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Oleh :Bimo Arindra Hapsara2106 100 047
Dosen Pembimbing :Ir. J. Lubi
Jurusan Teknik MesinFakultas Teknologi Industri
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Proposal Tugas AkhirTugas Akhir
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Kecelakaan
Transportasi
Keamanan dan
Kenyamanan
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Analisa tentang kestabilan
Apakah akanguling
Apakah terjadi skid
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1. Kendaraan yang dianalisa adalah Suzuki Karimun Estilo
2. Gaya angkat / lift diabaikan3. Analisa dilakukan dengan variasi kecepatan 20, 40,
60, 80 dan 100 km/jam4. Jalan yang dilalui aspal kering, tidak
bergelombang/rata5. Kemiringan jalan disesuaikan pada data Bina Marga6. Efek gaya angin dari samping diabaikan7. Berat masing-masing penumpang 60 kg8. Kapasitas maksimal 4 orang penumpangSumber : TPGJAK No 038/T/BM/1997
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Mengetahui arah dan gaya kendaraan saat berbelok
Mengetahui kapan kendaraan akan terguling
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• Membatasi kecepatan• Media pengembangan dan penelitian• Memenuhi kebutuhan yang aman dan nyaman
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Dasar Teori Stabilitas Arah Kendaraan
Perilaku arah kendaraan menggambarkan stabilitas arah kendaraan
Karakter handling baik (stabil) jika arah gerak kendaraan hanya dipengaruhi oleh arah sudut belok roda kemudi
Sudut slip pada roda mengurangi stabilitas arah gerak kendaraan
Sudut slip roda akan menentukan jenis perilaku arah gerak kendaraan
Perilaku Ackerman
Perilaku Netral
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Kondisi Ideal Kondisi Nyata
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Understreer
(αr < αf )
sudut slip rata-rata roda depanlebih besar dari pada sudut slip
rata-rata roda belakang
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Overstreer
(αf < αr )
Sudut slip rata-rata roda belakanglebih besar dibandingkan dengan
sudut slip rata-rata roda depan
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x
(jarak poros ke tanah)
Wf’ (beban roda depan akibat
pengangkatan roda belakang)
37 cm 540 kg
Prosesn Penimbangan
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Gaya Berat
Gaya Sentrifugal
Momen Rolling
Fz
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Gaya Berat
Gaya Sentrifugal
Momen Rolling
Fz
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Gaya Sentrifugal
Drag Force
Momen Pitching
Fz
RODA BELAKANG
RODA DEPAN
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Perubahan LokasiCenter of Grafity
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Belakang
Depan
Belakang
DepanDepan
Belakang
Depan
Belakang
Jumlah
Penumpang
a (meter) b (meter)
1 0,868 1,491
2 0,972 1,388
3 1,040 1,319
4 1,601 1,298
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Lateral Transfer Load
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KENDARAAN BELOK
GAYA SENTRIFUGAL
DEFORMASI PADA BAN
SUDUT SLIP(α)
Sudut Slip
• Faktor yang mempengaruhi sudutslip:– Konstruksi Ban– Gaya Longitudinal (Fx)– Gaya Lateral (Fy)– Gaya Normal (Fz)– Tekanan Ban (P)– Keausan Ban (A)– Gaya Sentrifugal (Fc)
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Dimensipanjang keseluruhan 3,495 mlebar keseluruhan 1,475 m tinggi keseluruhan 1,610 mjarak sumbu roda (L) 2,36 mjarak pijak roda depan (tf) 1,235 mjarak pijak roda belakang (tr) 1,23 mjarak terendah ke tanah 0,165 mradius putar 4,6 mjarak suspensi depan (bf) 0,82 mjarak suspensi belakang (br) 0,91 mBeratberat total (W) 890 kgberat depan (Wf) 530 kgberat belakang (Wr) 360 kgSuspensidepan McPherson Strut with Torsion
Type Roll Control Devicebelakang Coil Spring, Gas Filled Shock Absorbers with
3-Link Rigid Axle and Isolated Trailing Armkoefisien pegas depan (kf) 26100 N/mkoefisien pegas belakang (kr) 29600 N/mChassisSteering Electric Power SteeringRem depan ventilated discrem belakang drumAerodinamikluas frontal (Af) 2,374 m2massa jenis angin (ρ) 1,23 kg/m3koefisien drag (Cd) 0,35banjenis radialjari-jari ban 13 inch / 330,2 mmlebar 155 mm
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-14000
-12000
-10000
-8000
-6000
-4000
-2000
0
2000
4000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
4,916524
6,009084
7,72599
8,32071
Fz (N)
δf
V (km/jam)
δf 20 40 60 80 1004,916524 2187,746 1146,901 -587,841 -3016,48 -6139,026,009084 2110,64 838,4747 -1281,8 -4250,19 -8066,687,72599 1989,411 353,2788 -2372,86 -6189,84 -11097,48,32071 1947,44 185,7981 -2750,6 -6860,89 -12146,7
Terguling
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Hubungan Penumpang DenganGuling yang terjadi
Kemiringan jalan 1,145°
-14000
-12000
-10000
-8000
-6000
-4000
-2000
0
2000
4000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Grafik Batas kecepatan 1 Penumpang kemiringan 1
Fz
V (km/jam)
-14000
-12000
-10000
-8000
-6000
-4000
-2000
0
2000
4000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Grafik Batas kecepatan 2 Penumpang kemiringan 1
-14000
-12000
-10000
-8000
-6000
-4000
-2000
0
2000
4000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Grafik Batas kecepatan 3 Penumpang kemiringan 1
-16000
-14000
-12000
-10000
-8000
-6000
-4000
-2000
0
2000
4000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
4,916524
6,009084
7,72599
8,32071
Grafik Batas kecepatan 4 Penumpang kemiringan 1
Fz vs V
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-10000
-8000
-6000
-4000
-2000
0
2000
4000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
1 penumpang
2 penumpang
3 penumpang
4 penumpang
Fz (N)
V (km/jam)
Penggabungan Grafik
Hampir tidak ada perbedaan pada1, 2,3, dan 4 penumpang saat Fz = 0
Kemiringan jalan 1,145°
Sudut belok 6,009°
δf 20 40 60 80 100
6,009084 1982,589 827,5606 -1232,62 -4046,43 -7663,83
6,009084 2110,64 838,4747 -1281,8 -4250,19 -8066,68
6,009084 2232,957 874,5763 -1389,39 -4558,95 -8634,09
6,009084 2430,838 993,5944 -1401,81 -4755,38 -9067,11
Perbandingan Beberapa Penumpang Dengan Kecepatan dan Gaya Normal
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-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
miring 1
miring 2
miring 3
miring 4
miring 5
Fz (N)
V (km/jam)
Miring 1 Guling < 50 km/jam Miring 5 Guling > 50 km/jam
4 penumpangSudut belok 6,009°
δf 20 40 60 806,009084 2430,838 993,5944 -1401,81 -4755,386,009084 2494,982 1058,599 -1335,37 -4686,936,009084 2557,856 1376,414 -1268,69 -4616,926,009084 2619,718 1186,758 -1201,51 -4545,086,009084 2680,542 1250,144 -1133,85 -4471,45
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05
101520
4 4,5 5 5,5 6 6,5 7 7,5 8 8,5 9
α
δf
V= 60 km/jam; Ø=3,43°;2 penumpang
rata-rata roda depan rata-rata roda belakang
Sudut steering besar Sudut slip besar
δfα αf αrα1 α2 α3 α4
4,916524 10,97218309 15,17080617 7,10893144 5,638298425 11,1398688 8,3052407566,009084 13,49095476 18,72147725 8,78589164 6,950394787 13,75368445 10,220674787,72599 17,29606489 24,11399244 11,2075801 8,866287691 17,6607863 13,081176298,32071 19,76507205 25,93841861 11,9968455 9,496751759 18,96763203 14,6309119
Radius belok yang semakin besar mengakibatkan
gaya sentrifugal yang dialami kendaraan makin besar
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00,20,40,60,8
1
4 4,5 5 5,5 6 6,5 7 7,5 8 8,5 9
α
δf
V= 20 km/jam; Ø=1,145°;2 penumpang
0
5
10
4 4,5 5 5,5 6 6,5 7 7,5 8 8,5 9
α
δf
V= 40 km/jam; Ø=1,145°;2 penumpang
rata-rata roda depan rata-rata roda belakang
Kecepatan 20 km/jam belum terjadi slip
Kecepatan 40 km/jam sudah terjadi slip
δfα
α1 α2 α3 α4
4,916524 4,626201913 6,268463017 2,509291511 2,137864
6,009084 5,908671676 8,071981858 3,488873715 2,890728
7,72699 7,837981718 10,80177815 4,910324282 3,989579
8,320271 8,484188757 11,7207181 5,374501112 4,35013
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05
10152025
4 4,5 5 5,5 6 6,5 7 7,5 8 8,5 9
α
δf
V= 60 km/jam; Ø=3,43°;1 penumpang
rata-rata roda depan rata-rata roda belakang
0
5
10
15
20
4 4,5 5 5,5 6 6,5 7 7,5 8 8,5 9
α
δf
V= 60 km/jam; Ø=3,43°;2 penumpang
rata-rata roda depan rata-rata roda belakang
0
5
10
15
20
4 4,5 5 5,5 6 6,5 7 7,5 8 8,5 9
α
δf
V= 60 km/jam; Ø=3,43°;3 penumpang
rata-rata roda depan rata-rata roda belakang
0
5
10
15
20
25
4 4,5 5 5,5 6 6,5 7 7,5 8 8,5 9
α
δf
V= 60 km/jam; Ø=3,43°;4 penumpang
rata-rata roda depan rata-rata roda belakang
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Jumlah Penumpang1 2 3 4
δf αf αr αf αr αf αr αf αr4,916524 3,50888 2,25775 3,52427 2,73834 3,52845 3,06423 3,36888 3,202236,009084 4,89202 3,19815 4,95803 3,78651 4,96445 4,24427 4,85523 4,454427,72699 6,938 4,58268 7,07864 5,33298 7,08851 5,98552 7,05014 6,30195
8,320271 7,6180 5,04056 7,78212 5,84491 7,79328 6,56207 7,77787 6,91371
Semakin banyak penumpang
Gaya sentrifugal membesar
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Semakin besar sudut steer yang diberikan oleh pengemudi, maka sudut
slip yang terjadi juga menjadi semakin besar.
Semakin besar kecepatan belok, maka sudut slip yang terbentuk akan
semakin besar.Gaya sentrifugal yang besar mengakibatkan munculnya gaya lateral yang dapat mendorong
roda ke arah samping
Untuk mengetahui batas kecepatan kendaraan guling dapat dilihat pada grafik pada halaman 61 dengan variasi sudut belok, penumpang,
dan kemiringan jalan.
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