeferebaT da (imisTvisac), raTa Cvenc SegveZlos
226
myarad _ keisars keisrisa da RmerTs RmerTisa miva-
goT”.25 al. amilaxvaris am, Tavisi droisTvis uaRresad
progresul azrebs, vfiqrobT, dResac ar daukargavs
Tavisi aqtualoba da uaRresad didi mniSvneloba. re-
ligiuri Semwynareblobisa da saxelmwifosgan reli-
giuri institutebis funqciuri gamijvnis sakiTxebma
bolo periodSi didi mniSvneloba SeiZines rogorc
CvenSi, aseve mTel msoflioSi.
aseTia, mokled, ,,brZeni aRmosavleTisas” avtoris is
ZiriTadi socialuri da politikuri Sexedulebebi,
romelTa gamoyofa aq Cven saWirod vcaniT. misi mTavari
mniSvneloba ki, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, isaa, rom misi
SemweobiT qarTuli sulierebis velSi pirvelad SemoiW-
ra mowinave evropuli azrovnebis nakadi. am azrovnebis
saukeTeso miRwevaTa Semdgomi SemoqmedebiTi, kulturu-
li aTviseba da am gziT qarTuli socialuri da poli-
tikuri azris, saerTodac, mTeli qarTuli kulturis
ganviTareba ukve Semdgomi drois amocana da saqme iyo.
227
mecxre Tavi
qarTuli filosofiuri azri XIII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTul samecniero
literaturaSi
XIII-XVIII saukuneebis istoriuli Zeglebidan qarTu-
li filosofiuri azris istoriisTvis upirveles yu-
radRebas imsaxurebs tbeli abuserisZis (daaxl. 1190-
1240) Semoqmedeba, me 13-14 ss. ucnobi avtoris matiane _
,,JamTaaRmwereli” da vaxuSti batoniSvilis (1696-1756)
,,aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa”.
$1. abuserisZe tbeli
abuserisZe tbelis Txzulebani sxva avtorTa Zeg-
lebTan erTad, Sesulia mis mierve 1233 wels Sedgenil
krebulSi, romelSic tbels ekuTvnis erTmaneTisgan
sruliad gansxvavebuli Janris sami nawarmoebi: himnog-
rafiuli krebuli1, astronomiuli kalendari saTauriT
_ ,,qronikoni sruli misTa sauwyebeliTa gangebiTa”2
(Semdeg ,,qronikoni”) da hagiografiul-istoriuli xasia-
Tis moTxroba ,,axali saswaulni wmidisa giorgisni”3.
sainteresoa TviT tbelis mier Sedgenili krebulis
xelnaweris istoria: 1233 wlidan me-15 saukunis
damdegamde xelnaweri xixanSia, me-15 saukunidan me-16
saukunis 40-iani wlebamde safaraSi, wmida sabas
lavraSi, me-16 saukunis 40-iani wlebidan me-17 saukunis
miwurulamde gelaTSia, 1699 wlidan me-18 saukunis Sua
wlebamde moskovSi (sulxan-saba orbelianis Zmis, _
nikoloz orbelian-Tbilelis cnobiT, igi arCil mefes
228
wauRia), me-18 saukunis 60-iani wlebidan mcxeTaSia,
xolo me-19 saukunis 90-ian wlebSi _ saeklesio
muzeumSi. amJamad xelnaweri k. kekeliZis saxelobis
xelnawerTa institutSi inaxeba A-85 nomriT4.
abuserisZe tbelis ,,qronikonis” arasruli teqsti
pirvelad gamoaqveyna mari brosem 1868 wels qarTulad,
Sesabamisi franguli TargmaniT; prozauli nawarmoebi _
Tedo Jordaniam 1897 wels, xolo sagaloblebi _ ramaz
xalvaSma 1992 wels5.
istorikosi levan musxeliSvili Tavis mier
gamocemul tbelis istoriul-dokumenturi nawarmoebis
Sesaval werilSi iziarebs iv. javaxiSvilis azrs imis
Taobaze, rom tbelis xsenebuli nawarmoebi istoriuli
xasiaTisaa, Seicavs bevr istoriul cnobas. misive
SeniSvniT, tbeli gamocdili da daxelovnebuli
mweralia, aqvs gegma, rac kargad Cans nawarmoebis
pirveli nawilidan; nawarmoebis mxatvruli stilis
lakoniuroba ki misi avtoris niWierebaze metyvelebs6.
abuserisZe tbelis Semoqmedebas araerTi gamokvleva
miuZRvna da mis SeswavlaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Sei-
tana istorikosma iuri sixaruliZem. man tbeli moix-
senia, rogorc ,,didi mwerali da moazrovne”. masve
ekuTvnis mosazreba tbelis ideebze, rogorc damarcxe-
bebiTa da ganadgurebiT SeSfoTebuli amayi ,,qarTuli
sulis Rrmad moazrebul programaze”, romelic sru-
liad gansxvavdeba ,,istoria da azmanis”, ,,vefxistyaos-
nisa” da laSa-giorgis mematianis ideebisgan da romel-
mac Tavisi wvlili Seitana Semdgom saqarTvelos kul-
turul-politikur cxovrebaSi7.
am kuTxiT sayuradReboa tbelis TxzulebaTa axali
sruli gamocemis is adgili, sadac saubaria xelTuqm-
neli xatis saqarTveloSi mosvenebasa da misi kultis
229
dawesebaze. axali gamocemis gamokvlevis avtorTa (n.
goguaZe, m. qavTaria, r. Cagunava) azriT, xelTuqmneli
xatis kultis damkvidreba saqarTveloSi liturgiul
praqtikaSi tbelis saxels ukavSirdeba8, rac, maTive
azriT, erovnuli gamTlianebis ideologiis dafuZnebis
mcdeloba iyo. kerZod, asurel mamaTagan erT-erTis _
anton martyofelis mier saqarTveloSi Camotanili
xelTuqmneli xatis Tixis asls tbelamde yuradRebas
aravin aqcevda. xvarazmelTa Semosevis Semdeg ,,saWiro
xdeba mesianisturi ideis gamococxleba”9, rac asaxu-
lia ioane anCelis, ioane SavTelis, nikoloz gulaberi-
Zis da sxvaTa galobebSi, magram maTgan mxolod tbeli
cdilobs xelTuqmneli xatis dResaswaulis damkvidre-
bas10.
avtorTa SeniSvniT, samwuxarod, tbelis ideas gan-
xorcieleba ar ewera da ZalaSi darCa anton martyofe-
lis dRis aRniSvna.
ramdenime sityva tbelis mxatvrul nawarmoebze, ro-
melic, SeiZleba iTqvas, yvelaze metadaa Seswavlili. am
nawarmoebSi igrZnoba epoqis suli, rac qarTuli kul-
turis mZime mdgomareobiT iyo ganpirobebuli. kerZod,
mxatvrul xerxebsa da mignebebTan erTad nawarmoebSi
gvxdeba fantastikuri, mistikuri da nawarmoebis qargas-
Tan Seusabamo ararealuri movlenebi. mTlianobaSi, un-
da iTqvas, rom nawarmoebi mxatvrul Rirebulebas
moklebuli ar aris.
tbelis TxzulebaTa axali gamocemis avtorTa az-
riT, sadac gaTvaliswinebulia k. kekeliZis dakvirveba,
tbeliseuladaa miCneuli krebulSi Sesuli sagalob-
lebi (,,galobani wmidisa iovane naTlismcemelisani, wmi-
disa iovane maxarebelisa da wmidisa iovane oqropiri-
sani erTbaSad mokrebulni...“). es galobani sayuradRe-
boa, rogorc himni, sagalobeli, mxatvruli nawarmoebi
230
da religiur-filosofiuri azrebis Semcveli. axali
gamocemis avtorTa sayuradRebo da sarwmuno SeniSvniT,
es ,,sagaloblebi tbeli abuserisZis.... Sinagani ganwyo-
bis, Rrmadmorwmune adamianis damokidebulebis gamJRav-
nebaa didi saeklesio mamebis moRvaweobisadmi”11.
tbelis SemoqmedebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uka-
via mis astronomiul kalendars _ ,,qronikoni”...12. daviw-
yoT imiT, rom Sua saukuneebSi Tuki dRevandel azer-
baijanSi zogierTi trigonometriuli formula miiRes,
somxeTSi evklides geometria Targmnes, saqarTveloSi
Tbilisisa da goris koordinatebi daadgines. amave
dros xixanSi tbelma Seqmna astronomiuli kalendari,
romelic Sesulia mis mierve 1233 wels Sedgenilsa da
redaqtirebul krebulSi.
tbelamde saqarTveloSi arsebobda ori kalendari:
ioane zosimesi (907 w.), romelsac tbeli ar icnobda da
ioane SavTelisa (947 w.), romelsac tbeli aumjobesebs.
vaxuSti batoniSvili, mari brose da daviT cxakaia
tbelis astronomiul naSroms SecdomiT miawerdnen
ioane SavTels. k. kekeliZe sworad miuTiTebda, rom
,,1233 wels abuserisZe tbels dauweria erTi sayurad-
Rebo Sroma, romelsac ewoda ,,qronikoni sruli misTa
sauwyebelTa da gangebiTa” da romelic gamocemulia m.
broses mier. es aris vrceli traqtati, romelSic
ganmartebulia egreTwodebuli 532 wliani didi indiq-
tioni. traqtati mdidaria sxvadasxva ariTmetikuli,
astronomiuli da kalendaruli terminebiT. is aris
cda, agreTve, qarTulisa da berZnuli welTaRricxvis
da pasqalisturi sistemebis Sefardebis da SeTanxme-
bisa”!
bunebrivia kiTxva: riT gamoirCeva abuserisZe tbelis
astronomiuli traqtati? daviwyoT imiT, rom eklesia
samyaros dasabamad qristes Sobamde xuTi aTasze meti
231
wlis winaT varaudobda. zogierT qveyanaSi aseT drod
miCneuli iyo 5 500 weli, zogierTSi ki 5 492 an 5 508
weli. tbelis kalendarSi ki dasaxelebulia 5 604 weli.
es axali ricxvi SemTxveviTi ar aris da igi dakav-
Sirebulia axali wlis 25 martiT dawyebasTan.
qristianul samyaroSi aris azri, rom garkveuli
drois Semdeg dadgeba samyaros aRsasruli. es azri
ganmtkicebuli iyo saqarTveloSic. magram, berZnebisgan
gansxvavebiT, romelTa gamoangariSebiT qveynis gaCeni-
dan 7 000 weli sruldeboda 1492 wels, rac misi aRsas-
rulis welic unda yofiliyo, qarTvelebis gamoanga-
riSebiT samyaros aRsasruli 1396 wels unda damdga-
riyo. saerTod es aris mecnierul safuZvels moklebu-
li Tvalsazrisi, magram faqtia isic, rom es TariRi
pirvelad tbelis kalendarSi Cndeba, riTac igi
gansxvavdeba yvela Tavisi winamorbedisgan.
uZveles xanaSi drois gamoTvla xdeboda mzisa da
mTvaris moZraobis mixedviT da im drois kalendrebi
Sesabamisad agebuli iyo am ori ciuri sxeulis
moZraobis ciklze. tbelis traqtats safuZvlad uZevs
532 wliani cikli, romelic miRebulia mzisa da mTvaris
ciklTa Sesabamisad 28 da 19 ricxvebis namravliT da
igi iseTi sazRvaria, romlis Semdeg TveTa dReebi imave
TanamimdevrobiT dgeba, ra TanamimdevrobiTac iyo,
magaliTad mecamete moqcevis dasawyisi _ 781 wels. igive
ganmeorda 532 wlis Semdeg, 1313 wels da 1845 wels.
cnobilia, rom 5 534 wliani era SemoRebulia
qarTveli gamomTvlelebisgan. amis Tqmis uflebas gvaZ-
levs is garemoeba, rom igi mocemulia mxolod qarTul
kalendrebSi (907-974). es era qarTveli gamomTvlelebis
mier miRebulia iulius afrikelis 5 500 wliani eris
gadakeTebiT, im mizniT, rom miRebuli yofiliyo 28
wliani mzis cikli, romliTac axali weli daiwyeboda
232
1 marts. am Sesworebis mizani ki iyo gamoTvlebis ga-
martiveba. rac Seexeba tbels, misi kalendriT axali
weli iwyeba 25 marts, riTac gamoTvlebi ufro
gamartivda da, rac mTavaria, misi kalendari berZnul-
Tan iqna Sejerebuli. es faqtic tbelis astronomiuli
Sexedulebebis originalurobis damadasturebelia.
974 wlis qarTuli astronomiuli kalendris mixed-
viT, wlis dasawyisad miRebulia 1-eli marti. iqve
aRniSnulia, rom wlis dasawyisis (e.i. 1-eli marti)
Sesabamisi rigiTobis dasadgenad anu imis
gansazRvrisTvis, Tu romeli dRea kviris, saWiroa
ricxv 28-ze moqmedebebi. es wesi daazusta tbelma Tavis
traqtatSi. Tu gamoviyenebT ricxvTa Teoriis
elementebs, umcires dadebiT naSTebs 28-is moduliT,
Tanamedrove maTematikur cnebebs, maSin abuserisZe
tbelis traqtatSi mocemuli wesi SeiZleba
Camoyalibdes formulebis saxiT, romelTa mixedviTac
SeiZleba ganisazRvros nebismieri wlis nebismieri Tvis
nebismieri dRis rigiToba an mivuTiToT kviris
nebismieri dRe.
abuserisZe tbelma Tavis kalendarSi gaiTvaliswina
yvela misi winamorbedi kalendris nakli, miiRo
rogorc nakiani, ise misi momdevno martivi wlebis (ara
nakiani) formulebi, romelTa gamoTvlili dRis rigi-
Toba emTxveva Tanamedrove kalendriT gamoTvlili
dRis rigiTobas. amave kalendarSi tbeli miuTiTebs
qarTulsa da berZnul welTsaTvalavebs Soris gansx-
vavebaze, rasac traqtatSi didi adgili eTmoba.
ukve aRiniSna, rom tbelTan samyaros xangrZlivobis
maCveneblad 5406 weli aRebulia im motiviT, raTa
Seqmniliyo iseTi kalendari, rom axali weli 25 marts
dawyebuliyo. berZnuli kalendari ki mxolod imiT
gansxvavdeboda qarTulisgan, rom tbeliseuli wesiT
233
gamoTvlisas masSi axali wlis dasawyisad gamodis 24
marti.
abuserisZe tbelis traqtatSi mocemulia moZrav
saeklesio dResaswaulTa dawyebis TariRi, mTvaris
amosvla-Casvlis mza cxrilebi. traqtatSi ganxilulia,
agreTve, mTvaris zednadebi. gavixsenoT isic, rom
qristianul samyaroSi adre martis Tve miCneuli iyo
qveynis gaCenis drod da aRdgomac Cveulebriv 22 martsa
da 23 aprils Soris moZraobda. amis gaangariSebac iyo
tbelis welTaRricxvis ,,qronikonis” sistemis mTavari
mizani.
unda iTqvas isic, rom zogierTma mkvlevarma yurad-
Reba miaqcia tbelis astronomiuli kalendris pedago-
giur mniSvnelobas, rac pasuxs scems kiTxvas: ra gamo-
yeneba SeiZleba hqonda tbelis astronomiul kalen-
dars?
dasasrul, ramdenime sityva abuserisZe tbelis
memkvidreobis adgilze qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi.
tbelis Semoqmedeba Sua saukuneebis, kerZod, me-11-12
saukuneebis didi qarTuli kulturis erT-erTi bolo
gamoZaxilia; igi aris avtori hagiografiul-istoriul-
mxatvruli nawarmoebisa, romelSic gvxdeba fantasti-
kur-mistikuri momentebi; tbeli Tavisi astronomiuli
kalendriT epoqis mecnier-enciklopedistia; mas ekuTv-
nis, agreTve, sagaloblebi, romlebic yuradRebas
imsaxurebs religiuri filosofiis TvalsazrisiTac.
tbeli, amasTan, xelTuqmneli xatis kultis dawesebiT,
SemosevebiT daZabunebuli qveynis sulieri gaerTianeba-
gamTlianebis ideologadac gvevlineba.
234
$2. ,,aswlovani matiane” _ ,,JamTaaRmwereli”
me-13-14 saukuneebis ucnobi avtoris ,,aswlovani ma-
tiane” (,,JamTaaRmwereli”) istoriuli xasiaTis nawar-
moebia, romelSic ganxilulia saqarTvelos saxelmwi-
foebrivi, politikuri da kulturuli istoria daax-
loebiT asi wlis manZilze _ laSa-giorgis gamefebidan
giorgi V brwyinvales gamefebis pirveli wlebis CaTv-
liT.
mkvlevarTa azriT, ,,JamTaaRmwerelis” anonimi avto-
ri kargad icnobs berZnul, sparsulsa da, saerTod,
aRmosavlur wyaroebs. icis monRoluri ena da miu-
TiTebs, rom monRolTa erT-erT toms sakuTari 16 anba-
niani damwerloba hqonda, romelic advilad ikiTxeboda.
,,aswlovani matiane” erTdroulad istoriuli
Zeglicaa da mxatvruli nawarmoebic da, amasTan, igi
interess imsaxurebs filosofiis poziciidanac. amito-
mac mizanSewonilia Zeglis Sefasebis istoriidan, ro-
gorc istoriul-filologiuri, ise filosofiuri pozi-
ciis gamoyofa. am mizniT ganvixiloT ivane javaxiSvi-
lis, korneli kekeliZisa da Salva nucubiZis Tval-
sazrisebi.
1. ,,aswlovani matiane”, rogorc istoriuli Zegli
(ivane javaxiSvili). ,,aswlovani matiane” anu, rogorc
mas iv. javaxiSvili uwodebs _ ,,JamTaaRmwereli” isto-
riuli Txzulebaa da igi avtors ganxiluli aqvs
naSromSi: _ ,,istoriis mizani, wyaroebi da meTodebi
winaT da axla”, romelic pirvelad 1916 wels
gamoqveynda da Sesulia iv. javaxiSvilis TxzulebaTa
Tormettomeulis me-8 tomSi13.
235
iv. javaxiSvili ganxilvis sagnad ixdis TviT naS-
romis saTaurs da midis im daskvnamde, rom avtorisTvis
istoria ,,JamTaaRmwerlobaa” (Cveulebriv qarTulSi
saistorio nawarmoebi iwodeboda, rogorc ,,cxovrebaÁ”),
meistorie ki ,,JamTaaRmwereli”. ,,JamTaaRmwerloba”, iv.
javaxiSvilis azriT, berZnul ,,xronografias” udrida14.
iv. javaxiSvili gamoarCevs ucnobi avtoris mokrZa-
lebulobas, piruTvnelobasa da obieqturobas. igi
yuradRebas aqcevs im faqts, rom JamTaaRmwerlisTvis
,,erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi Tavmoyvareobis garda Cvens
avtors amasTanave sarwmunoebrivic metad grZnobiare
aqvs. mas rcxvenia, roca gviTxrobs, Tu rogor Seuracx-
hyves mahmadianebma qristianoba”15. aq avtors mxedvelo-
baSi aqvs JamTaaRmwerlis monaTxrobi, roca jala-
ledinma Tbilisi moaoxra, sionis eklesia daangrevina
da misi gumbaTi gamoiyena ,,zeda bilwisa sajdomisa
misisa aRSenebad”.
sayuradReboa isic, rom iv. javaxiSvili, JamTaaR-
mwerlis did ganaTlebulobasTan, swor da saR msje-
lobasTan erTad, gamoarCevs mis gulubryvilobasac:
,,Cveni JamTaaRmwereli sazogadod ganviTarebuli ada-
miani yofila, misi msjeloba Cveulebriv swore da
fxizelia. amasTanave, Tavisufali. gasaocaria mxolod,
rom zogjer igi, roca saswaulmoqmedebas exeba, bavSv-
saviT gulubryviloa xolme da yvelaferi sjera”16. aq
mxedvelobaSi aqvs JamTaaRmwerlis monaTxrobis is
adgili, sadac saubari exeba laSa-giorgis Svilis
daviTis gvelebian ormoSi Cagdebas. ormoSi ki mas erTi
gveli ukbens, danarCenebi ki gankurnaven.
saerTod gulubryviloba, iv. javaxiSvilis azriT,
XIII-XIV saukuneebis sxva qveynis istorikosTa Txzule-
bebSic sakmaod gvxdeba, ,,magram mainc Cveni JamTaaR-
mwerlis azrovnebisaTvis es bavSvuri gulubryviloba
236
da crumorwmuneoba metad damaxasiaTebelia: verc erTs
qarTul saistorio TxzulebaSi me-11-12 ss., rogoricaa,
magaliTad, ,,istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani”,
,,cxovrebaÁ mefeTmefisa daviTisi”, ,,matiane qarTlisaÁ”,
Tundac ,,c-Á giorgi mTawmindlisa” da ,,c-Á ioanesi da
efTÂmesi”, aseTs sasacilo da zRapruls ambebs ver
naxavT. saswaulmoqmedeba da sakvirvelebani iq an sru-
liad ar moipoveba (me-12 s. Txzulebani), an ara da Ti-
To-orolaa, amasTanave iseTi, romelTa axsna bunebrivad
advilad SeiZleba. Cveni JamTaaRmwerlis zemoaRniSnuli
gulubryviloba naTlad gviCvenebs, ramdenad daqveiTda
monRolebis batonebis dros qarTvelTa gonebrivi
cxovreba da azrovneba”17.
iv. javaxiSvili gansakuTrebul yuradrebas aqcevs im
faqts, rom JamTaaRmwerlis Tanaxmad, qarTveli mefis _
laSa-giorgis _ yovelgvar zRvars gadacilebulma gau-
maZRrobam (,,gemoTmoyvareobam”) da TviTnebobam (,,nebis-
mimdgomilebam”) saqarTvelos maRal saxelisuflo
wreebSi SeaRwia da gaxrwna igi. avtori imowmebs
JamTaaRmwerlis mier Tavisi azris gansamtkiceblad
moxmobil winaswarmetyvelis azrs: ,,viTarca winaswar-
metyvelica ityvis: ganZRa, ganisvena, iakob da ganudga
RmerTsa macxovarsa, egreTve iqmna naTesavsaca amas Sina
qarTvelisa, rameTu ganZRes da iSvebodes da uweseobad
midrkes siZvaTa mTvralobiTa”18.
saerTod JamTaaRmwerlisTvis damaxasaTebelia gange-
bis Zalisadmi didi mniSvnelobis miniWeba, rac mJRavn-
deba kidec qarTvelTaA xvedris miseuli axsnisas. ker-
Zod, misi azriT, gzidan gadacdomis gamo RmerTma
qarTvelebi dasaja monRolTa Semosevis saxiT. amasTan
dakavSirebiT iv. javaxiSvili akeTebs daskvnas: ,,amgva-
rad saqarTvelos samefo karis da eris gaxrwnileba
Cvens JamTamRwerels qveynis aoxrebis mizezad miaCnia,
237
xolo TviT ubedureba RvTaebis mier movlenil sas-
jelad”19.
iv. javaxiSvili JamTaaRmwerelTan yuradRebas miaq-
cevs saqarTvelos istoriis gaazrebis iseT momentebs,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, subieqturi da obieqturi faq-
torebi da maTi roli qveynis cxovrebaSi. es momenti
didad sayurdReboa javaxiSvilis poziciaSi da ami-
tomac mizanSewonilia misi SedarebiT vrclad damow-
meba: ,,sayuradRebo is aris mxolod, rom avtori qveynis
gaoxrebis mizezad saqarTvelos mmarTveli wreebis
udardelobasa, uwesoebas da eris zneobriv dacemas
aRiarebs, rom igi marto garegan pirobebs, mtrebis
Semosevas ar abralebs yvelafers da amiT ar iqarvebs
damafiqrebel sakiTxs, aramed umTavres mizezad qveynis
Sinaurs mdgomareobas, TviT qarTvelTa saxelmwifo da
sazogadoebriv gaTaxsirebul cxovrebas asaxelebs. es
aris CvenTvis sagulisxmiero da adamianma marTlac
unda sTqvas, rom am mxriv JamTaaaRwerelis azri
sruliad usafuZvlo ar aris”20.
JamaTaaRmwerlis damsaxurebad iv. javaxiSvils
miaCnia mis mier qarTul politikur cxovrebaSi im
azris Semotana, romlis Tanaxmadac, amqveynad
yvelaferi amao da warmavalia, romelic mas
gamoTqmuli aqvs jalaledinis mokvlasTan
dakavSirebiT. es bibliuri azri: ,,amaoeba amaoebaTa,
yovelilve amaoa” (,,eklesiaste”, I, $2), iv. javaxiSvilis
azriT, JamTaaRmwerelTan politikur Seferilobas
iRebs: ,,amqveynad, maSasadame, yovelive amaoa da
warmavali, daundobeli da cvalebadi, saukuno
mxolod saiqios cxovrebaao, amtkicebs JamTaaRmwereli.
amgvari azri eklesiaSi Cveulebrivi iyo, magram
politikur azrovnebaSi saqarTveloSi winaT arasdros
ar yofila miRebuli da pirvelad Cvens avtors aqvs
238
istoriaSi Setanili. magram Semdeg saukuneebSi es azri
politikur msjelobaSiac gabatonda, ase Zirianad
Seirya qarTveli eris politikuri rwmena”21.
iv. javaxiSvils JamTaaRwerlis poziciis erT-erT
upirveles Rirsebad miaCnia obieqturoba, rac naTlad
mJRavndeba mis mier jalaledinisa da monRolebis daxa-
siaTebisas: ,,qarTveliA JamTaaRwerelis Rirsebas misi
miudgomloba da puruTvneloba Seadgens. igi mag. Sa-
qarTvelos mtrebis Rirsebas, _ jalaledinisa, romel-
mac didi codva datriala Cvens qveyanaSi, da monRo-
lebisas, saqarTvelos ganmaoxrebelTa – sasiqadulo
Tvisebebs mainc ar malavs, piriqiT, yovelTvis didis
pativiscemiT ixseniebs maT. Tumca, amasTanave im
saSinel aoxrebasac, romelic monRolebis batonobas
mohyva, ar iviwyebs da saucxood asuraTebs.
sagulisxmoa, rom saqarTvelos amtutebelis-
jalaledinis sikvdilis aRweris dros mas arc wyevla-
krulva, arc sxva ram gansvenebulisaTvis saZraxi sityva
wamoscdenia, aramed didis RirsebiT, TiTqos
sinanuliTac ki ambobs: ,,moikla kaci igi maRali da
saÃelovani Ãelmwife vina daudgromel ars mindoba
soflisa amis amaos”-o. amgvaradve gulwrfelad aqebs
Cveni istorikosi monRolebis maRal zneobriv
Tvisebebs: ,,tyuvili sityva yovladve ar iyo mas Sina,
ara Tvalaxvnani pirsa kacisasa, arca didsa, arca
mciresa da umetes sabWoTa Sina, rameTu keTilni wesni
epyres Cingis yaenisagan ganCenilni”-o22.
dasasruls ki SeiZleba iTqvas, rom i. javaxiSvili
JamTaaRmwerels metad sando, me-13 saukunis saqarT-
velos istoriis erTaderT wyarod miiCnevs, romelSic
sxvasTan erTad ,,qveynis zneobrivi mdgomareobac” aris
mocemuli.
239
2. ,,aswlovani matiane”, rogorc literaturuli Zeg-
li (korneli kekeliZe). k. kekeliZe Tavis werilSi mok-
led da amomwuravad gadmogvcems JamTaaRmwerelTan
dakavSirebul pasaJebs. werilis meore abzaci mematianis
aRweras eZRvneba da JamTaaRmwerelze cocxal warmod-
genas gviqmnis: ,,is mcodne kaci Cans, icnobs monRolur
enasa da sarwmunoebas, monRolur saistorio mwerlo-
bas, qronikonsa da zepirsityvierebas. icnobs is spar-
selebsac, maT istorikos juveins (me-13 s.), maT enasa da
zneobriv siduxWires. zedmiwevniT icis man berZnuli
ena, istoria da mwerloba, saistorio Tu mxatvruli.
ase magaliTad, mis naSromSi dasaxelebulia istori-
kosi ioseb flabiusi, mosimaxos ebraeli, astiangi, kvi-
rosi, xrizmosi apolonis dedoflisa, priamosi, aRamem-
noni da misi coli elene, romlis gamoc atyda troa-
delTa 28 wliani omi, antipatros da kasandros, aleq-
sandre makedoneli, midasi da anTipatos. aqve dasaxe-
lebulia Zvel berZenTa ,,Tormetni zodiakni anu etl-
ni”, agreTve qristianTa pasqalisturi ,,aTcxrametuli,
cameturi, zednadebi da zedequseuli”.
zedmetia laparaki imaze, rom JamTaaRmwerelma
kargad icis Tavisi mSobliuri warsuli, awmyo, zne-
Cveuleba da mwerloba, gansakuTrebiT saistorio. mis
SromaSi gamoyenebulia daviT aRmaSeneblis istoria,
gamouyenebia mas, agreTve, rogorc TviTon uCvenebs,
,,vinme beriRmelis” Sroma, wigni mefeTa ,,baRuSiTsa da
naTesaviTa misTa” da viRac ,,yovelTa aRwerilisa”
cnoba. Tavisi azrebis gasaviTareblad da saWiro cnobe-
bis mosapoveblad avtori ara marto wignebs mimarTavs,
aramed gadmocemebs, naTqvamsa da gagonilisa... rogorc
moazrovne, is gamomxatvelia monRolTa drois sulieri
ganwyobilebisa Cven sazogadoebaSi. monRolebis Semose-
vam Zirian-fesvianad Searyia mdgomareoba da keTil-
240
dReoba Tamaris monarqiisa, aman dabada sazogadeobaSi
sasowarkveTileba”23.
k. kekeliZe ,,JamTaaRmwerlis” erT-erT damaxasiaTe-
bel Tvisebad gamoarCevs pesimizms, rac qveynis umZimesi
mdgomareobiT iyo gamowveuli.
meore damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba, romelic monRolTa
Semosevis mizezebis Ziebisas iCens Tavs, rogorc k. keke-
liZe SeniSnavs, JamTaRmwerlis Tanaxmad, eris moralur
daqveiTebaSi mdgomareobs.
k. kekeliZis azriT, JamTaaRmwereli did patrio-
tul grZnobas amJRavnebs, rac mas qarTvelTa avTvise-
bebs aviwyebinebs. igi qarTvelTa saqebrad monRolebis
azrebs imowmebs qarTvelebze24.
k. kekeliZe imowmebs dimitri mefis mimarTvas krebi-
sadmi, roca igi urdoSi gamgzavrebis gadawyvetilebas
iRebs da dasZens: ,,msoflio istoriaSi iSviaTad vipo-
viT mamulisa da moZmisaTvis Tavdadebis aseT magali-
Tebs”25.
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa k. kekeliZis mier JamTa-
aRmwerelTan moTxrobili daujerebeli ambebis Sefa-
seba. kerZod, is faqtebi (qristes gamocxadeba Cingiz
xanisadmi, laSa-giorgis Zis daviTis Cagdeba gvelebian
ormoSi da misi gadarCena, sparselis mier CaRata
noinis mkvlelobis aRiareba da sxva.), romlebic sxva
avtorebTan miCneulia, rogorc JamTa aRmwerilobis
gulubryvilobad, matianis winaaRmdegobriv adgilebad,
an amis religiur poziciidan gamarTlebis mcdelobad
da sxv. k. kekeliZis azriT ki, es aris literaturuli
xerxi, rac damajerebel mosazrebad gamoiyureba.
k. kekeliZe sagangebod Cerdeba JamTaaRmwerelze, ro-
gorc mweralze da mravali adgili mohyavs teqstidan
amis dasadastureblad. sanimuSod damowmebulia JamTa-
241
aRmwerlis mier daviT narinis, daviT ulusa da mefe
dimitris portretebis aRwera26.
istoriuli Zeglisadmi literaturuli midgomis
nimuSia k. kekeliZis statiis finali. Txzuleba,
rogorc romelime mxatruli nawarmoebi, TiTqmis
TavSive aRizianebs mkiTxvelis cnobismoyvareobas
Semdegi sityvebiT: ,,qveyanasa mzisa aRmosavleTisa
krZoÁsa, romelsa ewodebis Cin-maCini, gamoCndes kacni
vinme sakrvelni, adgilsa yarayurumad wodebulsa, ucxo
saxiTa, wesiTa Sesaxedavadca”. is warmogvidgens grZel
jaWvs politikur-samxedro yofa-cxovrebiT epizodebi-
sas, romelnic moxerxebulad cvlian erTimeores, raTa
moTxrobis erTferovnebiT ar daiRalos mkiTxvelis yu-
radReba. ena Txzulebisa aris sada, ubralo, dinji, ad-
vilad gasagebi, romelic gveubneba, rom monRolTa ba-
tonobis xanaSi, literaturuli Zeglebis fizikur ga-
nadgurebasTan erTad, ar ganadgurebula da ar mospobi-
la literaturuli gemovneba”27.
3. ,,aswlovani matiane”-s filosofiuri interpreta-
cia (Salva nucubiZe). Salva nucubiZe ,,aswlovan matia-
nes” filosofiuri kuTxiT miudga da masSi oTxi mTava-
ri filosofiuri debuleba gamoyo:
a. JamTaaRmwerloba _ ucnobi avtorisTvis istoriis
Sefasebisas WeSmaritebis dadgenaa. ,,es azri istoriis
Sesaxeb, SeniSnavs S. nucubiZe, friad sagulisxmoa, rad-
gan igi istorias uaRresad filosofiur disciplinad
acxadebs”28.
b. Tuki istoriis (,,JamTaaRmwerilobis”) mTavari az-
ri filosofiuria (WeSmaritebis Zieba), maSin istoriasa
da sibrZnismetyvelebas Soris pirdapiri kavSiria.
g. JamTaaRmwereli cdilobs, gaarkvios istoriaSi
momxdari ama Tu im movlenis mizezi, rac imas niSnavs,
242
rom masTan dgeba Sefasebis momenti. es ki istoriis mi-
marT filosofiur midgomas gulisxmobs.
d. JamTaaRmwerelis mixedviT, roca istoria iwereba,
am dros unda moxdes erTmaneTisgan sikeTisa da boro-
tebis gansxvaveba. aqac istoriuli movlenebis Sefase-
biT momentTan gvaqvs saqme, rac filosofiuri poziciiT
aris ganpirobebuli.
S. nucubiZe JamTaaRmwerelTan zogierT moments kri-
tikulad afasebs, kerZod, roca saubaria sikeTesa da
borotebaze. S. nucubiZis azriT, JamTaaRmwereli ver
iCens saTanado obieqturobas, roca igi gansjis sagnad
ixdis cotne dadianisa da laSa giorgis qcevebs. sama-
gierod, SedarebiT obieqturobiT xasiaTdeba JamTaaR-
mwerlis mxridan me-13 saukunis saqarTvelos tragediis
Sefaseba, roca laSa-giorgis uzneoba, misgan gamomdina-
re SedegebiT, katastrofuli aRmoCnda qarTveli eris-
Tvis. unda iTqvas, rom es adgili S. nucubiZesTan er-
Tgvari bundovanebiT gamoirCeva29.
S. nucubiZe JamTaaRmwerlis e.w. ,,Suamdebare pozici-
is” obieqturobis Sefasebisas koniunqturas uwevs anga-
riSs da umarTebulo daskvnas akeTebs: ,,klasobrivi is-
toria aqac ar Ralatobs Tavis logikas da ,,WeSmarite-
bis metyveleba”, romelic avtorisaTvis, TiTqos, mTava-
ria, garkveuli klasobrivi, jgufuri WeSmaritebaa. ar-
sebiTad, JamTaaRmwerlis ideologia reaqciuli ideo-
logiaa, saero Zalauflebisa da, gansakuTrebiT, erT-
mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli da igi principu-
lad arafriT gansxvavdeba i. sabanisZis ideologiidan,
romlis daZlevas qarTulma sazogadoebrivma azrovne-
bam sam saukuneze meti moandoma. qarTveloba mtkiced
rom mdgariyo qristianobisa da eklesiis niadagze (ga-
vixsenoT sabaniZis ,,kedeli” qristianuli WeSmaritebi-
sa), ubedureba ar moxdebodao”30.
243
Znelia daeTanxmo S. nucubiZes, rogorc ioane saba-
nis Zis, ise JamTaaRmwerlis msoflmxedvelobis amgvar
SefasebaSi, miT umetes, roca teqsti amis safuZvels
namdvilad ar iZleva. aseve safuZvels moklebulia av-
toris saboloo daskvna JamTaaaRmwerlis tradiciasa
da adgilze Semdgomi drois qarTul sinamdvileSi: ,,am-
denad, igi (JamTaaRmwereli avt.) warmoadgens me-11-me-12
saukuneebSi mebrZol ideologiaTa reaqciuli banakis
gagrZelebas, romelsac me-14 saukunisa da momdevno
droSi feodalizmis kvlav moZalebis pirobebSi ufro
xelsayreli pirobebi daudgaT”31.
S. nucubiZe JamTaaRmwerlis Txzulebas istorioso-
fiad miiCnevs. unda aRiniSnos, rom S. nucubiZem arsebi-
Tad sworad gaigo ,,aswlovani matiane”-s filosofiuri
aspeqtebi, gaigo igi, rogorc istoriis filosofiuri
gaazrebis pirveli cda qarTul sinamdvileSi.
4. ,,aswlovani matianes” filosofiuri analizi. ,,asw-
lovani matiane” upirvelesad istoriuli Zeglia, magram,
rogorc es sxvadasxva gamokvlevebiT dadasturda, igi
yuradRebas imsaxurebs mxatruli da filosofiuri
TvalsazrisiTac.
marTebulad aRniSnavs k. kekeliZe, rom JamTaaRmwre-
lis Txzuleba STambeWdavad iwyeba da mxatvruli
TvalsazrisiT igi maSinve izidavs mkiTxvelis yurad-
Rebas. nawarmoebi laSa-giorgis gamefebiT iwyeba, rac
Tamaris sikvdilis Semdeg moxda. maSin laSa-giorgi 18
wlis iyo, Tumca manamde Tamarma 13 wlis momavali mefe
Tanamefed gamoacxada. nawarmoebSi gvxdeba JamTaaRmwer-
lis aseTi azriani SeniSvna: miicvala Tamar mefe da
,,dauteva mefoba Zesa TÂssa, xolo naTesavsa qarTvelTa-
sa _ cema, mwuxareba, vaeba da glova, rameTu cocxalni-
244
ca Casrul iyvnen jojoxeTis mkÂdrni samefosa misi asa-
ni da egreTca jer iyo”32.
Zneli dasanaxi ar aris, rom JamTaaRmwereli Txzu-
lebis dasawyisSive kravs kvanZs da mkiTxvels winaswar
ganawyobs imisTvis, raTa icodes Tu rogori mefe moev-
lina saqarTvelos laSa-giorgis saxiT. Amis Semdeg ki
JamTaaRmwereli iZleva laSa-giorgis daxasiaTebas,
riTac ganamtkicebs Tavis uaryofiT azrs axalgazrda
mefeze: ,,taniT Zlieri, mxned moisari, nadimobiTa da Si-
na moswrafe, laRi da TÂTbuneba”33. aqve avtori ganmar-
tavs, Tu ratom iyo mefe aseTi bunebis – ,,amisTÂs gan-
laRebuli”. mefis aseTi laRobis mizezi, JamTaaRmwer-
lis Tanaxmad, iyo is, rom dedam, mefe Tamarma, romel-
sac mudam igi karg konteqsSi ixseniebs, laSa giorgis
dautova dawynarebuli qveyana, damorCilebuli mowinaa-
aRmegeebi da moxarkeni. igi CamoTvlis samefoebs, sam-
Tavroebsa da qalaqebs, romelTa mesveurnic ZRveniTa
da xarkiT modiodnen da amis gamo mudam mxiaruleba
iyo mefe laSa-giorgis karze.
matianeSi moTxrobilia, rom Tavdapirvelad laSa-gi-
orgis moxarkeebma xarki Seuwyvites (mizezs mematiane
ar asaxelebs). mefem jari Sekriba, sastikad daamarcxa
gandgomilebi, Secdoma apatia da didZali nadavliT
dabrunda TbilisSi. TbilisSi dabrunebulma mefem ux-
vad gasca yvelaferi, radganac, JamTaaRmwerlis aRniSv-
niT, igi iyo mlocveli, ara moSurne da a.S. magram Sem-
deg mefe borotebisken gadaixara (Tu ra iyo amis mize-
zi, aq amis Sesaxeb araferia naTqvami): ,,aramed ukanas-
knel midrka siboroted TanamiyoliTa uwesoTa kacTaTa.
viTarca solomonisaTÂs weril ars, romelTa SeacTu-
nes dedaTa, egreTve ese uweso kacTa, viTarca quemeore
sityuaman sacnaur-yos. viTar ganisuenebda nadimobiTa
da msmurTa Tana, midrka siborotemdi, viTar werili
245
ars israelTaTÂs: ,,dasxda eri igi Wamad da smad, da
aRdges simRerad”34.
laSa-giorgis mier swori gzidan gadaxveva grZelde-
boda, rac, bunebrivia, SeumCneveli da reagirebis gareSe
ar darCeboda. es, erTi mxriv, imdroindeli saqarTve-
los maRali eSelonebis zneobriv samyarosa da, meore
mxriv, qveyanaSi garkveuli demokratiuli principebis
arsebobaze miuTiTebs. es upirvelesad iqidan Cans, rom
mefis aseTi qcevebiT Sewuxebuli didebulebi, ivane
aTabagi da varam gageli, mefes ganudgnen. gandgomis mi-
zezi JamTaaRmwerelTan asea Camoyalibebuli: ,,ara Tavs
videbT Sensa mefes yofasa, ukeTu ara ganayenon borot-
Ta kacTa siaxlesa da avsa wess, romelsa iqm”35.
erTi piroba mefem moinania codvebi, magram bolomde
ver daicva aRTqma da kaxeTSi, kerZod, veliscixeSi ixi-
la Tu ara erTi ,,qmnulkeTili” qali, Seiyvara da co-
ladac moiyvana, romlisgan SeeZina vaJi daviTi.
mefe laSa-giorgi, erTi mxriv, iyo mxne, axovani, Zli-
eri da laRi, meore mxriv, igi iyo ampartavani, Tavxedi
da TviTneba. Tu ra ubedureba SeiZleba moutanos qveya-
nas amisTana mefem, amis dasamtkiceblad JamTaaRmwereli
wmida mamaTa azrs imowmebs, romelTa Tanaxmadac yovel-
gvari vnebis sami mizezi arsebobs: msunagoba, simdidri-
sadmi miswrafeba da pativmoyvareoba. JamTaaRmwere-
lTan yvelaferi es asea warmodgenili: ,,samni arian mi-
zezni vnebaTani, romelTagan iSvebian yovelni borotni:
gemoTmoyuarebani, vercxlisyuareba da didebisyuare-
ba”36.
swored am sami mizeziT aris ganpirobebuli siZva,
mruSoba, risxva da ampartavnoba. is rom Wama-smasa da
gancxromas sikeTe ar moaqvs, amis dasturad JamTaaRmwe-
reli imowmebs winaswarmetyvelis sityvebs: ,,Wama iakob,
246
ganZRa, gansxua, gansuqna, da dauteva RmerTi Semoqmedi
TÂsi, da ganudga RmerTsa macxovarsa TÂssa”37.
laSa-giorgis aseTma uzneo qcevebma mas CamoaSora
Rirseuli adamianebi, maT Soris kaTalikosi, didebule-
bi ivane aTabagis CaTvliT, ramac sabolood qveynis saq-
me ukuRma waiyvana: ,,amisaTÂs aRmocendes mizezni codva-
Ta simravliTa saqarTvelosa mooÃrebisani”38.
mefisgan didebulebis gandgomis mizezebis CamoTv-
lis Semdeg JamTaaRmwereli saubars agrZelebs monRo-
lebze. monRolTa daxasiaTebisas ki igi gvevlineba
mxatruli sityvis namdvil ostatad. aq, am mokle monak-
veTze, igi didi ostatobiT aRwers monRolTaA istori-
as, zne-Cveulebebsa da Rirsebebs;
,,queyanasa mzisasa aRmosavleTiT kerZo, romelsa
ewodebis Cin-maCini, gamoCndes kacni vinme sakÂrelni ad-
gilsa, yarayorumad wodebulsa, ucxo saxiTa, wesiTa da
Sesaxedavadca, rameTu arca ZuelTa wignTaA sada ipoe-
bis ambavi maTi, rameTu arian ucxoena, ucxosaxe, ucxoc-
xovreba. purisa gemo ara icodian, ÃorciTa da pirutyu-
Ta rZiTa cxovnebodes. xolo iyvnes taniTa srul, gua-
miTa axovan, Zlier ferxiTa, Suenier, spetak ÃorciTa,
TualiTa mcireWurit da greman, ganzidul da saCino,
TaviTa did, TmiTa Savi da ÃSir, Sublbrtyeli, cxÂri-
Ta mdabal esoden, romel Rawuni umaRles iyvnian
cxÂrTa, da mciredni oden nestuni Cndian cxÂriTa, bage-
ni mcire, kbilni Sewyobilni da spetak, yovlad uwue-
rul. eseviTari aqunda umsgavso saxe. da nu vis gikÂrs,
rome aRmatebuli rame Sueniereba aqunda amaT mamaTa da
dedaTa. mas Tana moego simÃne, moisarni iyvnes rCeulni,
magriTa mSÂldiTa ucdomrad msrolelni, romelTa
nakravsa veraman saWurvelman umagris. ufros cxensa ze-
da iyvnen mÃne, rameTu aRzrda maTi cxensa zeda ityvis,
saWurvelisa arasa mqonebelni, mSÂldisa isrisa kide”39.
247
pirvelad JamTaaRmwereli monRolebs aRwers gareg-
nulad, yuradRebas amaxvilebs maT fizikur Tvisebebze
(simamace, momxibvleloba, fizikuri siZliere, meomruli
gawvrTnileba da sxva.), Semdeg ki iwyebs monRolTa Si-
nagan, sulier daxasiaTebas, rac aseve sayuradReboa ro-
gorc sakuTriv momxdurTa xasiaTisa da zne-Cveulebis,
ise sakuTriv JamTaaRmwerlis msoflmxedvelobis gasa-
gebad.
JamTaaRmwerlis Tanaxmad, monRolebi ,,ese iyvnes kac-
ni gansakuTrebulni, rameTu ixilni ra, sulel sagone-
bel iyvnian, xolo yoveli sibrZne ipoeboda da maT
Soris yoveli goniereba moego, mciremetyveleba. da
tyuvili sityva yovlad ara iyo maT Soris, rameTu ke-
Tilni wesni epyres, Cingiz yaenisan gaCenilni, romelTa
TÂTeulad warmoTquma grZel ars”40.
JamTaaRmwereli uyuradRebod ar tovebs monRolTa
rwmenis, religiuri mrwamsisa da damwerlobis sakiTxeb-
sac. amasTan, avtori monRolTa calkeuli tomebis re-
ligiur mrwamsa da damwerlobis sakiTxebsac exeba:
,,amaT aqunda sjulad erTi RmerTisa ukvdavisa Tayvanis-
cema. piri mzisa aRmosavleTiT qnian da samisa Coqisa
qna da samjer Tayuanis-cema da Suas TiTisa cersa zeda
nebsa dadeba da datkacuneba, da meti arara.
xolo uiRurni kerpismsaxurni iyunes, romelTa qu-
jisad uxmobdes. xolo moipoes werilica ama mcirediTa
asoTa, rameTu aTequmetiTa asoTa dasweren wignsa, ro-
mel advil saswavloca ars da advil gulisÃmissayo-
fica”41.
Semdeg JamTaaRmwereli mogviTxrobs monRolT ka-
lendarze, akeTebs paralels berZnul kalendarTan, Ca-
moTvlis weliwadis Tveebis monRolur saxelebs. iqve
SeniSnavs, rom monRolebi Wamdnen katisa da ZaRlis
xorcs. kidev erTxel ubrundeba uiRirTa kerpTayvanis-
248
mcemlobas da, agreTve, monRolTa erT-erTi tomis mxri-
dan erTi RmerTis aRiarebas, romelTa RmerTsac Tengri
hqvia.
damowmebuli adgilebi ,,aswlovani matiane”-dan ki-
dev erTxel adasturebs sxvadasxva mklevaris mosazre-
bas imis Taobaze, rom misi avtori miudgomlobiT, obi-
eqturobiT gamoirCeva. Tumca, garkveul eWvs badebs misi
ase gadametebuli obieqturoba, miT umetes, roca sauba-
ri exeba Cveni qveynis amaoxrebelTa, JamTaaRmwerlis
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ,,momspovel” monRolebs. Cvens
eWvs aZlierebs monRolTa erT-erTi tomis – yiaTa war-
momadgenlis _ monRolTa Tavdapirveli laSqrobebis
organizatoris, saxelganTqmuli Cingiz xanis (,,Temur-
Ci” – JamTaaRwerilTan) daxasiaTeba matianeSi, romlis
avtoric, bunebrivia, iyo JamTaaRmwereli: ,,amaTTa naTe-
savTA yiaTTa guarisaTa gamoCnda kaci erTi, saxeli Te-
murCi, romel ars Cingiz yaeni; haerovan Suenieri, tani-
Ta axovani, TmiTa momwiTuro, Zlieri, mÃne, SemarTebu-
li, moisari Ãelovani, Rrmad gamgone, ganmzraxavi
sÂani”42.
aseve damafiqrebelia JamTaaRmwerlis mxridan sa-
qarTvelos, gansakuTrebiT ki, Tbilisis sastikad amaox-
reblis _ jalaledinis erTob dadebiTi daxasiaTeba:
,,can ese, sultaman jalaladinman, romeli iyo kaci
mÃne, qveli, SemarTi, uSiSi viTar uÃorco, ZaliTa saCi-
no, wyobiTa Sida ucxo”43.
JamTaaRmwereli, rogorc es mklevrebs araerTgzis
aRuniSnavT da sakuTriv teqstidanac kargad Cans, qar-
TvelTa daqcevis erT-erT mTavar mizezad miiCnevs subi-
eqtur moments – sakuTriv qarTvel didebulTa Suria-
nobas, TviTnebobas da a.S. am mxriv sayuradReboa ivane
aTabagis saqcielis aRwera kritikul Jams, jalaledi-
nis winaaRmdegA brZolisas. am dros ivane aTabagma Sal-
249
va da ivane axalcixelebis Suris gamo sakuTar xalxs
uRalata, ramac qarTvelTa marcxi da qveynis aoxreba
ganapiroba: ,,viTar daeaxlnes winamebrZoli da sultani,
aq dapyra ferÃi ivane aTabagman, ityÂan SuriTa yo
axalcixelTa Salva ivanesiTa. Äi Suri, yovelTa bo-
rotTA dasabami da ZÂrad momwydeuli naTesavisa kacTa-
sa da yovelTa naTesaviTAmwyvleli viTar uriaTa
RmrTis mkleloba arwmuna, da kualad amaTsa uborote-
si ugbili da ulmobeli da saqarTvelos sruliadi
mospolva, viTar quemore sityuaman cxad-yos, aTabagsa
ivanes arwmuna, romel Jamsa wyobisa da Jamsa omisasa
ukundgada arRara vidoda mbrZoliTA kerZ”44.
jalaledinis mier Tbilisis aoxrebas didi mwer-
luri ostatobiT aRwers JamTaaRmwereli. misi monaTx-
robis kulminaciaa jalaledinis mier sionis eklesiis
gumbaTis dangreva da misi wabilwvis mizniT gamoyene-
ba: ,,iwyo rRuevad eklesiaT, vidre safuZveladme aRfxu-
ra, romlisTÂs ikadra da Ãel-yo sionisa gumabadsa Se-
musvrad da zeda bilwisa sajdomisa misisa aRSenebad,
romel-igi ÃidiTa maRliTa da grZliTA ganÃida asRv-
lad”45.
amis garda, jalaledins, sionis mkvidri xati – ieso
qristesa da RvTisSoblis saxelobisa, erTgvar sajala-
To kunZad gamouyenebia, xidis dasawyisSi daudevs da
vinc qristes rjulze uars ar ityoda, mas am xatze
kveTdnen Tavs. bevrs rjuli dautovebia, magram bevrs
Tavi gauwiravs rjulisTvis, rasac ase gvamcnobs JamTa-
aRmwereli: ,,xolo mravali simravle mamaTa da dedaTa
ipovna axovnad, romelTa miiRes gÂrgÂni wamebisa, rom-
lisa aRracxva SeuZlebel ars simravlisaTÂs, rameTu
hvgoneb, viTarmed aT bevr aRwia ricx moklulTa”46.
rogorc jalaledinis uRirsi qcevis, ise qarTvelTa
qristes rjulisTvis Tavganwirvis aRwerisas JamTaaR-
250
mwereli mxatruli sityvis ostatad, siuJetis gamZafe-
rebisa da mkiTxvelis mxridan interesis aRmZvrel
mTxrobelad gvevlineba. amasTan, TvalSi sacemia JamTa-
aRmwerlis araTanamimdevruloba, rac am SemTxvevaSi
dasturdeba misi mxridan jalaledinis erTob dadebiTi
Sefasebisas, erTi mxriv, da, meore mxriv, aseve, mis mier
moTxrobili jalaledinis saSineli saqmeebis ubralo
SedarebiTac. am Sedarebis Semdeg Znelia, daeTanxmo Jam-
TaaRmwerels jalaledinis qvelobasa da sxva dadebiTi
epiTetebiT moxsenebaze.
JamTaaRmwereli qarTvelTa mZime yofaSi Cavardnas,
rogorc ukve iTqva, abralebs mefe laSa-giorgis, dide-
bulebis (mag. ivane aTabagis) uRirs qcevebs. am mxriv igi
mefe rusudans indobs, romelic ,,xolo iyo rusudan
xilviTa Suenieri, viTa deda misi (Tamari – avt.), mdaba-
li, uxÂ, pativismcemeli, patiosan kacTa moyuare. man mo-
iwyo yoveli sabrZanebeli da mefoba mSÂdobiT, da
aRivso yoveli samefo rusudanisa yovliTa keTili-
Ta”47. Tumca iqve SeniSnavs, rom rusudanic Tavisi Zmis
(mefe laSa-giorgis) gzaze dadioda da amitomac aim-
xedra didebulni. aqac saxezea JamTaaRmwerlis araTana-
mimdevruloba.
JamTaaRmwereli saintereso logikur jaWvs xedavs
mtrisgan mooxrebul saqarTveloSi adamianTa zneobriv
dacemasa, rasac Tan axlda da rac gamoixateboda Sesa-
bamisi uRirsi qcevebiTa da niSan-TvisebebiT (,,ampartav-
noba”, ,,Suri”, ,,siZva”, ,,qurdoba”...), da RvTis risxvas So-
ris: ,,amis ZaliTa misca igini RmerTma warwymendad bo-
rotad, rameTu ganviwireT RmerTisa mier, romel davi-
viwyeT RmerTi da RmerTmanca samarTlad dagÂviwya. da
mohoxrda qveyana saqarTvelosi lixT aqaT...”48.
Tu ra didi ubedureba mohyveba qveynisTvis eris
swori gzidan gadaxvevas, am azrs JamTaaRmwereli ebra-
251
eli xalxis mimarT esaia winaswarmetyvelis mier ga-
moTqmuli msgavsi azris damowmebiT ganamtkicebs: ,,vaÁ
naTesavsa codvilsa, era savsesa codviT, Tesli boro-
ti, Zeni usjuloni. dauteveT ufali da ganarisxeT wmi-
daÁ isralisa..” (esaia winaswarmetyveli, I, $4-9).
JamTaaRmwereli agrZelebs Txrobas saqarTvelos
ubedurebaze da amis umTavres mizezad isev da isev su-
bieqturi faqtori anu qarTvelTa swori gzidan gadax-
veva miaCnia; amasTan, aq ukve Cveni daqcevis mizezad gvev-
lineba ara romelime mefis uzneo saqcieli an romeli-
me didebulis orguloba da Surianoba, aramed saerTod
erisa da berisa, didis Tu pataras gadagvareba: ,,..mZÂnva-
reni gansacdelni aRiZvrodes saqarTvelos sazRvarTa
ukeTurobisaTÂs mkÂdrTa qarTvelisaTa, rameTu yoveli
asaki berTa da yrmaT, mefe da mTavarTa, didTa da mci-
reTa, midrka siboroteTa”. JamTaaRmwereli aqve aRniS-
navs, rom TviT RvTismsaxurnic ki scodavdnen, sibilwes
Cadiodnen da aqedan gamomdinare Sedegic logikuri iyo
da aqac Tavis azrs amagrebs esaia winaswarmetyveliT.
eWvi JamTaaRmwerlis obieqturobaze, razedac ukve
aRiniSna, Zlierdeba im adgilebis gacnobiT, sadac mon-
RolTa eniT qarTvelebi arian Seqebuli, xolo sparse-
lebi augad moxseniebuli. kerZod, monRolTa axal yaen-
Tan – mangusTan misulma misma xalxma auwya, rom daip-
yres sparseTi, saberZneTi da saqarTvelo, rom: ,,qarT-
velni sruliad movides, mefe da erTobilni mTavari,
romel aqus sjuli keTili, da tyuilsa evltian, mwam-
vleli arca Tu saxel idebis maT Soris”, sparselebs
ki monRolebi, JamTaaRmwerlis mixedviT, ase axasiaTe-
ben: ,,arian sparsni, cru moRalate da ficis arSemnax-
vel, da mravalni ipovebian mwamlvelni da mamaTmval,
urcxÂnod”50.
252
aqve JamTaaRmwerlis mier damowmebuli mangu yaenis
azri qarTvelebze im poziciis gagrZelebaa, roca igi
monRolebis piriT aqebs qarTvelebs. Aai ras ambobs man-
gu yaeni qarTvelebsa da sparselebze: ,,viTnagan qarT-
velni wyobaTa Sina keTilad gixilvan da tyuili ara
ars maT Soris da mindoba ician, Tquen Tan ipyeriT
mterTa Tquenda brZolad, xolo sparsni moswyÂdeniT,
da mis queyanisa Tavadni waravlineT yaenTa winaSe”51.
mokled, JamTaaRmwereli monRolTa piriT aqebs qar-
Tvelebsa da aZagebs sparselebs, rac misi mxridan mon-
RolTa mimarT garkveuli simpaTiebis gamJRavnebac unda
iyos. Tumca iv. javaxiSvili aq ufro istorikosis miu-
kerZoeblobasa da obieqturobas xedavs.
aq ki mivadeqiT ,,aswlovani matianis” swored im ad-
gils, sadac JamTaaRmwereli istoriis daniSnulebas
gansazRvravs. istoriis, rogorc mecnierebis, JamTaaR-
mwerlobis mTavar miznad miiCnevs WeSmaritebis Ziebas:
,,garna vinaTgan wigni es Suamdebare ars keTilis moq-
medTa da borotismoqmedTa; Sendobil iyvnen sityuani
Cemni, rameTu JamTaaRmweriloba WeSmaritebismetyveleba
ars da ara Tualaxma visime”52.
aRniSnulis fonze JamTaaRmwereli gmobs rusudan
mefis qcevas, romelmac Tavisi Svilis bednierebis gu-
lisTvis sakuTari ZmisSvilis gawirva moindoma. Mematia-
ne imowmebs solomon brZenis sityvebs, romlis Tanax-
mad, guliswyromam samarTlianobis grZnoba ar unda
dagvakargvinos (,,guliswyromaman kacisman simarTle
RmrTisa ar yvis”).
yuradReba unda mieqces JamTaaRmwerlis dadebiT da-
mokidebulebas monRolTa mimarT. am SemTxvevaSi mxedve-
lobaSi gvaqvs koxtasTavis SeTqmuleba, romelic gamJav-
nda da cotne dadianis raindul qcevas TviT monRole-
bic aRufrTovanebia. ai, rogor aris gadmocemuli Jam-
253
TaaRmwerelTan monRolTaAmier cotne dadianis raindu-
li qcevis Sefaseba: ,,vinaTgan naTesavni qarTvelTani
esoden keTil arian, da ara gancruvdebian, romel afxa-
zeTiT movida kaci, raTa dadvas suli TÂsi moyure-
TaTÂs, da ara gancruvnes, esreT ganwira Tavi TÂsi si-
kudid, ara ars sicruve maT Sina, da amis ZaliTa ubra-
lo vpovebT da ganutoveT yovelni. rques cotnes: ,,gan-
dgomileba vgoneT Tquen, qarTvelTa, da aw, vinaTgan
hyav saTnoeba keTili, yovelTa qarTvelTa Sen mogani-
WebT, Senda mindobil varT”. da ganuSvnes yovelni ese
warCinebulni”53.
es pasaJi ,,aswlovani matianedan” mravalmxriv imsaxu-
rebs yuradRebas. kerZod, ra aris monRolTa mxridan es
qmedeba _ didi keTilSobiloba Tu diplomatiuri
svla? rac Seexeba JamTaaRmwerlis pozicias, aqac sa-
kiTxavia ufro obieqturobaa misi mxridan Tu garkveu-
li simpaTiebis gamJRavneba monRolTa misamarTiT?
JamTaaRmwerlis obieqturobaze eWvi Cndeba maSinac,
roca igi exeba saqarTvelos samefo karze aRzevebul
ucxo tomis Svils, politikur moRvawes sadun mankaber-
delis pirovnebas. maSin, roca istoria mankaberdels
medroveed miiCnevs, JamTaaRwerilis Tanaxmad, saduni
,,..rameTu iyo kaci da gonieri da enakeTili, sityvaTa
marjue yaens winaSe metyuelebad”54.
es amonaweri didi eWvis safuZvels ar iZleva, magram
momdevno pasaJidan aSkaraa JamTaaRmwerlis simpaTiebi
sadun mankaberdelisadmi. kerZod, roca igive matianidan
cxadia, rom saduni monRolTa aRzevebulia (,,esreT
yovliTurT ganSuenebel iyo, garna esreT ÃelTa sadu-
nisaTa iyo, rameTu friad ganadida saduni yaenman”). Jam-
TaaRwereli wers: ,,da saduni keTilad ganagebda saqar-
TvelosaTa, rameTu dReTa misTa ar iqneboda TaTarTa-
254
gan Zali da usamarTlo, arc didiTa noinTagan, arca
elCTagan, da esreT aRSenda saqarTvelo”55.
JamTaaRmwerlis mxridan miT ufro gasakviria sadu-
nis qeba, radganac, misive aRniSvniT, saduni uwesod iq-
ceoda, sami coli moiyvana, ris gamoc mas Semowyra ka-
Tolikosi nikolozi da SeaCvena igi56.
,,aswlovani matiane” yuradRebas imsaxurebs im mxri-
vac, rom masSi saubaria erTgvar genetikur-memkvidreo-
biT tradiciaze, samwuxarod, qveynis RalatTan dakavSi-
rebiT. amis magaliTia kaxaber raWis erisTavi, romel-
sac Turme arc yaeni swyalobda da, miT umetes, arc
qarTvelTa mefe dimitri. mefe dimitrim erTxel Seiwya-
la kaxaber erisTavi, Secdoma apatia da mamulic misca,
magram garkveuli drois Semdeg, swored memkvidreobiTi
orgulobis gamo, daiwyo mama-papur gzaze siaruli da
mefesac uRalata, radganac ,,guarisagan moaqunda orgu-
loba”57.
sainteresoa, rom kaxaber erisTavi baRvaSTa naTesavi
iyo da swored esa aqvs mxedvelobaSi JamTaaRmwerels,
roca aRniSnavs, rom gvariT mosdgamda orguloba da
Ralatio. es Cans iqidan, roca mematiane mogviTxrobs,
rom mefem sastikad dasaja kaxaber erisTavi _ erTi
Tvali amoTxara da erTi xeli da fexi mokveTa da am
yofaSi gardaicvala kidec ,,da moispo yoveli naTesavi
misi, baRuaSTa kaxaberis ZeTa, ara daSTa da aRiÃoca
naTesavi misi da saÃsenebeli maTi”58.
rogorc aRiniSna, k. kekeliZe gansakuTrebiT xazs
usvamda JamTaaRmwerlis mwerlur unarebs. es azri ara-
erTgzis dasturdeba ,,aswlovan matianeSi”, iqneba es da-
viT ulus da daviT narinis, sargis Tu beqa jayelebis
daxasiaTebisas. TiTqosda Tavis trafaretul daxasiaTe-
bisas yoveli personaJisTvis mas moepoveba calkeuli
da gamorCeuli Strixi59.
255
STambeWdavia JamTaaRmwerlis mier beqa jayelis gar-
dacvalebis ambavis Txroba, sadac ramdenime winadadebi-
Taa gadmocemuli beqas pirovneba, misi, rogorc eriska-
cis, Rvawli: ,,da amas wels miicvala mTavari samcxisa
beqa, kaci warmatebuli yovelsa Sina, sikeTeaRmatebuli
saRmrTo-sakacobrio saqmeTa da umetes samarTlis moq-
medebiTa, eklesiaTa da monasterTa mSeneblobiTa, sof-
lisa keTilad morwmuneobiTa, glaxakTa uzomoTa mice-
miTa”62.
rodesac saubaria JamTaaRmwerlis mwerlur unareb-
ze, TvalSi sacemia erTi tendencia: roca igi Tavis per-
sonaJs, gansakuTrebiT ki, romelime mefes axasiaTebs,
pirvelad mis qebas aRavlens. Semdeg ki misi monaTxro-
bidan cxadi xdeba, rom mefeSi sxeulebrivma, xorcielma
ltolvebma imZlavra da siborotisken gadaixara, rac
misi da, sabolood, qveynis tragediis mizezi xdeba. ase
iyo laSa-giorgisa da mefe rusudanis SemTxvevaSi da
ase moxda mefe dimitri meoris mefobis dros. igi Tav-
dapirvelad Rirseulad iqceoda, magram roca cota
asakSi Sevida, warmarTTa wesi gadmoiRo, moiyvana sami
coli da uzneobis WaobSi CaeSva, razedac mas Semowyra
nikoloz kaTolikosi da miatova kidec igi61.
aq JamTaaRmwereli garkveul literaturul xerxs
mimarTavs: tragizmis simZafre rom aCvenos, jer dadebi-
Tad amkobs Tavis personaJs, romlis fonze ufro mZaf-
rad aRiqmeba gmiris cdomilebis xasiaTi. dimitri meo-
ris SemTxvevaSi viTareba ufro rTulia, radganac mefis
Tavdapirvel keTilgonivrulobas Semdeg uzneobaSi ga-
davardnas mosdevs mefis gansakuTrebuli amaRleba: gmi-
roba samSoblosTvis Tavis dadeba.
rogorc cnobilia, dimitri meoris mefobis dros
monRolTa karze SeTqmuleba moxda, romelic gamJRavn-
da. saqarTvelos mefe damarcxebul SeTqmulTa banakSi
256
aRmoCnda, ramac gansazRvra misi Semdgomi bedic. noin
arRunma mefe dimitri meore TavisTan gamoiZaxa da eW-
vic ar iyo, rom mas mkacri sasjeli eloda. swored aq
iCina Tavi mefe dimitris Sinaganma raindulma bunebam.
mefem Sekriba darbazi da amcno saqmis viTareba. darba-
zisa da kaTolikosis Txovnis miuxedavad, ar wasuliyo
mefe urdoSi, dimitri meoris gadawyvetileba mtkicea _
wavides urdoSi. am gadawyvetilebas ki safuZvlad edo
samSoblos gadarCenisTvis zrunva. mefis gadawyvetile-
bis miRebaSi ki naTlad Cans sazogados pirovnulze
maRla dayeneba, amqveyniuris warmavlobis Rrma Segneba
da maradiuli Rirebulebebisadmi angariSis gaweva. dar-
bazis winaSe warmoTqmuli mefis sityva ki erTgvari
zneobrivi Segonebaa: ,,aw ganrisxebul ars yaeni, da yo-
veli mTavari misi mouwyuedian, da aw me miwods winaSe
missa. vgoneb borotis-yofisa, Tu ara warvide urdosa
da warvide mTiuleTs, simagreTa Sina, da davicva Tavi
Cemi. da, aha, yoveli samefo Cemi winaSe maTsa Zes. ixi-
leT, ravdeni suli qristiane sikudilsa miecemis da
tyue iqnebis, da eklesiani Seiginebian da mooÃrdebian,
xatni da juarni daimusvrian. da ukeTu warvide yaens
winaSe, dasturobiT uwyi, momklavs da aw sibrZniTa
TqueniTa ganageT saqme ese. me esreT vgoneb: mraval-
mRelvare ars sawuTo ese, daudgromel da warmaval,
dReni Cuenni sizmrebr da aCrdilebr warvlen, da une-
bel da mswrafl Tanaguac warsdga soflis amisgan. aw
mnebavs, raTa warvide yaens winaSe, da iyos neba RmrTi-
sa. ukeTu me momklan, vgoneb, rome queyana uvneblad
darCes”62.
mefis Sesavali sityvis Semdeg kaTalikosma, episko-
posma, mTavrebma mefes winaaRmdegoba gauwies da mouwo-
des gadawyvetilebis Secvlisken _ ,,da ara saWiro ars
257
ganwirva Tavisa Senisa Sengan”, radganac amiT qveyana
mooxrdeba da mosaxleobac mimoibnevao.
mefis gadawyvetileba mtkice da sabolooa: ,,Tqven
erTgulebisa da siyvarulisa CemisaTÂT, garna mewyalis
ubralo eri, viTarca cxovrni klvad uRono arian da
arasada aqun nugeSinis-cema. me davsdeb sulsa Cemsa eri-
saTÂs Cemisa da ara daviSli urdosa wasvlasa”63.
dimitri meoris zneobrivi simtkicis kulminaciaa ya-
enis karze myof mefesTan misi vazirebis misvla da Ra-
miT gaqcevis SeTavazeba, radganac misi fasi da nacvali
sxva aravin iyo. am mimarTebiT mefis saboloo sityva
marTlac STambeWdavia da mamulisTvis Tavis dadebis
nimuSia: ,,ismineT Cemi. pirvelve uwyode sikudili Cemi
da davdev Tavi Cemi da suli Cemi erisaTÂs Cemisa, xolo
aq Tu warvide, ubralod eri moisras. ra sargebel ars,
ukeTu yoveli sofeli SeviZino da suli warviwymido”64.
mefe dimitris es saboloo sityva mniSvnelovania
zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT da amdenad sainteresoa filo-
sofiis poziciidanac. saerTod ki, mefis gadawyvetileba
da Tavis gawirva umaRlesi zneobrivi gmiroba iyo. er-
mac didad daafasa mefe dimitris es Tavganwirva da,
rogorc iv. javaxiSvili aRniSnavda, erTaderT Tavis me-
fes Tavdadebulis saxeli mianiWa, rac istoriamac dau-
dastura.
dasasrul, yuradRebas mivaqcevT erT moments ,,as-
wlovani matianeSi”, rac, vfiqrobT, saintereso unda
iyos qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriisTvis. mxed-
velobaSi gvaqvs eklesiis msaxurTagan sxvisi, safiqre-
belia, gamorCeuli eriskacis, codvis aReba, rac arse-
bobda Sua saukuneebi saqarTveloSi. es tradicia vlin-
deba mefe dimitris mier urdoSi yaenTan wasvlis mtki-
ce gadawyvetilebis miRebis Semdeg. swored maSin abram
kaTalikosma kidev erTxel sTxova mefes, Seecvala ga-
258
dawyvetileba da Tu amas ar izamda, maSin TviTon da
episkoposebi Tavze iRebdnen mis codvebs, radganac, sa-
xarebis Tanaxmad, ,,ufros amissa siyvaruli ara ars, ra-
Ta dadvas kacman suli TÂsi moyusisaTÂs”65.*
r. kiknaZe aRniSnavs, rom JamTaaRmwereli morwmune
iyo da is, rac Tanamedrove gadasaxedidan zRaprad da
daujereblad gveCveneba, misTvis es sarwmuno iyo. avto-
ris am azrs yvelaze metad adasturebs matianis is ad-
gili, roca JamTaaRmwereli mogviTxrobs mefe demetres
Tavis mokveTis Semdeg epizodze: ,,xolo gamoCnda masve
Jamsa pativi RmrTisa mier cxebulsa missa, rameTu mze-
man Saravandedi TÂsi uCino-yo sruliad da iqmna sibne-
le didi da yovelni warmarTni gankÂdes. iyo Jami meaTe
da mwuxramde Seimosa bneli, viTar igi yovlisa sofli-
sa cxovrebisa vnebasa meufisasa, egreTve amis netarisa
da saqarTvelosaTÂs wamebulisa mefisasa, raTa sacnaur
iqmnes, rameTu patiosan arian cxebulni RmrTisani”66.
JamTaaRmwerlis ,,aswlovani matiane” umniSvnelovane-
si qarTuli istoriul-literaturuli Zeglia, romel-
Sic qarTuli filosofiuri azris sayuradRebo ideebi-
caa gadmocemuli:
1. filosofiuri kuTxiT, JamTaaRmwerelTan sayurad-
Reboa qveynis politikursa da socialur cxovrebaSi
subieqturi da obieqturi (sakuTriv, qarTvelebisa da
gareSe Zalebis _ Semoseuli mtrebis) faqtorebis gaTva-
liswineba da win wamoweva.
* sxvaTa codvebis aRebis sakiTxs Seexo i. javaxiSvili naSromSi
,,adamiani Zvel qarTul mwerlobasa da cxovrebaSi”, sadac sani-
muSod ganixila Tornike erisTavis codvebis aReba eklesiis
msaxurTa mxridan, roca is _ beri, barda skliarosis winaaRmdeg
sabrZolvelad midioda (ix. qarTuli filosofiuri azris
istoria. Tb., 1996, I t. gv. 383-385).
259
2. qveynad wesrigis damyarebasa da qveynis xsnis saq-
meSi umaRles xelisufalTa zneobrivi siwmindisadmi ga-
damwyveti mniSvnelobis miniWeba.
3. qveynis mooxreba, rogorc misi mosaxleobis mora-
luri gaxrwnilobis gamo RvTis sasjeli (religiuri
Tvalsazrisi, rasac garkveuli filosofiuri datvirT-
vac aqvs).
4. JamTaaRmwerloba (istoria), rogorc WeSmaritebis
Zieba _ sikeTesa da borotebas Soris miudgomeli pozi-
ciis dakaveba.
5. kritikul midgomas saWiroebs sakuTriv JamTaaR-
mwerlis erTgvari gadametebuli obieqturoba Cingiz ya-
enis, jalaledinis, monRolTa noinebis, saerTod, mon-
Rolebisa da sadun mankaberdelis daxasiaTebisas.
$3. vaxuSti batoniSvili (1696-1757)
vaxuSti batoniSvili aris gamoCenili qarTveli
swavluli, mravalmxriv ganaTlebuli moazrovne da
moRvawe, avtori ,,ubadlo Sromisa” (simon yauxCiSvili),
romlis dazustebuli saTauri aseTia: ,,aRwera samefosa
saqarTvelosa” da moicavs qarTveli xalxis istorias
dasabamidan XVIII saukunis Sua wlebamde. vaxuSti bato-
niSvilis es naSromi upirvelesad istoriuli xasiaTis
nawarmoebia, magram masSi gvxdeba, agreTve gansaxilveli
epoqis qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriisTvis sa-
yuradRebo masalebi. am kuTxiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvne-
lovania misive patara winasityvaoba, romelic mosdevs
mimarTvas.
mimarTvaSi vaxuSti batoniSvili saubrobs droze,
romelic warmavalia da amitomac saWiroa misi mizanSe-
260
wonilad gamoyeneba. raxan dro warmavalia, amitomac ar
gvmarTebs warmaval movlenebze gamodevneba (simdidris
dagroveba, sxva qveynebis dapyroba, dros tareba da
a.S)67
rac Seexeba codnis dauflebisken miswrafebas, aq
cota sxvanairad dgas saqme. vaxuSti batoniSvilis aR-
niSvniT, marTalia, codnis flobac warmavalia, magram
ara iseTi, rogoric axla aRniSnuli warmavali movle-
nebi. samagaliTod, swavla, codnis daufleba abrZenebs
adamians, warmodgenas uqmnis RmerTze da misdami SiSs
STaunergavs, borots gaadevninebs da moyvass Seayva-
rebs, mters daamdablebinebs, Tavisianebs ki aRamaRlebs
da gaakadnierebs68.
vaxuSti batoniSvili mimarTvaSi did mniSvnelobas
aniWebs wminda werilebs, romlebic maradiulia da ara-
sodes moispoba (,,aramed hgies ukunisamde”) da Cven gone-
bas mimarTavs maRla RvTisken, ,,da ukeTu esreT, da ra-
odenme saRvTo werilni da wmidaTa werilni, romelni
mogvfenen madlsa zecisasa da mogvmadleben soflisa
keTilobasa da Semdgomad aRgvitacebs winaSe qristes
RvTisa Cvenisa”69.
vaxuSti batoniSvili maRali azrisaa filosofosTa
naSromebze, romelTa SeswavliT sibrZnes, xelovnebasa
da metyvelebas daveuflebodiT da romlebic RvTisken
migvapyroben70. avtori am mokle mimarTvaSi Tavisi azre-
bis gansamtkiceblad xSirad mimarTavs da imowmebs sok-
rates, ,,plini stoiks”, cicerons da ioane damaskels. am
moazrovneebs angariSi unda gavuwioT matianeTa Sefase-
bisas: ,,aramed Cuen visminoT damaskelis Tqmuli da
plini stoikis sityua, vinaÁTgan ara gansagdebel ars
gareSenica wignni da viTarisa ujeresaganca movigebT
sargebelsa, ravdeniT umjobes ars romelnica warmov-
261
sTqviT maTni kiTxvani da raoden sasargeblo da Sesaw-
ynarebel ars wigni matianeTa”71.
,,aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa”-s winasityvaoba ki
sayuradReboa religiis filosofiis TvalsazrisiT. aq
saubaria RmerTis mier samyaros Seqmnaze, samoTxeSi
adamisa da evas moTavsebaze, maTTvis mcnebis micemaze,
evasa da adamis cdunebasa da maTi samoTxidan gamoZeve-
baze da bolos kaenis codvaze72. ,,winasityvaobis” pata-
ra qveTavi _ ,,zneTaTvis” ki yuradRebas imsaxurebs eTi-
kuri TvalsazrisiT73. amave poziciidan, aseve, sayurad-
Reboa vaxuSti batoniSvilis mier aleqsandre makedone-
lis laSqrobis Sefaseba, laSqrobisa, romelmac, avto-
ris aRniSvniT, wertili dausva mavne warmarTul Cvevebs
(mag. adamianis xorcis Wama)74. aq, eWvgareSea, rom vaxuS-
ti batoniSvili zogadsakacobrio problemebiT aris
dainteresebuli.
vaxuSti batoniSvilis ,,aRwera samefosa saqarTvelo-
sa”, mimarTva mkiTxvelisadmi da winasityvaoba, cxads
xdis, rom misi avtori safuZvlianad icnobs Zveli dro-
is filosofosTa msoflmxedvelobebs da saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi marjved iyenebs maT sakuTari Tvalsazri-
sis gansamtkiceblad. mxedvelobaSi misaRebia isic, rom
vaxuSti batoniSvilma Targmna vilhelm stratemanis
naSromi da masze leqsikonSi iZleva filosofiuri ter-
minebis mokle da zust gansazRvrebebs, razedac sauba-
ri iyo winamdebare Tavis dasawyisSi.
dasasrul ki unda aRiniSnos, rom vaxuSti batoni-
Svilis Rvawlze qarTuli filosofiuri azris Tval-
sazrisiT aRniSnavdnen iv. javaxiSvili, S. nucubiZe, s.
yauxCiSvili, g. kalandariSvili.
262
meaTe Tavi
socialuri sakiTxebi XVII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTul mwerlobaSi
qarTul mwerlobaSi aRZrulsa da ganviTarebul
mraval problemaTa Soris erT-erTi arsebiTia socia-
luri problema, romelic yovelTvis Tan sdevs mraval-
saukunovan qarTul mwerlobas. es gamowveulia imiT,
rom Cveni rTuli istoriuli problemis gamo socialu-
ri problema mWidrod iyo gadajaWvuli Cvensave erov-
nulsa da sarwmuneobriv eTikur problemebTan1. Zvel
qarTul mwerlobaSi gamovlenili socialuri proble-
mebi Cvens mweralTa mier gacnobierebuli iyo ara mar-
to rogorc mxolod ekonomikuri da politikuri faq-
torebiT impulsirebuli socialuri mdgomareoba da
urTierTobebi, aramed, amasTanave, rogorc erovnuli da
sarwmuneobriv-zneobrivi sawyisebi.
erovnuli-saxelmwifoebrivi, socialur-politikuri
sakiTxebis gaanalizebasa da gadawyvetaSi qarTveli
mwerlebis erT-erTi niSandoblivi mxarea is, rom isini
aRniSnuli problemebis gansjisas amosaval principad
iazrebdnen ara uSualod socialur-politikur faqto-
rebs. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis, erovnuli konsolida-
cisa da, saerTod, yoveli warmatebis impulsis mimcemad
zneobrioba iyo gaazrebuli, Tvlidnen, rom uzneobaa
socialur-ekonomikuri da erovnul-politikuri kraxis
ganmapirobebeli. amitomaa, rom arCili, sulxan-saba, da-
viT guramiSvili swored im aspeqtSi iazrebdnen imdro-
indeli Cveni tragikuli mdgomareobis arss.
Tavis erT-erT saaRdgomo epistoleSi saqarTve-
los kaTalikos patriarqma, uwmidesma da unetaresma
ilia II droulad Segvaxsena, rom Tu gvsurs sayovel-
263
Tao bedniereba, sxvisi cxovrebiT unda cxovrobde. amo-
savali unda iyos ara Seni, aramed sxvisi, sazogadeobis
bednierebis moTxovnileba, rac SemdegSi ganapirobebsa
da uzrunvelyofs Sens bednierebasac2. centridanuli
memkvidreobiTi tendenciebi Slian sazogadeobas, xolo
centriskenuli Zalebi uzrunvelyofen bednierebas, mis
simyares, rac bunebrivad da umtkivneulod ganapirobebs
individis bednierebasac.
es didi WeSmariteba Tavidanve gaazrebuli hqondaT
Cvens mwerlebs da am aspeqtSi ayalibebdnen TavianT
principebsa da koncefciebs. es msoflxedvelobiTi po-
zicia gansakuTrebulad relifiurad da gamokveTilad
CamoZerwa daviT guramiSvilma, romlis Sesaxeb qvemoT
iqneba saubari.
XVII-XVIII saukunis qarTul mwerlobaSi wamoWril
problemaTa Soris erT-erTi arsebiTia sarwmuneobriv-
zneobrivi problema3. cxovrebiseul da azrovnebiT mov-
lenebs gansazRvravs da warmarTavs sarwmuneobriv-zne-
obrivi faqtori. yofiereba ki ar gansazRvravs azrovne-
bas, aramed zneobrioba warmarTavs rogorc azrovnebas,
ise politikur-saxelmwifoebriv struqturebs. zneobri-
oba suliereba da arsebiTi sawyisia, romelic ganapiro-
bebs yovelives da swored am sawyisis gankargvis an da-
cemis Sedegad amotivtivdeba mankierebisa da siduxWi-
ris yvela aspeqtebi; socialu-politikuri arsis gan-
msazRvreli sarwmuneobriv-zneobrivi principi guramiS-
vilis koncefciis safuZvelTa safuZvelia. Qqristianu-
li moralidan dacileba iwvevs pirovnebis daSlas, Se-
sabamisad, qveynis katastrofamde miyvanas. jer kidev Te-
imurazi da arCili SeniSnavdnen, rom sazogadoeba iseT
sulier kriziss ganicdis, isea Sinaganad gamofituli,
rom masSi rwmenisa da zneobriobis sawyisebis sruli
atrofia SeiniSneba. arCilis TqmiT, arca ,,wigni moci-
264
qulTa”. anda ,,dalpes bevri saRmTo wigni miwaSidan
modebulT”. es maSindeli religiuri indiferentizmi
Cven unda avxsnaT ara aTeisturi ganwyobilebiT, ara
msoflmxedvelobiTi ZiebiT, aramed imiT, rom Sinaganma
sulierma gamofitvam gamoiwvia nihilisturi damokide-
buleba ideologiuri sakiTxebisadmi da Seirya zneob-
rivi tradiciebi, rwmenis simtkice, ris gamoc atrofi-
rebulia sulieri faseuloba da swored aseTma suli-
erma krizisma ganapiroba rogorc erovnul-saxelmwifo-
ebrivi, ise ekonomikur-socialuri kataklizmebi. es su-
lieri degradacia yvelaze maxvilad SeigrZnes da gani-
cades mocemuli epoqis Tavkacebma, upirveles yovlisa,
sityvis iseTma didostatebma da swavlulebma, rogore-
bic iyvnen arCil mefe, sulxan-saba orbeliani, daviT
guramiSvili, anton pirveli, vaxuSti da ioane batoniS-
vilebi. rogorc aRvniSneT, amaT naazrevs gamWolad gas-
devs maT mier wamoWrili da ganviTarebuli epoqis ar-
sebiTi problema – zneobrioba. principidan dacileba
ki iwvevs rogorc erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv, ise yofiT
socialur mankierebas; amitomaa, rom mocemuli epoqis
mwerlobaSi sagangebo yuradReba eTmoba socialur sa-
kiTxebs. Tumca isic cnobilia, rom Zvelma mwerlobam
ar icis socialuri ideologia, araa sistemis saxiT Ca-
moyalibebuli socialuri koncefcia, magram calkeul
mweralTa naazrevSi Cans maTi aqtiuri interesi socia-
luri problemebisadmi da am problemaTa metad dama-
fiqrebeli da angariSgasawevi analizi.
erT-erTi pirvelTagani, romelmac sakmaod farTod
warmoaCina Tavisi drois socialuri problemis sxvada-
sxva aspeqtebi, iyo arCil mefe. mis SemoqmedebaSi, sxva
sakiTxebTan erTad, socialuri problematikis gamov-
lena imanac ganapiroba, rom arCilma im droisTvis axa-
li, ,,marTlis Tqmis” SemoqmedebiTi principi wamoayena,
265
rac gulisxmobda sinamdvilis Seswavlasa da gaanali-
zebas. igi pirvelia, romelic ganmanaTlebluri realiz-
mis damamkvidrebeli xdeba.
ganmanaTlebluri realizmis Sesaxeb msjelobisas
mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes ara marto litera-
turuli, aramed filosofiuri aspeqtebic; literatura-
Si realizmis moTxovnilebac iman ganapiroba, rom ada-
mianis winaSe mZafrad dadga samyaros Secnobis sakiTxi,
amitomac gansakuTrebiT wamoiWra mecnierebis, gonebis
primatis problema. literaturasa da xelovnebas erT-
gvarad daupirispirda mecniereba, romelic swavlobs
samyaros, misi arsebobis pirobebs.
mecnierebis primatis sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT mkveT-
rad gamovlinda volfisa da laibnicis koncefciaSi.
udidesi empirikosi loki samyaros realur mecnierul
Semecnebas ayenebs pirvel planze da sakmaod skeptiku-
rad uyurebs sityvieri xelovnebis Semamecnebel SesaZ-
leblobebs. XVII saukunidan realizmi yalibdeba farTo
filosofiur cnebad; is miznad isaxavs samyaros, bune-
bis Secnobasa da aTvisebas. azrovnebis sistemaSi am
globalur zrdas mWidrod ukavSirdeba literaturuli
pozicia – asaxul iqnes realuri sinamdvile, cxovreba.
ase rom, XVII saukunis literaturaSi wamoWrili
,,marTlis Tqmis” principi aris msoflaRqmis, samyaros
Secnobisa da misi ganmanaTleburi realizmis gaazrebis
Sedegi. es axali literaturuli Tvalsazrisi aris epo-
qis ZiriTadi tendenciis erT-erTi arsebiTi gamoxatu-
leba. swored am epoqaSi pirvelad arCil bagrationma
mogvca ,,marTlis Tqmis” formulireba da, rogorc akad.
al. baramiZe SeniSnavs: ,,arCili Taviseburi realisturi
mimarTulebis damcvelia” da amitomac bunebrivia mis
SemoqmedebaSi sxva aspeqtebTan erTad Zalumad iWreba
socialuri problematika. arCili erT-erTi pirvelTaga-
266
nia, romelmac wamoayena epoqaluri lozungi: ,,glex Za-
lis moaSoreTa!” man SesaniSnavad icoda, rom imdroin-
del saqarTveloSi swored glexoba warmoadgenda mTa-
var sameurneo da samxedro potencials, glexoba qmnida
qveynis ekonomikur safuZvels da mterTa Semosevis sapi-
rispiro realur Zalas da amitom gamafrTxileblad
moZRvravs qveynis gamgebeli: ,,Tu amoswydes glexkaci,
saqarTvelo daZabundes.”
qarTveli kaci jer kidev uxsovari droidan Tavisi
saocrad didi da mravalferovani sameurneo kulturiT
sisxl-xorciealad iyo dakavSirebuli mSobliur miwas-
Tan. qarTveli glexis miwasTan mimarTebam ganapiroba
ara marto Cveni ekonomikuri gaZliereba, aramed, amasTa-
nave, Cveni xasiaTi, Cveni Sromis unari da fizikuri
siZliere. es Tavidanve SeniSnes Cvenma mwerlebma da ami-
tomac TavianT SemoqmedebaSi sagangebod amaxvileben yu-
radRebas qarTveli glexis fenomenze, radganac swored
qarTveli glexia Cveni fizikuri Zlierebisa da sulie-
ri amaRlebis safuZvelTa safuZveli.
arCili erT-erTi pirvelTagania, romelsac glexi
Semohyavs mwerlobaSi da saocari momxiblelobiT war-
mosaxavs mis koloritul saxels. gansakuTrebiT mim-
zidvelad aqvs arCils daxatuli qarTuli yofis sura-
Tebi, qarTvelTa tradiciuli zne-Cveulebebi. uSualod
aqvs naCvenebi qarTveli kacis stumarTmoyvare xasiaTi,
misi gulkeTili, guluxvi buneba. sparseTidan momaval
Teimuraz mefes Tavisi saxlis win gzad daudgeba qar-
Tveli glexi da mokrZalebiT da TavmdablobiT Txovs
mefes, rom moisvenos mis saxlSi: ,,CamoxdebiT, aras dah-
klav, Tavsas vficav Senis mzisas”. Tavisi gulwrfeli
survili pativiscemisa rom kadnierebaSi ar CamoarTvas,
sakmaod Zlier arguments mimarTavs: Rarib glexTan me-
fes miT ufro miesvleba, radgan ,,TviT qriste RmerTma
267
puri keTrovanis saxlSi gatexao”. mefe: ,,uwyi isurebda
qriste simon keTrovanisas” da xelgaSlili glexi
evedreba: ,,Tavi, saxli, saqoneli, yvela Tqvens win mo-
viZRone”. gansakuTrebiT koloritulia qarTveli xal-
xis gulalali Txovna ,,erTi Rvino damilieT”. mefec
Tanxmdeba, radganac ,,vsTqvi, Tu raRa gaewyoba asre gu-
liT mopatiJeso” da gaucia gankarguleba: ,,mo, vewvivneT
mxiarulsa, nuras uzamT sipatiJeso”. gaxarebuli glexi
guluxvad umaspinZldeba stumars, gaSlis SesaniSnav
sufras da warudgens uZvirfases ganZs: cxra memkvidres
(,,moiyvana cxra ymawvili akvnebiTa Sig Cakruli”) da Se-
avedrebs, raTa gamoiyenos mefem qveynis samsaxurSi:
,,vici, aras ar SeiZRvni ZRvenni giZRvna Tumca sru-
li,
Senis Wiris Cven sanacvlod suli gqondes amosuli”.
stumar-maspinZlobis es epizodi organuladaa CarTu-
li mTlian TxrobaSi da naTel wamodgenas iZleva Cveni
yofis erT-erTi mxareze, agreTve, Cveni socialuri ur-
TierTobis erT mimzidvel aspeqtze.
Sromasa da brZolaSi gamowrTobili, sikeTiTa da
patiosnebiT Saravandmosili qarTveli glexkaci ar-
Cils qveynis burjTaburjad aqvs gaazrebuli da amito-
mac ara marto adiadebs mis saxes, aramed, amave dros,
misi moqalaqeobrivi da uflebrivi dacvis principebsac
ayalibebs. glexi kacis ase amaRlebuli aRqma, mas, vi-
Tarc gamgebelsa da did feodals, xels ar uSlis dis-
tanciur damokidebulebaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebaSi.
glexis bunebis yovelgvari momxibvlelobis Secnobis
miuxedavad igi, viTarca didi aristokrati, klasobrivi
pozicidan gamomdinare mkacr socialur principebs aya-
libebs, romelsac glexTagan dacva aucilebel samar-
Tlebrivsa da zneobriv moTxovnilebad miaCnia.
268
arCili mkacrad moiTxovs feodalisa da, miT ufro,
mefisadmi mokrZalebulsa da daqvemdebarebul damoki-
debulebas. ymis mizanTmizani unda iyos ,,batons vaamo!”
,,batoni Tu jdis mowyenis uTqmelad dasulebuli”, es
ukve damafiqrebeli unda iyos. ,,odes batoni brZanebdes
sityvasa rasme qarTulsa”. batonisgan yuradReba qveSev-
rdomma didi wyalobad unda gaiazros: ,,Tu rame baton-
ma giboZos, oris xeliT CamoarTvi, agrev Sengan misar-
Tmevi oriTave mas miarTvi”. arCili yvela aspeqtSi
icavs batonisadmi daqvevemdebarebis mkacr moTxovnile-
bas, rac vlindeba ara marto socialuri principebis
damkvidrebaSi, aramed eTikis yvela niuansis gaTvalis-
winebaSi: ,,batonis darbazis kari rad ginda rom maRa-
li iyos, TavmoxriT unda Sevides”, magram aseT mokrZa-
lebis Jamsac pirovnuli Rirsebebis Secnobis unari
ar unda dakargos, kerZod, ,,arc lajSi Tavi gaiyos”.
TviT didi rusTvelis erT-erT Rirsebad is miaCnia, rom
mefe TeimurazTan Sepaeqrebis dros mokrZalebasa da
rids amJRavnebs qveynis gamgeblis mimarT: ,,naxeT, rus-
Tveli mefesa ra tkbilad gasityvebode, esaTnoeba, ek-
rZalvis, mas unda es etyobodes”.
gamgeblisadmi mokrZalebuli da daqvemdebarebuli
damokidebuleba arCils miaCnia sazogadoebrivi cxovre-
bis normad, socialur urTierTobaTa bunebrivsa da au-
cilebel gamovlenad. amitomac poeziis metri rusTveli
ramdenadac ukompromisoa mefe Teimurazis mimarT Se-
moqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebis gamovlenis dadastureba-
Si, imdenad TavmodrekiT Sehyurebs qveynis gamgebelsa
da iotisodenadac ar arRvevs distanciis grZnobas:
,,arc mefe Segedareba” da arc om-saxeliTa, arc Zalai,
gulad sificxiT, rome gkra xelis xeliTa”. eTikur as-
peqtSi gamovlenili didaqtikuri toni marto keTilgan-
wyobilebisa da socialuri harmoniis moTxovnileba ki
269
araa, aramed amas uSualod ejaWveba mkacri socialuri
imperativi, romlis ZaliT did mkrexelobad iazreba me-
fisa da feodalis nebisadmi dauqvemdebarebuloba, xo-
lo winaaRmdegoba da dapirispireba umkacres moTxovni-
lebadaa qceuli: ,,ar gaeZlebis monas urCsa da Seupo-
varsa, umadlos Tvisis uflisas, mis mier bevris mSo-
varsa”, RvTiT kurTxeuli mefis uflebebi uzenaesi da
Seuvalia da amitom warmoudgeneli pretenziuloba am
uflebebisadmi dauqvemdebarea. pretenziis moTxovnile-
ba: ,,monisagan viTegebis mefobisa ndoba yolad” da iqve
mravalismetyvelad afrTxilebs meamboxe vasals: ,,ros
gonebam es gizraxos, scan eSmakis xan amyolad”. amito-
mac udides codvad miiTvlis batonze xelyofis moT-
xovnilebas: ,,bolo ar gauTavdebis batonis sisxlSi
mjdomelsa”.
socialur urTierTobaTa aseTi mkacri reglamenti-
rebis miuxedavad, im epoqisTvis niSandoblivi aSlilo-
bis Sedegad, rogorc Cans, feodaluri institutis
struqtura sakmaod Seryeuli iyo da, arCilis dakvirve-
biT, avbedoba iqamdec ki midioda, rom ,,Zvel Tavads Ra-
RaniZesa qveS Wilofs daafeninebso”. da es arcTu iSvia-
Ti SemTxveva yofila, ris gamoc socialuri katakliz-
mebiT SeSfoTebuli arCili Civis: ,,mteri ras uzams im-
densa, rom yrma patronize miiRebs”-o. mas sazogadoeb-
rivi ganviTarebis ubedurebad miaCnia istoriuli pro-
cesis saxiscvla da tradiciuli socialuri urTierTo-
bis rRveva: ,,amaRlebulni damdabldnen, amaRldnen dam-
dablebulni”, ris Sedegadac ,,uaznoni gangvilaRdes,
umecarni pativs icnes."
arCilisTvis jer kidev gaucnobierebulia epoqis
axali sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis socialuri da ekono-
mikur-politikuri safuZvlebi da amitom yovelive soci-
aluri konfliqtis SesaZleblobis gamovlenas arCili
270
iazrebs, rogorc zneobrivi principebis Ralatsa da su-
bieqtur, SemTxveviT, araistoriul kanonzomierebas, ris
Sedegadac es socialuri impulsebi TviT qveSevrdomTa
ubedurebas iwvevs. ,,batons gaxdis uymod da ymas oxrad
dasvams upatronos” da es ukanaskneli uzneobiT stimu-
lirebuli risxvad evlineba batons: ,,Tu yma batons mo-
ereva ajas aRar gamoparToms”. aseTi arabunebrivi, ara-
kanonzomieri situacia, arCilis azriT, zneobrivi nor-
mebis xelovnuri da uxeSi daarRvevaa, risi aRdgenisa
da marTlwesrigis damkvidrebisTvis aucilebelia uk-
mpromiso simkacre: ,,uReli da apeuri kargad mosdreks
maRal qedsa, agrev monas gvemsa gvrisa, urCsa saTqmiT,
qna-ybedsa”. aq ki didi humanisti da ganmanaTleblobis
damamkvidrebeli arCili gvevlineba mkacr, konservatul
gamgeblad. es Sinagani winaaRmdegobaa: erTis mxriv tra-
diciuli feodaluri principebis Seuryevlobis dacva
da, meore mxriv, axali humanisturi ideebis damkvidreba
arCilis azrovnebis erT-erTi niSandoblivi mxarea da
gamWolad vlindeba mis SemoqmedebaSi.
arCili amCnevs, rom saukuneobrivad Camoyalibebul
feodalur myar struqturaSi iWreba axali aspeqtebi,
Tumca Canasaxovnad da epizodurad, magram mainc Cndeba
ara marto dapirispirebis, aramed konfliqtis saSiSro-
ebis SesaZleblobebi. arCilisTvis mecnierulad gaucno-
bierebelia da amitomac saocari gulubryvilobiT Ci-
vis: ,,ymad patronze gaemarjos, ar gvesmia es Zvelad”.
amitom Zvel urTierTobaTa dacvaSi igi xedavs socia-
luri harmoniis mimzidvelobas: ,,siCqares sjobs siwyna-
re, usmensa gagonebuli, patronis ymisgan urCobas, uke-
Tes damonebuli”.
arCili, Tavisi socialuri viTarebidan gamomdinare,
warmoudgenlad miiCnevs am poziciis ryevas, ris gamoc
mimzidveli gulubryvilobiT aRmoxdeba: ,,mdidari Tu
271
vin davardes, glaxakacTagan ufro brali”. arCilis na-
azrevSi ikveTeba erTgvarad gaorebuli pozicia: praqti-
kulad humanisti ganmanaTlebeli, romelic aqcentire-
bas akeTebs adamianis pirovnul Rirsebaze da mTeli ar-
sebiT icavs am RirsebaTa Secnobisa da damkvidrebis
moTxovnilebas.
bunebrivia, sistemis socialuri struqtura mas ur-
yev daucvel movlenad miaCnia. amitomac gulwrfeli
uSualobiT moZRvravs: ,,patronisa erTguleba ymisaTvis
did wamal ars”. batonymuri urTierTobaSi igi socia-
lur harmonias xedavs da amdenad es urTierToba savse-
biT bunebrivsa da saxarbielo mdgomareobad miaCnia,
ris gamoc, misi azriT, yovlad warmoudgenelia da
RvTaebrivi principebis uaryofaa am urTierTobaTa
rRveva da miT ufro momakvdinebel codvad iazreba ba-
tonisadmi pretenziis gamovlena: ,,monisagan viT egebis
mefobis ndoba yovlad?” mefe am qveynis uzenaesi gamge-
belia, misadmi daqvemdebareba, misi nebis damkvidreba
savsebiT bunebrivi da maradiuli sikeTis gamovlenaa.
,,mefe uxams SiSi yovels kacTa, ufrosi RvTisa cxovli-
sa, miT rom is aris meufe maRal-mdablisa yovlisa”. da
am poziciis gamovlenaSi igi xedavs aramarto istori-
ul realobasa da aucileblobas, aramed, amasTanave,
upirvelesad, RvTaebrivi nebis damkvidrebas: ,,Tu me ar
mijer, ismine sityva mis pavle- savlisa”.
mefisadmi daumorCileblobas arCili ara marto zne-
obriv mankierebad miiCnevs, aramed mas iazrebs, rogorc
epoqis samarTlebrivi principebis uxeS darRvevad. ,,ver-
vin vikadrebT gaqcevas, vin mefe SevepovebiT”. mefisadmi
daumorCilebloba gardauvali ubedurebis momaswavebe-
lia. mefis ganusazRvreli uflebebi misi ganusazRvre-
li SesaZleblobiTaa ganpirobebuli. imdroindeli so-
cialuri azrovnebis sistema mefes icnobierebs aramar-
272
to, rogorc samxedro da politikur winamZRols, ara-
med, amasTanave, rogorc RvTaebis mier xeldasmul did
Semoqmeds, romelsac pirovnebis daxvewisa da eris su-
lieri moZRvrebis misia akisria. igi eris majiscemis
gamgebi da mkurnalia: ,,mefe xams msgavsi mkurnalis
brZnisa mas xelovanisa” da erisadmi zrunvis, adamianis
gankurnebis mefiseuli unari saocari masStaburobiT
aqvs gaazrebuli arCils. ,,Tu moZRvari codvis mkurnal
ars, aqimi xorcTa senisa”, batoni, mefe ki yovlis mom-
cveli da SemZlebelia: ,,brZens mefes orTav wamloba Za-
luZs da kargac Svenisa”.
yovelive aqedan gamomdinare aSkaraa, rom arCilis
socialuri Sexedulebebi Tavisi socialuri mdgomareo-
bis sruli anareklia, rac, upirvelesad, vlindeba gam-
geblis, mefis nebis uzenaesobisa da yovlisSemZleobis
aRiarebaSi da am faqtSi igi xedavs maradiul moqalaqe-
obriv samarTlianobas. arCilis es pozicia, Tu SeiZle-
ba iTqvas, erTgvarad Teoriuli xasiaTisaa, romelic
tradiciis inerciiTaa ganpirobebuli. ubrwyinvalesi sa-
mefo dinaastiis, daxvewili aristokratiuli garemos
Rirseuli warmomadgeneli Tavisi genetikuri kodiT im-
pulsirebuli socialuri msoflgagebis zemoT aRniSnu-
li pozicia, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, erTgvarad Teori-
uli xasiaTisaa. arCili, rogorc garkveuli, myari so-
cialuri sistemis warmomadgeneli, am sistemis principe-
bis gamomxatvelia zogadad, elitarulad, magram, ro-
gorc moazrovne da epoqis ZiriTadi tendenciebis gan-
mWvreti, igi realisturad aRiqvams istoriul viTarebas
da misTvis niSandoblivi analitikuri da ukompromiso
gansjis unariT ayalibebs im racionalur principebs,
romelic Semdeg safuZvlad edeba mis ganmanaTlebel
koncefcias.
273
cxovrebis stilis Secvlam, movlenaTa ganviTarebis
dinamikam da tempma Searyia stabiluroba, simyare da
yvelaferSi igrZnoba tradiciuli gagebis daSla, axali
tendenciebi; aRar arsebobs maradiuli da ganyenebuli,
sayovelTao cnebebi, sidideebi da amitomac gonebamaxvi-
lurad SeniSnavs qarTveli mefe – moazrovne: ,,ar mefo-
ba, ar glexoba, ar simdidre, glaxakoba”, eseni ukve iq-
cnen SefardebiT da meryev cnebebad; yovelive maTganma
dakarga saukuneobrivi stabiluroba da gageba. mefoba
da glexoba, simdidre da siRaribe, eseni amqveyniuri
cxovrebis gamoxatveli, pirobiTi cnebebia, romelnic
savsebiT qreba maradiulobis winaSe, saiqio, WeSmariti
cxovrebis sferoSi: ,,erT dRes sworad Seirya sul ama-
Ti mosaxloba”.
cxovrebis dinamikam, socialuri da politikuri sta-
bilurobis ryevam da cvalebadobam, adamianSi eWvi gamo-
iwvia da wamoWra ,,soflisadmi” undoblobisa da ukmayo-
filebis grZnoba. am droisTvis adamianis siduxWiris
mizezs eZeben ara socialur-ekonomikur an saxelmwifo-
ebriv struqturebsa da faqtorebSi, aramed ganyenebul,
jer kidev Seucnobel movlenebSi. Camoyalibda ,,sof-
lis” muxanaTobisa da gautanlobis abstraqtuli gageba.
,,sofeli”* iqna gaazrebuli raRac stabilur myar cne-
bad, romelsac Tavis Sinagani, sakuTari mamoZravebeli
kanonebi gaaCnia da es kanonebi muxanaTurad iqvemdeba-
rebs adamians. amitom arCili adamianTa cxovrebiseuli
satkivars eZebs ara socialur-politikur movlenebSi,
aramed ,,soflis” daudgromlobasa da daundoblobaSi.
,,hoi, ubadruko sofelo, arasodes marTlis ar mTqme-
lo”. TiTqos da sofeli raRac TavisTavadi ZalebiT
anawilebsa da ganagebs adamianTa SesaZleblobebsa da
* ,,sofelSi” igulisxmeba amqveyniuri sinamdvile.
274
mdgomareobas: ,,zogi mieca didebani aseTs, rom ver Se-
ityvian, ar imadlis, arvis miscems, vin uboZa ar ityvi-
an”. socialuri faqtorebiT ganpirobebul cxovrebise-
ul sirTuleebs arCili bediswerisa da soflis gautan-
lobiT xsnis. ,,zogs amdens miscem, sofelo, ricxvs ar
Seagnebineb, zogi siymiliT momymari gyavs, nacuncals
moaZebnineb”. igi Rrmad da farTod wvdeba sinamdvilise-
ul movlenebs, warmogviCens adamianTa mdgomareobis
sxvadasxva aspeqtebs, magram ver axerxebs mizez-Sedegob-
rivi kavSirebis Ziebasa da analizs, ris gamoc miseuli
suraTebi ufro empiriuli xasiaTisaa.
arCili amCnevs da erTgvarad TiTqos kidec ganic-
dis, rom bevri sruliad daumsaxureblad, mzamzareu-
lad, yovelgvari Sromis gareSe aRwevs materialur uz-
runvelyofas. fufunebaSi imyofebian ise, rom ar ician
da ar kiTxuloben, Tu ra ganapirobebs maT fufunebas.
meore ukiduresobas warmoadgenen Raribebi, romlebic
dReniadag jafasa da gaWirvebaSi arian: ,,vin Raribobs,
ar iRirsebs mosvenebiT Tavs debasa”. arCili mis mier
Camoyalibebuli ,,marTlis Tqmis” pozicidaan sakmaod
dakvirvebulad da realisturad asaxavs sinamdviles,
magram miseuli analizi calmxrivi da zedapirulia. igi
adamianTa avbedobaze pasuxismgeblobas mTlianad sof-
lis fatalur Zalas miawers da ver swvdeba socialur-
ekonomikur faqtorebs. aseve calmxrivad iazrebs adami-
anis bunebas, romlis qmedebis socialur-zneobrvi Zie-
bis safuZvlebis warmoCenis nacvlad, ganyenebulad, zo-
gad xazebSi warmogvidgens; avbedoba Tu warmateba ada-
mianis xasiaTis gamovlenad miaCnia, magram ar wvdeba ar-
sebiT problemas _ Tu ra ganapirobebs am xasiaTs. igi
pirvelsawyiss ki ar eZebs, aramed zogadad warmoaCens
adamianis bunebas: ,,vin uZRveboda Seitkbos, mas nivTi
275
ara eyos ra; srul taxtad qondes qveyana, arc is arTu
eyos ra”.
adamianis xasiaTis ukmarobis arCiseuli miniSnebis
klasikur ganviTarebas vxedavT Nn. baraTaSvilis stri-
qonebSi; ,,vin aris igi, vis Tvisi guli erTxel aRevsos,
da rac mieRos erTxel natvriT is ikmaros”. arCilis
gagebiT, yovelive warmavalia; sinamdvilis mkacri da
saocari logika amsxvrevs adamianis aRmafrenas, iluzi-
ad aqcevs did miswrafebebs; TviT yovlisSemZle mefenic
araraobad iqcevian cxovrebis sastik dinebaSi. sinamdvi-
lis aseTi kuTxiT danaxva arCils aaxloebs romanti-
kosTa msoflmxedvelobasTan. xazgasmulia isic, rom si-
namdviliseuli rTuli suraTebis warmoCenisas maTi
ganviTarebis mizezebs arCili socialur-politikur
sferoSi ki ar eZebs, aramed yoveli problema mas reli-
giur aspeqtSi aqvs gacnobierebuli. Rrmadmorwmune poe-
tis TvalsazrisiT, amqveyniuri bedniereba moCvenebiTia,
ararealuria, WeSmariti da maradiuli bedniereba saiqi-
osaa. adamianisaTvis RmerTma Seqmna samoTxe da iq hpo-
vebs is Svebas. Tu adamiani ixelmZRvanelebs rwmenis
principebiT, maSin samoTxis kari misTvis Riaa. ,,samoTxe
dasma edemsa kacTa eniTa uTqmeli, mun gafufuna Svebi-
Ta, ar iyo urviT sulmTqmeli”. ase rom, sabolood so-
cialuri Tu bedisweris problema arCilTan rwmenisad-
mi daqvemdebarebuladaa warmoCenili. esaa misi koncef-
ciuri pozicia, Tumca, amave dros mis SemoqmedebaSi
sakmaod didi adgili eTmoba bedisweris arsis gagebasa
da warmoCenas.
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi ,,soflis”, bedisweris
erTgvarad warmmarTveli funqcia gansakuTrebul xved-
riT wonas iZens XVII-XVIII saukunis adamianis soflga-
gebaSi da, bunebrivia, arCili am faqtsac iazrebs. mar-
Talia, ,,soflis” muxanaTobisa da gautanlobis tenden-
276
cia TiTqos Zlieri da gardauvali faqtoria, magram ar-
Cili ver egueba adamianis pasiursa da soflisadmi
inertiul daqvemdebarebas da cdilobs pirovnebaSi aR-
Zras qmedebis impulsi, iniciativisa da individualuri
damokidebulebis moTxovnileba. amave, dros igi xazgas-
miT warmoaCns ,,soflis” mimzidvelsa da gamosayenebel
mxareebs: cxovrebis ritmis aCqarebam, socialur-poli-
tikurma meryeobam adamianSi gaaZliera daeWvebisa da
undoblobis grZnoba. cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiT igi
kidev ufro darwmunda yovelives droebiTobasa da war-
mavlobaSi, kidev ufro miendo ,,amaoebaTa amaoebis” sib-
rZnes. am gancdas sasowarkveTilebamde mihyavs pirovne-
ba, radgan gaicnobiera, rom ,,cxovreba Cveni kvalsa
hgavs zRvazeda naviT mavalsa, gina sizmarsa amaos, wuT-
erT, Zil-moklisasa, RrubliT-qarT mimokveTebuls, an-
dazas dasavlisasa, zRaparsa daujerebels, memucled
gamoTqmisasa”. mZime socialur-ekonomikur pirobebSi
adamians TiTqmis aRar rCeba SesaZlebloba amaRlebuli,
zneobrivi da sulieri moTxovnilebisadmi swrafvisTvis
da igi inTqmeba yoveldRiur praqticizmSi. es kompromi-
si mwared aqvs mas gaazrebuli da garkveul sulier
qenjnasac ganicdis, ris gamoc erTgvari mobodiSebiT
aRiarebs: ,,ra vqna, sofelo, Svilebi myavs moyvars meb-
ralebisa, minda daugdo mravali salaro-saunjebisa”. am
rTul socialur Tu fsiqologiur situacias arCili
kargad icnobierebs da realurad wyvets adamianis wina-
Se wamoWril problemebs. igi sruli gagebiT ekideba
adamianis gulwrfel moTxovnilebas: ,,sofels vagineb,
magram miyvars da ver vexsnebia”. es bunebrivi da jansa-
Ri damokidebuleba sinamdvilasdmi arCilSi srul Ta-
nagrZnobas iwvevs da aqedan gamomdinare brZnulad moZ-
Rvravs Tanamoqalaqeebs: ,,radgan Cvenia sofeli, maS gvi-
xams kargad xmareba: nivTi yoveli mis-mis dros kacTa-
277
gan moixmareba”. amitomac savsebiT gasagebia adamianis
cxovrebisadmi, soflisadmi mimarTva: ,,sofelo, kidec
gizraxav, arc gagveZleba uSenod, aras vargivarT Sen
ar gyve, viT saxlis kari uSenod”.
sinamdvilesTan jansaRi, TiTqosda utilitaruli
damokidebuleba sruliad ar arRvevs zneobriv normebs.
igi cxovrebiseuli moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebaa da
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis ucilo winapiroba. socia-
lur problemaTa gaanalizebisas arCilisTvis ucxoa
ganyenebuli, asketuri idealebi. igi realurad da jan-
saRad uyurebs adamianis am cxovrebasTan damokidebu-
lebis sakiTxs da bunebrivia ar gamoricxavs misi praq-
tikuli interesebis, moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas.
igi gamiznulad gvmoZRvravs: ,,nu geSiniaT, ar giSliT,
sofel nurvis gindao, coli da Svili, mamuli, Zma, sax-
likaci gindao”. rogorc vxedavT, es n. baraTaSvilis
sibrZnis winaTqmaa: ,,magram radganac kacni gqvian Svil-
ni soflisa, unda kidevac mivdioT mas, gvesmas mSobli-
sa” da es didi mSobeli iyo arCili, romelic ori sau-
kuniT adre mouwodebda TanamoqalaqeT qmedebisa da
cxovrebaSi aqtiuri sawyisebis damkvidrebisaken. am di-
di amocanis saxelovan gzaze erT-erTi aucilebelia
Sromis kulturis gacnobiereba da damkvidreba. amitom
xazgasmiT Segvaxsenebs: ,,muSaobac kargi zneao” da Ca-
moTvlis Sromis TiTqmis yvela saxes, yvela formas da
amiT xazs usvams, rom ar arsebobs didi da patara saq-
me, arsebobs didi da patara damokidebuleba saqmisadmi.
garjis yvela saxeoba (miwis muSa, mxedroba, xelosnoba,
meurneoba vaWroba, ganswavluloba) adamianis Rirsebis
damamkvidrebelia da am Rirsebis xarisxi ganpirobebu-
lia daostatebis srulyofiT da ara Sromis saxeobe-
biT. Sromaa adamianis sulieri ganwmendisa da arsebo-
bis ganmapirobebeli faqtori. ,,SromiT unda vimuSako,
278
ToreriT davrCe, maSa risgan?” sagangebod yuradsaRebia
is faqti, rom arCilis socialur koncefciaSi Sroma ki
ar aris gaazrebuli, rogorc TviTmiznuri netareba,
aramed igi gacnobierebulia, rogorc erT-erTi saSua-
leba da gza sulieri srulyofisaTvis da am pozicias
saocrad exmareba adolf harnakis Segoneba, rom Sroma
es aris mxolod sasargeblo klapani, romelic Cven
gvWirdeba damRupvel borotebaTa winaaRmdeg. arada igi
savsebiT ar warmoadgens absolutur sikeTes da mas ver
mivakuTnebT Cven idealebso. am poziciaSic kvlav Tavs
iCens arCilis koncefciis arsi, rom zneobriobaa war-
mmarTveli yoveli sikeTisa, es iqneba yofiTi, socialu-
ri Tu erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi.
arCilis SemoqmedebaSi socialur sakiTxTa gaanali-
zebisas yuradRebas ipyrobs is faqtic, rom igi XVII s.
mweralTa Soris erT-erTi pirvelTagania, romelmac
qalTa uflebisa da mdgomareobis sakiTxi wamoWra4. igi
dabejiTebiT amtkicebs, rom TiTqos bibliuri siuJeti-
dan gamomdinare evam acduna adami da aqedan iRebdes
sawyiss qalis Rirsebisadmi skeptikuri damokidebuleba.
qalSi ki ar unda eZios mamakacma Tavisi mankierebisa da
cdomilebis mizezi, aramed qalic iseTive srulyofili
socialuri fenomenia, rogorc mamakaci da am or sqesTa
urTierTobaSi vlindeba zneobrivi da socialuri har-
monia: ,,dedakacs raRad mizezob, me getyvi, migca amada,
ise Semwed Shenda, Sen mazeed gagaTavada”. Tumca mama-
kacs socialurad garkveuli ufloebamosileba gaaCnia
qalis mimarT, magram igi, upirvelesad, mamakacis Rirse-
uli Tanamdgomeli da TanamoRvawea. ase rom, arCili
mkrTalad, sawyisi formiT, magram mainc ayenebs qalis
uflebisa da Rirsebis sakiTxs, rac mniSvnelovani siax-
le iyo im rTul istoriul viTarebaSi. magram am prog-
resul sofelWvretas garkveuli stimuli misca imanac,
279
rom igi aRzrdili iyo qarTul tradiciebze da rus-
Tveluri koncefcia misi azrovnebis sayrdeni da war-
mmarTveli gaxda.
marTalia, arCili ar aris iseTi poeturi gaqanebis,
rogoric daviT guramiSvili iyo, arc frazis Camokve-
Tis sulxan-saba orbelianis didostatobas aCvenebs,
magram igi aris farTo masStabis moazrovne da misma
koncefciebma warmmarTveli roli iTamaSa XVII-XVIII sa-
ukuneebis mwerlobaSi5.
feodaluri institutis didma warmomadgenelma, am
institutis socialur urTierTobaTa mtkice damcvel-
ma, arCilma TviTve wamoayena am urTierTobaTa ganm-
sazRvreli axali principebi. Man TviTve SeZlo daerR-
via tradiciuli, klasobrivi calmxrivoba da socia-
lur urTierTobaTa ierarqiaSi wamoWra adamianis pira-
di Rirsebis problema. individi gaicnobiera ara marto,
rogorc socialuri fenomeni, aramed, rogorc damouki-
debeli inteleqtualuri arseba, romelic sakuTari zne-
obrivi da gonebrivi monacemebiT damoukideblobasa da
Seuvalobas imsaxurebs. adamiani unda mkvidrdebodes
ara marto socialuri, ierarqiuli safexurebis gamov-
leniT, aramed Tavisi pirovnuli, subieqturi monaceme-
biT da pirovnebis Rirsebis am didi principebidan ga-
momdinare, igi TviT mefes upirispirebs brZensa da gan-
swavlul instituts.
,,sjobs mona brZeni ugunurs mefesa moxucebulsa”. es
gancxadeba socialuri amboxis tolfasovani siaxle
iyo. igi, rogorc ganmanaTlebluri msoflmxedvelobis
mqone novatori, Tavis SemoqmedebaSi sibrZnis apologi-
as amkvidrebs. pirovnebis qmedebis arsebiT ganmsazRv-
rel kriteriumad arCili sibrZnes iazrebs, romlis
usazRvro SesaZleblobebis gacnobiereba SeuZleblad
miaCnia. ,,razomca didad brZen iyo, nu ucnob sibrZne-
280
srulebas”. arCilTan sibrZniseuli analizia erTaderTi
saorientacio kriteriumi: ,,risxva brZnisa sjobs cru-
Tasa alerssa, sitkboebasa”. mxolod inteleqtualuri
ZiebiTa da TviTanaliziT SeiZleba sakuTari Tavis Sec-
noba da movlenebSi marTebuli orientireba: ,,didi sib-
rZnea kacisa cnobaNTavisa Tvisisa”. TviTSemecneba RvTa-
ebis Secnobis winapirobaa. ganwmendisa da daxvewis
gziT TviTanalizi, sakuTari Tavis Secnoba Teozisis
perspeqtivas saxavs. netari avgustine sagangebod aRniS-
navda, rom adamiani saidumloebaa Tavis TavisTvisaco,
ris gamoc basili didi STaagonebda morwmuneT: ,,uZne-
les ars yovelsave cnoba Tavis Tvisisa”. am urTulesi
TviTanalizis procesSi gansakuTrebiT didia sibrZnis
faqtori, razedac arCili sagangebod amaxvilebs yurad-
Rebas. sibrZnis primatis damkvidrebiT arCili pirovne-
bis individualuri Tvisebebis, misi Rirsebebis aRiare-
bas usvams xazs. misi koncefciT adamiani unda ganTavi-
sufldes socialuri Tu sxva faqtorTa zegavlenisgan
da individualur arsebad qceulma unda warmoaCinos
Tavisi Tvisebebi. damoukidebeli, ganTavisuflebuli pi-
rovnebis inteleqtualuri da zneobrivi SesaZleblobe-
bi gacilebiT meti da naTeli perspeqtivis Semqmnelia
sazogadoebisTvis, vidre socialuri uflebebiT boZebu-
li uflebebi. qveynisa da saerTod, saqmis gamgeblis er-
TaderTi uflebamosileba mxolod srulyofil, moaz-
rovne mTlian pirovnebas gaaCnia da aravis sxvas. TviT
mefeTa statusic ki fermkrTaldeba individualuri
RirsebiT aRsavse ,,ugvaro” individis winaSe: ,,mefis
gvirgvini ver brZen yofs, bunebiT Tu ara hqondesa,
Zirgavardnili sarwyuli wyliT saves vis moqondesa?!”
es mravlismetyveli da didi siaxlis Semcveli ganma-
naTlebluri poziciaa. masSi Caqsovilia ara marto mem-
kvidreobiT miRebul socialur struqturaSi daeWvebis
281
SesaZlebloba, aramed pirovnebis Tavisuflebisa da Se-
mecnebis idea. es sulac ar aris SemTxveviT wamocdeni-
li ganwyobiT nakarnaxevi fraza. es aris movlenebis
Rrma analiziTA ganpirobebuli arCilis Tanamimdevru-
li pozicia da axlebluri msoflmWvretiT nakarnaxevi
moTxovnileba. am msoflmxedvelobiTi poziciTaa gan-
msWvaluli mTeli misi Semoqmeedeba, romlis ZaliT
brZen, zneobriv da iniciativian pirovnebas ,,ugvaroba”
ar unda eqces dabrkolebad: ,,kaci unda an gvarad da an
swavlani gaizardos, Tu sibrZneSic gaiwvrTnebis, ugva-
nomac gaivargos!”.
arCilis mier wamoWrili pirovnebis ,,axsnis” prob-
lema epoqis moTxovnilebad iqca, rac saocari siRrmi-
Taa da masStaburobiT ganaviTares misma memkvidreebma;
sulxan-saba orbelianma, daviT guramiSvilma da vaxtang
VI.
Tu arCili pirovnebis Tavisuflebis problemas
principul asppeqtSi ayenebs da erTgvari TavSekavebiTa
da rCevis stilSi metyvelebs, imave ideas principuli
da kategoriuli toniT amkvidrebs sulxan-saba orbeli-
ani. igi uceremoniod acxadebs: ,,mravalni mwyemsni umjo-
besni arian ugvanoTa mefeTao“. es ganmanaTlebluri Te-
zisi imdroindel azrovnebiT sistemaSi amboxis tolZa-
lovani da didi gabeduli siaxle iyo. es fraza ara-
marto farTo masStabis humanisturi poziciebis gamov-
lenaa, aramed, amave dros, igi damuxtulia feodaluri
institutis Sematortmanebeli socialuri programiT.
es pozicia miT ufro mniSvnelovania, rom samecnie-
ro azrovnebis sistemaSi TiTqmis ugulebelyofili iyo
adamianis pirovnuli sawyisi. adamiani ZiriTadad iyo
gacnobierebuli sazogadoebrivi wyobis ierarqiis na-
wilad. rogorc akad. dimitri lixaCovi aRniSnavs _
adamianis pirovnuli faseuloba mkrTalad iazreboda6.
282
gasaocari da erTgvarad moulodneli is aris, rom im
droisaTvis CvenSi TiTqos ar arsebobda is politikuri
da socialuri winapiroba, romelic ase reliefurad ik-
veTeboda misi Tanamedrive epoqis axal politikur-so-
cialuri struqturebis tendenciaSi da ase erTgvarad
ayenebda pirovnebis Tavisuflebis problemas. socialu-
ri institutidan gamosuli uzenaes gamgebels, mefes
upirispirebs ganswavlul da moazrovne subieqts mTeli
Tavisi pirovnuli, individualuri RirsebebiT.
sulxan-saba misTvis Cveuli simtkiciTa da kategori-
ulobiT mimarTavs uzenaes gamgebels: ,,Tumca ymani Wku-
aT myofni gyvanan, igi amefe da Sen maT daemoneo”. esaa
Rrma politikosis brZnuli, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
warmmarTveli Tezisi, romelSic politikur-socialuri
kategoriebis aramarto axleburi gaazrebaa, aramed ga-
mokveTilia pirovnebis individualur RirsebaTa Secno-
bisa da damkvidrebis Sinagani moTxovnileba. imdroin-
del, garkveul socialur atmosferoSi sulxan-sabaseu-
li es pozicia erTgvari mkrexelobac ki iyo Tavis gar-
Semo arsebul atmosferos mimarT. magram amave dros, es
iyo didi moazrovnisa da demokratiisTvis mebrZoli,
amaRlebuli zneobriv-politikuri pozicia, romelic
damuxtuli iyo kacobriobis ganviTarebis humanistur-
ganmanaTlebluri tendenciiT.
zemoT Camoyalibebul sulxan-sabaseul naazrevSi
Cans misi ara marto intuiciisa da azrovnebis Zala, ara
marto civilizaciis ganviTarebis wamyvani tendenciis
SemCnevisa da gamokveTis unari, aramed, amasTan, pirovne-
bis xsnis ideisadmi misi subieqturi damokidebuleba,
individualur RirsebaTa SemCnevisa da dafasebis misi
Sinagani rwmena da moTxovnileba.
aseTi didi epoqaluri siaxlis Semqmneli sulxan-
saba arc meore ukiduresobaSi vardeba; igi ki ar arCevs
283
socialur struqterebs, saukeTeso warmomadgenlebs,
aramed TviT feodalur aristokratiaSi xedavs uamrav
Rirsebas Tuki misi warmomadgeneli pirovnulad daxve-
wili, ganswavluli da moazrovne subieqtia. mas indivi-
dualuri, subieqturi Rirseba gacnobierebuli aqvs ara
mxolod socialur garemosTan gadajaWvulad, aramed
individis Sinagani Rirsebebia misi orientiri. amitom
Tu erT SemTxvevaSi uswavlelsa da ugunur mefes igi
upirispirebs dabali socialuri mdgomareobis ganswav-
lulsa da moazrovne pirovnebas, sxva SemTxvevaSi misT-
vis ideali da sruli harmoniulobaa, rodesac TviT me-
fea ganswavluli da brZeni. antikur moazrovneTa es po-
zicia sulxan-sabasTvis maqsimalurad optimaluria da
amitomac mravlismetyvelad gvmoZRvravs: ,,mefeni saWu-
risTa da sxvaTac saqmes scnoben da mefeTa saqmes ver-
vin scnoben... rom maTi sajdomi maRalia, dablidan ar
inaxebao”.
ganswavluli da humanuri monarqiis ideis damamkvid-
rebeli sulxan-saba da, saerTod, qarTveli ganmanaT-
leblebis Sexedulebebi savsebiT Tanmxvedria evropeli
ganmanaTleblebisa. kerZod, rogorc cnobilia, volteri
xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom gonivruli reformebis gata-
reba SeuZlia mxolod xelmwifes, romelic ganmsWvalu-
lia filosofiuri ideebiT. adamianTa yvelaze didi
bednierebao, – werda igi, _ rodesac mefe filosofosi-
ao. keTili mefe aris saukeTeso saCuqari, romelic ki
SeiZleba zecam misces miwas. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom
,,ganmanaTlebeli monarqis”, ,,ganmanaTlebeli absolu-
tizmis” idea CvenSi gamoixata ara mxolod moZRvrebis,
Teoriis, ideebis ganviTarebiT, CamoyalibebiTa da dam-
kvidrebiT, aramed TviT faqtis arsebobiT. TviT Cveni
monarqebi: arCili, vaxtang VI, Tavisi koncefciebis mas-
StabiTa da moRvaweobis formiT ,,ganaTlebuli monar-
284
qis” ideis gamoxatuleba iyvnen. sagangebo Teoriuli
ideebisa da traqtatebis ar arsebobis miuxedavad, Cven-
Si realurad, istoriulad iyo ganmanaTleblobis es
ucilo komponenti. amasTan, qristianuli koncefciidan
gamomdinare, sulxan-saba gvaxsenebs zogadsa da maradi-
ul WeSmaritebas, kerZod, jumberi STambeWdavad STaago-
nebs mamas: ,,ra gind didebuli da mZlavri mefe iyo,
scan ese. miwa xar da miwad miiqcevio”.
didi meigave sulxan-saba, amave dros, aris didi epi-
kosic, romlis enciklopediuri, mravalsaxovani ganSto-
ebis mqone ,,sibrZne sicruisa”, upirveles yovlisa, war-
moadgens ara mxolod xelovnur krebuls, aramed am na-
warmoebis siuJeturi qarga, gansxvavebiT sxva CarCoian
arakTa krebulisagan, qmnis erT mTlian didi epikur
qmnilebas, romlis mopaeqre personaJTa CamoZerwili in-
dividualuri saxeebi damatyvevebel STabeWdilebas ax-
dens mkiTxvelze. sedraqis, leonis, jumberisa da ruqas
polemika saocari masStaburobiT moicavs TiTqmis yve-
la sasicocxlo problemas da, rac mTavaria, swored
dapirispirebul msjelobaTa xerxis gamoyenebiT sul-
xan-saba mTeli sisruliTa da mravalferovnebiT warmo-
saxavs sinamdviles da iSviaTi masStaburobiT aanali-
zebs epoqisTvis mtkivneul aqtualur problemebs. am
problemaTa ganWvretisa da analizisTvis igi arakebis
saxiT iyenebs cxovrebiseul konkretul situacieebsa
da faqtebs. rarig didostaturi ar unda iyos TiToeu-
li araki, masSi Caqsovili ideuri SinaarsiTa da Txro-
bis iSviaTi saxeobriobiTa da mimzidvelobiT, Cven ar
unda dagvaviwydes, rom yoveli araki aris personaJis
koncefciis gamomxatveli sailustracio, konkretuli
faqti da am faqtTa erTianobasa da ganzogadebaSi war-
moCenilia sinamdvile mTeli Tavisi nairsaxeobiTa da
simwvaviT, romelic vlindeba eTikuri, erovnuli, poli-
285
tikuri da yofiTi socialuri sakiTxebis warmosaxvasa
da gaanalizebaSi. swored es sakiTxebi mas erTgvarad
ganzogadebulad aqvs gaSuqebuli personaJTa dialogis
saSualebiT. Tu arakebis mixedviT aris daxatuli sinam-
dviliseuli esa Tu is aspeqti da boloSi sulxan-saba-
seuli Cveuli sibrZniTaa gamokveTili esa Tu is Sego-
neba, yovelive amisgan gansxvavebiT Camoyalibebulia ara
marto zogadi eTikuri da politikuri principebi, ara-
med amaT Suqze warmoCenilia marTvisa Tu socialur
urTierTobaTa garkveuli aspeqtebi. am mxriv saprogra-
mo xasiaTisaa leonis mier mefis institutis struqtu-
risa da TviT gamgeblis moRvaweobis ganmsazRvreli da
warmmarTveli debulebebi, romelSic aforistuli Sem-
WidrovebiTaa gamokveTili epoqis politikur-eTikur-so-
cialuri principebi.
,,mefeTagan samni uyvaran RmerTsa: simSvide, simdable
da sulgrZeloba, mefeTagan sam daimadlebs ufali: sa-
marTalsa, uqrTamosa, mowyalebasa da didsa siyvarulsa
yovelTasa.
mefeTagan samns inatrian qveyanani. zavTsa marTebul-
sa, simarTles uzakvelsa da siuxves mouklebelsa.
mefeTagan samns iyeneben didebulni: sitkboebasa we-
siersa, nadisa amaosa da WirSi lxinsa da lxinSi lxin-
sa.
mefeTagan sams ndoben mxedarni: cxensa malsa, saWur-
velsa magarsa da danaxvasa namsaxurisasa.
mefeTagan sams iRvwian glaxakni: karsa Rias, Txovisa
boZebasa da sixaruliT warvlenasa. mefeTagan sams iT-
xoven monani, savse tablasa, jamagirTa moukleblo-basa
da male SeubezRlobasa.
mefeTagan sams indomeben vazirni: yuris mopyrobasa,
sityvis gagonebasa da rCevis dajerebasa.
286
mefeTagan sams inebeben moCivarni: saCivris smenasa,
auCqareblobasa da daufereblobasa. mefeTagan samns
inatreben vaWarni: TvalTa da dalTa cnobasa, Rirebu-
lebis micemasa da ufasurad vaWrobasa.
mefeTagan sams evedrebian mogzaurni: mekobreTagan
morCenasa, zveris wesad aRebasa, fundukTA uSuRarTa
dgomasa.
mefeTagan sams ixvewebian Semsmenelni: mobezRarisa
wayenebasa, urisxvelad brZanebasa da marTlebas Tvisi-
sasa.
mefeTagan sams iTxoven patimarni: Secodebisa, Sendo-
basa, risxvisa wyalobad Secvlas da xilvas pirisasa
misasa.”
am SegonebaTa SejamebiT sulxan-saba ayalibebs sa-
zogadoebis znesrulobas, romelic ganapirobebs qveynis
siZlieres:
,,ese ars wesi mefeTa, ese ars saboZvari TemTa, ese
ars godoli sparsT, ese ars zRude qalaqTa”.
mefis _ gamgeblis _ sibrZne, humanuroba, principu-
loba da SorsmWvreteloba verafriT ver gaswvdeba im
did saqmeebs, romelic mis win iyris Tavs, Tu mas aseve
didi zneobisa da profesionaluri srulyofis Tanamd-
gomlebi, aRmsruleblebi ar hyavs mrCevelTa da vazir-
Ta saxiT. amitom mefis saxeSi gaerTianebuli marTvis
principebis CamoyalibebasTan erTad sulxan–saba gamok-
veTs mmarTvelis TanamdgomTa, profesionalTa anu va-
zirTa institutis amocanasa da daniSnulebas:
,,vazirni erTmaneTs moyvarulni xams
vaziroba siqiSpiTa da kacis mtrobiT ar karga iqne-
ba.
vaziri batonis erTgulia, mteri unda daimoyvros,
Tavisi
287
augic apatios, guli gaierTon da daemtkicos mefoba
patronisa maTisa.
vaziri xvaSiadis Semnaxveli xams. Tumca erTmaneTSi
SuRli moxda, xvaSiadi gaumJRavndebis da maTgan erTma-
neTis mterobiT gaicema, sityvasa da bralobas dauwye-
ben: man Tqva, ara vaziri patronisa da qveynisa samjobi-
naros mdomi unda iyos. ra mefe erTs wyalobas uzams,
meore misi qiSpi gaorguldebis.
vaziri RvTis mavedrebeli da Wkuisa da sibrZnis
mCxrekels xams da ra kacma Tavisi mteri dainaxos, gu-
li auduRdes da Wkua mcneba daefantos.
vazirT sityva unda Seamowmon da romeli amjobinon,
igi daaskvnan. mterni xom aris RoniT sityvas ar Seamow-
meben da, Tu Seamowmeben, kidec damoyvrdebian!
vazirTa mefisa da qveynisa dayenebac SeuZliaT da
waxdenadaca”.
aq, rasakvirvelia, mxolod mefe da vaziri ar igu-
lisxmeba, am erTgvar eTikursa da socialur-politikur
traqtats ufro Sors gamiznuli mizandasaxuleba gaaC-
nia. aq saerTod ivaraudeba yvela drois gamgebeli –
lideri da Tanamdgomeli mrCveveli. swored amaSia
sulxan-sabas damoZRvrebis maradiulobis arsi.
sulxan-saba orbelians socialuri problema uaRre-
sad farTo speqtriT aqvs ganxiluli da gaanalizebu-
li. igi arakebSi socialuri aspeqtebis gamomxatveli
yofiTi suraTebis asaxviT an socialur urTierTobaTa
CamoyalibebiTa da ganWvretiT ar kmayofildeba, aramed
am sakiTxs igi iazrebs sinamdvilesTan damokidebule-
bis problemis wamoWriTa da am problemis qristianuli
eTikis principebiT gacnobierebaSi. sinamdvilesTan da-
mokidebulebis, cxovrebis arsisa da adamianis masTan
urTierTobis sakiTxs igi gansakuTrebul adgils uT-
mobs Tavis qadagebebSi, romelSic qristianuli eTikis
288
principebis dacviT ganviTarebulia adamianis mier sam-
yaros Secnobisa da masTan urTierTobis yvela aspeqti
da, bunebrivia, yovelive es socialur prizmaSi tydeba;
qristianuli moZRvrebis zerele, aramecnieruli codnis
Sedegad aTeistTa Soris damkvidrda mosazreba, TiTqos
qristianoba moqalaqes mouwodebdes cxovrebidan gan-
dgomisken da STaagonebdes amqveyniuri sikeTisagan xe-
lis aRebas. es aris moZRvrebis uvicobiTa da mizandasa-
xuli tendenciebiT ganviTarebuli mosazreba. qristia-
nuli moZRvrebis arsSi Caxeduli pirovnebisTvis sakiT-
xis ase dasma sruli alogikurobaa.
qristianuli moZRvreba sruliadac ar krZalavs, rom
adamianma izrunos amqveyniuri cxovrebaSi sikeTis, dov-
laTis Seqmnasa da misiT sargeblobaze. piriqiT, bibli-
uri wignebi gvmoZRraven, raTa moqalaqem SeiZinois dov-
laTi da moawesrigos amqveyniuri cxovreba. daviTi erT
fsalmunSi Semdegnairad locavs morwmunes:
,,Zlieri iyos qveyanasa zeda naTesavi mis da Tesli
wrfeliTa ikurTxos.
dideba da simdidre saxlisa missa da simarTle mis
egos ukunisamde”6.
rogorc Zveli, ise axali aRTqmis wignebSi sagange-
bodaa moyolili istoriulo pirTa Sesaxeb, romelTac
Tundac gaaCndeT didi materialuri dovlaTi, magram,
amave dros, RvTisTvis sasurvel saqmeebs akeTebdnen. mo-
ciqulTa werilebSi araerTgzisaa xazgasmuli, rom yo-
veli simdidre TviT RvTaebis nebiTaa boZebuli da mas
gonivruli gamoyeneba unda:
,,mdidarTa maT amas sofelsa amcen, raiTa ara moR-
loodian, arca eseviden simdidresa mas uCinosa, aramed
RmerTsa cxovelsa, romelsac momcis Cven yovelive
mdidrad saSueleblad”.
289
qristianuli moZRvrebis arsSi Rrmad Caxeduli
sulxan-saba Tavisi qadagebebiT moqalaqeTa Soris am-
kvidrebs rwmenas, rom sinamdvilesTan damokidebulebis
problema erT-erTi umTavresi problemaa da is gulisx-
mobs ara cxovrebidan gandgomas, socialuri interese-
bis ugulebelyofas, aramed zomierebasa da maRali zne-
obrivi principebis dacviT xorcze zrunva iseve auci-
lebelia, rogorc sulze zrunva, rom amqveyniuri sasi-
cocxlo interesebi, pirovnebis socialur mxareze
zrunva erT-erTi arsebiTi da upirvelesi movaleobaa.
sulxan-saba detalurad Cerdeba amqveyniur, socialur
moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis aucileblobaze, mate-
rialuri interesebis saarsebo saWiroebaze. mas TiTqmis
punqtebi aqvs Camoyalibebuli, Tu ramdenad saWiroa
adamianTa moTxovnilebebze zrunva, romelSic zneobri-
vi normebis dacviT formebSi unda iyos gamovlenili.
aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTebiT sulxan-sabas msjeloba
mravalmxriv sayuradRebo da mniSvnelovania. ,,ara vet-
yvi ara smasa gvmoZRvravs igi _ ara Wamasa, anu SimSili-
Ta moymobasa, aramed getyvio lxinsa ara _ bralovansa,
Wamasa unayrovnisa da sasa dauTrobelsa.
nu hgonebT, Tu getyode ara-Cacmasa, arc daxurvasa,
ara keTilTa Semosvasa, gina SiSvloebiTa vlasa upati-
urad.
ara getyvi TvalTa da margalitTa uqonlobasa, arc-
Ta da vercxlTa gandgdebasa, aramed raTa icna saqmeni
da ara daamoneT cxovelni Tvalni mkvdarsa mas, suli-
erni-usulosa mas.
da igi iyos saxmarad Tqvenad da Tqven ara msaxur
maTda da moegoT, rameTu TvalTa da margalitTa magaT
mravalni patroni gardaucvlies, da mravalgzis sxvisa
da sxvisa misrul ars, da arca Tqven Tana dadgromad
ars da nebavs Tqvenica gardacvaleba.
290
ara getyi naTesavTa TqvenTa megobarTa moZulebasa
maTsa ara siyvarulisa gesmiTa, aravis dagimale sofli-
sa amis siyvaruli, xedavTa, aravin gangyene sawuToisa
amis didebisagan”.
sinamdvilesTan, cxovrebasTan damokidebulebis am
princips icavs da aviTarebsa sulxan-sabas didi mem-
kvidre daviT guramiSvili:
,,RmerTman qveynad rad mohfina, yvela CvenTvis gana-
Cina,
Tvalmargalit, oqro, vercxli, spilenZi Tu qva da
rkina;
Wiac CvenTvis amuSaka, WiWnauri aparkina”.
es sasicocxlo kanonzomiereba ganpirobeulia Rmer-
Tis nebiT da amitomac adamianebi valdebulni varT:
,,RmerTs vaqebdeT, RmerTs vamkobdeT, RmerTs dide-
bas SevasxmideT,
da RmerTs mivscemdeT madlobas, purs vWamdeT Tu
wyalsa vsvamdeT”.
rogorc vxedavT, qristianuli moralidan gamomdina-
re, sulxan-saba aviTarebs koncefcias, romlis mixed-
viT, adamianma aramcTu ar unda aiRos cxovrebiseuli
materialuri moTxovnilebebisgan xeli, aramed, piriqiT,
isini aucilebelia arsebobisTvis da maTze zrunvaa sa-
Wiro, mxolod ise, rogorc TviTon metad moxdenilad
ambobs: ,,igi (Tvalmargaliti da moxmarebis sxva sagnebi:
samosi, bina, kveba...) iyos saxmarad Tqvenda da Tqven ara
msaxur maTda”. es aforistuli Tqma mravlismetyvelia.
aq xazgasmulia adamianTa jansaRi damokidebuleba sag-
nebisa da movlenebisadmi. sagani aucilebeli saWiroebi-
saTvis gamosayenebeli saSualebaa da ara TviTmizani,
sagnebisadmi daqvemdebareba da damorCileba adamianuri
Rirsebis dakargvis gamovlenaa. yofiT-socialur faq-
291
torTa gaTvaliswineba zneobrivi principebis dacviT
unda xdebodes.
,,getyvi Cacmasa ucodvelad,
daxurvasa ara valiTa,
mokazmasa ara _ natacebiTa,
Semosvasa ara qvrivTa da obolTa naZarcviT”.
qristianuli moraliT gamsWvaluli ganmanaTleblu-
ri ideebi iyo didi siaxle, romelic damkvidrda da
ganviTarda Cven mwerlobaSi da romelmac, amasTan, bu-
nebrivia, gamoxatuleba hpova socialur problemaTa ga-
azreba-gadawyvetaSi. arCilis mier safuZvelCayrili da
sulxan-sabas mier ganviTarebuli es didi siaxle qar-
Tuli azrovnebiT sistemaSi gansakuTrebuli simaRles
aRwevs daviT guramiSvilTan.
XVIII saukunis qarTvel mweralTa azrovnebis erT-
erTi Tavisebureba imaSic gamovlinda, rom qristianul
Rrmadmorwmuneobas organulad Seezarda mowinave evro-
puli ideebi. am did ZvrebSi qarTvel mweralTa erT-er-
Ti mniSvnelovani siaxlis gamoxatuleba aris is, rom
maTi azrovnebis stili saocari harmoniulobiT iTav-
sebs ganmanaTleblursa da qristianul koncefciebs,
rac, rasakvirvelia, ganapiroba istoriulma atmosfe-
rom, romelSic maT uxdebodaT moRvaweoba da Camoyali-
beba. es harmonia gansazRvra iman, rom XVIII saukunis
qarTveli mwerlebi ise, rogorc misi Tanamedrove laib-
nici, herderi da volfi, TviT qristianobaSi xedavdnen
humanisturi msoflgagebisa da ganmanaTleblobis wina-
pirobas.
arCili, sulxan-saba da daviT guramiSvili sazoga-
doebis eTikuri normisa da socialuri xsnis damkvidre-
bis saTaves qristianul moralSi xedavdnen, xolo da-
viT guramiSvilisa da vaxtang VI-s mistiur ltolvaSi
Caqsovilia uzenaesisadmi ziarebis sidiadis gancda. am
292
moZRvrebaSi marto inteleqtualur sazrdosa da zneob-
riv TviTdaxvewas ki ara, aramed, amave dros, erovnuli
xsnisa da pirovnuli srulyofis gardauval gzebs xe-
davdnen. ganmanaTlebluri koncefciidan gamomdinare,
qonebis kulti, individis Rirsebis aRiareba da dafase-
ba socialuri problemis erT-erTi arsebiTi siaxle
iyo da es epoqaluri siaxle eyrdnoboda tradiciuli
qristianuli zneobis msoflaRqmas.
,,daviTიani” _ es aris erTi mTliani Txzuleba,
RvTisadmi swrafvisa da monaniebis gamomxatveli gabmu-
li locva, romelSic Caqsovilia realur-istoriuli
suraTebisa da moZRvrebis Semcveli pasaJebi.
sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom ,,qarTlis Wiris”
cikli aris sinamdviliseuli realistori suraTebis
Rrma da srulyofili asaxva, romelic TavisTavadi Ri-
rebulebis Semcvelia da igi erTi ZiriTadi ideis _ gan-
wmendisa da codvebis daZlevis gziT xsnis konkretu-
li gamovlenaa. Cveni istoriuli sinamdvilis asaxviT
poetma kidev ufro gaamaxvila yuradReba eris sulier
dakninebaze da am ukanasknelisgan Tavis daRwevis gzebi
dagvisaxa. Tanamoqalaqeebze da, saerTod, mkiTxvelze
zemoqmedebis es xerxi metad exmianeba danteseul Semoq-
medebiT princips, romelic gonebamaxvilurad aqvs Se-
niSnuli anri ovets. misi dakvirvebiT, dante, vidre
adamianebs aswavlides monaniebasa da warmarTavdes maT
xsnis gziT, upirvelesad, STaagonebs siZulvils codve-
bisadmi da am mizniT unda daanaxos codvebis saSinele-
ba, maTi gamosaxuleba. dantem siRrmiseulad warmouCina
adamianebs maTi codvebi, mTeli sisruliT asaxa es
codvebi da gamovida monakveTi _ ,,jojoxeTi”. aseve, gu-
ramiSvilmac locvis Jams, upirvelesad, qarTvel kacs
293
daanaxa misi uzneoba da codvileba da gamokveTa _
,,qarTlis Wiri”.
d. guramiSvilis koncefciiT, misi mSobliuri qveyni-
sa da sakuTari Tavis, rogorc qveynis RviZli Svilis,
avbedoba gamowveulia codvebiTa da rwmenisadmi araTa-
namimdevruli damokidebulebiT.
qveynis ganadgurebis pirs misvla rom codvis bra-
lia da TviTmxilebiTa da monaniebiT SeiZleba hpovos
kacma gza xsnisa – esaa erT-erTi ZiriTadi motivi ,,da-
viTianisa” da amitom am Temas permanentulad vxdebiT
mTeli nawarmoebis manZilze: ,,qarTvelT madls codvam
dasZlia, ra amwonelma awona.” araa SemTxveviTi, rom
Cveni qveynis avbedobis amsaxveli suraTebi swored am
TavSi (,,qarTlis Wiri”) aris warmoCenili. swored aqaa
daxatuli didi codvis Sedegad Seqmnili socialuri
peripetiebiT savse mZime istoriuli sinamdvile. es ki-
dev erTxel gvarwmunebs, rom yovelive ubedureba rwme-
nis WeSmariti gzidan gadaxvevis, codvaSi Cavardnili
cdomilebis gardauvali xvedria.
marTebulad SeniSnavda akad. k. kekeliZe: poets unda,
gviCvenos, rom mizezi am ,,Wirisa”, romelsac qarTli ga-
nicdida, iyo imis Sedegi, rom qarTvelebi ,,Cacvivdnen
codvis morevTa, gza ver scnes madlTa fonisa”. maT da-
iviwyes qristes sjuli da RvTaebis cneba.
epoqis mtkivneuli problemis guramiSviliseuli ana-
lizi socialur-saxelmwifoebrivi siduxWiris safuZv-
lebis Ziebiskenaa mimarTuli. mZime socialuri da eko-
nomikuri viTareba mas iSviaTi sisruliTaa da yovelive
niuansebs mignebiT aqvs warmoCenili. urTierTmtrobis-
gan Seiqmna: ,,avazakoba, qurdoba gzaze dasxdoma gziri-
sa, tyveoba, mokvla, taceba, qvrivTa, obolTa, mwirisa”.
saerTod ,,qarTlis Wiri” didi epikuri tiloa, romel-
Sic aisaxa Cveni imdroindeli sinamdvile, romelTa So-
294
ris socialuri aspeqtebi gansakuTrebuli simZafriTaa
gamokveTili, magram am rTuli peripetiebis warmoCena-
sa da maT Sesaxeb saubris nacvlad amjerad ufro mniS-
vnelovani migvaCnia is sarwmuneobrivi, guramiSviliseu-
li eTikuri koncefcia, romelTa safuZvelTa safuZveli
da ganmapirobebeli faqtoria yoveli xedviTad gamoxa-
tuli movlenisa. kerZod, guramiSvilis msoflmxedvelo-
bis amsaxveli pozicia swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv Tu socialur-ekonomikur
sirTuleebs ganapirobebs ara realuri politikur-zne-
obrivi faqtorebi. ufro zustad, swored rwmenis Seb-
Ralva da uzneobaa upirvelesi mizezi yvela yofiTi Tu
saxelmwifoebriv-erovnuli sirTuleebisa da dacemisa.
Sinaganad gamofituli, sulierad gaxrwnilni da
znedacemulni ,,Cacvicdnen codvis morvesa, gza ver
scnes madlTaAfonisa, uaryves mcneba uflisa, ismines
Tqma eSmakisa“. swored aseTma znedacemulobam, sulier-
ma gakotrebam warmoqmna epoqis ganmsazRvreli avbedoba:
,,maT RmerTs scodes, RmerTma maT – pasuxi uyo codvisa,
ca risxviT Sua gaipis, qveyana SeiZrodis”. sulierma ga-
kotrebam, uzneobam uzenaesis damsaxurebuli risxva ga-
moiwvia: ,,man brZenTa brZenma ra ese scna, brZana aReba
xelisa, miugo: ,,rjulis gamyrneli axalisa da Zvelisa,
Tqvenca ixileT amier mospovla safuZvelisa”.
,,daviTiani”, masSi asaxul da aRZrul mraval prob-
lemaTa Soris amave dros yofis, socialuri mdgomareo-
bis warmomCeni didi tiloa, romelSic guramiSvilis-
Tvis niSandoblivi siRrmiseuli analiziT daxatuli da
gaanalizebulia imdroindeli socialuri cxovrebis as-
peqtebi; poeti sagangebod amaxvilebs yuradRebas Tana-
medroveTa mZime materialur mdgomareobaze: ,,movida di-
di Zviroba, dro waxda siefisa,”. unda ,,venaxis Rvino
daZvirda qarTls daemtera ra Wiri”. avbedobam meurne-
295
oba moSala, ekonomika iavarhyo, ramac siZvire da sidux-
Wire gamoiwvia. sagangebo yuradRebas imsaxurebs is faq-
tic, rom daviT guramiSvils socialuri da erovnuli
problema erT mTlianobaSi aqvs gaazrebuli, socialu-
ris simyare erovnuli siZlieris ganmapirobebelia. aqe-
dan gamomdinare, batonisgan ymaze zrunva erovnuli
welmagrobis winapirobiTaa ganpirobebuli: ,,amisTana
baton vaqeb, mana erTi yma ganaxuTos, ar Tu xuTi aRarc
erTi qmnas”. Cveni cxovrebis yoveli socialuri aspeqti
didostaturi xelovnebiTa da damajereblobiT aqvs
warmosaxuli; poemaSi ,,qacvia mwyemsi” guramiSvili sa-
gangebod anviTarebs erT-erTi arsebiTi socialuri
problemas – ojaxis arssa da mis simtkices. ojaxi, ro-
gorc sazogadoebis erT-erT arsebiTi ujredi da eris
welmagrobis faqtori, guramiSvilis sagangebo fiqrisa
da msjelobis sferoa da amitomac mocemul poemaSi am
problemis zneobriv sawyisebs Cauyara man safuZveli.
daviT guramiSvili warmogvisaxavs Cvens istoriul
sinamdviles da gamokveTs pirovnul faseulobas mTeli
Tavisi uaryofiTi da dadebiTi mxareebiT. adamianis fa-
seuloba vlindeba Tavisi piradi iniciativiT, Tavisi
arsebiTi individualuri TvisebebiT. pirovnuli Rirse-
bis gacnobiereba xdeba istoriul movlenebSi xalxis
mniSvnelobis aqcentirebiT da amitomacaa mis Semoqmede-
baSi individis gamokveTasTan erTad warmoCenili xal-
xis ganwyoba da roli sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. yu-
radRebas imsaxurebs is faqtic, rom mis SemoqmedebaSi
xalxis xma, misi arseboba vlindeba ara marto maTi
cxovrebis warmoCenaSi, aramed, amasTan, xalxur hangebsa
da simRerebSi, metyvelebis stilis demokratizaciaSi
da amitomaa, rom misi patriotizmi ritorikuli da
fsevdopaTetikuri ki ar aris, aramed igi uaRresad li-
rikuli da mZafri gancdiTia.
296
amasTan, aqve sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom daviT
guramiSvilis koncefciis masStaburobac swored imaSi
gamovlinda, rom igi socialuri sakiTxebis konkretul
analizs ki ar iZleva, aramed qristianuli eTikis priz-
maSi ganzogadebulad ayalibebs pirovnebis Tavisufle-
bis socialuri harmoniis zogad principebs:
,,batonis upatiuri ymas ar SerCeba arosa,
arc RmerTi batons SearCens ymaze saudiarosa”
es araa ukonfliqtobis trivialuri gancxadeba, ara-
med masSi Caqsovilia socialuri harmoniis idea, rome-
lic impulsirebulia RvTaebis zneobrivi principebis
gaazrebiT.
marTalia, guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi asaxulia Cve-
ni socialuri yofis esa Tu is konkretuli faqti, ga-
movlenilia socialuri mankierebis calkeuli mxare,
magram am empiriul aspeqtebs miRma daviT guramiSvili
siRrmiseulad iazrebs movlenaTa ganviTarebis ZiriTad
tendenciebs. aqedan gamomdinare, principul, ganzogado-
ebul masStabSi igi ayalibebs Tavisi azrovnebis Ziri-
Tad postulatebs da originalurad amkvidrebs socia-
lur problematikas, rac, rogorc aRvniSneT, upirveles
yovlisa, vlindeba mankierebis mxilebis gziT zneobrivi
harmoniulobis damkvidrebaSi.
aRorZinebis epoqis socialuri problematika mTeli
siRrmiTa da nairsaxeobiT gamovlinda arCilis, sulxan-
saba-orbelianisa da daviT guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi.
es problema imdenad mravlismomcvel aspeqtebs moicav-
da, rom mas met-naklebad gverdi ver auares am epoqis
sxva mwerlebma. marTalia, maT SemoqmedebaSi aRniSnuli
problema iseTi sisruliT ver warmoCinda, rogoradac
amas vxedavT zemo dasaxelebuli sityvis sami didosta-
tis qmnilebebSi, magram socialuri sakiTxis esa Tu is
aspeqti SeumCnevlad ar darCeniaT arc sxva mwerlebs.
297
socialur sakiTxebs aSuqebdnen da aanalizebdnen ora-
toruli xelovnebis SesaniSnavi warmomadgenlebi am-
brosi nekreseli, iona xelaSvili, anton cagarel-Wyon-
dideli. es ukanaskneli saocari simZafriTa da Seupov-
robiT ibrZvis epoqis usaSinlesi senis - tyveTa gayid-
vis winaaRmdeg. suliTa da gonebiT gayidulebma Taname-
mamuleebiT vaWrobas mihyves xeli. saqarTvelo iyidebo-
da da icleboda aSoltili gogonebisa da Cauqi Wabuke-
bisgan. yovelive es yoveldRiur, Cveulebriv saqmed iq-
ca, rac aSkarad TvalSisacemi iyo yvela ucxoelisTvis
da isini gaognebuli werdnen amis Sesaxeb. don juzepe
julime milanelis mowmobiT, ,,marto odiSSi yovel
wels gayidulTa ricxvi aranakleb oriaTass aRwevs –
rogorc wesi, mudam saukeTesoebs arCevdnen gasayidad“7.
erT-erTi aznauri utifrad eubneba imave juzepe mila-
nels:…,,xsenebuli vaJi Turqebis erT faSas mivyidoT,
radganac mTel Cems mxareSi ver movnaTle ukeTesi kox-
ta vaJio”8. cnobili osmalo swavluli, geografi, mog-
zauri, evlia Celebi qarTveli tyveebiT vaWrobas, maT
nivTze gadacvlas an gasaCuqrebas imdenad sayovelTao
movlenad miiCnevs, TiTqos es sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
norma yofiliyos. is ar aRwers mcire aziisa da Crdi-
loeT afrikis arc erT bazars, sadac qarTveli tyvee-
bis gasayidi adgili ar yofiliyo gamoyofili. bazarSi
Sesulma mahmadianma moqalaqem Tavidanve icoda, Tu sad
iyideboda xili, sad saqoneli an marcvleuli. aseve
mudmivad gankuTvnili adgili hqondaT qarTveli tyvee-
bisTvis da es adgili arasodes ar iyo carieli. is ga-
nuwyvetliv ivseboda saqarTvelodan motacebuli qal-
vaJiT. ar iyo mahmadianis ojaxi, sadac msaxurad saqar-
Tvelodan gatacebuli qal-vaJebi ar trialebdnen, ar
iyo haramxana, sadac qarTveli gogonebi ar yofiliyvnen
Seyrilni, ar iyo samxedro nawili, sadac saukeTeso
298
mebrZolebad samSoblosgan mowyvetili da gamahmadiane-
buli qarTveli vaJkacebi ar yofiliyvnen. ase umowya-
lod icleboda Cveni qveyana da ivseboda mahmadianuri
samyaro. gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arc erT
oms, arc erT Semosevas imdenad ar Seumcirebia qarTu-
li mosaxleoba, rogorc es tyveTa gayidvam moaxdina.
igive evlia Celebi, rodesac laparakobs xanebis, fa-
Sebisa da gavleniani pirebisgan saCuqrebis gacemaze,
sxva nivTTa Soris qarTvel axalgazrdobasac ise asaxe-
lebs, TiTqos isic rigiTi saqoneli iyos: ,,eSrafxanisa-
gan sparsuli siasamuris (qurqebi), qarTveli (biWi),
farSevangi da aqlemebi gviwyaloba”9. erevnis xanma ki
,,Cveni batoni faSasaTvis gadmogvca erTi siasamuri qur-
qi, aTi wyvili gilani mSvildi, eqvsi qarTveli biWi,
aTi wyvili Tevzis kbili, sami cali surnelovani Sama-
na”10.
gatacebisa da vaWrobis garda, qarTvel mefe-mTav-
rebs oficialur begarad awva sulTnisaTvis qarTveli
qaliSvilebisa da Wabukebis gagzavna. imereTis mefe yo-
velwliurad xarkis saxiT 80 ymawvils gzavnida osma-
leTSi., xolo gurieli axalcixis faSas 40 qal-vaJs ug-
zavnida. ,,qarTveli glexisaTvis didi socialuri ube-
dureba iyo ,,tyves yidva”, romelic gansakuTrebiT
XVI_XVII ss. gavrcelda. dasavleT saqarTveloSi man ka-
tastrofuli xasiaTi miiRo. osmaleTi xels uwyobda da
aqezebda saqarTveloSi ,,tyves syidvis” gavrcelebas.
mravali nivTi, romlis SeZena feodalebs surdaT da
romelic Turq vaWrebs mohqondaT gemebiT Savi zRvis
sanapiroebze, mxolod tyveebze icvleboda. osmaleTi
sastik winaaRmdegobas uwevda qarTvel xelisufalTa
mier tyveTa syidvis winaaRmdeg warmoebul brZolas”. am
didi ubedurebis gamo godeben qarTveli mwerlebi.
299
socialuri usaxoba imdenad damaxinjebul formebSi
vlindeboda, rom igi TviT RvTismsaxurebaSic ki iCenda
Tavs. naTlisRebis uwmindesi rituali sayovelTao er-
Tobisa da siyvarulis gamomxatvelia. igi yvelas er-
Tuflebians xdis, xolo yofiT cxovrebaSi gazulqe-
bulni imdenad Tavxeddebodnen, rom aqac gamorCeuloba-
sa da upiratesobas iCemebdnen. es SeumCneveli ar darCe-
nia ambrosi nekresels. igi gaocebiTa da risxviT wers:
,,ese unda vTqvaT, rom embazisa mis wyali ara iyos ro-
melTame xelovnebiT Semzadebuli, anu RviniTa anu var-
dis wyliTa anu risxviT romelTame sunelebiTa. moqme-
debulni didebulTa SvilebisaTvis” ZlierTa ama sof-
lisaTa aseTi gamorCeulobis pretenziuloba uzneoba-
caa da urwmunoebac da amitom kategoriulad mimarTavs
mrevls: ,,ese viTar nu iyofin”. naTlisRebis zneobrivi
mxare aris moraluri simbolo Tavmdablobisa da amis
STambeWdavi faqtia is, rom TviT uzenaesma naTeli mii-
Ro Tavis mowafe ioanesagan, xolo Seni mediduroba xom
sruli uzneobaa.
socialuri avbedobis gamovlenis uamrav formaTa
Soris erT-erTi SemaSfoTebeli sixarbe da gaumaZRro-
baa, ris gamoc anton cagarel-Wyondideli Sewuxebuli
ambobs: Wamaman sneulhyo buneba Cvenio”.
epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli zneobrivi daknineba qvey-
nis aSlilobis safuZvels qmnis da amitomac arCilis
Tanamedrove ioseb Tbileli gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs:
,,am qveynisa SigniT reva zogs ocnebad eCveneba”, xolo
imave epoqis mematianis TqmiT: ,,rac ubedureba dagvmar-
Tia, yovelive TviT qarTvelisagan modiso”. yovelive
amis mizezTa mizezi ki eris sulieri gamofitvaa, uzne-
obis damkvidrebaa, amitomac epoqaluri senis saocari
siRrmiseuli analiziT ambobs qarTveli mwerali iona
xelaSvili: ,,yovelnive vnebani Jamierni gamoxataven sa-
300
zogado erisa da suliersa unayofobaso”. ,,zogierT
SemTxvevaSi ki socialuri siduxWiriT ganawameb mSro-
mels eklesiurobac Sesustebia da RvTismsaxurebis
dros, nacvlad eklesiaSi yofnisa, tyisken mieSureba,
raTa ojaxis saWiroeba daikmayofilos, ris gamoc amb-
rosi nekreseli mimarTavs yoveldRiurobaSi Caflul
glexs: ,,da Tu uqmsa da kviris dRes gaideb mxarze
culsa da iaraRsa da tyisaken miirbi”, xolo es ukanas-
kneli uceremoniod pasuxobs: ,,ra vqna saxlis iaraRi xe
ram gamosadegad meWireba. visa scalia axla wirvisaTvi-
so”. aseTi TiTqosda umniSvnelo yofiTi detalebi ki
ar darCeniaT Cvens mwerlebs SeumCneveli.
mterTa gamudmebuli SemosevebiT, ,,tyveTasyidvis” da
mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobiT gamowveuli socialu-
ri mwvave problemebis mogvarebis erT-erTi gza iyo sa-
marTlebrivi struqturebis Seqmna da amoqmedeba. Amito-
mac vaxtang VI-m Camoayaliba iuridiuli kodeqsi. man
Rrmad gaiazra ucilo WeSmariteba, rom kanonierebisa
da zneobriobis poziciidan aucilebelia administraci-
uli simkacre da amitomac dabejiTebiT gvmoZRvravs:
,,qveynis mmarTveli avis damSleli xamso”. man miznad
daisaxa gaetarebina sagangebo sakanonmdeblo RonisZie-
bebi. qveynis stabilizaciis mogvareba samarTlebrivi
safuZvlis SeqmniT iyo SesaZlebeli, magram imis gamo,
rom saxelmwifoebrivi struqtura iyo moSlili, kanone-
bis dasamkvidrebeli realuri Zala ar arsebobda. ami-
tom vaxtangiseuli kanonmdebloba im droisTvis fiqci-
ad iqca da igi darCa rogorc SesaniSnavi iuridiuli
dokumenti, romelmac ver SesZlo sazogadoebis war-
marTva.
am iuridiul kodeqsSi gamovlenili socialuri
problematika organulad erwymis aRniSnuli epoqis mwe-
ralTa TxzulebebSi aRZrulsa da gaanalizebul
301
rTulsa da mravalsaxovan socialur problemebs, rome-
lic gamoixata istoriuli sinamdvilis warmoCenaSi:
dawyebuli yofiTi suraTebis daxatviTa da damTavrebu-
li rTuli saazrovno sistemiT da yovelive es erTad
gacnobierebuli, saSualebas gvaZlevs warmovidginoT,
Tu raoden masStaburad da maxvilad aisaxa im dros
Cvens mwerlobaSi socialuri problematika.
302
meTerTmete Tavi
filosofiuri ideebi daviT guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi
daviT guramiSvili (1705-1792) XVII-XVIII saukuneebis
e.w. aRorZinebis xanis qarTuli mwerlobis gamorCeuli
poeti da moazrovnea. es Sefaseba sruliadac ara aris
gadaWarbebuli. misi poeturi azrovnebis filosofiuri
siRrme, problemaTa mravalferovneba, msoflmxedvelob-
rivi Sexedulebebis aqtualoba, misi leqsis sada stili
da gasagebi ena amis naTeli dadasturebaa.
daviT guramiSvilis genialuri poeturi msoflmxed-
velobis safuZvelia im religiuri, filosofiuri da pe-
dagogiuri problemebis originaluri xedva, rac mis
mdidar SemoqmedebaSi aisaxa. es problematika, ZiriTa-
dad, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli azrovnebidan iRebs dasa-
bams da „pirvelad rusTavelis Semdeg“ Tavs iyris gura-
miSvilis SemoqmedebaSi1.
daviT guramiSvilis msoflmxedvelobaSi cxadad
Cans fsevdo-dionise areopagelis filosofiur-Teolo-
giuri moZRvrebis kvali. garda amisa, mis filosofiur
poeziaze gavlena iqonia antikuri xanis berZenma moaz-
rovneebma (mag., Talesi, epikure), romelTa Sexedulebe-
bi, savaraudod, vaxtang VI-is poeziis zegavleniT Semo-
dis mis SemoqmedebaSi. vaxtang VI-is „sibrZne malaRo-
bels“, romelSic Tavmoyrilia platonis, aristoteles,
epikures, Zenonis, anaqsagoras da sxva filosofosTa
Sexedulebebi, „STamagonebeli“ gavlena mouxdenia gura-
miSvilis msoflmxedvelobaze2. rogorc Cans, samefo ka-
ris kulturulma garemocvam ganapiroba daviTis inte-
resi antikuri filosofiisadmi.
303
daviT guramiSvilis filosofiuri msoflmxedvelo-
bis garkveva, misi mxatvrul-esTetikuri samyaros naT-
lad warmoCena, uwinares yovlisa, im filosofiur-saRv-
Tismetyvelo tradiciis dadgenasac gulisxmobs, romel-
sac am didi qarTveli Semoqmedis mdidari poeturi mem-
kvidreoba efuZneba.
daviT guramiSvilis msoflmxedvelobis Zirebi
Rrmad midis Zvel qarTul literaturaSi, bibliur-
folklorul da religiur-filosofiur azrovnebaSi3.
daviT guramiSvilis poetur samyaroze gansakuTrebuli
gavlena Sua saukuneebis religiur-filosofiurma az-
rovnebam moaxdina. ufro metic, igi xSirad filosofo-
sis rolSic ki gvevlineba. guramiSvilis poeziaSi, ma-
Ral mxatvrulobasTan erTad, Rrma filosofiuri gan-
sja igrZnoba. igi filosofiurad moazrovne poeti iyo.
albaT, swored amitom moixseniebs `daviTianis~ pirveli
mkvlevari mari brose daviT guramiSvils ara mxolod
poetad, aramed istorikosad da filosofosad: `Cven da-
viT guramiSvils ganvixilavT, upirveles yovlisa, ro-
gorc istorikoss, Semdeg poetsa da filosofoss~4.
filosofiisa da poeziis dialogi azrovnebis isto-
riisTvis ucxo ar aris5. filosofiuri ideebi da filo-
sofiuri msoflmxedveloba poeziaSi yovelTvis poetu-
ri azrovnebis specifikis CarCoSi Tavsdeba da im mimar-
TulebiT viTardeba, rasac konkretul SemTxvevaSi ama
Tu im poetis azrovnebis Tavisebureba moiTxovs. am Sem-
TxvevaSi, GdaviT guramiSvilis poeturi azrovneba da-
kavSirebulia rogorc klasikur xanaSi aTvisebul anti-
kur filosofiasTan, aseve qristianulsa da Sua sauku-
neebis Teologiur-filosofiur problematikasTan.
daviT guramiSvili dainteresebuli iyo epikures
(341-270 Cv.w.a) SexedulebebiT da cdilobda misi eTikuri
moZRvrebis interpretacias. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuli
304
filosofiuri tradicia epikurelTa moZRvrebas `uRv-
To~ filosofiad miiCnevda. amitom bunebrivad Cndeba
kiTxva, Tu ram ganapiroba guramiSvilis interesi epiku-
res mimarT. epikures moZRvreba originalurad aisaxa
„daviTianSi“ da erTgvari didaqtikuri Teoriis saxe mi-
iRo. cnobilia, rom epikures filosofiis mizani iyo
Semecneba, romelic aTavisuflebs adamians uvicobisgan
da cru rwmenebisgan; eTikaSi ki igi gonivrul siamovne-
bas asabuTebda, romlis gareSec adamianis bedniereba
SeuZlebeli iqneboda.
epikures moZRvreba azrovnebis istoriaSi, zogadad,
hedonizmisa da uxeS xorciel vnebaTa Relvis sinonimad
iqca. es mosazreba, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Sua saukunee-
bis qarTul filosofiaSic gvxvdeba. ioane petriwi ak-
ritikebda `ugangebo~ da `RmrTisadmi umsaxurebel~ epi-
kurelebs6. mas prokle diadoxosis damsaxurebad isic
miaCnda, rom man myari sabuTebiT uaryo epikurelTa uR-
vTo moZRvreba. Tumca aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom
petriwi Tavis `ganmartebaÁ~-Si arsad ar akritikebs Tvi-
Ton epikures, mis auTentur moZRvrebas gonivruli bed-
nierebis Sesaxeb!
Salva nucubiZis azriT, petriwis mier epikurelTa
winaaRmdeg gamoTqmuli fraza, garkveulwilad, „siyal-
bis“ STabeWdilebas axdens; igi petriwis galaSqrebas
epikurelTa winaaRmdeg miiCnevs araarsebiT, SemTxveviT
momentad qarTveli filosofosis azrovnebaSi, `aseTive
siyalbis STabeWdilebas axdens epikurelTa winaaRmdeg
nasroli fraza, imave bolosityvaobaSi moTavsebuli. es
adgili xotbas warmoadgens prokles moRvaweobis mi-
marT. avtori aq cota ar iyos poetur ganwyobasaa mice-
muli da TavSeukaveblad aRazevebs Tavis filosofoss.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, teqstis am adgilas sazeimo ganwyo-
305
bis garda araviTari filosofiuri azrTa svla an ar-
gumentaciis raime niSani ara Cans.~
sainteresoa, rom qristiani poeti daviT guramiSvi-
li imowmebs antikuri epoqis `uRmrTo filosofoss~ da,
garkveulwilad, iziarebs mis Sexedulebebs da sxvasac
urCevs ise moiqces da icxovros, rogorc antikuri xa-
nis es didi ganmanaTlebeli qadagebda.
saqmec isaa, rom epikure sinamdvileSi ar gaxldaT
xorciel vnebaTa tkbobis didi qadagi. misi moZRvrebis
amgvari Sefaseba mcdari iqneboda! epikure e.w. `uaryofi-
Ti~ hedonizmis mimdevari iyo; misi azriT, bedniereba
siamovnebisadmi ltolvaSi ki ar aris, aramed tanjvisa
da usiamovnebis Tavidan aridebaSi. yoveli siamovneba ki
ar aris bednierebis safuZveli, aramed mxolod iseTi,
romelic gonivruladaa gamarTlebuli. umaRlesi bedni-
ereba ki sibrZniT miiRweva, radgan mxolod brZens SeuZ-
lia sulieri simSvidis (`ataraqsiis~) miRweva (`brZensa
aqvs Tavis ufleba sofelSi yofna nebisa; / brZeni sa-
dac ars darCebis, saunje Tan eqnebisa.~7).
rogorc Cans, daviT guramiSvils kargad hqonda gac-
nobierebuli epikures moZRvrebis es ganmanaTlebluri
aspeqti. SesaZloa, igi epikuresa da epikureizms Soris
gansxvavebasac ki xedavda. anu bednierebis Teoriis Sem-
qmnel did berZen filosofoss misi radikali mimdevre-
bisagan ganasxvavebda kidec?! asea Tu ise, guramiSvili
imowmebs epikures, rogorc gonebis apologets da am-
bobs, rom adamians mxolod gonebis meSveobiT SeuZlia
vnebaTa moTokva. Semecnebis namdvil suraTs mxolod
goneba iZleva. grZnoba, ndoma da survili moCvenebiTia:
,,ndoba bnels naTlad aCvenebs, danabrmobs naTlad
mxedvelsa;
ndoba mxrdals gahxdis mamacad, Sebedavs Znels
306
sabedvelsa; [. . . ]
`filasofosi epikur gvauwyebs, amas gvpirdeba:
agebulobiT myofeli arodes gaRaribdeba.
Tu kaci ndomas mihyvebis, midReSi ar gamdidrdeba~8
ndomas ayolil sazogadoebaSi daisadgurebs angare-
ba, adamianis Rirsebis upativcemloba, aseTi sazogadoe-
ba Sercxvenili da warwymedilia. ndomis gzas sazoga-
doeba zneobrivi normebis darRvevamde da Rirebuleba-
Ta gadafasebamde mihyavs. saboloo jamSi, amgvar sazo-
gadoebaSi adamianic ikargeba:
`axla vsTqva Cemi saTqmeli, rac maqvndes Wkuva,
gageba:
ugvanaT didTa mZebnelTa patarac daekargeba;
sul rom ara vsTqva arara, is ufro ar evargeba.
mec mreven meranT jogSigan, Tu SevsZel
gajagjageba.~9
ndomas damorCilebuli adamianisa da sazogadoebis
gadarCenas daviT guramiSvili swavla-ganaTlebasa da
zneobriv aRzrdaSi xedavs. XVIII saukunis evropel gan-
manaTlebelTa msgavsad, guramiSvilis azriTac, sazoga-
doebrivi progresis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala aris
ganaTleba (`vsZebne da vera vhpove ra mjobni am swavla-
mcnebisa~10).
`daviTianSi~ sibrZne da codna umaRles zneobriv
Rirebulebadaa gamocxadebuli. guramiSvilis brZenis
ideali aseTi saxisaa:
`aw brZeni unda sofelSi egreT, viT wminda beria.
cxovrobdes, erT aswavlides, gaxados mecnieria;
brZenman ar unda ikadros urigo rac ram feria,
brZenis urigod qceviTa baZiT waxdebis eria.~11
sibrZne cxovrebiseuli sikeTis safuZvelia, cxovre-
bis wyaroa mSvenierebasTan erTad (`qacvia mwyemsSi~
mSveniereba umaRlesi esTetikuri Rirebulebaa), romlis
307
Sedegadac guramiSvilTan yalibdeba RirebulebaTa Sem-
degi sistema: sibrZne/WeSmariteba, sikeTe/mSveniereba.
rogorc vxedavT, sikeTe, mSveniereba, sibrZne da WeSma-
riteba umaRles Rirebulebebadaa miCneuli, rac filo-
sofiis istoriaSi, uwinares yovlisa, platonis, xolo
Semdgom ki neoplatonur da areopagitul tradicias
ukavSirdeba.
daviT guramiSvilis didaqtikis safuZvelia codnis
(gonebrivi srulyofis) gziT zneobrivi ganwmenda. am de-
bulebis dasasabuTeblad igi kvlav antikur moazrovnes
epikures moixmobs. giorgi natroSvils mohyavs XVIII sa-
ukunis ukraineli poetis, grigol skovorodas sityvebi
epikures Sesaxeb da miuTiTebs guramiSvilisa da zemo-
aRniSnuli poetis SesaZlo ideur erTianobazec, radgan
igi cxovrobda poltavis imave midamoebSi, sadac gura-
miSvili imyofeboda (SesaZloa, isini kidevac icnobdnen
erTmaneTs). am or did poets Soris Cans garkveuli si-
axlove, ideuri naTesaoba. kerZod, isini daaxloebiT
erTnair konteqstSi moixsenieben epikures: `misi sityvis
Zala adamianebma ver igemes, yvela saukunesa da yvela
xalxSi daamcires epikure siamovnebis qadagebisaTvis da
TviTon is miiCnies Rorebis mwyemsad. magram roca si-
cocxle guliTadi sixarulisganaa, xolo sixaruli si-
amovnebisagan, maSin razea damyarebuli siamovneba, rome-
lic guls atkbobs? amas gvixsnis RvTaebrivi platoni:
WeSmariteba yvelaze tkbiliao. Cven ki SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom mxolod WeSmaritebaSi cocxlobs namdvili
siamovneba da mxolod is erTi acocxlebs guls, ganmge-
bels Cveni sxeulisas. ar Semcdara brZeni, romelmac
codnasa da uvicobas Soris igive sazRvari dasdo, rac
sikvdilsa da sicocxles Soris. Cans, rom sicocxle
Cveni Rvivis maSin, roca Cveni azri Seiyvarebs WeSmari-
tebas, gahyveba mis bilikebs, Cahxedavs mas TvalebSi da
308
zeimobs, mxiarulebs am waruvali naTeliT~12. Tuki am
sityvebs daviT guramiSvilis leqss SevadarebT, maSin
am or moazrovnes Soris msgavsebas naTlad davinaxavT.
magaliTad, guramiSvili ambobs: `Tqmula sibrZnesTan
sigiJe, viTa cocxalTan mkvdaria.~13
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces guramiSvi-
lis didaqtikur Teorias, romelic man „swavla moswav-
leTa”-Si Camoayaliba. upriania, es teqsti hermenevtikul
TeoriaTa (magaliTad, m. haidegeri) WrilSi ganvixi-
loT14.
`swavla moswavleTa~-s mizani imTaviTve gansazRvru-
lia: `ismine, swavlis mZebnelo!...~ am fraziT ukve moxa-
zulia is saazrovno konturebi, romlis Sedegadac `da-
viTianis~ sibrZne, damoZRvra saTanadod iqneba mosmeni-
li da gagebuli. moswavlem winaswar unda miiRos in-
formacia, romelic daexmareba mas moemzados swavlis
procesisaTvis, codnis miRebisaTvis; guramiSvilis miza-
nia, moswavle daarwmunos ganaTlebis upiratesobaSi da
ganawyos swavlebisadmi, romelsac SeuZlia adamianis
yofiereba saimedo safuZvelze daafuZnosa da misi
cxovreba Zireulad Secvalos. `swavla moswavleTa~ eq-
sistencialuri xasiaTis Setyobinebaa, raTa moswavlem
miiRos da SeinarCunos Riaoba da mzaoba imis mimarT,
rac `daviTianis~ momdevno nawilSi unda iqnes moxsene-
buli15.
winaswari informacia swavlebis arsis Sesaxeb moiT-
xovs swavlebis procesis srulyofil gaazrebas; is,
upirveles yovlisa, emsaxureba sakuTari umecrebis, `uw-
vrTnelobis~ gaazrebas da swavlis gziT cxovrebis
miznis garkvevas. miznobrivis eqsistencialuri Semecne-
ba smenas emyareba16. aRsaniSnavia, rom swored amgvarad
iwyebs guramiSvili Tavis „Cagonebas yrmaTaTvis“:
„ismine, swavlis mZebnelo! moyev daviTis mcnebasa,
309
jer mware Wame, kvlav tkbili, Tu eZeb gemovnebasa;
Tavs sinanuli sjobia boloJam dananebasa, _
Wirs myofi, lxinSi Sesuli, Svebad miiTvli
vnebasa“17.
am Semecnebas ZaluZs dasawyisisaTvis „eqsistencias
Tavisi Tavi usignalos“, anu jer gagonil, xolo Semdeg
ki miRweul iqnes; maSasadame, moswavle swavlis proces-
Si iRebs informacias, romelic daexmareba mas moemza-
dos swavlebis misaRebad. man unda dainaxos misi (swav-
lis, ganaTlebis) upiratesoba da ganewyos swavlis pro-
cesisadmi, rasac SeuZlia mTeli misi yofierebis, moma-
vali cxovrebis Zireulad Secvla; am gziT is iRebs ki-
dec e.w. „eqsistencialur informacias“18. es aris winas-
wari informacia swavlis ZiriTadi arsisa da mosalod-
neli Sedegebis Sesaxeb. swavlis procesis srulyofili
gaazreba Tavdapirvelad am arsis winaswar gacxadebas
gulisxmobs. am process, upirveles yovlisa, win us-
wrebs sakuTari umecrebis, „uwvrTnelobis“ gaazreba,
Semdegi etapi ki swavlis gziT cxovrebis samomavlo
miznebis gaazreba unda iyos.
pirveli, rasac guramiSvili gvamcnobs, es aris swo-
red swavlebisa da aRzrdis wvrTnasTan gaigiveba, rom-
lis mizani srulyofili adamianis Camoyalibebaa. es ki
imdenad aris SesaZlebeli, ramdenadac adamiani RvTis
mier dadgenil samyaros wesrigs da, amdenad, RvTis mi-
er momadlebul adamianis arss Seesabameba – esaa ganaT-
lebis meSveobiT wvrTna, zneobriobis miRweva da am
gziT RmerTTan mimsgavseba.
`RmerTman qveynad rac mohfina, yvela CvenTvis
ganaCina;
Cvenca gvmarTebs RmerTs dauTmoT, swavlad gvemiT
rac gvatkina~19.
310
ganswavlulma adamianma unda icodes, Tu raa adamia-
nis arsi, maSasadame, adamianoba. guramiSvilis metad sa-
gulisxmo azriT, adamianoba adamianad yofnis gaazre-
baa; es ki adamianuri yofierebis sazrisis gacnobiereba-
sa da yofierebis arsebuli saxeebis wvdomas gulis-
xmobs. adamianoba abstraqtuli cneba ar aris, igi kon-
kretuli saxiT gamovlindeba. swavlebis procesSi yove-
li moswavle Tavisi arsidan gamomdinare moqmedebs; man
unda airCios Tavisi momavali, cxovrebiseuli gza. maSa-
sadame, adamianisaTvis arsebiTi unda iyos sakuTari
cxovrebis wesis Camoyalibeba.
`ymawvili unda swavlobdes sacnoblad Tavisadao:
vin aris, sidam mosula, sad aris, wava sadao?~20
`brZeni sityviTa darCebis, ostati Tavis xeliTa,
xucesi wirviT, vaWari Sors wasvliT-mosvliT
ZneliTa,
molaSqre sisxlis qceviTa, mxvneli ofliTa
cxeliTa,
glaxa karis-kar TxovniTa, – Sena gwads aw
romeliTa?~21
eqsistencialur informacias mimarTeba aqvs misi mim-
Rebi subieqtis yofierebasTan. is exeba misi adresatis
mTel cxovrebas, mas SeuZlia „cecxli moukidos“ eqsis-
tencs, gardaqmnisa da moqmedebisaken ubiZgos mas. is da-
sawyisia mZime eqsistencialuri gamocdisa yvelasTvis,
vinc am wesiT informirdeba. magram amgvari miznisken,
finalisken mimavali, gza yovelTvis Znel da mZime ga-
mocdas warmoadgens imaTTvis, vinc am informacias Re-
bulobs, _ „swavlis Ziri mware aris, kenweroSi gat-
kbildebis“.
311
ganswavlul adamians aSkarad aqvs upiratesoba _ igi
arasodes dakargavs mopovebul adamianobas, igi yovel-
Tvis ipovis Tavis adgils samyaroSi:
`brZeni sadac ars, darCebis, saunje Tan eqnebisa:
brZeni purTaTvis CemsaviT muxlT arvis moeqnebisa!~22
swavlis procesSi xdeba adamianis TandaTanobiTi
srulyofa, romlis Sedegadac adamiani dasvenebulia:
`egreT moswavle swavlasa ra srulyofs, ganisvenebsa~.
aqve daviT guramiSvili saubrobs gamocdilebis mniSvne-
lobaze adamianisaTvis. `ucodinroba avia, maqvs misi ga-
mocdiloba~; maSasadame, adamiani gamocdilebidan Seic-
nobs adamianad yofnis arss. mas didi mniSvneloba eni-
Weba SemdgomSi zneobrivi gadawyvetilebis miRebisas,
konkretul situaciaSi swori moqmedebisaTvis.
`hermenevtikuli gamocdileba~ pirovnuli da zneob-
rivi fenomenia. aq kidev erTi momentia gasaTvaliswine-
beli! Tu adamiani moaxerxebs Tavisi arsis wvdomas, mas
verafers daaklebs bediswera (`brZenT bedi ar moswon-
dao~), radgan `bedi aris qceva wuTisa, viT dRisa naob-
bindoba~. adamiani, Tavisi Sinagani bunebidan gamomdina-
re, moqmedebis, anu gaazrebuli moqmedebis SemTxvevaSi
bedis (`qveynad mosiarule bedis~) xelSi ver moxvdeba.
`swavla moswavleTas~ filosofiur-hermenevtikuli
analizi cxadyofs, rom daviT guramiSvilis ganmanaT-
lebluri ideebi kvlavindeburad Tanamedrove da aqtua-
luria! mxolod da mxolod ganaTleba SeiZleba iyos
adamianis `ontologiuri usafrTxoebis~ garanti, cxov-
rebiseuli orientaciisa da jansaRi Rirebulebebis Ca-
moyalibebis winapiroba.
daviT guramiSvilis Semoqmedebis siRrmiseuli gage-
ba da urTulesi problematikis Seswavla religiur-mis-
tikuri23 motivis analizsac moiTxovs. Sua saukuneebis,
mogvianebiT ki, aRorZinebis xanis qarTuli mwerlobis-
312
Tvis ucxo ar iyo religiur-filosofiuri (asketuri,
didaqtikuri, amqveyniurisa da imqveyniuris mimarTebis
da a.S.) motivebi.
k. kekeliZis azriT, religiur-filosofiuri motive-
bi, ZiriTadad, gansazRvravda aRorZinebis xanis poezias
(Teimurazi, arCili, vaxtang VI, daviT guramiSvili). gu-
ramiSvilTan mistikuri motivi RvTisadmi siyvaruliT,
anu `trfialiT~ da `saRvTo mijnurobiT~ gamoixata. aR-
saniSnavia, rom am motivis erT-erT wyarod sufizmi mi-
iCneva. am gziT ganxorcielda `sinTezi sparsuli lite-
raturuli tradiciebisa da qarTuli sinamdvilisa [...]
mizani am poeziisa aris RvTaebasTan mistikuri garTia-
neba, romlis miRwevas is lamobda Rvino-siyvarulisa
da asketizmis religiuri gziT~24. zemoaRniSnul poeteb-
Tan `ismis sufisturi poeziis notebi~.
Tumca, `qarTul poezias aklia yvelaze mTavari,
rac sufizmis arss Seadgens, rogorc misi warmoSobis
xanaSi (VIII-IX ss.), ise XVII-XVIII saukuneSi: es aris Tav-
daviwyebis, TviTmospobis, sakuTar meobaze xelis aRebis
idea, yvela aqedan gamomdinare SedegebiT~25. sufizmis
(VIII s.) Tanaxmad, RmerTi aris namdvili arsi, myofi,
romlisganac gamomdinareobs mTeli samyaro; samyaro da
adamiani aris RmerTis emanaciis Sedegi. Amqveyniuri
cxovreba aris tanjva, romelic RvTaebisagan daSore-
biT aris gamowveuli. aqedan gamomdinare, adamianis um-
Tavresi daniSnuleba da misi cxovrebis mizani unda
iyos RmerTSi, pirvelmizezSi ukudaubruneba, gaerTiane-
ba.
sufistur mistikaSi RvTisadmi trfobis erT-erT sa-
fexurad qalisadmi trfoba miiCneva. qalisadmi trfoba
iwvevs Tavdaviwyebas, xSirad sakuTar me-ze xelis aRe-
bas, e.i. is trfobisa da Tavdaviwyebis gansakuTrebul
saxed aris aRiarebuli. xSirad sufistur leqsSi `SeuZ-
313
lebelia garCeva, raRaa misi namdvili Tema _ RmerTi
Tu qali~26. aseT gaurkvevlobas qristianul mistikaSi
ar vxvdebiT. pirvel yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom
RmerTis trfoba ar niSnavs qalisadmi trfobas.
sufisturi mistikisagan gansxvavdeba areopagituli
(qristianuli) mistika, romlis mizani ar aris mxolod
RvTaebis wvdoma da masSi dakargva-gaerTianeba. Misti-
kur eqstazSi RmerTis wvdoma ar gulisxmobs adamianis
mier meobisa da individualobis dakargvas.
qristianul mistikaSi, magaliTad, areopagitikaSi,
RvTisadmi trfobis gamosaxatavad gvxvdeba `erosi~
(berZn. sityvaa da niSnavs siyvaruls), magram ara misi
Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobiT. Zvel qarTulSi is Targm-
nes, rogorc „trfialebaÁ“ (efrem mcire). filosofiis
istoriaSi es termini `filosofosobis metaforad~ iq-
ca. erosi, rogorc absolutisadmi nostalgiis motivi,
misken swrafva, Sualeduria RmerTsa da samyaros So-
ris. areopagitikaSi is yovelives moZraobaSi momyvani,
RmerTidan momdinare da masSive ukudamabrunebeli `eq-
statikuri siyvarulia~. `viTarca Zalsa Tanad mZrvelsa
da aRmyvanebelsa missa mimarT keTilisa da saxierebi-
sa~27. RvTaebrivi trfialeba, amave dros, warmoadgens
erTgvar safuZvels wrebrunvisa, rac vlindeba sikeTi-
dan (RmerTidan) arsebebis gamomdinareobasa da masSive
ukudabrunebaSi; is RmerTis mier aris miniWebuli arse-
bebisadmi; radgan am moZraobis dasawyisi da dasasruli
Tavad RmerTSia, amdenad, es procesi, fsevdo-dionise
areopagelis azriT, maradiulia28. RvTisadmi trfiali
safuZvlad daedo poeziaSi mijnurobis `saRvTo Tqmas~
(ase magaliTad `vefxistyaosanSi~, mamuka baraTaSvil-
Tan, arCilTan). e.i. realuri siyvarulis ukan RvTisadmi
siyvaruli igulisxmeba da mijnurobis amgvari gaazreba
daviT guramiSvilis poeziaSic gvxvdeba.
314
vin aris mijnuri `daviTianSi~? `swavla moswavleTa~-
Si vkiTxulobT:
`zogi xom ZoRan gaCvene Svidiod sarCos Ziroba;
merve – xelmwife darCebis, visac aqvs qveynis
mWiroba.
mecxrea – arCenT mwyemsoba, uqniaT menaxiroba,
meaTe – mijnurT survili, trfiali Senamziroba.~29
xelmwifes win uswrebs mwyemsi, menaxire anu sulie-
ri mama, romelsac didi pasuxismgebloba eniWeba: `mwyem-
soba unda sifrTxiliT, aqvndes mciredi Zilia: mudam
mxned samwysos uvlides, dRe yinuli Tu Tbilia~. mwyem-
sze, sulier mamaze win dgas mistikosi, `RvTis mijnu-
ri~, romelic RmerTis wvdomisaken miiltvis. rogorc
vxedavT, daviT guramiSvilTan garkveuli ierarqiaa –
mefe, mwyemsi da mijnuri. aqedan gamomdinare, guramiSvi-
lis poeziaSi mistikur motivebze msjeloba usafuZvlo
ar aris.
daviT guramiSvilis mistikur-religiur Tu alego-
riul motivebze msjelobisas yuradRebis miRma ar unda
dagvrCes misi leqsi `zubovka~. masSi, iseve, rogorc gu-
ramiSvilis mTel SemoqmedebaSi poeturi gancdebi gao-
rebulia. trfoba amqveyniuri arsebisadmi gadazrdilia
iracionalur, anu RvTisadmi trfobaSi. aq sakmaod ori-
ginalur msoflmxedvelobasTan gvaqvs saqme. es aris re-
ligiuri gancdis logika da ara realuri siyvarulis
logika. aqve SevniSnavT, rom TvalSi sacemia sufizmis
gavlenac, kerZod, `Sav Tval-warbas, pirad TeTrsa as-
xda Savi xali, misgan eSxad dacamlewa, Semimusra Tva-
li~. `Savi xali~ alegoriuli mniSvnelobis tradiciu-
li poeturi saxea anu metaforaa, romelic, literatu-
rul tradiciasTan erTad, agreTve mistikuri azris
Semcvelic aris. mistikur interpretaciaSi xali miuTi-
Tebs amqveyniur movlenaTa simravlis pirvelwyaroze _
315
RvTaebrivze, romelic CvenTvis dafarulia, miuwvdome-
lia, anu `Savia~.
tradiciulad, mistikis wyarod platonuri filoso-
fia, kerZod ki, antikuri neoplatonizmisa (mag., ploti-
ni) da qristianuli filosofiis (magaliTad fsevdo-di-
onise areopageli) mistikuri Sexedulebebi miiCneva. gu-
ramiSvilis mistikis wyarod SeiZleba qarTuli filo-
sofiur-mistikuri tradiciebi miviCnioT, upirveles yov-
lisa ki, areopagituli misticizmi.
`daviTianSi~ areopagitikis gavlenebi ikveTeba Rmer-
Tis filosofiur-poeturi daxasiaTebisas, kerZod, Rmer-
Tisa da mzis analogiebis, RmerTis Semecnebis, `saRvTo
nislis~, `sacnauri mzis~ gamoxatvisas. guramiSvilis
msoflmxdevelobaze fsevdo-dionise areopagelis gav-
lena vrclad aris gamokvleuli g. natroSvilis, al.
baramiZis, r. siraZis. r. TvaraZis da sxvaTa naSromebSi.
`daviTianSi~ `sacnauri~ ori mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba.
erTi mihyveba Sesabamisi epoqis qarTuli enis salitera-
turo normebs, xolo meore mniSvneloba ki _ Zvel qar-
Tul filosofiur tradicias30.
pirveli mniSvnelobiT, sacnauri niSnavs Seucnobe-
lis anu `ucnauris~ sapirispiros (`Wirs sacnauris mzi-
saca swored gamarTva Tvalisa, aram-Tu ucnaurisa cno-
ba gzisa da kvalisa~31). sacnauri mze aris xiluli mze,
romelsac Tvals ver gavumarTavT, miT ufro ver miv-
wvdebiT `ucnaurs~ anu Seucnobels.
meore mniSvnelobiT, `sacnauri~ niSnavs uxilavs,
grZnobadi organoebisaTvis miuwvdomels, romlis Sec-
noba mxolod gonebiT xdeba. `Sen gevedrebi, ciskaro sa-
idumlosa dRisao, naTelo Saravandedo sacnaurisa mzi-
sao...~ `sacnauri mze~ am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iyos
RmerTi, romelic warmodgenilia inteligibelur mzed
316
da ara xilul anu materialur mzed, rac qristianuli
msoflmxedvelobisaTvis miRebuli iyo.
Zveli qarTuli filosofiuri tradiciis mixedviT
`sacnauri~ niSnavs goniTs, romelic upirispirdeba
grZnobads, materialurs da ara ucnaurs, rogorc gura-
miSvilis epoqaSi. am cnebas meore mniSvnelobiT moix-
mars efrem mcire `areopagitikis~ TargmanSi; SesaZloa,
mas misdevs guramiSvilic. es cneba gvxvdeba ioane da-
maskelis `gardamocemis~ arsen iyalToeliseul Tar-
gmanSic, magram igi moixsenieba ara rogorc `sacnauri~,
aramed `gonieri~, rogorc grZnobadis sapirispiro. ase-
vea ioane petriwTan da daviT aRmaSenebelTan. amdenad,
aq daviT guramiSvilis wyaro SesaZloa fsevdo-dioni-
ses moZRvrebacaa; erTi ram ki calsaxad SeiZleba iT-
qvas, rom misi kvali `daviTianSi~ naTelia.
daviT guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi TvalSi sacemia
qristianul TeologiaSi damkvidrebuli RmerTis atri-
butebi. kerZod, ,,naTeli waruvali“, ,,ucnauri“, ,,uTqme-
li (Seucnobeli)“, ,,ufali uflebaTa“, ,,myofi“ da a.S.
mniSvnelovania isic, rom masTan realuri amqveyniuri
samyaro dakavSirebulia RvTaebriv samyarosTan.
`mzev, mzisa mamzevebelo, me Sensas veras vzaroba,
miuwTomelo naTelo, sad pirad mTvarob, sad mzoba,
Senis ver xilvis sevdiTa sulsa rasTvisa
maZroba?~32
es striqonebi xazs usvams RmerTis Semecnebis Tavi-
seburebas: RmerTis Semecneba SeuZlebelia. iqve poeti
azustebs Tavis azrs: `sawuTros mzis trfialoba mis-
Tan ar ganixseneba~33; e.i. xiluli mzis RvTaebasTan Se-
darebac ar SeiZleba da arc aris mosaxsenebeli. aq Cans
areopagituli moZRvrebis kvali, gansakuTrebiT, Rmer-
Tis apofatikuri daxasiaTebisas. erTi mxriv, amgvarad
gagebuli mze RvTaebaa, xolo, meore mxriv, `Ze-mze~ (`Zi-
317
sa mogiTxran mzeoba~) aris qristianuli RmerTi, ro-
melsac mimarTavs poeti; simbolika, romelsac iyenebs
guramiSvili, Zalian hgavs RvTaebis mimarT uaryofiT
TeologiaSi damkvidrebul atributebs: miuwvdomelo na-
Telo, uberebelo, ukvdao, myofo, Seuryeo, dausabamo34
(`mamaxar dausabamo, ara gaqvs dasasrulia~)35 da a.S.
RmerTi areopagitikaSi, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, am da-
xasiaTebebze maRla dgas da misi gamoxatvisaTvis yve-
laze Sesaferisi `brZeni dumilis~ cnebaa. aseve Seucno-
belia mze (RvTaeba) daviT guramiSvilisaTvis:
`mzev, sacnoblad Sensa mWvretsa
Tavbrus asxam, Seaq retsa.
gimarTavs ver marTla Tvalsa,
ver scnobs Sens gzasa da kvalsa!~36
yvelaze mWevrmetyveli adamianic dumils amjobinebs:
`Sen saqebrad ritorica ars, viT Tevzi, uxmo, utyvi...~
adamiani `saRvTo nislSi~ iZireba da RmerTTan erTi-
andeba. `saRvTo nislis~ miRma arsebuli RmerTi Tvals
gvWris, `Tavbrusa da rets~ gvasxams, magram `daviTian-
Si~ araferia naTqvami eqstazze, romelic fsevdo-dioni-
se areopagelis mistikuri filosofiis saboloo miza-
nia. is gulisxmobs yovelive adamianurze amaRlebas,
ganwmendas, locvas, miwier-adamianuris daTmobas ara
mxolod sityviT, aramed cxovrebiT. yovelive amis mi-
saRwevi gzac Tavad fsevdo-dionises mier aris dasaxu-
li. daviT guramiSvils ki, rogorc poets, mamuliSvils,
Tavis qveyanasa da sawuTroze Seyvarebul adamians, ena-
neba `sawuTros~ daTmoba. igi adamianurs, cxovrebise-
uls ver Tmobs.
daviT guramiSvilis mistikur msoflmxedvelobaze
saubrisas mniSvnelovania `vedreba RvTis-mSoblisa da-
viTisagan, odes im zeiT Tqmuls lod-gamokveTils
kldes Saefara avis dris mizeziT~39. mTa qristianul
318
simbolikaSi `RvTismSobels~ niSnavs, misgan gamoRebuli
lodi ki `qristes~. poeti Tavis tanjvas qristes vnebas-
Tan adarebs, poeti qristes adgilze aTevs Rames. ase
rom, daviT guramiSvilis bolo periodis leqsebSi poe-
turi gamogoneba da Rrma religiur-filosofiuri
msoflmxedveloba erTad iyris Tavs.
amdenad, daviT guramiSvili Tavis „daviTianSi~ gan-
viTarebuli Rrma religiur-filosofiuri da didaqti-
kuri ideebiT, fiqrisa da ganazrebisaTvis saintereso
masalas gvawvdis. masSi Tavs iyris filosofiuri, ganma-
naTlebluri, religiuri, socialur-eTikuri probleme-
bi, rac misi poeturi msoflmxedvelobis filosofiuri
siRrmeze miuTiTebs. Sua saukuneebis qarTuli filoso-
fiuri azris gavlena yvelaze mkafiod da naTlad da-
viT guramiSvilis poetur SemoqmedebaSic igrZnoba. gar-
da amisa, qarTvelma poetma Tavisi epoqis sulier gan-
wyobebs, gancdebsa da tkivils saocrad adekvaturi fi-
losofiur-literaturuli forma SesZina. qarTuli li-
teraturul-filosofiuri tradiciiTa da Tavisi sam-
Soblos usazRvro siyvaruliT gamsWvaluli guramiSvi-
lis poeturi Semoqmedeba, am genialur qarTvel poets
did moazrovneTa gverdiT miuCens Rirseul adgils.
319
meTormete Tavi
filosofiuri urTierTobebi (XVIII s. da XIX s.-is dasawyisi)
XVIII saukunis meore naxevridan, erTi mxriv, intensi-
urad iswavleba da muSavdeba umdidresi qarTuli fi-
losofiuri memkvidreoba, warsuli epoqebis Semoqmede-
biTi da mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweobis Sedegebi, xolo,
meore mxriv, warmoebs somxuri, rusuli da dasavleT
evropuli filosofiuri literaturis Targmna da aTvi-
seba. k. kekeliZe samarTlianad SeniSnavda, rom ,,litera-
turuli procesis mTliani suraTis gasaTvaliswineb-
lad sasurveli da saWiroa aRnusxva mainc, Tu amomwu-
ravad ara, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ufro srulad, naTargmni
Zeglebisac”1.
cnobilia, rom qarTul mwerlobaSi Targmani (,,Targ-
manebaÁ”) niSnavda ara mxolod Targmans, am sityvis pir-
dapiri mniSvnelobiT, aramed, agreTve axsnas, interpret-
tacias, komentarebs.
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis gagebisTvis,
filosofiur TxzulebaTa Targmanebis gverdiT, didi
mniSvneloba eniWeba Targmnil mxatvrul literaturas,
romelSic xSirad CarTulia filosofiuri ideebi. uZve-
lesi droidan qarTvelebs mWidro kavSirebi hqondaT me-
zobel xalxebTan da gansxvavebuli qveynis kulturebi
xSirad urTierTgavlenas ganicdida.
saqarTvelos geografiulma mdebareobam didad Seuw-
yo xeli imas, rom uZvelesi droidan mas axlo urTier-
Toba hqonoda rogorc aRmosavleTis (irani, arabeTi, eg-
vipte), ise dasavleTis (bizantia) qveynebTan. magram cxa-
dia, qveynebs Soris urTierTobani martooden geografi-
uli siaxloviT ar SeiZleba aixsnas. n. mari werda, rom
320
,,wyarosTan geografiuli siaxlove ar SeiZleba gadam-
wyvet faqtorad CaiTvalos literaturul ZeglTa ses-
xebis saqmeSi. sirielebi da somxebi, iranelebTan ufro
axlos idgnen, vidre qarTvelebi, magram iranul lite-
raturas, romelmac udidesi gavlena moaxdina saqarTve-
loze, somxeTsa da siriaSi kvali ar dauCnevia”2. qarTu-
li filosofiuri azris ganviTarebaze gavlena mouxde-
nia agreTve sivrceSi daSorebul qveynebsac, safran-
geTs, germanias da sxv.
naSromSi ganxilvis sagania filosofiuri urTier-
Tobebi XVIII s.-sa da XIX s.-is dasawyisSi. am periodSi
filosofiuri literaturis Targmna sami mimarTulebiT
mimdinareobda: 1. somxuri enidan 2. rusuli enidan da 3.
ruseTis gziT Semosuli ucxouri filosofiuri lite-
raturidan.
$1. somxuri enidan Targmnili
filosofiuri literatura
qarTul-somxuri sazogadoebrivi urTierToba saTa-
ves iRebs saukuneTa siRrmeSi. kulturuli urTierToba-
ni ki fiqsirebulia ufro gviani droidan, kerZod, V sa-
ukunidan. am droidan daiwyo somxuri enidan qarTulad
Targmna da, piriqiT, qarTulidan somxur enaze. ,,somxur
mwerlebTan kavSiri da urTierToba imaSi gamoixatebo-
da, rom qarTvelebi maTTvis saWiro da saintereso wig-
nebs zogierTi SemTxvevaSi somxuridan Targnidnen... som-
xebTan kulturuli literaturuli kavSiri calmxrivi
rodi iyo. somxebic ise Targmnidnen qarTulidan, ro-
gorc qarTvelebi somxuridan”3 _ werda k. kekeliZe.
321
1248 w. simeon pRinZahanqelma qarTuli enidan som-
xurze Targmna petriwis mier Targmnili prokle diado-
xosis ,,Teologiis elementebi” da masze darTuli pet-
riwis komentarebi. manve qarTulidan somxur enaze Tar-
gmna damaskelis wigni ,,codnis wyaro”. 1736-1738 wlebSi
qarTvelma mecnierma zurab SanSovanma rogorc zemoT
aRvniSneT, vaxuSti batoniSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT som-
xuridan qarTul enaze Targmna ,,xuTni xmani porfiri-
sa”, aristoteles ,,aTni xmani” da ,,peri hermenea” uZle-
velis komentarebiT. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, safuZ-
vels moklebulia somexi mkvlevris p. muradianis azri
imis Taobaze, rom ,,qarTul-somxuri urTierToba filo-
sofiis dargSi iwyeba anton pirvelisa da misi Teolo-
giur-filosofiuri skolis Semoqmedebidan”4. rogorc
vnaxeT, somxur-qarTuli filosofiuri urTierToba ga-
cilebiT adre daiwyo.
anton pirveli saTaveSi edga somxuri enidan filo-
sofiuri naSromebis qarTul enaze Targmnis saqmes. igi
didad afasebda somxebis rols am saqmeSi, magram, ro-
gorc k. kekeliZe aRniSnavs, amasTan igi ibrZoda qarTu-
li kulturis istoriis gayalbebis winaaRmdeg. rac See-
xeba somxuri enis codnis sakiTxs, amaze antoni wers:
,,rameTu me qarTulisa enisa kide sxva ara uwyodi ena,
garna mxolod wigni somxeTa uwyodi da igica friad
mcired da mokled”. agreTve ,,Semeweoda me filipe xuce-
si somexTa guarisani, TargmanebiTa somexTa werilTa-
Ta”. rogorc Cans, antons somxuri ena scodnia, magram
ara imdenad, rom rTuli filosofiuri Txzulebani da-
moukideblad, martos eTargmna.
p. muradianma Catarebuli samuSaos safuZvelze Sead-
gina sia, romelSic CamoTvlilia somxuridan qarTulze
da, piriqiT, Targmnili literatura. detaluri analizi
aCvenebs, rom es sia mcdaria da masSi uamravi ararsebu-
322
li literatura aris CarTuli, magaliTad, aristote-
les ,,dialeqtika”. amis garda, am siaSi gaTvaliswinebu-
li araa is, rom V saukunidan qarTul-somxur urTier-
Tobas hqonda ormxrivi xasiaTi. ar dasturdeba erTi da
igive Txzulebis ramdenjerme Targmanis faqti (mag. si-
meon juRaecis ,,dialeqtika”).
somxuri enidan Sesrulebulia Targmanebi, romelic
ekuTvnis zurab SanSovans. es Targmanebi man mefe vax-
tang VI-is dakveTiT da vaxuSti batoniSvilis monawile-
obiT Seasrula. zurab SanSovanma Targmna ,,xuTni xmani
porfirisa” (1736), aristoteles Txzulebani ,,aTni queT-
qmulebani” da ,,peri hermenea” daviT uZlevelis komenta-
rebiT. anton pirvelisa da misi skolis mier XVIII sau-
kuneSi somxuri enidan qarTul enaze Targmnil filo-
sofiur TxzulebaTa Soris gamoirCeva somexi filoso-
fosis simeon juRaecis ,,dialeqtika”, romelic somxur
enaze cnobilia ,,logikis” saxeliT. juRaeci XVII sau-
kunis somxuri filosofiuri azris im mimarTulebis
warmoamdgenelia, romelic miznad isaxavda antikuri
filosofiis aTvisebas. juRaecis wigni swored antiku-
ri filosofiis, kerZod, aristoteles logikur Sexedu-
lebaTa gacnoba-Seswavlas warmoadgens.
juRaecis am TxzulebiT saukuneebis manZilze sar-
geblobdnen somxur filosofiur skolebSi. igi orjer
daibeWda somxur enaze (1728 da 1794 wlebSi). misi pirve-
li gamocema ganxorcielda konstantinepolSi.
juRaecis ,,dialeqtikis” qarTul enaze Targmnas qar-
Tvel swavlulTa erTi nawili uaryofiTad Sexvda. an-
ton pirveli ,,RvTismetyvelebis” Sesaval nawilSi wers,
rom qarTul enaze uTargmniaT juRaecis meore Txzule-
bac (pirvelSi nagulisxmevia prokles teqsti juRaecis
komentarebiT, xolo meoreSi, rogorc misi sityvebidan
Cans, ,,dialeqtika”).
323
am wignis gadaWarbebuli Sefasebisadmi antonis uar-
yofiTi damokidebulebis motivi aseTia: aristoteles
logikuri moZRvreba xom damaskelis wignSi iyo gadmo-
cemuli, xolo es wigni orjer iTargmna qarTul enaze
efTÂime mTawmidelisa da efrem mcires mier. ratom aqe-
ben ase am wigns? gana juRaecma Tavis wignSi igive cod-
na ar gadmosca, rac manamde iyo cnobili saqarTvelo-
Si?
ganvixiloT somxuridan qarTul enaze Targmnili
filosofiuri Sromebi, romelTac metnaklebi gavlena
hqondaT qarTul filosofiur azrovnebaze.
1. daviT uZleveli. ,,sazRvarTa wigni”. daviT uZle-
veli (anhaRTi) mexuTe-meeqvse saukunis gamoCenili some-
xi filosofosia. swavlobda aleqsandriis neoplato-
nur skolaSi, iyo olimpiadore umcrosis moswavle, Sem-
deg amave skolis maswavlebeli. uZlevelis saxeli man
aTenSi gamarTul filosofiur disputebSi araerTgzis
gamarjvebiT daimsaxura.
saberZneTSi swavlis damTavrebis Semdeg somxeTSi
dabrunebula da aqtiuri moRvaweoba dauwyo elinistu-
ri filosofiis gavrcelebisTvis. magram male, daviTi
iZulebuli gamxdara wasuliyo saqarTveloSi, sadac
gardacvalebamde cxovrobda.
saqarTveloSi daviTis gadmosaxlebis mizezebi sxva-
dasxvagvaradaa axsnili somxuri filosofiis istori-
kosTa mxridan. magaliTad, s. arevSatiani, am faqts da-
viT uZlevelis religiuri SexedulebebiT xsnis. davi-
Ti imyofeboda warmarTuli rwmenis Zlieri gavlenis
qveS, amitom igi konfliqtSi movida somxuri grigoria-
nuli eklesiis mamebTan5. prof. v. Caloiani6 Tvlida,
rom somxeTSi ar iyo pirobebi daviTis moRvaweobisTvis.
g. mirzoianis azriT ki, ,,daviTi wavida saqarTveloSi
324
sruliad bunebrivi ganzraxviT, gaevrcelebina Tavisi
ideebi aq arsebul somxur garemoSi”7.
g. mirzoianis mosazrebis sawinaaRmdegod, daviTis
Tanamedrove istorikosis araqel siunecis mier madras-
Si gamocemul wignSi (1749) weria: ,,uaryves TviTon igi
da misi qmnilebani da Semdeg Seuracxyves. da igi wavida
saqarTveloSi, iqve darCa da gardaicvala”.
S. nucubiZe daviT uZlevelis saqarTveloSi gadmo-
saxlebis faqts metad didi mniSvnelobas aniWebs da mis
Tavisebur axsnas gvTavazobs, kerZod, S. nucubiZis az-
riT, ,,sainteresoa is faqti, rom daviT uZlevelis naS-
romisadmi qarTveli mkiTxveli yovelTvis did interes
iCenda; mis naSromebs Targmnian, avrceleben mas qarTul
filosofiur ZeglebSi, maT Soris iseT Semajamebel
ZeglSi, rogoricaa ,,kalmasoba”, aramarto ixsenieben,
aramed misi azrebi da debulebebi mohyavT da iyeneben
kidec”8.
daviT uZlevelis zemoxsenebuli naSromi dawerilia
berZnul enaze. Semdeg igi Targmnes somxur enaze. es
naSromi yvelaze gavrcelebuli wignia Sua saukuneebis
somxeTSi, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi saxel-
mZRvanelos saxiT iswavleboda skolebSi. igi mravalje-
raa gadawerili da komentirebuli. ,,sazRvarTa wignma”
udidesi gavlena iqonia daviTis periodis filosofiu-
ri azris Camoyalibebaze somxeTSi. qarTulad es naSro-
mi uTargmniaT 1758-62 wlebSi dosiTeoz nekreselsa
(CerqeziSvili) da filipe yaiTmazaSvils. daviT uZleve-
lis naSromis mTavari sakiTxebia: samyaros Semecnebis
SesaZlebloba, filosofiis definicia, adamianis inte-
leqtualuri da moraluri srulqmnis saqmeSi filoso-
fiis mniSvneloba da sxv.
daviT uZlevelis Txzulebis ,,sazRvarTa wignis”
Targmna mniSvnelovani etapi iyo qarTul-somxuri fi-
325
losofiuri urTierTobis gzaze. qarTvelma mkiTxvelma
miiRo da Seisisxlxorca es wigni. amis maCvenebelia
Tundac is, rom ioane bagrationis ,,kalmasobaSi” es
Txzuleba farTod iqna gamoyenebuli. ,,kalmasobis” ri-
gi adgilebis da daviT uZlevelis naSromis Sedareba
aCvenebs, rom ioane bagrationi ZiriTadad zustad mis-
devs daviTis am wigns.
aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac ioane bagrationi daviTis
wignidan zogierT adgils tovebs. ase xdeba im nawilSi,
sadac ioane bagrationi Semecnebis Teoriis sakiTxebs
ganixilavs. es albaT, imiT aixsneba, rom ,,kalmasobis”
sxva nawilebSi Semecnebis Teoriis sakiTxebs sakmao ad-
gili aqvs daTmobili. ,,kalmasobaSi” ar Sevida daviTis
wignidan is adgili, sadac daviTi ricxvTa mistikur Te-
orias gadmoscems. es gamotoveba ki msoflmxedvelobiTi
momentebiTaa gamowveuli. samagierod, ioane bagrationi
guldasmiT gadmoscems daviT uZlevelis azrebs mecnie-
ruli codnis praqtikidan warmoSobis Sesaxeb.
daviT uZlevelis mizani iyo antikuri warmarTuli
filosofiis Serigeba qristianul msoflmxedevelobas-
Tan. daviTis naSromis gamoyenebiT. ioane bagrationi
cdilobda qarTvel mkiTxvels gaecno antikuri azrov-
nebis saukeTeso nimuSebi.
2. prokles ,,kavSirni RmrTismetyuelebiTni”. 1757
wels qarTul enaze somxuri enidan iTargmna prokle
diadoxosis wigni ,,kavSirni RvTismetyÂelebiTni”. prok-
le diadoxosis saxeli da misi naSromi saqarTveloSi
Zveli droidan iyo cnobili. ,,kavSirni RvTismetyÂele-
biTni” XI saukunis damlevs da XII saukunis dasawyisSi
berZnulidan qarTul enaze Targmna ioane petriwma.
amasTan, am naSromebs petriwma daurTo vrceli komenta-
326
rebi, romelTa mniSvneloba gascda komentaris farg-
lebs da damoukidebeli naSromis saxe miiRo.
1248 wels somexma berma simeon pRinZahanqelma som-
xeTSi qarTuli enidan somxurze Targmna prokle dia-
doxosis xsenebuli naSromi da petriwis komentarebi.
oTxi saukunis Semdeg 1651 wels berma garnelma episko-
posma _ simeon juRaecma qarTulidan somxur enaze Tar-
gmnil prokles teqsts CamoaSora petriwis komentarebi
da prokles teqsts Seudgina axali komentarebi. 1757
wels mdivanbeg ioane orbelianma, filipe yaiTmazaSvil-
ma da nikolozma es somxuri teqsti Tavis komentarebi-
TurT Targmnes qarTul enaze.
saTanado kvlevis Sedegad cxadi xdeba, rom prok-
les Sromis petriwiseuli qarTuli Targmani aRZrul
problemaTa siuxviT, argumentaciis siRrmiTa da origi-
nalobiT gacilebiT maRali donisaa, vidre simeon ju-
Raecis komentarebi. niko marma Tavis droze Seadara io-
ane petriwis mier Targmnili prokles wigni qarTul
dedans da aseT daskvnamde mivida: ,,Cven TvalnaTliv
vxedavT qarTuli Targmanis maRal Tvisebebs, mis ideur
simwyobres da amasTan, berZnul dedanTan siswores ara
mxolod azris gadmocemaSi, aramed ukiduresi SesaZleb-
lobebiT garegnuli formis, frazebis da calkeuli
sityvebis, terminebis agebis mxriv”9.
rac Seexeba ioane petriwis da simeon juRaecis ko-
mentarebs, maTma urTierTSedarebam gviCvena, rom petri-
wis komentari mxolod komentars ki ar warmoadgens,
aramed damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis maRali Rirebule-
bebis mqone filosofiur naSroms. juRaecis komentare-
bi ki aseTi ar aris.
qarTulidan somxur enaze prokles teqsti da petri-
wis komentarebi rom iTargmna, sul ukanasknel dromde
somxuri istoriografiaSi aRiarebuli faqti iyo, mag-
327
ram ukanasknel dros g. mirzoianma prokles Sromis ko-
mentarebis petriwisadmi kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb sakiTxi
eWvqveS daayena. igi wers: ,,XIII saukuneSi prokles naS-
romi rom Targmnili iyo qarTulidan somxur enaze si-
meon pRinZahanqelis mier, es yovelgvar eWvgareSea. mag-
ram, masze darTuli komentarebi rom ioane petriws
ekuTvnis, rogorc wers S. nucubiZe, amas somxuri wayro-
ebi ar adasturebs da maT avtorad asaxeleben vinme ame-
laxoss”10.
Tundac davuSvaT, rom ioane petriwi aris somxur
xelnawrebSi miTiTebuli amelaxosi, ambobs mirzoiani,
mainc ibadeba kiTxva, Tu ra iyo imis mizezi, rom juRa-
ecma dawera komentarebi, maSin rodesac arsebobda qar-
Tulidan Targmnili komentarebi petriwisa? am sakiTxze
sxvadasxva mosazreba arsebobs. S. nucubiZe Tvlis, rom
oficialur saazrovno wreebs somxeTSi ar SeeZloT
xelgaSliT mieRoT ioane petriwis mier prokles wakiT-
xva da gansakuTrebiT ki misi ,,ganmartebani”, vinaidan
igi Tavidan bolomde areopagituli gagebis niSnis qveS
idga11.
niko mari sxvagvarad xsnis am faqts. igi fiqrobs,
rom SesaZlebelia garnelma episkoposma simeonma 1651
wels axali komentarebi prokles wignisTvis imitom Se-
adgina, rom petriwis komentarebi qalkedonistis komen-
tarebi iyo, garnelis komentarebi ki antiqalkedonistu-
ria12.
prokles wignis axal Targmans, petriwis komentare-
bis ukugdebas da axali komentarebis gamoCenas didi ga-
moxmaureba hqonda qarTul sinamdvileSi, yofilan am
redaqciis momxreni da mowinaaRmdegeni. am wignis somxu-
ridan qarTulze mTargmnelebi SesavalSi afrTxileben
mkiTxvels, rom es wigni mxolod siadvilisTvis vTar-
gmeTo. anton pirveli, romelic am periodSi somxuri
328
enidan filosofiur wignTa mTargmnelad da am saqmis
sulisCamdgmelad gvevlineba, aRSfoTebulia am wignis
Targmnis faqtiT: gana petriwis komentarebs Seedreba
simeon juRaecis komentarebi? xolo prokle, romlis
Targmani Tavis droze petriwma berZnulidan Seasrula,
gana ufro advili gasagebi gaxda imiT, rom qarTulidan
somxurad iTargmna da aqedan isev qarTul enaze?
somxuri enidan es naSromi martivi eniT aris Targm-
nili. amiT aixsneba is faqti, rom ,,kalmasobis” Sedgenis
dros ioane bagrationma mkiTxvelisTvis gasacnobad es
nawarmoebi airCia da ara petriwis cnobili Targmani
misive komentarebiT.
3. ,,axsna porfiriosis ,,Seyvanilebisa”. aristoteles
msgavsad, porfiriosi saqarTveloSi Zveli droidan iyo
cnobili. jer kidev X-XI saukuneebSi ioane tariWis Zem
berZnuli enidan Targmna aristoteles naSromebis cno-
bili komentatoris amonios hermias Txzuleba ,,mosaxse-
nebeli xuTTa xmaTadmi porfiri filosofosisa”.
1735 wels vaxtang VI-is brZanebiT zurab SanSovanma
Targmna porfiriosis 5 terminis ganmarteba.
4. ,,peri hermenea”. aristotelesa da daviT uZleve-
lis ,,axsna peri armeniasi”. ,,peri hermeneas” anu ,,ganmar-
tebisaTvis” aristoteles ,,organonis” nawils warmoad-
gens. msoflio filosofiur literaturaSi am naSroms
didi adgili uWiravs. igi Targmnilia msoflios mra-
val enaze. am naSromis pirveli komentatorebi iyvnen
Teofraste, amoniosi, Semdeg andronike rodoseli, por-
firiosi, daviT uZleveli da sxv.
wigni Seicavs aristoteles naSroms ,,peri hermeneas”
da punqtebis mixedviT darTuli aqvs daviT uZlevelis
komentarebi. am wignis TargmniT qarTvelma mkiTxvelma
329
miiRo saWiro, didad aRiarebuli naSromi. somxuri eni-
dan Targmnili es wigni ioane bagrationma Seitana
,,kalmasoba”-Si.
5. kirile aleqsandrieli. ,,saunje anu ganZi”. kirile
aleqsandrielis ,,saunje anu ganZi” Sua saukuneebis
qristianul samyaroSi friad gavrcelebul naSroms
warmoadgens. igi cnobili iyo saqarTveloSic. giorgi
merCules naSromSi ,,cxovreba grigol xanZTelisa”
moTxrobis gmirs zepirad mohyavs citatebi am wignidan.
XVIII saukuneSi anton pirvelma es naSromi meored Tar-
gmna somxuridan qarTul enaze filipe yaiTmazaSvilis
daxmarebiT da daumata sakuTari ganmartebani (sqolioe-
bi). qarTul enaze es Targmani daculia xelnaweris sa-
xiT. ,,saunjeSi” ganxilulia nestorianelobasTan brZo-
lis istoria II msoflio saeklesio krebaze. kerZod,
warmoebs kamaTi nestorianelobasTan, romelic RvTaeb-
rivisa adamianurTan ipostasur SeerTebas uaryofda da
amtkicebda, rom uwmidesi qalwuli unda iwodebodes
ara RvTismSoblad, aramed qristesmSoblad. qalkedo-
nurma krebam mas WeSmaritebis damcveli uwoda.
kirile aleqsandrielis ,,saunje” anton pirvelis
TargmniT ver gavrcelda saqarTveloSi. rogorc Cans,
mis gavrcelebas xeli SeuSala Targmanis mZime stilma
da TviT wignis sirTulem. es wigni gamoyenebulia mxo-
lod anton pirvelis naSromSi ,,spekali”.
6. mxiTar sebastieli. ,,ritorika”. 1764 wels ruseTi-
dan Camosvlis Semdeg anton pirvelma filipe yaiTmaza-
Svils daukveTa mxiTar sebastielis wignis ,,ritorikis”
Targmna. TargmanSi aqtiurad monawileobda dosiTeoz
nekreseli. filipe Targmnida, dosiTeozi ki redaqcias
ukeTebda, somxuridan Targmnil frazebs awyobda qar-
330
Tuli enis kanonebis mixedviT. xelnawerze umuSavia an-
ton pirvelsac. mas Seumcirebia Targmani da ucdia
mkiTxvelisTvis gasagebi gaexada.
mxiTar sebastielis wigni saqarTveloSi ver gavr-
celda. igi mxolod anton pirvelma gamoiyena naSromSi
,,spekali”.
7. antoni kovdinis (antoni koftini, antoni kovidi)
Txzuleba. rogorc Cans, mxiTaristebs uTargmniaT fran-
gi kaTolike antoni kovdinis Txzuleba ,,Seucdomeli,
araviTari Crdilovani mxareebis mqone filosofia wm.
Tomasi, Targmna mxiTaristma varTanes vardapetma”.
8. ,,wigni RvTismetyvelebisa didi alberdisa”. am naS-
romSi gadmocemulia albert didis gamonaTqvamebi. Sena-
xulia erT calad quTaisis muzeumSi (#95). nawarmoebi
Sedgeba 7 wignisgan. masSi gadmocemulia dogmaturi da
zneobriv-RvTismetyveluri sistema.
SesavalSi anton pirveli aRniSnavs, rom man es wigni
Targmna SeZlebisdagvarad zustad, ar dauklia Sroma
da Tu raime Secdoma dauSva, TviTon wamkiTxvelma Caas-
woros, gadaagdos mavne, eretikuli, rac aris masSi da
isargeblos imiT, rac sasargebloa, e.i. rwmenisTvis ga-
mosadegi. anton pirvelma es wigni gamoiyena ,,spekalSi”.
$2 qarTul enaze Targmnili rusuli
filosofiuri literatura
XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi saqarTvelos sagareo politi-
kaSi rusuli orientaciis gaaqtiurebis gamo gaZlierda
331
da gaxSirda rusulidan qarTul enaze wignebis Targm-
na. qarTulad iTargmneboda rusuli literaturis TiT-
qmis yvela gamoCenili warmomadgenlis nawarmoebi. am pe-
riodSi rusuli enidan qarTulad 43 avtoris 300 nawar-
moebi iTargmna.
marTalia, rusul enaze jer kidev ar arsebobda spe-
cialuri naSromebi filosofiisa da sociologiis
mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze, samagierod filosofiuri da
sociologiuri ideebi ZiriTadad gadmocemuli iyo
mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi.
xSirad filosofiuri ideebis matarebelsa da Semom-
tans mxatvruli nawarmoebi (oda, leqsi, romani, piesa
da sxv.) warmoadgenda. filosofiuri ideebi zogjer
kerZo werilebSi, miZRvnebsa da religiuri xasiaTis
naSromebSic gvxdeba. rusuli azrovnebebisTvis gansa-
kuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia filosofiuri da sazogado-
ebriv-politikuri azrebis gadmocemis es gza. amis maga-
liTebia kirile turovskis igavi, simeon polockis leq-
sebi, finateris, petre mogilas, isaia kapinskis da ste-
fane iavorskis polemikuri xasiaTis naSromebi, Teodo-
re eminis romani, mixeil lomonosovis odebi, xersako-
vis romanebi, derJavinis filosofiuri oda da fonvizi-
nis leqsi. maTSi gadmocemulia filosofiuri da sazo-
gadoebriv-politikuri Sexedulebani.
pirveli rusi moazrovne, romlis naSromi qarTul
enaze iTargmna iyo kirile turovski (1130-1184) _ XII sau-
kunis kievis sasuliero da sazogado moRvawe. misi qada-
gebani mimarTuli iyo sasuliero codnis gavrcelebisa
da eklesiis ganmtkicebisken, radgan masSi igi xedavda
erTiani, mTliani saxelmwifos Seqmnis pirobas. qarTu-
lad misi ,,igavi brmasa da mkelobelze” Targmna mefe
arCilma (1647-1713).
332
kirile turovski feodaluri daqucmacebulobisken
miswrafebis winaaRmdegia. igi erTiani da Zlieri saxel-
mwifos momxrea da misTvis mebrZoli. rogorc Cans, am
ideis gamo Targmna arCilma es araki, radgan TviTon
erTiani da Zlieri saxelmwifos momxre iyo.
simeon polocki (1629-1680) belorusi da rusi mwera-
li, sasuliero moRvawe da mefis ojaxis wevrTa maswav-
lebeli iyo. igi ebrZoda ruseTSi im dros gavrcele-
bul ,,staroobriadcobas”, romelic saerTod, uaryofda
ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, filosofiisa da kulturis
mniSvnelobas. polocki samyaros wyobis Tavisebur su-
raTs gvaZlevs. pirveli, uxilavi, aqtiuri da Semoqmedi
sawyisi _ RmerTi qmnis or sawyiss: materialur stiqi-
ebs (miwa, wyali, cecxli, haeri), romlisganac Semdeg Se-
iqmna yvela sagani da sxeuli; da sulier sawyiss, ro-
melsac wamyvani mniSvneloba aqvs sulierisa da materia-
luris kavSirSi.
samyaros Semoqmedi RmerTi Seumecnebadia, igi rwme-
nis sagania. buneba ki Semecnebadia, misi wakiTxva yvelas
SeuZlia.
polocki uaryofs Sexedulebas Tandayolil ideeb-
ze. adamiani, misi azriT, hgavs daketil qalaqs, romel-
sac xuTi alayafis kari aqvs (igulisxmeba 5 grZnoba) da
mxolod maTi saSualebiT Sedis codna qalaqSi. codnis
SeZenaSi didi roli eniWeba gonebas _ ,,gansjiT vimec-
nebT saganTa arsebas, maT sargeblobas da vnebas”13.
simeon polocki iziarebs orgvari WeSmaritebis Teo-
rias _ religiursa da filosofiurs, rwmenisa da gone-
bis WeSmaritebas, riTac religiisgan mecnierebis gamo-
yofas cdilobs.
qarTulad Targmnilia polockis ,,mariamis miZineba”-
s (,,Вечерня душевная”) nawili; igi 1683 wels uTargmnia
333
arCil mefis Zes aleqsandres. polockis es nawarmoebi
rusul prologSi ar yofila. samagierod, igi Seutani-
aT qarTul TargmanSi.
qarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis polocki cnobilia agreT-
ve, rogorc basili makedonelis ,,testamentis” rusul
enaze mTargmneli. qarTul enaze es nawarmoebi aleqsan-
dre arCilis Zes uTargmnia. ,,testamenti” pasuxobs kiT-
xvaze: rogori unda iyos mefe. polockis nawerebma gav-
lena moaxdina arCil mefis, anton pirvelisa da daviT
guramiSvilis Sexedulebebze.
misioner kaTolikeTa gaaqtiurebasTan dakavSirebiT
ruseTSi iTargmneboda da iqmneboda antikaTolikuri
Txzulebani, kerZod, filaretisa (Tevdore romanovis)
da prokopoviCisa. saqarTveloSi amave mizniT daiwera
besarion kaTalikosis ,,grdemli”, timoTe gabaSvilis
,,marwuxi”. es orive naSromi asaxavs petre mogilasa da
isaia kapinskis Soris kamaTs, romelic maSin mimdinare-
obda. petre mogilas (1596-1647) wigni ,,aRsarebaÁ wigni
anu katexizmo” mimarTuli iyo kaTolikobisa da ruseT-
ukrainis SeerTebis winaaRmdeg. igi iTargmna berZnul,
laTinur, germanul, polonur da sxva enebze. qarTul
enaze es wigni cnobilia saxelwodebiT: ,,samnawiledi
swavlani” da igi 1699-1702 wlebSi qarTulad Targmna
arCil mefem.
am wignSi gadmocemulia mogilas religiuri Sexedu-
leba samyaros, adamianisa da sazogadoebis warmoSobisa
da kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb.
1735 wels gabriel CxeiZem qarTulad Targmna isaia
kopinskis (g. 1634 w.) wigni ,,kibe sulieri anu anbani su-
lieri”, romelic ruseTSi didi popularobiT sargeb-
lobda da mravaljer gamoica. Targmani daculia xel-
naweris saxiT.
334
wigns Tan axlavs rusuli anbanis mixedviT dalage-
buli eTikuri xasiaTis darigebebi. am naSromSi kopins-
ki exeba sakiTxs gonebis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviT,
rwmena damokidebulia Semecnebaze. Tavis mxriv rwmena
aucilebelia gonebis gasawmendad; gonebaTa Soris ise-
Tive gansxvavebaa, rogorc saganTa Soris.
did yuradRebas ipyrobs petre I-is drois moRvaweTa
naSromebis qarTuli YTargmanebi. petre I-is reformebi
qveynis mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis ganviTare-
bis, qveynis mmarTvelobis gardaqmnisa da Zalauflebis
centralizaciis, saero xelisuflebisadmi eklesiis da-
morCilebis, Tavad-aznaurTa SvilebisTvis savaldebulo
swavla-ganaTlebis dawesebis Sesaxeb, rac mwvave kamaTis
sagnad iqca. amitomac, petre I-is reformebis dros ru-
seTSi ideologiuri brZola, uwinares yovlisa, gamoixa-
teba petre I-is politikuri kursis Teoriuli dasabu-
TebisTvis brZolaSi. petre I-is am kursis mowinaaRmde-
gebi iyvnen dimitri tuptalo (rostoveli) da stefane
iavorski, xolo momxre da damcveli _ Teofane proko-
poviCi.
petre iavorski (1658-1728) petre I-is reformebis mowi-
naaRmdege, aristokratiuli reaqciis erT-erTi meTau-
ri, ruseTis patriarqi, xolo sasuliero sinodis Camo-
yalibebis Semdeg misi mmarTveli, ritorikis, filoso-
fiisa da RvTismetyvelebis profesori iyo.
saero xelisuflebaze eklesiis prioritetis gan-
mtkicebis mizniT stefane iavorskim dawera RvTismetyve-
luri wigni ,,klde sarwmunoebisa”, romelSic igi icavs
RvTismetyvelebas materializmis, aTeizmisa da eretiku-
li moZRvrebebisgan.
p. iavorskis es naSromi 1749 wels qarTulad Targmna
vaxuSti batoniSvilma. Targmani daibeWda moskovSi me-18
saukunis 60-ian wlebSi. wigni erTxans akrZaluli iyo
335
da mxolod petre I-is sikvdilis Semdeg misi qaliSvi-
lis elisabed petres asulis mefobis dros gamoqveynda
1727 wels. ana ioanes asulis dros igi xelaxla aikrZa-
la da ufro gvian isev nebadarTul iqna.
rogorc Cans, es wigni saqarTveloSic aikrZala da,
albaT, amis gamo igi amJamad mxolod sam calad arse-
bobs. ori nabeWdi da erTi xelnaweris saxiT. Tu ra iyo
akrZalvis mizezi amaze k. kekeliZe wers: ,,anton kaTali-
kosi ver Seurigdeboda am wignis qarTul enaze dabeW-
dvas da am gziT mis gavrcelebas. jer erTi, imitom,
rom is matarebelia papisturi kaTolikuri tendenciebi-
sa, romelTac antons, rogorc viciT, erTxel bevri sim-
ware agemes. meore, rac mTavaria, es Txzuleba, rogorc
papisturi tendenciebis Semcveli, ruseTis eklesiaSi
erTxans akrZaluli iyo... amitom mas mxars verc antoni
dauWerda”14.
qarTul enaze Targmnilia, agreTve, stefane iavors-
kis ideuri mowinaaRmdegis Teofane prokopoviCis (1681-
1736) naSromebi. prokopoviCi Tavisi drois erT-erTi
uganaTlebulesi adamiani, petre I-is yvela saqmis dam-
cveli, gamtarebeli da Teoriulad damsabuTebeli iyo.
erT-erT TxzulebaSi igi amtkicebs, rom mecniereba Ta-
vis daskvnebSi Tavisufali unda iyos maSinac ki, rode-
sac isini wminda wignebs ewinaaRmdegeba. ,,Tu kopernikis
mowafeebs da sxva mecnierebs, romlebic icaven dedami-
wis moZraobas Tavisi Sexedulebebis dasamtkiceblad,
SeuZliaT moiyvanon utyuari fizikuri da maTematikuri
sabuTebi, maSin wminda werilis teqstebi, romlebSic
laparakia mzis moZraobaze, ar SeiZleba maTTvis dab-
rkoleba iyos, radgan es teqstebi unda gavigoT ara
zedmiwevniT, aramed alegoriuli azriT”15.
prokopoviCis metad mravalricxovani memkvidreobi-
dan qarTulad Targmnilia ,,pirvel saswavlo yrmaTa,
336
romelsac Sina ars anbani da dawyeba”. rogorc Cans, es
wigni mowonebiT sargeblobda, radgan igi inglisis sa-
mefo ojaxSi da sasaxlis karTan daaxloebul ojaxeb-
Si saswavlo saxelmZRvanelod iyo miRebuli. es wigni
qarTul enaze darejanis (arCilis asulis) sasaxlis mo-
lareTuxucess gabriel CxeiZes qarTulad uTargmnia,
romelic gamoica 1739 wels.
prokopoviCis Txzuleba _ ,,istoriisaTvis dawyebisa
da ganxeTqilebisa Soris berZenTa da romaelTa”, 1777
wels rusulidan qarTulad uTargmnia porfire bagra-
tions. prokopoviCis sxva Txzuleba ,,matiane, romelsac
Sina werils ars darRveva ierusalimisa da konstanti-
nepolsa” uTargmnia sardion ColoyaSvils, xolo ,,reR-
lamenti” Telavis sasuliero seminariis xelmZRvanels
gaioz reqtors. ,,reRlamenti” esaa wesdeba saxelmwifo
da saswavlo dawesebulebaTaTvis. igi petre I-is Sekve-
TiT da monawileobiT aris dawerili. aRsaniSnavia, rom
,,reRlamentis” mTeli rigi normebi 1917 wlamde moqme-
debda ruseTis imperiaSi.
aris iseTi ramdenime avtoric, romelTa Txzulebani
iTargmna qarTul enaze, Tumca maTi mniSvneloba rusu-
li sazogadoebrivi da filosofiuri azris istoriis-
Tvis SedarebiT mcirea. aseTebia Teodore eminisa (1735-
1776) da Teofilaqte rusanovis (1765-1821) naSromebi.
qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebisTvis didi mniS-
vneloba hqonda rusuli mecnierebis fuZemdeblis mixe-
il lomonosovis (1711-1765) nawarmoebebs. qarTulad Tar-
gmnilia lomonosovis Semdegi Sromebi: 1. ,,145 fsalmuni
galeqsili”, 2. ,,sawinaswarmetyvelo wigni iobisa 40.41” 3.
,,ganhbaneT Tquen sisxliTa TvsiTa saberZneTi andratis
moqmedni da komediantni”, 4. ,,aRwera neptunis sasaxli-
sa”, 5. ,,Rame gansvenebisa ese igi gsurT Tqvenda”, 6. ,,sam-
qebro leqsebi petre didisadmi miZRvnili”.
337
m. lomonosovis qarTvelma mTargmnelma d. Coloya-
Svilma sagangebod SearCia da Targmna misi sasuliero
leqsebi, romlebic yuradsaRebia ara Tavisi bibliuri
SinaarsiT, an Tundac mxatvrulobiT, aramed imiT, rom
maTSi bunebismetyvelis kalmiT gadmocemulia samyaros
agebulebis suraTi.
me-18 saukunis rus moRvawes mixeil maTes Ze xersa-
kovs (1733-1807) metad mdidari literaturuli memkvidre-
oba darCa. qarTulad Targmnilia misi sami filosofi-
ur-saganmanaTleblo romani 1. ,,numa homfilia” (1768w.), 2.
,,kadmi da harmonia” (1786w.), 3. ,,holidor Ze kadmisa da
harmoniisa” (1789_1794ww.). 1796_1800 wlebSi samive romani
qarTulad Targmna giorgi avaliSvilma. saintereso da
sayuradReboa am nawarmoebebSi gadmocemuli socialur-
politikuri xasiaTis Sexedelebani.
xersakovis ideali konstituciuri monarqiaa. mmarT-
velobisTvis saWiroa kanonebi, magram isini TavisTavad
ver marTaven saxelmwifos. kanonebs sWirdeba cxovreba-
Si kargi gamtarebeli. es aris mefe. mefe TviTon unda
iyos Rrma da yovelmxriv ganaTlebuli, amasTan, man sa-
xelmwifos ganaTlebis Suqi unda mohfinos.
gabriel derJavinis (1743_1816) leqsiT _ ,,RmerTi“
qarTul literaturaSi Semovida XVIII saukunis 80-iani
wlebis ruseTis Tavadaznauruli inteligenciis mowina-
ve razmis warmomadgeneli, despotizmisa da batonymobis
winaaRmdeg mebrZoli. qarTulad Targmnilia agreTve
nawyvetebi derJavinis leqsebidan: ,,petres Zlevisadmi
flota zeda TurqTasa”, ,,bednierebaze”, ,,siyvarulze”,
adre Targmnili yifila leqsi ,,monadire”.
gamoCenili rusi mwerali, satirikosi, dramaturgi,
denis fonvizini (1744-1792) qarTul sinamdvileSi Semovi-
da leqsiT ,,peterburgi” (1763 w.). am leqsis mTargmnelia
338
solomon razmaZe _ gamoCenili qarTveli moRvawe. leqsi
daculia xelnaweris saxiT.
leqsSi mocemulia samRvdeloebis mkacri kritika.
fonvizinis am leqsidan mefis cenzuras mTeli rigi ta-
epebisa amouRia. qarTvel mTargmnels ki akrZaluli ta-
epebic uTargmnia.
nikolskis krebulSi _ ,,safuZveli sityvierebisani”
sainteresoa Sesavali, romelic filosofiur xasiaTs
atarebs, masSi gadmocemulia logikis ZiriTadi sakiTxe-
bi. am krebulSi Sesulia agreTve m. lomonosovis leq-
sebis calkeuli strofebi.
$3. ucxouridan rusuli enis meSveobiT
Semosuli filosofiuri literaturis
qarTuli Targmanebi
XVIII saukunidan ruseTis gziT saqarTveloSi Semo-
dis dasavleT evropeli avtorebis Txzulebebi, romle-
bic metwilad Targmnili iyo ara uSualod dednebidan,
aramed rusulidan. marTalia, gvxdeba uSualo Targma-
nis SemTxvevebic, magram maTi ricxvi mcirea.
XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi Tbilissa da TelavSi
gaixsna sasuliero seminariebi, ris gamoc dRis wesrig-
Si dadga saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmna. am mizniT anton
pirvelma 1762 wels rusulidan qarTul enaze Targmna
kristian volfis (1679-1754) Txzuleba _ ,,Teoriuli fi-
zika”, romelic cota adre _ 1760 wels rusulad Tar-
gmna volkovskim.
volfis zemoaRniSnuli wignisa da antonis mier
Targmnili Sromis Sedareba cxadyofs, rom anton pir-
velma volfis ,,Teoriuli fizikisa“ da sxva msgavsi
339
xasiaTis wignebidan Seadgina axali Txzuleba, rasac
arc Tavad antoni uaryofs. wignis SesavalSi igi wers:
,,gadmoviRe fisika ese sxuaTa da sxuaTa avqsonTagan
Semkrebelman”.
saswavlo dawesebulebaTa moTxovnilebiT iyo gamow-
veuli kristian baumaisteris (1709 _ 1785 ) saxelmZRva-
neloebis:L,,metafizika”, ,,loRika”, ,,eTika” da ,,zeddadgi-
neba anu dasabami filosofiisa axlisa“-s Targmna qar-
Tul enaze anton pirvelis mier. baumaisteri volfis
filosofiis mimdevari da popularizatori iyo. misi
saxelmZRvaneloebi farTod iyo ruseTSi gavrcelebuli.
amis naTeli dadasturebaa isic, rom misi ,,logika” ru-
sul enaze Targmnili gamoica xuTjer, ,,metafizika”
oTxjer, ,,eTika” _ orjer.
qarTul mecnierebaSi gamoTqmulia azri, rom bauma-
isteris Txzulebani laTinuridan qarTulad Targmni-
lia mTargmnelTa jgufis mier, romelsac antoni ara
marto xelmZRvanelobda, aramed naTargmn teqsts sa-
fuZvlian redaqciasac ukeTebda, azustebda da qarTuli
gramatikis wesebis mixedviT gadmoscemda. swored ami-
tom es Txzulebani samarTlianad iTvleba antonis
,,Sromebad”16.
aRsaniSnavia, rom baumaisteris ,,metafizika” qarTul
enaze meorejer uTargmnia daviT ciciSvils.
baumaisteris ,,eTika”, qadagebs iseT wesebs, rom ada-
mianis neba sikeTisken miimarTos. es wesebi adamianis bu-
nebidan unda momdinareobdes. bunebrivi kanonebi auci-
lebelia. aseTi kanonebia: icxovre zomierad, gaakeTe is,
rac Sen srulqmnils, bedniers gagxdis da ganSordi
imas, rasac SenTvis ubedureba moaqvs.
baumaisteris ,,logika”, es aris formaluri logikis
Cveulebrivi kursi im doneze, rogorc im dros iwerebo-
da.
340
rac Seexeba baumaisteris naSroms ,,gansazRvreba fi-
losofiisa”, igi rogorc Cans, laTinuridan aris Tar-
gmnili, xolo baumaisteris Txzuleba ,,zeddadgineba
anu dasabami filosofisaa axlisa”, axals arafers Sei-
cavs.
cnobilia, rom antoni Tavis Targmanebs urTavda ko-
mentarebs, romlebSic gamoTqmuli iyo antonis damoki-
debuleba Targmnil TxzulebebSi Camoyalibebul ideeb-
Tan.
antonis SeniSvnebi da komentarebi specialuri Ses-
wavlis sagania, radgan isini bevrs laparakobs misi av-
toris SexedulebaTa arsze.
baumaisteris saxelmZRvaneloebSi gatarebul azrebs
saqarTveloSi nayofieri niadagi daxvda. qarTulma sa-
zogadoebrivma saazrovno wrem igi SeiTvisa. mis kvals
vxvdebiT iona xelaSvilis nawerebSi, baumaisteris Sro-
mebidan mTeli rigi azrebi Sevida ioane bagrationis
,,kalmasobaSi”.
germanuli enidan rusulad, aqedan ki qarTulad
iTargmna sneles ,,filosofiis kursi” (1847), romelic
arafriT gamoirCeva amave tipis sxva saxelmZRvanelo
wignebisgan. mas kompilaciuri xasiaTi aqvs, dawerilia
Zneli, uferuli eniT. amitomac arc ruseTSi da arc sa-
qarTveloSi igi ar gavrcelebula da rogorc saxel-
mZRvanelo ver damkvidrda.
saqarTveloSi volfisa da baumaisteris Txzuleba-
Tagan Seqmnil viTarebas XIX saukunis dasawyisSi daupi-
rispirda ioane bagrationis sensualisturi Semecnebis
Teoria. ioane bagrationis filosofiur Sexedulebebze
didi gavlena moaxdina mis mier qarTulad Targmnilma
kondiliakis ,,logikam”.
rusul enaze arsebobs kondiliakis ori naSromi;
pirveli, saTauriT ,,logika” gamovida moskovSi 1705
341
wels, meore ki, 1792 wels peterburgSi, vronskis Targ-
maniT. Aam ukanasknel naSroms dedanSi ewodeba ,,De Lart de raisonnor”. swored es naSromia Targmnili rusulad
,,logikis” saxelwodebiT 1792 wels. igi iTargmna qar-
Tul enazec - ,,logika abbat kondiliakisa, Clenisa
franciisa, germaniisa, parizis da lionis akademiaTa”.
sinamdvileSi Sroma warmoadgens ara logikas, aramed
fizikas.
rusul enaze arsebobs kondiliakis ,,loRikac”. am
nawarmoebSi gadmocemulia kondiliakis Semecnebis Teo-
ria. rogorc Cans, ioane bagrations am wignis Targmnac
ucdia. qarTul enaze arsebobs am wignis nawilebi ,,TÂsa
sxuaTa saxeTa ideaTa” da meore Tavi _ ,,moqmedebaTaTÂs
sulisaTa”. am nawarmoebis arseboba imis maCvenebelia,
rom ioane bagrations dauwyia misi Targmna, magram, ro-
gorc Cans, saqme bolomde ar miuyvania.
kondiliakis ideebis gavrceleba saqarTveloSi miu-
TiTebs im tendenciebze, romelic qarTul azrovnebaSi
arsebobda. kondiliaki lokis empirizmis gavleniT sen-
sualizmamde mivida. igi mkacrad akritikebda dekartis
moZRvrebas Tandayolili ideis Sesaxeb, laibnicis ra-
cionalizms da, miT umetes, volfis filosofias da mo-
iTxovda filosofiuri kvleva-Ziebis dafuZnebas mecnie-
rul monacemebze. es iyo kondiliakis moZRvrebis erT-
erTi dadebiTi mxare. magram amasTan, ar SeiZleba ar
aRiniSnos isic, rom kondiliaki meore ukiduresobaSi
Cavarda sensualizmis mimarTulebiT, ris Sedegad ase
Tu ise saTanadod ver afasebda gonebis rols Semecne-
bis procesSi.
kondiliakis am wignis Targmnas uaryofiTad Sexvda
cnobili qarTveli RvTismetyveli da filosofosi iona
xelaSvili. ,,kondiliakuri carielsityvaobani” _ xSi-
342
rad imeorebs igi Tavis naSromebSi. iona xelaSvili xe-
davda, rom kondiliakis naazrevs bevri ram hqonda saer-
To misTvis arasasurvel lokTan da gansakuTrebiT
frang materialistebTan.
qarTuli azrovnebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT
mniSvnelovani iyo daviT bagrationis Targmanebi, rome-
lic, rogorc mravalsaukunovani istoriis mqone qarTu-
li kulturis niadagze aRzrdili, safuZvlianad iTvi-
sebs dasavleT evropis mowinave ideebs.
daviT bagrationma 1813 wels frangulidan qarTul
enaze Targmna volteris Txzuleba _ ,,SobisTvis”, rome-
lic exeba saeklesio dResaswauls qristes dabadebis
dRes _ Sobas.
sainteresoa daviT bagrationis pozicia am naSromis
mimarT. igi sTxovs daviT reqtors Seajeros volteris
TxzulebaSi miTiTebuli adgilebi wm. wignebs. volte-
ris TxzulebaSi didi sizustiTaa miTiTebuli Sesaje-
rebeli adgilebi.
daviT bagrationma 1815 wels peterburgSi rusuli-
dan qarTul enaze Targmna, agreTve, frangi filosofo-
sis, prusiis akademiis wevris Jan pier frederik ansili-
onis (1767-1837) naSromi. ,,esTetikuri gansja”, romelic
miuZRvna daviT mesxiSvils. daculia xelnaweris saxiT.
ansilionis am wignma didi kamaTi gamoiwvia rusul
presaSi. es kamaTi daviT bagrationma qarTul enaze
Targmna saxelwodebiT: ,,paeqroba anu baasi uflis Teo-
filaqte eqsarxosisa da arqieris filaretisa raoden-
Tame SeniSvnaTa zeda uflis ansilionis aRnaqvsisa Si-
naTa”.
daviT bagrations ekuTvnis agreTve gamoCenili fran-
gi moazrovnis Sarl lui de monteskies (1683-1775) mTava-
ri naSromis ,,gulisxmisyofisaTÂs sjulisa” Targmani,
romelic Sesrulda 1813-1815 wlebSi peterburgSi, Teimu-
343
raz bagrationis TxovniT. Targmani daculia xelnawe-
ris saxiT. rusuli dedanis saxelwodebaa: ,,О разуме законов” (СПБ 1775) da gamocemulia 1800 wels. am perio-
disTvis rusul enaze Targmnili yofila monteskies
wignis mxolod I tomi (XI-XII). sxva wignebi ki Targmni-
lia franguli dedanidan ,,De L’spirit des lois” (Jeneva, 1748). daviT bagrations Tavisi damokidebuleba monteskies
msjelobebisadmi gamoTqmuli aqvs komentarebSi, romle-
bic mas am naSromis gverdebze miuweria da romelTa mi-
xedviT SesaZlebelia misi Sexedulebebis xasiaTis dad-
gena.
monteskie, rogorc vTqvaT, geografiuli determiniz-
mis damcveli iyo. sazogadoebis ganviTarebis ganmsazRv-
rel Zalas igi geografiul garemoSi xedavda.
sainteresoa daviT bagrationis kritikuli mosazre-
bani mosteskies geografiul determinizmze. daviT bag-
rationi zog SemTxvevaSi saTanado faqtebis moxmobiT
sworad akritikebs monteskies da aRniSnavs, rom, marTa-
lia, igi monteskies ideebis pativismcemelia (winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi igi arc Targmnida am Txzulebas), magram
ara misi brmad mimdevari da amitomac kritikulad afa-
sebs monteskies Tvalsazriss. sayuradReboa isic, rom
daviT bagrationis kritikuli SeniSvnebi aseve kritiku-
lad ganawyobda qarTvel mkiTxvels monteskies geogra-
fiuli determinizmis mimarT.
monteskies Sexedulebebma asaxva hpova daviT bagra-
tionis naSromSi ,,saqarTvelos samarTlisa da kanon-
mcodneobis mimoxilva”.
volteris Txzulebebi qarTul azrovnebaSi Sedare-
biT gvian Semovida. qarTul enaze Targmnilia misi fi-
losofiuri romanebi: ,,zadigi anu bedi”, ,,qveyana viTa-
rica ars anu xilva babukaisi”; piesebi: ,,edipi”, ,,fantaz-
344
ma anu mahmad winaswarmetyveli”, ,,alziri anu amerikel-
ni”, ,,zairi”; statiebi: ,,angelTaTvis” da ,,SobisTvis”;
leqsebi: ,,moZRvrisa da mowafisaTvis”, ,,aRiareba volte-
risa”, ,,volteris mier Tqmuli, odes kvdeboda svindi-
sad movida” da ,,volteris Tqmuli taqtikaze”; didtani-
ani istoriuli xasiaTis Sroma _ ,,ludoviko XIV isto-
ria”. Teimuraz bagrationma franguli enidan Targmna,
agreTve volteris piesa ,,alaTokle saubari Soris fi-
losofiisa da bunebisa”17.
saqarTveloSi, erTi mxriv, volterianeloba aTeizm-
Tan gaigives. mowinaaRmdegeebi mas miawerdnen uzneobas,
naTesavT daundoblobas, mtrobas, amoralur saqciels
da sxv. meore mxriv ki, volteris azrebs iziarebdnen,
Targmnidnen da avrcelebdnen daviT reqtori, daviT da
Teimuraz bagrationebi, al. WavWavaZe, d. furcelaZe, i.
zubalaSvili da sxvebi.
qarTulad Targmnilia frangi ganmanaTleblebis Jan-
Jak rusos (1712-1778) ori Txzuleba: pirveli _ ,,hazrni
Jan-Jak rusosi sxvadasxva saganTaTvis” _ 1800 wels Tar-
gmna farnaoz bagrationma; meore Txzuleba _ ,,hsja anu
traqtati imis Sesaxeb, uwyobs Tu ara kultura kacob-
riobis progress xels”, romelic daajildova diJonis
akademiam 1750 wels, 1849 wels qarTulad Targmna d. ci-
ciSvilma. arsebobs cnoba, rom qarTul enaze Targmni-
li iyo rusos romani ,,axali eliozac”, romelic udi-
desi popularobiT sargeblobda evropasa da ruseTSi.
Tumca es teqsti dRemde ar Cans. am romanis gavlena Se-
imCneva daviT bagrationis naSromSi _ ,,axali Sixi”.
unda aRiniSnos, rom rusos saxelganTqmuli traqta-
tis _ ,,hsja anu traqtati imis Sesaxeb, uwyobs Tu ara
kultura kacobriobis progress xels” Targmans qar-
Tul enaze didi gamoxmaureba ar mohyolia. ,,unda iTq-
vas simarTle, _ wers kritikosi levan asaTiani, _ rom
345
es wigni cota ar iyos Seuferebeli iyo Sua saukunis
pirvel naxevarSi qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis, maSin ro-
desac daviwyebuli gvqonda nacionaluri kulturis yve-
la miRweva, rodesac anbanidan viwyebdiT swavlas... ma-
Sin es traqtati da kulturisa da swavla-ganaTlebis
uaryofiT gavlenaze laparaki cota ucnauri gaugebro-
ba iyo, magram miuxedavad amisa, Cveni azriT, rusos
qarTulad Targmna mainc simptomaturi iyo im dros.”18.
rusos gavlena igrZnoba daviT bagrationis wignSi
,,saqarTvelos samarTlisa da kanonmdeblobis mimoxil-
va”. marTalia, rusos ideebma saqarTveloSi fexi ver
moikida, magram TavisTavad is faqti, rom misi Txzule-
bani qarTul enaze iTargmna, didi movlena iyo. Tu gav-
lenis mixedviT vimsjelebT (rac Zalian mcire iyo), ma-
Sin unda vTqvaT, rom rusos ideebi qarTveli inteli-
genciisTvis gaugebari (Tu miuRebeli) darCa. es faqti
ar SeiZleba imiT avxsnaT, rom TiTqos rusos ideebi
qarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis miuwvdomeli iyo (gavixsenoT,
TiTqmis amave periodis qarTveli mkiTxveli iTvisebda
volfisa da baumaisteris Znelad gasageb filosofiur
azrebs). amis mizezi imaSi unda veZioT, rom traqtatSi
gamoTqmuli ideebi mainc da mainc ar Seesabameboda im-
droindeli qarTveli mkiTxvelis azrovnebis mimarTu-
lebas. magram rarig umniSvneloc ar unda iyos rusos
ideebis gavlena qarTul azrovnebaze, TavisTavad am di-
di moazrovnis Txzulebis qarTul enaze Targmna mniS-
vnelovan movlenad unda CaiTvalos qarTuli filoso-
fiuri azris istoriaSi.
XVIII saukunis dasasrulsa da XIX saukunis dasaw-
yisSi saqarTveloSi didi raodenobiT Semodis e. w. mo-
ralur-eTikuri xasiaTis, maT Soris, berZnul-romauli
(aseve ruseTis gziT) Txzulebani. maTSi martivi eniTa
346
da lakoniurad gadmocemulia sayovelTao yofacxov-
rebaSi gamosayenebeli darigebebi.
1796 wels gaioz reqtorma rusulidan Targmna mar-
kus avreliusis (121-180) eTikuri krebuli ,,sayofaqcevo
sja”, romelic miZRvnilia daviT bagrationisadmi, rad-
gan Targmna mis mier yofila dakveTili. qarTul enaze
es Txzuleba inaxeba xelnaweris saxiT, rusulad ki
mravaljer iTargmna da gamoica (1740, 1760, 1775, 1785, 1798
wlebi).
markus avreliusi cnobilia rogorc ukanaskneli
stoikosi. magram mis stoicizms miRebuli aqvs religi-
ur-idealisturi saxe. igi fatalizmamdea misuli da qa-
dagebs Semgueblobas, aucileblobisadmi pasiur morCi-
lebas.
bizantiis imperator basil makedonelis (813-886)
Txzuleba ,,testamenti” qarTul enaze Targmna arCil me-
fis Zem aleqsandrem. berZnuli enidan es Txzuleba ru-
sul enaze uTargmniaT samjer 1607, 1680 da 1776 wlebSi.
swored aqedan aris Sesrulebuli qarTuli Targmani.
nawarmoebi warmoadgens berZeni imperatoris darige-
bas Svilisadmi. gqondes rwmena, pativi eci eklesias,
mRvdlebs, iyavi keTili, mSromeli; mefe monaa RvTisa,
mis mieraa dayenebuli mefed; yvelafers RmerTi gvaZ-
levs _ gamarjvebasac da damarcxebasac. amqveyniuri yve-
laferi warmavalia, yvela miwad viqceviT; ecade gaake-
To kargi, waaxalise da upatrone Sens qveSevrdomebs.
agabit diakoni (VI s.) berZeni mweralia. misi naSromi
,,samefo qarta anu tomari” mraval enazea Targmnili.
rusulad Targmnilia orjer. qarTul Targmans, rome-
lic 1776 wels Seasrula gaioz reqtorma, safuZvlad
uZevs am wignis rubaniseuli rusuli Targmani. ,,samefo
qarta”, rogorc nawili, Sevida ,,sibrZne balavarianis”
SemadgenlobaSi19.
347
Txzuleba miZRvnilia erekle mefisadmi. naSromi pa-
suxobs kiTxvaze _ rogoria mefis movaleobani. winapar-
Ta keTilSobilebiT aravin unda iamayos, radgan adami-
ani miwisgan warmoiSva, isic, vinc bisoniT da ZoweuliT
irTveba da isic, vinc naglejebSia Cacmuli.
qarTul Targmans axlavs mTargmnelis _ gaioz req-
toris SeniSvna magaliTad, imis Sesaxeb, rom yvelani mi-
wisaganaa warmoSobili da miwad iqceva. gaiozi SeniS-
navs: es marTalia, magram maT Soris mainc aris gansxva-
veba, radgan kacobrioba oradaa gayofili _ keTilSobi-
lebad da arakeTilSobilebad. amis moSla ar SeiZleba.
,,kitais sibrZne” anu ,,swavla qveyanasa zeda bednie-
rad cxovrebisa” saqarTveloSi didad gavrcelebuli
wignia, romelic 1777 wels moskovSi Targmna gaioz req-
torma da 1784 wels daibeWda TbilisSi, erekle II-is
stambaSi. wignis avtori ucnobia. savaraudo avtorebad
moiazrebian robert dodsli da grafi Cesterfildi. es
wigni didi warmatebiT sargeblobda XVIII s. meore naxe-
varsa da XIX s. dasawyisSi. igi rusul enaze Targmnes
egor da pavle cicianovebma. saqarTveloSi ,,kitais sib-
rZnis” popularobis maCvenebelia isic, rom igi Sevida
ioane bagrationis ,,kalmasobaSi”. igi Targmna gaioz
reqtorma da miZRvnilia mefis asul anasadmi, romlis
brZanebiTac Sesrulebulia es Targmani.
SesavalSi mTargmneli aRniSnavs, rom ,,kitais sibrZ-
ne” _ mmarTvelTa sibrZnea. uqonelTaTvis igi srul
morCilebas qadagebs, ,,kaci myofi monobas Sina nu oxrav
monobasa uRlisa SenisaTvis, vinaiTgan gansazRvreba ege
ars RvTisa”20. msaxurT marTebT erTguleba, simdable,
morCileba, moTmineba. batonebmac saTnoeba unda gamoiCi-
non maTdami. wigni akanonebs arsebul uTanasworobas,
oRond eqsploataciis Serbilebas moiTxovs isev meba-
toneTa sasargeblod.
348
gansaxilvel epoqaSi saqarTveloSi didad gavrcele-
buli yofila didaqtikuri-moraluri xasiaTis krebule-
bi saxelwodebiT _ ,,apoTegmebi”. esaa brZen da cnobil
adamianTa, filosofosebis, mefeTa gamoTqmebi, aforiz-
mebi, Tqmulebebi da sxva. am krebulTagan zogierTi qar-
Tuli warmoSobisaa, zogierTic rusulidanaa Targmni-
li, romelic, Tavis mxriv, polonel mwerals beniaS
budnis ekuTvnoda. qarTul enaze igi erasti Turqesta-
niSvils (1735w.) uTargmnia. teqstisTvis mas zogierTi
ram miumatebia, zogierTic Seucvlia. e. TurqestaniS-
vils umTavresad filosofosTa an gamoCenil adamianTa
maxvilgonieri gamonaTqvamebi uTargmnia (diogenes, avre-
liusis, agafokle filosofosis, anaqsagoras, anaqsiman-
dres, empedokles, epikures, sokrates da sxva.). apoTeg-
mata galeqsa vaxtang VI-em, sadac gakicxulia adamianTa
mankieri Tvisebebi: siZunwe, sixarbe da sxva. meore mxriv
aqebdnen adamianTa dadebiT mxareebs: mokrZalebas, Sro-
mismoyvareobas, akritikebdnen cud mefeebsa da aqebdnen
kargs. mxilebuli da dagmobilia socialuri uTanaswo-
roba. ,,cxadia, bevri am gamonaTqvamebidan aRar gveCvene-
ba gonebamaxvilurad da momxibvlelad, magram didma,
Zalian didma nawilma SeinarCuna aqtualoba, damajereb-
loba, xatovaneba, da stilis aforistuloba”, wers am
sakiTxis mkvlevari l. ZoweniZe21.
XVIII saukunis qarTul azrovnebaSi sakmao siuxviT
gvxvdeba moralur-didaqtikuri xasiaTis Txzulebani. es
garemoeba, uwinares yovlisa, imiT unda aixsnas, rom
aseTi ideebis moTxovnileba TviTon qarTul sazogado-
ebaSi arsebobda. iTargmneba sakmaod mravalferovani
literatura eTikis dargSi. ase, rom qarTvel mkiTx-
vels arCevis farTo saSualeba hqonda. es garemoeba ki
imasac udavos xdis, rom im periodis saqarTveloSi
eTikuri ideebi sakmaod gavrcelebuli yofila.
349
Teimuraz bagrationma peterburgSi rusulidan
Targmna ,,gansjani aristotelisani keTilisa da boro-
tebisaTvis”, romelic daibeWda 1818 wels. naSromi pata-
ra moculobisaa, sul ramdenime gverdi. masSi zedapiru-
lad aris ganxiluli aristoteles swavleba keTilisa
da borotis Sesaxeb. aq mxolod CamoTvlilia saTnoebi-
sa da mankierebis calkeuli magaliTebi, isic arasru-
lad. maSin rodesac am sakiTxis ganxilva dakavSirebu-
lia aristoteles mier zneobriobis, bednierebisa da
mravali sxva sakiTxis gansjasTan.
adam fergiusoni (1723_1816) Sotlandieli istoriko-
si da filosofosi, moralisti, edinburgis universite-
tis profesori. misi mTavari Txzulebis _ ,,zneobiTi
filosofiis“ nawili 1826 wels qarTul enaze Targmna
ioane bagrationma. daculia xelnaweris saxiT. naSro-
mis mizania ara calkeul adamianTa, aramed sayovelTao
bednierebis miRweva. es Txzuleba fergiusonis mTavari
nawarmoebia, romelic rusulad 1804 wels gamoica.
fergiusonis ,,eTikis” sruli sawinaaRmdegoa eTikis
meore wigni _ ,,swavla zneobiTa da kanoniT patiosnis
kacis“, romelic mistikuri xasiaTisaa. igi, 1807 wels
ioana xelaSvilis dakveTiT uTargmnia sv. vaCnaZes da
daculia xelnaweris saxiT.
wigni warmoadgens qristianuli moralis debulebe-
bis krebuls, sadac naTqvamia, rom patiosan kacs swams
RmerTis arseboba da sulis ukvdaveba. amas mtkiceba ar
sWirdeba. igi yvela adamianis gulSia. pirveli moTxov-
na patiosani kacisTvis esaa RmerTis pativiscema. ar gaa-
keTo is, rac ewinaaRmdegeba religias. moralis safuZve-
li religiaa. aseTi xasiaTis wigni savsebiT akmayofi-
lebda iona xelaSvils. erT-erT werilSi igi urCevs
Tavis Zmiswuls kargad Seiswavlos es wigni, xolo ume-
tesi zepirad daiswavlos. ,,aha wignsa amasa ukeTu yov-
350
lisa suliTa da guliT da ZaliTa da siyvaruliT
ikiTxe, ioane, Zmiswulo Cemo, TviTmaswavlebel geqmne-
bis werili ese“. am Targmnilma wignma asaxa is msof-
mxedvelobrivi gansxvaveba, romelsac adgili hqonda im-
droindel qarTul sinamdvileSi.
aleqsandre frangiSvilis azriT, ,,zneobiTi filo-
sofiis sakiTxebze aRniSnuli ori wignis Sinaarsi da
am wignebis mTargmnelTa winasityvaoba, vfiqrob, uTuod
mowmobs, rom misi mTargmnelebi, pirad cxovrebaSi ax-
lo urTierTobis miuxedavad, arsebiTad urTierTdapi-
rispirebul Tvalsazrisebs icavdnen”22.
frangi mwerali, pedagogi, kembris arqiepiskoposi
fransua de saliniak de la moti feneloni saqarTve-
loSi cnobili iyo sami TxzulebiT:
1. wigni fenelonisa ludoviko XIV. s. razmaZis Tar-
gmani (1831);
2. ,,mokle aRwera ZuÀlTa filosofosTa hrCeulTa
hazrebiTa damokidebulebiTa da yofaqceviTa swavliTa
maTiTa“. Txzuleba qarTul enaze orjer iTargmna: pir-
velad 1798 wels Targmna gaioz reqtorma, xolo meored
_ 1839-40 wlebSi giorgi avaliSvilma. am wignSi mokled
aRwerilia filosofosebis cxovreba da ZiriTadi azre-
bi. garCeulia Talesis, solonis, histakis, vias, perian-
dres, kleobulis, piTagoras, heraklites, anaqsagoras,
aristotelesa da sxvaTa azrebi.
es wigni arsebiTad aris filosofiis pirveli isto-
ria, romelic saqarTveloSi gavrcelda. faqtobrivad es
iyo, rogorc cda qarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis xelmisawv-
domi gamxdariyo misTvis cnobili Tu ucnobi moazrov-
nis Sesaxeb arsebuli cnobebi.
3. Txzuleba _ romani ,,Tavgadasavali telemakisa”,
romelic 1794 wels qarTulad Targmna saridan Coloya-
Svilma. daculia xelnaweris saxiT. masSi gadmocemulia
351
avtoris politikuri da filosofiuri Sexedulebebi.
ZiriTadi sakiTxi mainc erTia _ rogori unda iyos mefe.
bednieria xalxi, romelTac marTavs brZeni mefe, rome-
lic ar emorCileba Tavis vnebebsa da usmens gonebas,
icavs zomierebas, Tavisufalia SiSis grZnobisa da yo-
velgvari piradulisgan. adamianTa gvari erTi ojaxia,
gabneuli mTeli dedamiwis zurgze. yvela Zmebia da un-
da uyvardeT erTmaneTi. arsebobs cnoba, rom ludoviko
XV akrZala ,,telemakis” gayidva. wignis mTargmneli am
wignis Sesaxeb ambobs:
,,me Sevidgan ese Savad
gadmovwere Tumca avad,
ar gonebis mooxar navad,
egeb Wkuis mosawvavad”.
1787 wels gaioz reqtorma qarTul enaze Targmna Jan
fransua marmontelis (1723-1799) cnobili romani ,,veli-
sariani”, romelic daculia xelnaweris saxiT. rusul
enaze es wigni Svidjer iTargmna. am wigns didi gavlena
hqonda rusul literaturaze. misi gavleniT iwereboda
romanebi, statiebi, gamokvlevebi.
am romanis Targmans qarTvel moazrovnezec hqonda
gavlena, kerZod: erTmaneTs emTxveva aleqsandre ami-
laxvris ,,georgianul istoriaSi” mocemuli azrebi da
marmontelis Tvalsazrisebi.
XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi rusuli enidan qarTulSi
Semovida aRorZinebis epoqis didi humanistis erazm ro-
terdamelis (1466-1536) ramdenime naSromi, maT Soris _
,,xristiane mxedari xristesi”, romelic rusulad gamoi-
ca 1783 wels moskovSi. wigni 1830 wels qarTulad Tar-
gmna giorgi avaliSvilma. manve aseve Targmna erazm ro-
terdamelis naSromebi: ,,desideria anu gzad siyvaruli-
sa” da ,,saRmrTo istoriaÁ TÂis mcirewlovanTa yrmaTa
mokle kiTxuaTa da migebaTa kataskeveli”.
352
kacobriobis azrovnebis istoriaSi erazm roterda-
meli Sesulia rogorc saqveynod cnobili wignebis _
,,saSinao saubrebi” da ,,qeba sisulelisa” avtori. am na-
warmoebSi mkacrad aris mxilebuli feodaluri sazoga-
doebis yvela fenis mankierebani.
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriisTvis mniSvne-
lovani iyo ,,laibnicisa da klarkis mimowera”, romelic
franguli enidan Targmna ilia bagrationma. qarTuli
Targmani sruli araa. klarkis xuTi werilidan da la-
ibnicis amdenive pasuxidan Targmnilia mxolod sami we-
rili da erTi pasuxi.
klarkisa da laibnicis mimowera exeba mraval prob-
lemas, magram mTavari sakiTxi mainc sivrcisa da drois
problemaa. mniSvnelovania is, rom klarki laibnicTan
kamaTSi niutonis pozicias gadmoscems, amitom polemika
laibnicsa da klarks Soris arsebiTad aris polemika
laibnicsa da niutons Soris.
laibnicisa da klarkis kamaTs gamoexmaura iona xe-
laSvili23. man Tavisi xeliT gadawera es mimowera da
daurTo Tavisi Sefasebac. iona xelaSvili klarkis na-
werebis gacnobas SesaZleblad Tvlis. magram mainc
zedmetad miaCnia RmerTis arsebobis mtkiceba maTemati-
kisa da metafizikis gziT, rogorc amas laibnici ake-
Tebs. gonebas saerTod ar SeuZlia amis dadastureba.
RmerTi arsebobs, mis arsebobas amtkicebs qveynis arse-
bobis faqti da samyaros kanonzomiereba da ara gonebis
sibrZne.
353
$4. Targmnili literaturis gavlena
qarTul filosofiaze
Targmnil wignebSi mocemul ideebs mniSnvnelovani
gavlenebi hqondaT qarTuli filosofiuri azris ganvi-
Tarebaze. amasTan, qarTulma filosofiam Semoqmedebi-
Tad aiTvisa da gadaamuSava miRebuli masala. ai, amis
ramdenime magaliTi:
1. anton pirvelis ,,spekali”. anton pirvelis mier
Sesrulebuli Targmanebis Seswavlis safuZvelze cxadi
gaxda, rom misi Targmani metad Tavisufalia. ,,spekalis”
filosofiuri nawilis Sesadgenad (1-90 Tavebi) antons
gamoyenebuli aqvs ioane damaskelis ,,codnis wyaros”
vrceli redaqcia, petriwis wigni ,,ganmartebaÁ”, amonios
hermias ,,mosaxsenebeli xuTTa xmaTadmi”. ,,spekalSi” ga-
moyenebulia, avgustines, daviT uZlevelis, albert di-
disa da simeon juRaecis naSromebi.
saidan moxvda ,,spekalSi” avgustines an albert di-
dis azrebi? qarTul enaze am avtorTa naSromebi anton
pirvelis dros ar arsebobda. am kiTxvebze pasuxs isev
anton pirveli iZleva. igi ,,spekalis” SesavalSi wers:
,,arara Cemisaebr uswavlelobisa, Tavisa Cemisa mindo-
biT, misibrZnies cTomilsa, aramed raimeca vismine la-
TinTagan filosofosTa”. ,,laTinTa filosofosebi” qar-
Tvel mecnierTa (k. kekeliZe, S. nucubiZe, ap. rogava, g.
kalandariSvili, T. kukava, s. avaliani) azriT, _ es
saqarTveloSi am dros mcxovrebi kaTolike misionerebi
iyvnen, romlebic antons ukiTxavdnen laTinur enaze ar-
sebul avgustinesa da albert didis naSromebs. aseTive
354
gziT aris Semosuli antonis TxzulebaSi senekas, Toma
akvinelisa da ioane duns skotis zogierTi azri.
2. anton pirvelis ,,katiRoria simetneÁ”. ,,katiRoria
simetneÁ da sjili misgan” ramdenime calad aris dacu-
li k. kekeliZis sax. xelwerTa institutSi.
mas naTlad emCneva baumaisteris, volfisa da somex
filosofosTa naSromebis gavlenis kvali.
wyaroebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba anton pirvelma ,,ka-
tiRoria-simetneÁs” Sedgenis dros Semdegia:
1. Tavisive naSromi ,,spekali”; 2. ioane damaskelis
,,dialeqtika” (efrem mcires Targmani); 3. simeon juRae-
cis ,,dialeqtikis” qarTuli Targmani. wignSi naTlad
Cans evolucia, romelic anton pirvelis msoflmxedve-
lobam ganicada ,,spekalis” daweridan vidre am naSro-
mis Sedgenamde.
3. ioane bagrationis ,,kalmasoba”. ,,kalmasoba” gamoCe-
nili moazrovnisa da sazogado moRvawis ioane bagrati-
onis nawarmoebia. masSi asaxulia XVIII saukunis dasas-
rulis da XIX saukunis dasawyisis saqarTvelos ekono-
mikuri, socialuri da politikuri viTareba. AmasTan,
traqtatebis saxiT gadmocemulia codna mecnierebis
mravali dargidan. mxatvrul-literaturul fonze gan-
xilulia im drois filosofiuri azrovnebis aqtualu-
ri sakiTxebi logikidan dawyebuli da eTikiT dam-Tav-
rebuli.
,,kalmasobis” filosofiur nawilebSi aisaxa qarTu-
li filosofiuri azris urTierToba dasavleT evropis,
ruseTisa da somxeTis filosofiur azrTan.
jer kidev 1941 wels k. kekeliZem gamoTqva azri imis
Sesaxeb, rom ,,kalmasobis” zogierTi nawili originalu-
ri ar aris. ufro adre mklevarma tr. ruxaZem daadgina,
355
rom ,,kalmasobaSi” gamoyenebulia eileris ,,fizika”, ar-
Cil mefis Txzuleba ,,saqarTvelos zneobani”, baumais-
teris ,,logika”, porfiriosis ,,moZRvreba xuTi terminis
Sesaxeb”, aristoteles moZRvreba kategoriebze, juRae-
cis ,,dialeqtika”. 1959 wels S. nucubiZem miuTiTa ,,kal-
masobis” filosofiuri nawilebis wyaroebze, kerZod,
prokles ,,kavSirni RvTismetyuelebiTni”-ze.
statiaSi ,,RvTismetyvelebisaTvis” mocemulia codna
adamianis SemecnebiTi Zalebis (unarebis) Sesaxeb. am
statiis Sinaarsi gviCvenebs, rom misi avtoria frangi
sensualisti etien kondiliaki, kerZod, misi naSromi
,,logika”, romlis erTi nawilic ioane bagrationma ru-
suli enidan Targmna.
statiis – ,,meteorTaTvis anu haerTa gamocxadeba”
wyaroa ioane damaskelis ,,dialeqtika” da eileris ,,fi-
zika”. eileris wignis qarTuli Targmani aRmoCnda k. ke-
keliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa institutis fondSi sa-
TauriT – ,,werilni sxvaTa da sxvaTa fizikurTa niv-
TTaTvis, werili romelsame princesasadmi”.
,,kalmasobis” Sedarebam prokles petriwiseul Targ-
manTan da petriwis komentarebTan terminologiuri da
azrTa wyobis didi sxvaoba aCvena. es gamowveulia imiT,
rom ioane bagrations am nawilis Sedgenis dros somexi
filosofosis juRaecis mier somxur enaze dawerili
prokles teqstis komentarebi gamouyenebia. amrigad, ioa-
ne bagrationis am wignis wyaroebia petriwisa da juRae-
cis naSromebi.
4. ioane bagrationis ,,Zalni sulisani”. es naSromi
ioane bagrationma dawera Teimuraz bagrationis Txov-
niT da masSi mocemulia pasuxebi Teimuraz bagratio-
nis mier dasmul SekiTxvebze.
ioane bagrationi ganicdis mis mierve Targmnili
kondiliakis Sromis gavlenas. adamianis mTeli sulieri
356
moqmedeba mas mxolod SegrZnebebidan gamohyavs. cnobi-
lia, rom kondiliakma uaryo lokis refleqsia da wmin-
da sensualizmis niadagze dadga. ioane bagrationi
eTanxmeba kondiliaks, igi iona xelaSvilis raciona-
listuri Semecnebis Teoriis sapirispirod sensualis-
tur Tvalsazrisze idga. amiT ki igi mkveTrad Sordeba
iona xelaSvilis msoflmxedvelobas.
kondiliakis ,,logikis” Targmanma gadamwyveti gavle-
na iqonia ioane bagrationis Tvalsazrisze Semecnebis
Sesaxeb. SemTxveviTi araa, rom ioane bagrationis origi-
naluri naSromi _ ,,Zalni sulisani” swored kondilia-
kis gavleniT daiwera.
aqedan aSkara xdeba ioane bagrationis gnoseologiu-
ri Sexedulebebis empiristuli xasiaTi. magram ioane
bagrationi arc SiSveli sensualizmis Tvalsazrisze
dgeba. SegrZnebani ar warmoadgens Semecnebis erTaderT
wyaros. SegrZnebis monacemebs goneba gadaamuSavebs,
cnobiereba sulis funqciaa. magram cnobierebis mTeli
Sinaarsi geneturad SegrZnebebSia mocemuli. udavoa,
rom ioane bagrationi kondiliakis empirizmis pozicia-
ze dgas.
ioane bagrationis gnoseologiuri Sexedulebebi da
naSromi ,,Zalni sulisani” udavod win gadadgmuli nabi-
ji iyo qarTuli azrovnebis istoriaSi.
5. daviT bagrationis Txzuleba ,,katiRoria Semokle-
buli”. es Txzuleba sul ramdenime gverds Seicavs. igi
logikuri xasiaTis naSromia. rogorc daviT bagrationi
aRniSnavs, es naSromi XVII saukunis somexi filosofo-
sis simeon juRaecis naSromis ,,dialeqtikis” safuZvel-
ze Seudgenia, ,,romelmsaca vixmare simoenisa ese kati-
Roria, romelica friad swavlisa Sina var”.
357
daviT bagrationis mier gamoyenebuli juRaecis am
wignis qarTuli Targmani iyo aristoteles ,,kategorie-
bis” zusti gadmocema komentarebiTurT, Sesrulebuli
gasageb, naTel enaze.
rasakvirvelia qarTuli azrovnebis ganviTarebaze
gavlenas axdenda aramarto Targmanebi, aramed agreTve
sxva erebis filosofiur kulturasTan uSualo nacno-
bobac. qarTveli moazrovneebi (aleqsandre amilaxvari,
iagor WilaSvili, ioane bagrationi, daviT bagrationi
da sxvebi) xSirad ucxoeTSi moRvaweobdnen, iqaur fi-
losofiur azrovnebas ecnobodnen, rac Semdeg Tavise-
burad gadamuSavebuli saxiT qarTul azrovnebaSi gad-
mohqondaT.
358
A History of the Georgian Philosophical Thought (VIII-XVIII centuries)
Volume Two
Summary The second volume of the four volume history of the Georgian
philosophical thought embraces XIII-XVIII centuries. This period in the history of Georgia is one of the most difficult from the aspect of political, social and cultural development.
During the period Georgia was invaded, overrun and roved by innumerable external enemies. In result of these invasions the state unity of the country was destroyed – the country was split into small principalities, economics of the country collapsed and national economy was ruined. Such a situation made a certain impact on cultural life of the country. ,,Motherland” the home country of Shota Rustaveli and Ioane Petritsi, which reached the summits of development of the culture in the 11-12th centuries and partook of the Renaissance culture, degraded step by step and even became a feeble imitation of cultures of the aggressor countries.
But, in spite of a long-lasting and grievous situation, Georgia managed to retain its statehood. Its culture though rather weakened, still continued its existence.
In the 13-18th centuries Georgian philosophical thinking which have always been among the main constituents of Georgian culture and have had serious traditions, lost their former strength and grandeur but still existed in different forms and modes. Though it must be said that six centuries of hardships and disasters left certain traces and philosophy in the classical sense of the word did not exist in the then Georgia: philosophical treatises were not created, translation activities ceased etc. Therefore philosophical ideas and scientific thoughts of this period are often scattered in treatises dealing with problems of natural sciences, in religious sermons, works of literature and scientific historical monuments (and first of all in “Kartlis Tskhovreba” the life of ,,Gergis”). This fact presents one of the main characteristic features of Georgian scientific and philosophical thought of the period. Fortunately, in spite of the grave situation, spiritual culture did not extinct in Georgia and it is
359
possible to point to certain works forming the cultural heritage of this period which are important for the history of the Georgian philosophical thought.
The beginning of the decline of Georgian culture in the 13th century immediately followed the period of its highest development in the 11-12th centuries. It can be said that the heritage of Tbeli Abuserisdze (1180/90-1245) was the last outcome of the previous period. His heritage consists of scientific treatises, a work of literature and hymns.
These works by Tbeli Abuserisdze, which are known to us, are united into a volume which contains works of different genres and character written by different authors. The volume was compiled by Tbeli Abuserisdze himself in 1233. It is important to note that this volume which was copied in 1544 in St.Saba Lavra at Safari Monastery is referred to as a “Sapilosoposo Tsigni” – “Book of Philosophy”.
The scientific treatise by Tbeli Abuserisdze “Kronikoni” (astronomic calendar) is distinguished by its novelty and actuality. Alongside with astronomic calculations certain ideas as to the beginning and the end of the world, specification of the beginning of a new year and others are given in the work. It makes this work interesting and important from the aspect of study of the philosophical thought of the period.
According to certain scientists (among them are Mari Brosse and Korneli Kekelidze) almost half of those differences which became the foundation for introducing certain corrections into the calendar by the Pope in 1582 had been formulated by Tbeli in “Kronikoni”.
The literary work and hymns by Tbeli Abuserisdze deserve attention from the viewpoint of philosophy of religion; as to his astronomic calendar, it has a certain scientific value. By attempts to establish the cult of acheiropoieta he presented himself as an ideologist of unification and strengthening of the country which was weakened by raids its enemies.
A work by an anonymous author of the 13-14th centuries “Astslovani Matiane (“A Century Chronicle”) is of great importance for the history of the Georgian philosophical thought of the given period. According to the researchers this work is interesting both as a historical monument and as a work of literature.
“Astslovani matiane” is rich in philosophical ideas as well. The anonymous author of this work attempts to give a philosophical interpretation
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to history. In particular, according to the author of the chronicle, description of historical events resembles search of the truth – it implies the necessity of holding an unbiased position between goodness and evil.
The next point that deserves attention is the opinion of the author of the chronicle according to which moral purity of the supreme ruler is of the decisive importance when it comes to establishing order in the country and to saving the country. Devastating of the country is understood as a punishment sent by God because of moral degradation of the population (a religious opinion which has certain philosophical implications). There is one more idea given in “Astslovani matiane” which is important for philosophical thought. In particular, according to this idea it is necessary to consider importance of subjective and objective factors (of Georgians themselves and of external forces – enemies invading the country) and to emphasize them in evaluation of the country’s political and social life.
In the 15-16th centuries Georgia no scientific work having any importance for philosophy or philosophical thinking was created.
The second half of the 17th century can be considered as a turning point. Since this period certain revival of cultural life in Georgia can be stated. First of all cultural-reconstructing activities of king Vakhtang VI are to be mentioned – he founded “Stsavlul Katzta Comisia” (“Commission of Scholars”), established a printing house where the first printed edition of “Vepkhistkaosani” (“A Knight in the Panther’s Skin”) was prepared. This edition was equipped with a genuinely scientific critical work made by king Vakhtang VI. Many other honourable deeds are associated with the name of Vakhtang VI as well.
It was the period when a famous writer and public figure Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani (1658-1725) began his many-sided activities. Research of ethical problems and the task to develop and elaborate the Georgian philosophical terminology were the main and most important directions of his scientific work.
It was the greatest achievement of Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani that he drawing on Petritsi’s and Arsen Ikaltoeli’s works, revived the Georgian medieval philosophical terminology and adapted it to the new reality.
During the epoch in question, especially during the last 150 years, Georgian-Armenian and especially Georgian-Russian philosophical contacts became more intense and deep. In this respect the activities of an ecclesiastic
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and state figure catholicos of Georgia Anton I (1720-1788) and his school are to be mentioned. These activities were mainly focused on translating foreign Philosophical literature. In result different works by European and Russian philosophers were translated into Georgian. Anton I is the author of an encyclopedic work “Spekali”.
Representative of one of the largest feudal families in Georgia Alexandre Amilakhvari (1750-1802) who spent more than half of his life in Russia, revealed his positive attitude to a European model of state order in his work “Brdzeni Aghmosavletisa” (“A Wise Man from the East”). It is clear that Alexandre Amilakhvari’s world outlook was greatly impacted by initiatives of Anton I, which implied establishment of close relations with progressive European culture.
The end of the 18th century was marked by beginning of scientific and public activities of such figures as David Bagrationi (1761-1819), Ioane Bagrationi (1768-1830) and Iona Khelashvili (1772-1837), but their activities were mainly unfolded in the first part of the 19th century. These thinkers are important because of their religious-philosophical and natural philosophical views.
Philosophical schools and theological seminaries founded on the initiative of Erekle II and Anton I in Tbilisi (1755) and Telavi (1782) turned out important events in relation to revival and development of the Georgian philosophical thought. These philosophical and religious centers were at different periods headed by Philippe Kaitmazishvili (XVIII), David the Rector (1745-1824) and Gaioz the Rector (1746-1821). Alongside with social activities these scholars translated scientific treatises into Georgian.
In spite of the grave situation ethical, aesthetic and philosophical thinking did not come to a standstill in the 13-18th centuries Georgia. Examples of ethical, aesthetical and philosophical thinking can be found in historical works and works on natural sciences, as well as works of literature. In this respect the artistic creations of a great Georgian poet David Guramishvili (1705-1792) are of special importance. David Guramishvili’s creative heritage supplies us with plenty thoroughly thought out ethical, aesthetical and religious-philosophical ideas.
During the last stage (XVII-XVIII c) of development of the Georgian philosophical thought of the period in question philosophical heritage of the
362
past became the subject of research and analysis. In this respect Ioane Petritsi’s creative and scientific activities are especially actual.
The first two stages (XIII-XIV and XV-XVI c.) of the second period (XIII-XVIII c.) of the history of the Georgian philosophical thought and especially the second stage are characterized by striking degradation, as to the third stage (XVII-XVIII c.) it is marked by revival and development of philosophical thinking.
By the end of the 17th century the situation in Georgia became critical. After defeat in Krtsanisi battle in 1795 physical survival of the country was questioned. The death of the celebrated king of Kartli-Kakheti Erekle II worsened the situation in country and around it even more. His death was followed by struggle and opposition at the court. Russia profited by such a grave internal and external situation and by force of the manifest issued by the Emperor Paul I on the 18th of January, 1801, the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom was abolished and declared as one of the Russian provinces.
The new emperor of Russia Alexander I in the manifest issued on the 12th of September, 1801, cynically attempted to disguise the real essence of abolishment of the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom which in fact meant annexation of East Georgia and considered this act to be a duty of humanism, humanity and act agreeable to God: “Not in order to enlarge our force, not for the sake of any interest, not to make the borders of this already greatest world empire wider we do take the burden of governing the kingdom of Georgia. Only merit, honesty and humanity instigate us to fulfill our duty sent by God so that we are able to take to heart the plea of the anguished and in order to relieve their mourning establish such government in Georgia which will strengthen justice, ensure personal safety and inviolability of property and legal defense for any person”.
Though just a few years later Russia occupied and annexed the whole country and established its rule there. Thus at the juncture of the 18-19th centuries Georgia lost its state independence and had to bear the burden of a new kind of slavery. Such was the situation reflected in the works of those Georgian thinkers who were torn away from their own spiritual foundations.
363
SeniSvnebi:
Sesavali
1. iv. javaxiSvili. Txzulebani Tormet tomad. Tb., 1983, II
t. gv. 298-301.
2. S. nucubiZe. qarTuli filosofiis istoria. Tb., 1958, II
t. gv. 176.
3. iqve, gv. 189. agreTve, ,,mcire uwyebani qarTvelTa mweral-
TaTvis”. iv. lolaSvilis gamocema. Tb., 1982, gv. 4-18, 102-107.
4. S. nucubiZe. qarTuli filosofiis istoria. II t. gv. 236-
237.
5. a. amilaxvari. brZeni aRmosavleTisa. Tb., 1997.
6. dawvrilebiT ix. daviT reqtori. Txzulebani. T. kukavas
gamocema, Tb., 1997; b. darCia. gaioz reqtori. Tb., 1987.
pirveli Tavi
* * *
meore Tavi
1. s. dodaSvili. Txzulebani. Tb., 1990, gv. 216.
2. iqve, gv. 220.
3. ix. Марр Н. Иоанн Петрицский, грузинкий неоплатоник XI-XII века. СПБ, 1909., Вступительные и заключительные строфы ,,Витязя в барсовой кожe Шота из Рустава”. СПБ, 1910.
4. ix. iv. javaxiSvili: ,,zneobrivi moZRvrebis istoria sa-
qarTveloSi”. Jurnali ,,iveria”, #10-13, 1906 da ,,adamiani Zvel
qarTul mwerlobasa da cxovrebaSi” (ix. iv. javaxiSvili _
,,qarTuli enisa da mwerlobis istoriis sakiTxebi”. Tb., 1956,
gv. 130-155). orive werilis axali gamocema ix. qarTuli filo-
sofiuri azris istoria. Tb., 1996, I t. I gamoc. me-2 gamoc.
2013).
364
5. qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoria. Tb., 1996, I t. gv.
399.
6. iv. javaxiSvili. Txzulebani Tormet tomad. Tb., 1977,
VIII t.
7. iqve, gv. 346-347.
8. k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tb.,
1980, I t. gv. 331-407.
9. iqve, gv. 429-550.
10. i. beritaSvili. moZRvreba adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb sa-
qarTveloSi. Tb., 1957, gv. 243.
11. iqve, gv. 243-244.
12. S. nucubiZe. qarTuli filosofiis istoria. Tb., 1958, II
t.
13. S. nucubiZe. qarTuli filosofiis istoria. Tb., 1956, I
t. gv. 14-15.
14. Гр. Каландаришвили. Очерки по истории логики в Грузии. Тб., 1955.
15. iqve, gv. 41.
16. iqve, gv. 49.
17. iqve, gv. 51.
18. iqve, gv. 59-60.
19. iqve, gv. 62.
20. a. frangiSvili. narkvevebi adamianis fsiqologiuri
codnis istoriidan saqarTveloSi. Tb., 1959, gv. 6.
21. iqve, gv. 9.
22. iqve.
23. S. xidaSeli. aleqsandre amilaxvari da misi socialur-
politikuri traqtati ,,brZeni aRmosavleTisa”. ix. krebuli:
,,qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis narkvevebi”. Tb., 1977,
V t. gv. 94.
24. iqve, gv. 99.
25. iqve, gv. 100.
26. iqve, gv. 102.
27. iqve, gv. 107.
28. ix. s. avaliani. anton pirveli. cxovreba, moRvaweoba da
filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba. Tb., 1987; igive avtoris _
365
qarTuli naturfilosofiis istoriis narkvevevbi, Tb., 1984; g.
dedabriSvili. qarTul-rusuli filosofiuri urTierTobebis
istoriidan. Tb., 1984; r. baramiZe. narkvevebi qarTuli mwerlo-
bis istoriidan. Tb., 1990; l. menabde. XVII-XVIII saukuneebis
qarTuli literatura. Tb., 1997; r. siraZe. qarTuli esTetiku-
ri azris istoriidan. Tb.,1978.
mesame Tavi
1. iv. javaxiSvili. Txzulebani Tormet tomad. Tb., 1979, III
t. gv. 536.
2. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi rva tomad. Tb., 1979,
III t. gv. 549.
3. iqve, gv. 623.
4. iqve, gv. 651.
5. qarTlis cxovreba. Tb., 1959, II t. gv. 338.
6. iqve, gv. 716.
7. iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. Tb., 1948, II t.
gv. 308.
8. iqve, gv. 308.
9. iqve, gv. 299.
10. qarTlis cxovreba. Tb., 1959, II t. gv. 224 (Sdr. saqarTve-
los istoriis narkvevebi, III t. gv. 590).
11. iv. javaxiSvili. Zveli qarTuli saistorio mwerloba.
Tb., 1945, gv. 242.
12. iqve.
13. k. kekeliZe. qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tb., 1960, I
t. gv. 330.
14. iqve.
15. k. kekeliZe. esqatologiuri ideebi Zvel qarTul mwer-
lobasa da cxovrebaSi. ,,Cveni mecniereba”, 1923, #1, gv. 59.
16. iqve.
17. iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. Tb., 1928, I t.
gv. 288.
18. k. kekeliZe. qarTuli literaturis istoria. I t. gv. 335.
366
20. k. kekeliZe. ,,etiudebi”. Tb., 1945, II t. gv. 323.
21. iqve, gv. 314-325.
meoTxe Tavi
1. sulxan-saba orbeliani. sityvis kona. Tb., 1949, gv. 11.
2. al. frangiSvili. narkvevebi adamianis fsiqologiuri
codnis istoriidan saqarTveloSi. Tb., 1959, gv. 85-87, 91,92.
3. sulxan-saba orbeliani. sityvis kona. gv. 232.
4. iqve.
5. iqve, gv. 232-233.
6. iqve, gv. 233.
7. iqve, gv. 246.
8. iqve, gv. 163.
9. k. kekeliZe. qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tb., 1960, I
t. gv.308.
10. Гр. Каландаришвили. Oчерки по истории логики в Грузии. Тб.,
1955, gv. 69.
11. am wyaroebis Sesaxeb uwinaresad TviTon avtori miuTi-
Tebs mis ,,anderZnamagSi”. kerZod, dasaxelebulia saRvTo we-
rili (biblia), prokles ,,kavSirni RmrTismetyuelebiTni”, io-
ane petriwi, aristotelesa da porfiriosis kategoriebi, neme-
sios emeseli, ioane damaskeli da sxva.
12. sulxan-saba orbeliani. sityvis kona. gv. 11.
13. iqve, gv.17.
14. iqve, gv. 246.
15. iqve, gv. 248.
16. iqve, gv. 411.
17. iqve, gv. 344.
18. Гр. Каландаришвили. Очерки по истории логики в Грузии. gv.88. 19. iqve, gv. 90.
20. iqve, gv. 137.
21. am Txzulebis ufro vrceli gadmocema ix. g. kalanda-
riSvilis dasax. SromaSi. gv. 134-141.
367
$2
22. ufro vrclad ix. s. avaliani. anton pirveli. cxovre-
ba, moRvaweoba da filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba. Tb., 1987.
23. anton pirveli. spekali. g. dedabriSvilis gamocema. Tb.,
1991, gv. 254.
24. iqve.
25. iqve, gv. 259.
26. anton pirveli. katiRoria simetneÁ. k. kekeliZis sax.
xelnawerTa instituti. S-3657. gv. 1. 27. kr. baumaisteri. filosofiuri Txzulebani. k. kekeli-
Zis sax. xelnawerTa instituti. S-251. gv. 5. 28. iqve, gv. 6.
29. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr. gv. 13.
30. anton pirveli. spekali. gv. 259.
31. iqve, gv. 261.
32. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr. gv. 183.
33. iqve, gv. 11.
34. iqve, gv. 183.
35. iqve, gv. 281.
36. iqve, gv. 315.
37. m. qavTaria. meTvramete saukunis qarTuli sazogadoeb-
rivi azrovnebis istoriidan. Tb., 1977, gv. 158.
38. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr. gv. 13.
39. iqve, gv. 181.
40. iqve, gv. 183.
41. anton pirveli. spekali. gv. 260.
42. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr. gv. 184.
43. anton pirveli. spekali. gv. 162.
44. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr. gv. 199.
45. iqve, gv. 191.
46. anton pirveli. spekali. gv. 276.
47. iqve, gv. 272.
48. iqve, gv. 169.
49. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr. gv. 260.
50. anton pirveli. spekali. gv. 160.
368
51. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr. gv. 299.
52. iqve, gv. 297.
53. iqve, gv. 298.
54. anton pirveli. spekali. gv. 304.
55. iqve, gv. 305.
56. iqve, gv. 306.
57. iqve, gv. 310.
58. iqve, gv. 308.
59. al. frangiSvili. dasax. Sr. gv. 219.
60. iqve, gv. 319.
61. iqve, gv. 318.
62. iqve, gv. 420.
63. anton pirveli. spekali. gv. 328-329.
64. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr. gv. 183.
65. anton pirveli. spekali. gv. 310.
66. anton pirveli. katiRoria simetneÁ. k. kekeliZis sax.
xelnawerTa instituti, S-3657, $6. 67. magaliTad, kr. baumaisteris filosofiuri Txzulebe-
bis qarTuli Targmanis winasityvaobaSi antoni cal-calke
axasiaTebs SegrZnebebsa da ,,mcnobelobas” (cdas). saxeldobr,
igi ambobs, rom ,,scdebian mravaljer grZnobani da egreTve
mcnobelobaca”.
68. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr. gv. 324.
69. anton pirveli. spekali. gv. 311.
70. iqve, gv. 372.
71. iqve, gv. 314.
72. al. frangiSvili. dasax. Sr. gv. 243-244.
73. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr. gv. 9.
74. iqve, gv. 313.
75. Chr. Baumeister. Elementa philosophiae recentioris, ed. sexta. M.,1809, gv. 240.
76. iqve, gv. 256.
77. Кр. Баумейстер. Метафизика (пер. Дм. Синковского). М., 1789,
gv. 149.
78. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr. gv. 349.
79. anton pirveli. spekali. gv. 328.
369
80. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr. gv. 229.
81. iqve, gv. 230.
82. anton pirveli. spekali. gv. 302.
83. iqve, gv. 303.
84. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr.
85. anton pirveli. spekali. gv. 237.
86. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr. gv. 186.
87. iqve, gv. 188.
88. anton pirveli. spekali. gv. 262.
89. anton pirveli. Semoklebuli fisika Teoretikebri. ix.
k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. S-114 (winasit-yvaoba).
90. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr. gv. 010 _ 011.
91. iqve.
92. iqve, gv. 19
93. iqve.
94. Гр. Каландаришвили. Очерки по истории логики в Грузии. Тб., 1955, gv. 99.
95. amitom ver daveTanxmebiT k. kekeliZes, romelic am
wigns naTargmn Txzulebad Tvlis da antoniseul sxva Targ-
manTa Soris ixseniebs (ix. k. kekeliZe, qarTuli literaturis
istoria. Tb., 1960, I t. gv. 384). igi Tavisi xasiaTiT iseTive na-
warmoebia, rogorc ,,spekali”, romelic Targmans ar warmoad-
gens, Tumca masSi gadmocemuli azrebi originaluri ar aris.
mexuTe Tavi
1. s. avaliani. qarTuli naturfilosofiis istoriis nar-
kvevebi. Tb., 1984.
2. giorgi TevzaZe. rusTavelis kosmologia. Tb., 1984.
3. samedicino literaturis Sesaxeb ufro vrclad ix. iv.
beritaSvili. moZRvreba adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb saqarTve-
loSi. Tb., 1957. agreTve, m. Sengelia. qarTuli medicinis isto-
ria. Tb., 1980.
370
4. wigni saaqimoÁ. l. kotetiSvilis gamocema. Tb., 1936, gv.
12.
5. iqve.
6. frinvelTa karabadini. ix. k. kekeliZis saxelobis xel-
nawerTa instituti. a-562. gv. 562. 7. wigni saaqimoÁ. l. kotetiSvilis gamocema. gv. 15.
8. zaza fanaskertel-ciciSvili. samkurnalo wigni (karaba-
dini). Tb., 1978, gv. 70.
9. wigni saaqimoÁ. l. kotetiSvilis gamoცema. Tb., 1936, gv. 13
10. zaza fanaskertel-ciciSvili. samkurnalo wigni (kara-
badini). gv. 70.
11. iqve, gv. 4.
12. iqve, gv. 5.
13. k. kekeliძis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. S-269. S-287, 379, 34.
14. nemesios emeseli. bunebisaTvis kacisa. s. gorgaZis gamo-
cema. Tb., 1914. gv. 17.
15. sulxan-saba orbeliani. sityvis kona. Tb., 1949, gv. 33.
16. nemesios emeseli. bunebisaTvis kacisa. s. gorgaZis gamo-
cema. gv. 61.
17. sulxan-saba orbeliani. sityvis kona. gv. 428.
18. iqve.
19. iqve, gv. 829.
20. iqve, gv. 331.
21. iqve, gv. 19.
22. iqve, gv. 428.
23. iqve.
24. iqve, gv. 246.
25. anton pirveli. Semoklebuli fisika Teoretikebri. ix.
k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. S-114. gv. 1. 26. iqve, (winasityvaoba).
27. iqve, gv. 4.
28. kr. baumaisteri. filosofiuri Txzulebani. ix. k. keke-
liZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. S-251. gv. 242-243. 29. anton pirveli. Semoklebuli fisika Teoretikebri. ix.
k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti, S-114. gv. 15.
371
30. iqve, gv. 13.
31. iqve, gv. 21.
32. iqve, gv. 8.
33. iqve, gv.10.
34. iqve.
35. iqve, gv. 103.
36. iqve.
37. anton pirveli. spekali. gv. 101.
38. anton pirveli. Semoklebuli fisika Teoretikebri. ix.
k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. S-114. gv. 12-13. 39. iqve, gv. 111.
40. iqve, gv. 112.
41. iqve, gv. 70.
42. iqve, gv. 43.
43. iqve, gv. 44.
44. iqve, gv. 106.
45. iqve.
meeqvse Tavi
1. k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tb.,
1981, II t. gv.229.
2. iqve.
3. qarTuli proza. Tb., 1982, III wigni, gv. 284.
4. iqve, gv. 285. 302.
5. iqve, gv. 318.
6. iqve.
7. iqve, gv. 395.
8. iqve, gv. 330.
9. iqve, gv. 372.
10. qarTuli mwerloba. Tb., 1980, V t. gv. 103.
11. iqve.
12. k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tb.,
1981, II t. gv. 309.
372
13. i. WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. Tb., 1953, III t.
gv. 406.
14. S. nucubiZe. qarTuli filosofiis istoria. Sromebi.
Tb., 1985, IX t. II nawili, gv. 252, 255.
15. m. cucqiriZe. sulxan-saba orbelianis eTikuri Sexedu-
lebebi. `macne~. filosofiis seria. 1989, #1. gv. 25.
16. sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. Tb., 1993, II
t. gv. 87.
17. sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. Tb., 1991, I
t. gv. 261.
18. sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. II t. gv.
261.
19. iqve, gv. 440.
20. iqve, gv. 88.
21. sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. I t. gv. 363-
364.
22. iqve, gv. 111.
23. i. abulaZe. Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni (masalebi).
Tb., 1973, gv. 167.
24. sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. II t. gv.
283.
25. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. erTtomeuli.
Tb., 1986. gv. 232.
26. k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. 617, 1-48.
27. qilila da damana. Tb., 1949, gv. 551.
28. iqve, gv. 854.
29. k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tb.,
1981, II t. gv. 482.
30. iqve, gv. 483.
31. iqve, gv. 486-487.
32. qarTuli mwerloba. Tb., 1980, VI t. gv. 550, 578.
33. iqve, gv. 550-562.
34. iqve, gv. 563.
35. iqve, gv 565.
36. iqve, gv. 564.
37. iqve, gv. 323.
373
38. iqve, gv. 567.
39. iqve, gv. 590.
40. qarTuli mwerloba. Tb., 1980, VII t. gv. 351.
41. iqve, gv. 352.
42. iqve.
43. iqve, gv. 353.
44. iqve, gv. 354.
45. iqve.
46. iqve.
47. iqve, gv. 637.
48. iqve, gv. 359.
49. iqve, gv. 375.
meSvide Tavi
1. iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. Tb., 1967, IV t.
gv. 199.
2. S. nucubiZe. Sromebi. Tb., 1985, IX t. gv. 192.
3. k. kekeliZe. etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis is-
toriidan. Tb., 1957, V t. gv. 223-226.
4. Teimuraz pirveli. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. Tb.,
1934, gv. 125.
5. iqve, gv. 126.
6. arCili. `saqarTvelos zneobani~. qarTuli mwerloba.
Tb., 1989 VI t. gv. 563.
7. iqve, gv. 580.
8. iqve, gv. 337.
9. iqve, gv. 556.
10. iqve, gv. 355.
11. arCiliani. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli or tomad. al.
baramiZis winasityvaobiT. Tb., 1936, I t. gv. 14.
12. iqve, gv. 17.
13. arCili. `gabaaseba Teimurazisa da rusTvelisa~. qarTu-
li mwerloba. Tb., 1989, VI t. gv. 350.
374
14. Zveli qarTuli profesiuli musika. istoriisa da Teo-
riis sakiTxebi. Tb., 1991, gv. 94-95.
15. iv. javaxiSvili. qarTuli musikis istoriis ZiriTadi
sakiTxebi. Tb., 1990, gv. 249-250.
16. iv. javaxiSvili. qarTuli samarTlis istoria. Tb., 1928,
I t. gv. 116.
17. k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tb.,
1981, II t. gv. 594.
18. qarTuli poezia. Tb., 1976, V t. gv. 137.
19. r. siraZe. qarTuli esTetikuri azris istoriidan. Tb.,
1978, gv. 251.
20. l. wurwumia. qarTuli esTetikuri azris istoriidan.
Tb., 2005, gv. 325-342.
21. s. caiSvili. vaxtang meeqvse. rusTveluri mijnurobis
Sesaxeb. literaturuli werilebi. Tb., 1966.
22. qarTuli poezia. Tb., 1976, V t., gv. 218.
23. k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. II t.
gv. 628.
24. qarTuli poezia. Tb., 1976, V t. gv. 228.
25. m. baraTaSvili. swavla leqsis Tqmisa. Tb., 1981, gv. 7.
26. ilia WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. Tb., 1953,
III t. gv. 457.
27. qarTuli mwerloba. Tb., 1989, VII t. gv. 359.
28. al. gvaxaria. nizami da guramiSvili. `literaturuli
Ziebani~. Tb., 1983, gv. 77.
29. goeTe. fausti. Tb., 1952, gv. 98.
30. k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. II t.
gv. 672.
31. qarTuli poezia. Tb., 1976, V t. gv. 463-478.
32. k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. II t.
gv. 677.
33. ioane batoniSvili. kalmasoba. Tb., 1948, II t. gv. 204.
375
merve Tavi
1. k. kapaneli. filosofiuri Sromebi. Tb., 1989, gv. 324.
2. S. nucubiZe. qarTuli filosofiis istoria. Tb.,1958, II t.
gv. 177.
3. iqve.
4. am mxriv sayuradReboa kaTolike misionerebis, kerZod,
arqanjelo lambertis ,,samegrelos aRwera”. Tb., 1938.
5. S. nucubiZe. dasax. Sr., gv. 178.
6. iqve, gv. 178.
7. iqve.
8. iqve, gv 231.
9. swored es garemoeba aisaxa nikoloz baraTaSvilis poe-
maSi ,,bedi qarTlisa.”
10. S. nucubiZe. dasax. naSromi. gv. 233.
11. JamTaaRmwereli. aswlovani matiane. Tb., 1987, gv. 82.
12. iqve.
13. iqve, gv. 63.
14. iqve, gv. 70.
15. iqve, gv. 128.
16. Jurnali ,,moambe”. 1962, #2, gv. 232.
17. al. amilaxvari. brZeni aRmosavleTisa. Tb., 1997, gv. 129-
130.
18. qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis narkvevebi. Tb.,
1977, V t. gv.91.
19. al. amilaxvari. dasax. Sr. gv. 6-8
20. iqve, gv. 11.
21. iqve, gv. 10-11.
22. iqve, gv. 21.
23. qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis narkvevebi. V
t. gv. 107.
24. al. amilaxvari. dasax. Sr. gv. 16-17.
25. iqve, gv. 17-18.
376
mecxre Tavi
1. abuserisZe tbeli. Txzulebani. baTumi, 1998, gv. 5-11.
2. iqve, gv. 12-57.
3. iqve, gv. 58-70.
4. dawvr. ix. iqve, gv. 324-333.
5. iqve, gv. 3.
6. l. musxeliSvili. bolok basilis mSenebloba Suar-
tyalSi da abuserisZeTa sagvareulo matiane. Tb., 1941.
7. i. sixaruliZe. naTeli dauRamebeli. baTumi, 1979, gv. 6-7.
8. abuserisZe tbeli. Txzulebani. baTumi, 1998, gv. 88.
9. iqve, gv. 90.
10. iqve, gv. 92.
11. iqve, gv. 158.
12. tbelis astronomiuli Sexedulebebi dalagebulia ma-
Tematikos onise surmaniZis Sromebis safuZvelze (ix. Jurnali
,,mecniereba da teqnika”, 1991, #11-12; agreTve, gazeTi _ ,,lite-
raturuli saqarTvelo”, 1993, 20 agvisto).
13. iv. javaxiSvili. Txzulebani 12 tomad. Tb., 1977. VIII t.
gv. 246-262.
14. iqve, gv. 249.
15. iqve, gv. 250.
16. iqve.
17. iqve, gv. 251.
18. iqve, gv. 252.
19. iqve.
20. iqve, gv. 253.
21. iqve, gv. 255.
22. iqve, gv. 261.
23. k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tb.,
1981, II t. gv. 301-302.
24. iqve, gv. 302-303.
25. iqve, gv. 303.
26. iqve, gv. 305.
27. iqve.
377
28. S. nucubiZe. qarTuli filosofiis istoria. Tb., 1958, II
t. gv. 184.
29. iqve, gv. 185-186.
30. iqve, gv. 186.
31. iqve.
32. JamTaaRmwereli. ,,aswlovani matiane”. Tb., 1987, gv. 37.
33. iqve.
34. iqve, gv. 40.
35. iqve.
36. iqve, gv. 42.
37. iqve, gv. 43.
38. iqve.
39. iqve, gv. 43-44.
40. iqve, gv. 44.
41. iqve.
42. iqve, gv. 46.
43. iqve, gv. 49.
44. iqve, gv. 55.
45. iqve, gv. 62.
46. iqve.
47. iqve, gv. 53.
48. iqve, gv. 63
49. iqve, gv. 70.
50. iqve, gv. 79-80.
51. iqve, gv. 80.
52. iqve, gv. 82.
53. iqve, gv. 99.
54. iqve, gv. 132.
55. iqve, gv. 161.
56. iqve, gv. 168.
57. iqve, gv. 165.
58. iqve.
59. iqve, gv. 109, 162-163, 218 da sxv.
60. iqve, gv. 218.
61. iqve, gv. 172.
62. iqve, gv. 179.
378
63. iqve, gv. 180.
64. iqve, gv. 182.
65. iqve, gv. 180.
66. iqve, gv. 183.
67. vaxuSti batoniSvili. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa.
ix. qarTlis cxovreba. simon yauxCiSvilis gamocema. Tb., 1973,
IV t. gv. 1.
68. iqve, gv. 2.
69. iqve.
70. iqve, gv. 3.
71. iqve
72. iqve, gv. 13-14.
73. iqve, gv. 14-16.
74. iqve, gv. 16.
meaTe Tavi
1. r. baramiZe. ,,socialuri sakiTxebi Zvel qarTul origi-
nalur mwerlobaSi (VI-VII ss.)”. SromaTa krebuli: Zvel qar-
Tuli mwerlobis sakiTxebi. Tb., 1962, I t; e. xoStaria (brose).
feodaluri xanis saqarTvelos mTisa da baris urTierTobis
sakiTxebi. Tb., 1984.
2. sruliad saqarTve;los kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II.
epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebebi. Tb., 1997 w. I t.
3. romaelTa zneobis mkvlevari, fridlenderi sagangebod
msjelobs am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. ix. Fridlander. Sittengeschichte Roms. I.
4. Tumc am sakiTxis Sesaxeb mas sakmaod didi tradicia
hqonda ,,SuSanikis wamebis”, merCuleisa da ,,ninos cxovrebis”
saxiT, rom araferi vTqvaT nikoloz gulaberiZisa da TviT
rusTavelis Sesaxeb.
5. aRorZinebis epoqis mwerlobaSi warmoCenil aRniSnul
sakiTxebs eZRvneba k. kekeliZis, al. baramiZis, iv. lolaSvi-
lis, l. menabdis, r. siraZis da r. TvaraZis Sromebi da weri-
lebi.
6. fsal. III, 2-3.
379
7. don juzepe milaneli. ,,werilebi saqarTveloze”.
Tb.,1964, gv. 45.
8. iqve, gv. 74.
9. evlia Celebis mogzaurobis wigni. Turqulidan Targmna,
komentarebi da gamokvleva daurTo giorgi fuTuriZem. Tb.,
1971, I nawili, gv. 281.
10. iqve. gv. 281.
meTerTmete Tavi
1. r. TvaraZe. daviT guramiSvilTan miaxloeba. ix. r. Tva-
raZe TxuTmetsaukunovani mTlianoba. Tb., 1985, gv. 287.
2. vaxtang VI. TxzulebaTa krebuli. al. baramiZis winasity-
vaobiT. Tb., 1947, gv. XVIII.
3. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. r. siraZe, `daviTiani~ da biblia.
r. siraZe. qristianuli kultura da qarTuli mwerloba. Tb.,
1992, I t. gv. 151-184.
4. М. Броссе. Взгляд на историю и литературу Грузии. (ЖМНП). СПб , 1838, VIII, gv. 322.
5. l. zaqaraZe. germanuli romantizmi da qarTveli roman-
tikosebi. Tb., 2008, gv. 8-14.
6. S. nucubiZe. qarTuli filosofiis istoria. Tb., 1958, II
t. gv. 47.
7. daviT guramiSvili. daviTiani. ix. qarTuli mwerloba.
Tb., 1989, VII t. gv. 354.
8. iqve, gv. 359.
9. iqve, gv. 360.
10. iqve, gv. 354.
11. iqve, gv. 356.
12. Г. С. Сковорода. Сочинения. М., 1912, т.1, gv. 360. 13. daviT guramiSvili. daviTiani. gv. 350.
14. martin haidegeris eqsistencialuri kategoriebisa da
hermenevtikuli modelis Sesaxeb ix. g. margvelaSvili. fina-
lobis problema nikolai hartmanisa da martin haidegeris on-
tologiebSi. Tb., 1983.
380
15. k. kacitaZe. „moswavlis tanjva“. ix. ,,literatura da xe-
lovneba”. Tb., 1992, # 3-4, gv. 97.
16. Sdr. M. Heidegger. Vom Wesen des Grundes. Frankfurt am. Main., 1949, gv. 50.
17. daviT guramiSvili. daviTiani. gv. 353.
18. ix. g. margvelaSvili. finalobis problema nikolai
hartmanisa da martin haidegeris ontologiebSi. Tb., 1983, gv. 3-4.
19. daviT guramiSvili. daviTiani. gv. 370.
20. iqve, gv. 357.
21. iqve, gv. 354.
22. iqve, gv. 354.
23. daviT guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi mistikur-alegoriul
motivebze miuTiTebdnen k. kekeliZe da n. naTaZe. ix. k. kekeli-
Ze. literaturuli Ziebani. Tb., 1956, X t; n. naTaZe. `daviTia-
nis~ didi saidumlo. ix. n. naTaZe. literaturuli werilebi.
Tb., 1973, gv, 214-237.
24. k. kekeliZe. qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tb., 1941, II
t. gv. 518, 553.
25. n. naTaZe. `daviTianis~ didi saidumlo. gv. 216.
26. iqve, gv. 218. 27. petre iberieli (fsevdo-dionise areopageli). Sromebi.
s. enuqaSvilis gamocema. Tb., 1961, gv. 42.
28. amis Sesaxeb ix. l. zaqaraZe. erosis adgili areopagiti-
kaSi. ix. filosofia, RvTismetyveleba, kultura. problemebi
da perspeqtivebi. Tb., 2007, gv. 30-37.
29. daviT guramiSvili. daviTiani. gv. 354. 30. n. naTaZe. `daviTianis~ didi saidumlo. gv. 222-224; r.
TvaraZe. daviT guramiSvilTan miaxloeba. ix. TxuTmetsaukuno-
vani mTlianoba. gv. 292-293. 31. daviT guramiSvili. daviTiani. gv. 400. 32. iqve, gv. 401. 33. iqve, gv. 402. 34. iqve, gv. 405. 35. iqve, gv. 413. 36. iqve, gv. 414
381
37. iqve.
meTormete Tavi
1. k. kekeliZe. etiudebi. Tb., 1957, V t. gv. 5.
2. Н. Марр. Агиографические материалы по грузинским рукописям. СПБ, 1900, kн. II gv. 94.
3. k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis istoria. Tb., 1951.
I t. gv. 41. ix. agreTve, i. abulaZe. rusTavelis xanis qarTuli
mwerlobis kidev erTi Zeglis Targmani Zvel somxurze. enimk-
is moambe. Tb., 1938. III t.,i. abulaZe. rusTavelis xanis qarTu-
lidan naTargmni Zveli somxuri mwerlobis Zeglebi. enimkis
moambe, Tb., 1938, III t.
4. П.М. Мурадян. Армяно-Грузинские литературные отношения
XVIII века. Ереван, 1966, gv. 173.
5. Давид Непобедимый (Анахт). Определение философии. (Предисл.
и коммент. С.С. Аревшатяна). Ереван, 1960, gv. 65.
6. В.К. Чалоян . История армянской философии. Ереван,1959, gv. 316
7. Вестник Ереванского университета. 1970, №2, gv. 146.
8. S. nucubiZe. qarTuli filosofiis istoria. Tb., 1958, II
t. gv. 296.
9. Записки Восточного отделения Императорского русского археоло-
гического общества XIX века. 2-3. СПБ, 1910.
10. Г. К. Мирзоян. К вопросу об изучении армянско-грузинских
связей. Вестник Ереванского университета. 1970, №2, gv. 150.
11. S. nucubiZe. qarTuli filosofiis istoria. Tb., 1956, I
t. gv. 315.
12. Н.А. Марр. Иоан Петрицкий грузинский неоплатоник XI-XII вв.
СПБ, 1909, gv. 86.
13. С. Полоцкий. Вечерня душевная. М., 1968, gv. 240.
14. k. kekeliZe. etiudebi. Tb., 1955, III t. gv. 115.
15. citirebulia wignidan: И. Пипин. История русской литера-
туры. СПБ, 1902, т. III gv. 201.
16. s. avaliani. anton pirveli. cxovreba, moRvaweoba da
filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba. Tb., 1987.
382
17. daculia peterburgis aziis xalxTa institutSi.
18. l. asaTiani. rCeuli nawerebi. Tb., 1958, gv. 97.
19. k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis istoria. Tb.,
1951, I t. gv. 473.
20. kitais sibrZne. Tb., 1754, gv. 92.
21. l. ZoweniZe. rusuli apoTegmatis qarTuli redaqciebi.
Tb., 1978. gv. 97.
22. a. frangiSvili. narkvevebi adamianis fsiqologiuri
codnis istoriidan saqarTveloSi. Tb., 1959, gv. 366-367.
23. gamoqveynebulia wignSi _ i. xelaSvili. ocdaToTxmeti
SekiTxvis wigni. Tb., 1967. gv. 13-14.
383
s a Z i e b e l i 1
a
abas I (Sah abasi) – 24, 25, 157, 208
abram kaTalikosi - 258
abuserisZe tbeli - 5,9,32,33,46-48,227-233
agamemnoni - 239
agapit diakoni - 346
agafokle - 348
avag mxargrZeli - 201
avaliani s. – 34,353
avaliSvili g. – 337, 350,351
avgustine - 280, 353,354
averoesi (ibn ruSdi) - 108
avicena (ibn sina) – 108,109
avreliusi (markus avreliusi) – 345,348
akofaSvili g. - 221
albert didi - 71,88,330,353
aleqsandre (arCil mefis Ze) – 332,333,346
aleqsandre didi (makedoneli) – 72,239,261
aleqsandre didi (saqarTvelos mefe 1412-1442 ww.) – 15,16,20,151,218
aleqsandre I - 20,22
ambrosi nekreseli - 72,297,299,300
amelaxosi - 327
amilaxvari al. – 11,38,39,218,221-226,351,357
amonios hermia - 35,36,64,73,328,353
ana (kaxeTis dedofali) - 22
ana ivanes as. (ruseTis imperatori) – 334,347
anaqsagora - 302,348,350
anaqsimandre - 348
andronike rodoseli - 328
anTipatos - 239
ansilioni J.p.fr. - 342
anton martyofeli - 229
1 შეადგინა ო. ქამადაძემ
384
anton pirveli 6,11,30,31,33,36,38,65,69,70-106,117-129,177,195,218,221,264,
321,322,327,329,330,333,335,338-340,353,354
anton Wyondideli-cagareli - 37,38,72,296,299
araqel siuneci - 324
arevSatiani s. - 323
aristotele - 5,36,37,56,59-61,64-69,71,73-79,82-84,86,88,93,98,101-108,114,
115,117,123,124,126,127,137-140,142,160,302,321,322,328,349,350,355
aristofane - 142
arsen iyalToeli - 8,10,11,48,55,64,316
arRuni (noini) - 256
arCil II (mefe, poeti) - 143-145,156-171,174,178,186,187,227,262-264,266,
268-281,284,290,292,296,299,312,314,331-333,346,355
asaTiani l. – 221,222,344
astiangi - 239
aRa-mahmad-xani - 29,220
aRbuRa - 52
b
bagrationi b. (bagrat batoniSvili) - 10
bagrationi d. (daviT batoniSvili) - 65,342-346,356,357
bagrationi T. (Teimuraz batoniSvili) – 342,344,349,355
bagrationi il. - 352
bagrationi i. (ioane batoniSvili) – 65,195,264,325,328,329,340, 341,347,
349,354-357
bagrationi p. - 336
bagrationi f. (farnavaz batoniSvili) – 344
baraTaSvili m. – 181-184,314
baraTaSvili n. – 174,275,277
baramiZe al. – 135,166,168,173,265,315
baramiZe r. - 34
barbare - 52
basili (kaTalikosi) – 35,64
basili didi - 280
basili makedoneli (bizantiis imperatori) – 333,346
baumaisteri kr. – 6,37,69,72-80,83-86,88-90,95,99,103,128,345,354,355
baRvaSi - 254
beritaSvili iv. - 33
385
besarioni (kaTalikosi) - 333
beqa I jayeli - 52,254,255
brose mari - 46,228,230,303
bualo n. – 164
budni b. – 348
g
gabaSvili b. – 182,194-199,333
gabaSvili z. - 1954
gabaSvili t. – 37,72,177
gaioz reqtori - 12,38,336,345,346,350,351
galenosi - 108
gvaxaria al. – 189,190
giorgi dayudebuli - 32
giorgi diokletiane - 153
giorgi XI - 172
giorgi VIII - 17,19,20
giorgi merCule - 107,156,329
giorgi V - 42-44,53,134,205,207,234
giorgi mTawmideli - 10,32,236
giorgi xucesmonazoni - 32
goguaZe n. - 229
goeTe - 192
grigol IX (romis papi) – 41,46
grigol nazianzeli (grigol RvTismetyveli) - 48
grigol noseli - 175
grigol xanZTeli - 150,156,329
gulaberiZe n. - 229
guramiSvili d. – 7,145-148,154,155,166,171,185-193,197,262-264,279,281,292-
296,302,309,311,312,314-318,333
d
dadiani vamey - 152
dadiani levan - 27
dadiani cotne - 42,133,253
daviT anahRTi (uZleveli) – 67,321-325,328,353
daviT aRmaSenebeli - 13,42,43,108,236,239,316
daviT narini - 41,132,235,240,245,254
386
daviT reqtori - 11,38,342,344
daviT ulu - 41,240,254
damiane - 151,152
dante aligieri - 178,185,192,193
darejani (arCil mefis asuli) - 336
dedabriSvili g. - 34
dekarti r. – 84,89,116,122,123,125,341
demetre (dimitri) II Tavdadebuli - 133,240,254,258
derJavini g. – 331,336
didi alberdi - ix. albert didi
diogene sinopeli - 142,348
dodaSvili s. – 30,31,224
dodsli r. - 347
don qristoforo de kasteli - 28
don juzepe julime milaneli - 297
dosiTeoz nekreseli (CerqeziSvili) – 37,324,329
e
egnataSvili (beri) – 44,172
evgeni IV (papi) - 48
evgeniosi - 107
evklide - 230
evlia Celebi - 297,298
ezope - 141
eileri l. – 355
ekermani - 192
elene - 239
elia - 52
elisabedi (petre I-is asuli) - 334
emini T. – 331,336
empedokle - 84,110,348
epikure - 142,302-305,309,348
erazm roterdameli - 351,352
erekle II - 11,28,29,31,38,71,72,195,197,207,209-211,223,346,347
esaia (winaswarmetyveli) - 251
efTvime mTawmideli - 10,48,236,323
efrem mcire - 8,10,48,55,64,175,322,316,323,354
387
eqvTime (patriaarqi) – 52,53
v
vaJa-fSavela - 28
varam gageli - 201,245
vardani - 141
vardapedi v. – 330
vaCnaZe sv. - 349
vaxtang VI - 10,32,57,58,172-183,187,207-209,281,284,292,300,302, 312,322,328,
348
vaxtang III - 16,17
vaxtang V - 57,170
vaxuSti batoniSvili - 32,36,57,67,68,227,230,259-261,264,321,322,334
via - 350
volkovski - 338
volteri - 221,283,342-344
volfi kr. – 6,71,74,75,77,78,80,86,117-119,121,126-128,265,291,338-341,345,
354
vronski - 340
z
zaza fanaskertel–ciciSvili - 21,109,111
zaqaria ritori - 49
zubalaSvili i. - 344
T
TavaqaraSvili m. - 27
Talesi - 302,350
Tamar mefe - 109,169,239,243,244,250
TayaiSvili e. – 221,222
Tbileli i. - 299
Teimuraz II - 71,72,144
Teimuraz I - 155-157,160-162,164,166-169,178,179,195,197,263,266,268,312
Temisteosi - 107
Temurlengi - 13-16,21,44,45,205
Teofilaqte belgaruli - 342
Teofraste - 328
TvaraZe r. - 315
388
Toma akvineli - 354
Tornike erisTavi - 258
TurmaniZe x. - 169
TurqestaniSvili e. - 348
i
iavorski st. – 331,334,335
iakobi - 236
iese (qarTlis mefe) - 71
ieso qriste - 152,159,175,192,193,225, 230,236,249,250,260,267, 293,318,342,
351
ivane aTabagi - 245,246,248,249
ivane axalcixeli - 249
ivane III - 21
ilia II (saqarTvelos kaTolikos - patriarqi) - 262
imedaSvili a. - 135
ioane anCeli - 229
ioane damaskeli - 5,35,36,48,55,56,59,64,79,84,103,260,316,321,323,353-355
ioane duns skoti - 354
ioane zosime - 230
ioane maxarobeli - 229
ioane mociquli - 152
ioane naTlismcemeli - 57,229,299
ioane oqropiri - 229
ioane petriwi - 8,11,30,31,35,36,54-56,59,64,67,68,87,89,90,107,112,114,149,
150, 175,304,316,320,321,325-328,353,355
ioane sabanisZe - 242
ioane tariWis Ze - 64.328
ioane SavTeli - 229,230
ioane WimWimeli - 48
ioseb flabiusi - 239
ismaili (Sahi) - 23
iulius afrikeli - 231
k
kaeni - 261
kalandariSvili gr. – 34-37,68,70.261,353
kanti - 146
kapinski i. - 331,333
389
kasandrosi - 239
kaxaberi - 254
kekeliZe k. – 34,46,47,49,51-54,130,135,153,173,182,194,198,228-230,234, 238,
240,241,243,254,293,312,319,321,335,353-355
kvintos kurciosi - 71
kvirosi - 239
kikvaZe c.
kiknaZe v. - 222
kiknaZe r. – 216,258
kirile aleqsandrieli - 329
kirile donauri - 53
kirile mTavarepiskoposi - 53
klarki - 352
kleobuli - 350
kovdini (kovidi, koftini) a. - 330
kondiliaki e. – 340,341,355,356
konstantine II (aleqsandre didis Svili) - 20
koperniki n. – 127,128,335
kotetiSvili l. - 109
kukava T. - 353
l
lagaZe p. – 53,54
laibnici g.v. – 75,77-80,86,101,119,123,265,291,341,352
langi d. - 135
laSa-giorgi - 131,216,228,234-236,240,242-246,250,255
leon batoniSvili - 197
leoniZe g. - 198
leonti mroveli - 172
loki j. – 265,341,356
lomonosovi m. – 331,336,338
lope de vega - 164
ludoviko XIV – 344,350
ludoviko XV – 351
ludoviko bolonieli – 18
luka - 133
lukreciusi - 122
390
m
madinaSvili z. - 38
makari (patriarqi) - 65
makari mesxi - 46,49,50,133
mangus yaeni - 252
mari n. – 31,49,219,326,327
marmonteli - 351
meTode - 103
menabde l. - 34
mesxiSvili d. - 342
mehmed II (sulTani) - 17
midasi - 239
mirzoiani g. – 323,324,326
mitrofane smirneli - 48
miqel mefe - 42
miqelanjelo - 193
mogila p. – 331,333
monteskie S. – 221,222,342,343
mosimaxos ebraeli - 239
muradiani p. - 321
musxeliSvili l. - 228
mRvimeli (beri) - 52
mxiTar sebastieli - 329,330
n
natroSvili g. – 309,315
nemesios emeseli - 5,56,59,87,110,112,114,175
nizami (ganjeli) – 156,189
nikolozi (episkoposi) – 45,46,326
nikolozi (kaTolikosi) – 254,255
nikolski - 328
nino (wm. nino) - 52
niutoni i. - 352
nucubiZe S. – 9,10,34,35,38,135,138,150,207,210,234,241-243,261,304, 324,327,
353,355
391
o
oveti a. - 292
olimpiadore (umcrosi) - 323
omar xaiami - 156,179
orbeliani gr. - 198
orbeliani i. - 326
orbeliani nikoloz (Tbileli) – 227
orbeliani p. - 32
orbeliani s.s. - 5,10,11,33,36,37,55-58,63,65-67,113-117,134-140,145,166,168,
171,187,218,219,227,262,264,279,281-287,289-292,296
p
pavle-savle (miciquli pavle) - 271
pereandre - 350
petre gelaTeli - 33
petre iberi - 49,50,133
petre mociquli - 52
petre I - 334,337
piTagora - 350
pius II (romis papi) - 18
platoni - 5,71,73,76,78,114,137,142,302,307,309
plotini - 315
polocki s. – 331-333
porfiriosi - 35-36,56,59,64,67,68,78,103,321,328,355
priamosi - 239
prokle, diadoxosi 8,31,54-56,59,76,304,320,322,325-328,355
prokofoviCi T. – 333,334-336
J
JamTaaRmwereli - 5,33,35,45,51,131-133,148,214-217,227,234-240,241-244,255,
258,259
Jordania T. - 228
r
razmaZe s. – 337,350
rogava a. - 353
rostom mefe - 169
rusanovi T. - 336
392
rusTaveli (SoTa rusTaveli) – 8,31,35,38,107,149,150,153-156,159,161,
162,165,167-170,177-179,184,192,194,195,198,199,268,279,302
ruso Jan-Jak - 221,344,345
rusudan mefe - 41,132,201,250,252,255
ruxaZe tr. - 354
s
saadi - 156
saakaZe g. – 207,208
sadun mankaberdeli - 253,259
saiaTnova - 198
seneka - 354
serapion zarzmeli - 150
simeon garneli - ix. simeon juRaeci (julfeli)
simeon pRinZahanqeli - 55,320,326,327
simeon juRaeci (julfeli) – 36,322,323,326,327,353
simon keTrovani - 267
siraZe r. – 34,315
sixaruliZe i. – 228
skliarosi (barda skliarosi) - 258
skovoroda gr. - 309
snele - 340
sokrate - 137,142,260,348
solomon brZeni - 244
solomon II - 28,29,207
solomon I - 195,210
soloni - 350
stefane - 10
stratemani v. – 36, 261
t
tbeli abuserisZe -ix. abuserisZe tbeli
totlebeni g. - 213
tuptalo d.{rostoveli} - 334
turovski k. - 331
u
uordropi m. - 135
393
f
feneloni fr. - 350
fergiusoni a. - 349
filareti (Tevdore romanovi) – 333,342
filon aleqsandrieli - 190
finateri - 331
firdousi - 156
fonvizini d. – 331,337
frangiSvili al. – 34,37,38,95,350
fsevdo-dionise areopageli - 302,313-342,317
furcelaZe d. - 344
q
qavTaria m. – 229
qananeli - 109
qeTevan dedofali - 156
qitiaSvili i. – 52,54
qiqoZe g. – 221,222
qsenofane
S
Salva axalcixeli - 249
SanSe (mandaturTuxucesi) - 201
SanSovani z. – 36,57,67,68,321,322,328
y
yaiTmazaSvili f. – 11,33,37,324,326,329
yauxCiSvili s. 259,261
yvaryvare - 42
C
Cagunava r. - 229
Caloiani v. - 323
CaRata noini - 240
CaxruxaZe - 169,184,195
Cesterfildi f. - 347
Cingiz yaeni - 240,248,259
ColoyaSvili b. - 22
394
ColoyaSvili d. - 336
ColoyaSvili s. – 336,350
CubinaSvili i. - 57,67,69,70
CxeiZe g. – 333,336
CxeiZe s.- 32
c
cagareli al. - 135
ciceroni - 90,260
cicianovi e. - 347
cicianovi p. - 347
ciciSvili d. – 339,344
ciciSvili n. - 169
cxakaia d. - 230
Z
Zenoni - 149
ZoweniZe q. - 348
w
wereTeli a. – 180,181
wm. giorgi - 46,52,152,227
W
WavWavaZe al. – 198,344
WavWavaZe i. – 135,174,185,194
WilaSvili i. – 225,357
WiWinaZe z, - 169
Wyondideli - 109
x
xalvaSi r. - 228
xelaSvili i. 33,297,300,340,341,349,352,356
xersakovi m. - 331,337
xerxeuliZe o. - 32
xidaSeli S. – 34,38,39,221,222,224,225
xorezm Sahi - 13
395
xojaTyofili - 109
xriziposi - 239
j
javaxiSvili iv. – 8,31,32,41,45,46,49-51,149,168,171,172,228,234-238, 252,
257, 258,261
jalaledini - 41,46,156,235,238,248-250,259
janaSvili m. - 52
juveini - 239
h
habo - 52
haidegeri m. - 308
harnaki a. - 278
hartmani n. - 138
hegeli - 61
heraklite - 350
herderi i.g. - 291
hipokrate - 108
histaki - 350
396
sarCevi
winasityvaoba (s. avaliani) 5
Sesavali (m. maxaraZe) 8
pirveli Tavi
XIII-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriis mokle mimoxilva
(l. WilaSvili) 13
meore Tavi
XIII _ XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli filosofiuri azris
Seswavlis istoriidan (m. maxaraZe) 30
mesame Tavi
qarTuli azrovnebis istoria XIII-XV saukuneebSi
(S. xidaSeli) 40
meoTxe Tavi
Teoriuli filosofiis problemebi XVII-XVIII saukuneebis
qarTul azrovnebaSi (s. avaliani)
$1. sulxan-saba orbeliani, zurab SanSovani,
vaxuSti batoniSvili, iese CubinaSvili 57
1. filosofiis sagani 58
2. ontologiuri ideebi 60
3. logikuri ideebi 64
4. zurab SanSovani, vaxuSti batoniSvili,
iese CubinaSvili 67
$2. anton pirveli 71
1. filosofiis sagani 72
2. ontologiuri ideebi 80
3. gnoseologiuri ideebi 92
4. logikuri ideebi 99
397
mexuTe Tavi
naturfilosofiuri ideebi (s. avaliani)
1. naturfilosofiuri ideebi Sua saukuneebis
qarTul sabunebismetyvelo da samedicino
literaturaSi 107
2. sulxan-saba orbeliani 113
3. anton pirveli 117
meeqvse Tavi
eTikuri ideebi (g. SuSanaSvili)
1. erovnuli kulturis krizisi monRolTa
batonobis xanaSi 130
2. eTikuri azri qarTuli kulturis
aRorZinebis periodSi. ganmanaTlebloba
da eTika 134
3. naTargmni literatura da misi eTikuri
mniSvneloba 140
4. arCili 143
5. daviT guramiSvili 145
meSvide Tavi
esTetikuri ideebi (l. wurwumia)
$1. esTetikuri azri rusTavelis Semdgom periodSi
(XIII-XVI ss.) 149
$2. esTetikuri azri XVII saukunis saqarTveloSi 154
1. Teimuraz I-lis poeturi samyaro 155
2. arCil II-is msoflmxedvelobis esTetikuri
aspeqtebi _ 157
$3. esTetikuri azri XVIII saukunis saqarTveloSi 171
1. vaxtang VI-is poeturi msoflaRqmis esTetikuri
aspeqti 172
2. mamuka baraTaSvilis esTetikuri Sexedulebebi 181
3. daviT guramiSvilis msoflmxedvelobis
esTetikuri aspeqtebi 185
$4. besikis poeturi samyaro 194
398
merve Tavi
sazogadoebriv-politukuri ideebi (T. mTibelaSvili) 200
mecxre Tavi
qarTuli filosofiuri azri XIII-XVIII ss. qarTul samecniero
literaturaSi (m. maxaraZe)
$ 1 . abuserisZe tbeli 227
$2. ,,aswlovani matiane” _ ,,JamTaaRmwereli” 234
1. ,,aswlovani matiane”, rogorc istoriuli Zegli
(ivane javaxiSvili) 234
2. ,,aswlovani matiane”, rogorc literaturuli
Zegli (korneli kekeliZe) 239
3. ,,aswlovani matiane”-s filosofiuri
interpretacia (Salva nucubiZe) 241
4. ,,aswlovani matianes” filosofiuri analizi 243
$3. vaxuSti batoniSvili 259
meaTe Tavi
socialuri sakiTxebi XVII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTul
mwerlobaSi (r. baramiZe) 262
meTerTmete Tavi
filosofiuri ideebi daviT guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi
(l. zaqaraZe) 302
meTormete Tavi
filosofiuri urTierTobebi (g. dedabriSvili) 319
$1. somxuri enidan Targmnili filosofiuri
literatura 320
1. daviT uZleveli. ,,sazRvarTa wigni” 323
2. prokle. ,,kavSirni RvTismetyÂelebiTni” 325
3. ,,axsna porfiriosis ,,Seyvanilebisa” 328
4. ,,peri hermenea”. aristotelesa da daviT
uZlevelis ,,axsna peri armeniasi” 328
5. kirile aleqsandrieli. ,,saunje anu ganZi” 329
6. mxiTar sebastieli. ,,ritorika” 329
399
7. antoni kovdinis (antoni koftini, antoni kovidi) Txzuleba 330
8. ,,wigni RvTismetyvelebisa didi alberdisa” 330
$2 qarTul enaze Targmnili rusuli filosofiuri
literatura 330
$3. ucxouridan rusuli enis meSveobiT Semosuli
filosofiuri literaturis qarTuli Targmanebi 338
$4. Targmnili literaturis gavlena qarTul
filosofiaze
1. anton pirvelis ,,spekali” 353
2. anton pirvelis ,,katiRoria simetneÁ” 354
3. ioane bagrationis ,,kalmasoba” 354
4. ioane bagrationis ,,Zalni sulisani” 355
5. daviT bagrationis Txzuleba ,,katiRoria
Semoklebuli” 356
reziume 358
SeniSvnebi: 363
saZiebeli 383
400
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iza xarebava
qeTevan qarCava
irine faRava
omar qamadaZe
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