Download - Protozoa Darah
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Protozoa darah
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Parasit yg hidup di darah
Trematoda:
Schistosoma
Protozoa:
Trypanosoma
Toxoplasma
Plasmodium
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Bag. Parasitologi FK UNEJ
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TRYPANOSOMIASIS
Gambianse Sleeping
sickness (Kronik)
African Trypanosomiasis
Atau Ngana
American Trypanosomiasis
atau Chagas disease
Rhodesiense Sleeping sickness
(akut)
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Morfologi
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Trypomastogote di
Darah tepi
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SIKLUS HIDUP
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Distribusi Geografis : Afrika Barat (Gambia-Congo), Tengah ,Af. Timur (Uganda)
Morfologi dan daur hidup parasit:
anterior station multiplikasi binair ( di primary chancre & usus lalat)
Gambaran Klinis : Inkubasi (Africans = non Africans) Trypanosomal chancre sembuh spontan 2-3 mgg Demam (Tryp.+) Tidur siang hari Keterlibatan nll :Winterbottom sign +(Lnn membesar) SSP :perubahan motorik, sensorik: Kerandel sign+(hiperestesi) Stad. akhir : koma & meninggal
Trypanosomiasis gambian (chronic sleeping sickness)
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Sleeping sickness
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TRIPANOSOMIASIS CRUZI (CHAGAS DISEASE)
Distribusi geografis: Amerika Tengah (Mexico) dan Selatan (Argentina)
Morfologi dan daur hidup: posterior station
Stad. Amastigot intraceluler pada otot jantung dan jaringan lain
Bentuk Tryp. bervariasi
nukleus sentral, kinetoplast posterior, bentuk C atau U
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SIKLUS HIDUP
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Toxoplasma gondii
Disease :Toxoplasmosis
Phyllum: Apicomplexa
Class: Coccidia
Order: Eimeriida
Genus: Toxoplasma
Spesies: Toxoplasma gondii
Sejarah: 1908 Nicolle&Manceaux menemukan hewan Ctenodactylus gondii pd semua hewan kec.ikan
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MORFOLOGI
1. Trophozoit
-bentuk spt busur panah/crescent
-1 ujung runcing, ujung lain agak membulat/tumpul
-uk. 4-8 x 2-4 m (< eritrosit)
-nukleus oval, subsentral
-pd ujung runcing, tdp apical complex : conoid, toxonema
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Trophozoit dapat berada:
Di dalam sel makrofag
berbiak dgn cepat (disebut btk proliferatif/Tachyzoit) koloni dalam makrofag berisi 8-32 tachyzoit Pseudocyst
Di dalam sel jaringan (otot, otak, dsb)
berbiak dgn lambat btk non proliferatif / Bradyzoit tjd coloni yg dikelilingi oleh dinding CYST (True Cyst)
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Pembiakan trophozoit secara:
Pembelahan biasa (bynary fission)
Internal budding
2. CYST (True cyst / tissue cyst)
Ukuran 10-100
Sel hospes dpt pecah cyst mjd extraseluler dgn dinding asli bentukan parasit sendiri
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3. OOCYST
Immature
-bentuk oval, dinding tebal, unsporulated
-ukuran 10-12 m
-non infektif
-infektif : 5-37C, 1-5 hari
Infektif
-sporulated, berisi 2 sporocyst masing2 mengandung 4 sporozoit
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Tachyzoit T.gondii Trophozoit tahap
proliferatif
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Tachyzoit dengan bentuk crescent, prominen, nukleus
sentral kadang subsentral
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Kista
Toxoplasma
gondii
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Ookista toxoplasma gondii
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SIKLUS HIDUP
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SIKLUS HIDUP
Mrpk parasit obligat intraseluler
Ada 2 fase :
o Asexual : dlm tubuh berbagai jenis hewan mamalia dan unggas, tms manusia
o Sexual : dlm tubuh kucing
Secara normal dimulai dengan masuknya:
o Cyst berisi sporozoit
o Oocyst
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MALARIA
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Malaria : masalah kesehatan dunia dan negara tropis, termasuk Indonesia.
Di Indonesia 10 besar penyakit infeksi, insiden tahun 2009/2010 sebesar 22,9 dan prevalensi 10,6 % (Riskesdas, 2010; Ditjen P2PL, 2011)
Di dunia, diperkirakan penderita malaria mencapai 216 juta kasus (81% terdapat di Afrika) dengan angka kematian sekitar 655.000 kasus (91% terjadi di Afrika). (WHO, 2011).
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Malaria
Infectious disease transmitted by mosquitoes (Anopheles.sp)
Caused by protozoa of the genus : Plasmodium
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Six species infect human :
P. falciparum (malignan tertian malaria)
P. vivax (malaria tertian)
P. ovale (malaria tertian)
P. malariae (malaria quartan)
P. knowlesi (Singh et al, 2004; Sulistyaningsih et al, 2010)
P. cynomolgi (Ta et al, 2014)
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Widespread species : P. falciparum
P. vivax
Less widespread species : P. malariae
P. ovale
P. knowlesi
P. cynomolgi
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Endemic Malaria Area 3/25/2014 [email protected] 31
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Transmission and life cycle of malaria parasites :
A-sexual reproduction in a human host.
Sexual multiplication (sporogony) in the anopheline mosquito
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Life Cycle
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Hypnozoites:
Some of the sporozoites of P. vivax, P. ovale and P. cynomolgi after invading liver cells delay their development into PE schizonts. They become dormant forms called hypnozoites
Hypnozoites are reactivated to become PE schizonts by an unknown stimulus Relapse P. vivax ; after 1-18 mo
P. ovale ; after 2-8 mo
Relapse is not the same as recurrence, which can be due to re-emergence of drug resistent parasites
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E-phase
Time between invasion and bursting of the infected RBC : P. falciparum : 48 hours P. vivax : 48 hours P. ovale : 49-50 hours P. malariae : 72 hours P. knowlesi : 24 hours P. cynomolgi : 48 hours Fever is induced when the schizonts rupture, releasing
pyrogens into the blood. Once the cycle is synchronized it is this cycle of multiplication
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MORPOLOGY
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E-phase : trophozoite P. falciparum
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Young: -Small delicate ring form(
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E-phase : Schizont P. falciparum
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-Not seen in peripheral blood - If (+) : severe malaria - Chromatine divission - Cytoplasm divission - 12-30 merozoite - Dark mass pigmen
-Small compact -Few, uncommon, usually in severe malaria - mature: 12-30 or more merozoite in cluster - Single dark mass pigmen
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E-phase : gametocytes P. falciparum
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Cressent or banana shape Central chromatine dots Rice grain pigmen
-Banana shape or rounded - Single, well defined chromatine - Scattered, coarse, rice grain like
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E-phase :trophozoite P. vivax
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-Inf.RBC > normal -Scuffners dots - Ring > 1/3 RBC - Heavy chromatin dots - Amoeboid cytoplasm
-Schuffner stipling in ghost RBC - Broken ring to irregular form -Single, occasionally two chromatin -Scattered fine pigment
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E-phase :Schizont P. vivax
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-Progressive chromatin division - Clump of brown pigmen - 12-24 merozoites
-12-24 merozoites usually 16 in irregular cluster - Loose mass pigmen
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E-phase :gametocyte P. vivax
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-Rounded or oval with homogenous cytoplasm - diffuse brown pigment - eccentric compact chromatin
-Round large size - Single well defined chromatin - Scattered, fine pigment - Eroded form with scanty or no cytoplasm and pigment present
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E-phase :trophozoite P. malariae
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-Inf RBC =/< nRBC - No Scuffner dots - Multiple ring: rare - Small ring with heavy chromatin dots - Vacuola at times filled in - Band-shaped solid form -Pigmen form early
-Ring to rounded compact form - Single, large chromatin - Regular dense cytoplasm - Compact, dense pigmen
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E-phase :Schizont P.malariae
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-Progressive chromatin division - Clump of brown pigment ( smaller, darker, larger than that of P. vivax) - 6-12 merozoites - Central arrangement of brown-green pigment
-Small compact - 6-12 merozoites, usually 8 in loose cluster, some without cytoplasm - concentrated pigmen
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E-phase :gametocyte P. malariae
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-Rounded or oval with homogenous cytoplasm - dark & coarse diffuse brown pigment - eccentric compact chromatin
-Round, compact mass - Single, well defined chromatin dot - Scattered, coarse pigment
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E.phase: Ring form & trophozoite P. knowlesi
Ring form:
Delicate cytoplasm
1 to 2 prominent chromatin dots
Occasional appliqu (accol) forms
Trophozoite:
Compact cytoplasm Large chromatin Occasional band forms Coarse, dark-brown pigmen
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E.phase: Schizont P. knowlesi
Schizont: Mature = up to 16
merozoites with large nuclei
Clustered around mass of coarse, dark-brown pigment
Occasional rosettes Mature merozoites appear
segmented
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E.phase: Gametocyte P. knowlesi
Gametocyte: Round to oval Compact, may almost fill RBC Chromatin compact Eccentric (macrogametocyte) More diffuse
(microgametocyte) Scattered brown pigment
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E.phase: P. cynomolgi
Almost identical to that P. vivax
red blood cell enlarges as the trophozoite grows,
Prominence of Schffners stippling and pigmentations in mature trophozoites.
The cytoplasm becomes amoeboid and pigments in small granules with yellowish brown in colour are scattered throughout the cytoplasm.
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Rodent Malaria
P. berghei
P. Yoelii
P vinkei
P. chabaudi
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