Download - Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium -Cycle
Calcium Potassium and Magnesium
Cycle
KALIUM (POTASSIUM)
•Berperan pada metabolism•Meningkatkan ketahanan terhadap kerebahan•Meningkatkan ketahanan terhadap hama-penyakit•Meningkatkan ketahanan terhadap situasi embun•Berperan dalam mengatur penyerapan air•Berperan dalam metabolism N•Meningkatkan kualitas tanaman
Potassium• Unique because it isn’t incorporated into some
molecule in the plant. It exists in its ionic, K+ form, in solution in cytoplasm
• Tissue levels of 1.5 - 4.0%• Functions as a catalyst for biochemical reactions• Functions in maintaining turgor• Functions in carbohydrate synthesis• Deficiencies hard to diagnose
Potassium
• Functions• Used to form carbohydrates &
proteins.• Formation and transfer of starches,
sugars, & oils.• Increases disease resistance, vigor, &
hardiness.
Potassium
• Deficiency Symptoms• Mottled, spotted,
streaked or curled leaves.
• Scorches, burned, dead leaf tips & margins.
Adequate PotassiumAdequate Potassium Increases root growth Increases disease and environmental stress
tolerance (?) Increases wear tolerance It sounds like a magic elixir! But the
beneficial effects are realized only when compared to K deficient conditions. There is little benefit from adding K to an already sufficient soil!
Diserap tanaman dalam bentuk Ca+2
Berasal dari mineral seperti kalsit CaCO3
Berfungsi untuk mengeraskan batang serta merangsang pembentukan biji-bijian
Kekurangan kalsium menyebabkan proses pembelahan sel terhambat, daun keriput dan tanaman lemah
Calcium enters from biosphere in dust or from organisms
Like phosphorous, there is no gaseous state so it does not stay in the atmosphere
When animals die, the calcium in their bodies are decomposed and go into soil
Water can carry calcium to or from soil through weathering
When in the soil, calcium is in an insoluble form until it is broken down by microbes into a usable form
Mineralization can store calcium in rocks Calcium can be returned from root
leakage Calcium can be absorbed by plant roots
When absorbed by plants, calcium is now in an organic state
The calcium can continually be recycled between the plant roots and soil
OR herbivores can eat the plants or drink the water and the calcium returns to the biosphere
If the plant or animal dies, decomposers break down the organism and calcium is returned to water or soil
Calcium is a mineral necessary for life In early life, calcium helps build strong
bones and teeth Helps with muscle contraction and
other body processes Plants need calcium to help in cell wall
development and their metabolism; stronger cell walls protect from pathogens
• Form taken up by plantsCa+2
• Mobility in Soil
No, slight mobility in soil solution • Mobility in plant
Movement occurs in xylem to the leaves (one way ticket)
• Role of nutrient in plant growth:
Required for cell wall rigidity, cell division of meristems and root tips, normal mitosis, membrane function, acts as a secondary messenger, aids in storage of phosphates in vacuoles, actively involved in photosynthesis and found in the endoplasmic reticulum
• Role in microbial growth:Needed for Rhizobium and Azotobacter
• Interactions with other nutrients: – Since Ca+2 is so directly related to pH in solution, it
effects all of the other nutrients. When NO3-N is applied to soil, Ca+2 absorption increases in the plant. Increases in Ca+2 in soil decreases Al+3 in acid soils, as well as decreasing Na+ in sodic soils. Increases in Ca+2 taken up by plants cause deficiencies of Mg+2 and K+. MoO4
-2 and H2PO4-
availability increases with increases in Ca+2 concentrations.
• Concentration in plants:– Fresh weight of plants typically contains 0.1-5.0%,
can contain up to 10% dry weight in leaves before plant experiences toxicity
• Deficiency symptoms:
– First seen in the younger leaves of plants, loss in plant structure, under extreme deficiencies gel-like conditions, root development no longer takes place, stunted plant growth
• Content present in soils:– Tropical soils: 0.1-0.3%– Temperate soils: 0.7-1.5%– Calcareous soils: >3.0%– Largely dependent on parent material of soil and
rainfall
Main Cycle More Info
• Effect of pH on availability:Depends on mineral
• Sources of Calcium: – Lime (CaO) (Ca(OH)2), Calcite (CaCO3), Dolomite
(CaMg(CO3)2, Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O), any
Phosphorus fertilizer, Anorthite (CaAl2Si2O3),
biotite, apatite, augite & hornblende.
Calcium deficiency sympton Calcium deficiency symptoms appear initially as
localized tissue necrosis leading to stunted plant growth, necrotic leaf margins on young leaves or curling of the leaves, and eventual death of terminal buds and root tips. Generally, the new growth and rapidly growing tissues of the plant are affected first. The mature leaves are rarely if ever affected because calcium accumulates to high concentrations in older leaves
Apple 'Bitter pit' – fruit skins develop pits, brown spots appear on skin and/or in flesh and taste of those areas is bitter. This usually occurs when fruit is in storage, and Bramley apples are particularly susceptible. Related to boron deficiency, "water cored" apples seldom display bitter pit effects.
FertilizerCa(NO3)2
CaSO4*2H2OAll P Fertilizers
LimeCaO, Ca(OH)2
CaCO3
CaMg(CO3)2
OtherShellsSlagMarl
Moisture
Dissolution pH of Soil
Temporarily held on exchange sites, but tightly held on charged soils
Calcium MineralsLime, Calcite, Dolomite, Gypsum, Florapatite, Plagioclases, Gabbro, Basalts
LeachingCaCl2, CaSO4
Major Form
Moisture
Plants
Animals
Mining
Weathering(dissolution)
Decomposition of Plantand Animal Residues
Movement of calciumIn the presents of moisture
Moisture
Ca2+ removed As plant matter 4x in leaves vs. grain
Uptake decreases withPresence of high Al3+
Soil Microbes
Higher availability of Ca2+
Improves uptake of NH3
MAGNESIUM (Mg)
PENDAHULUAN
Magnesium merupakan nutrisi utama sekunder bagi tanaman.Magnesium dalam tanah terdiri atas magnesium yang terkandung dalam lempung dan partikel organik dalam tanah, dan magnesium yang larut dalam air.
Magnesium diambil oleh tanaman sebagai ion magnesium (Mg2+). Ini berperan kunci di dalam
proses fotosintesis
merupakan bahan yang penting untuk klorofil, pewarna hijau pada daun dan dahan.
Juga mrp bagian dari enzim nitrogenase.
Kehadiran kation lain dalam tanah, atau penggunaan pupuk buatan dapat menyebabkan penurunan penyerapan magnesium oleh tanaman, misalnya kalsium (Ca2+), potassium (K+), soda (Na+) dan amonium (NH4+).
Oleh sebab itu, diperlukan masukan berupa pupuk Mg untuk mendukung pertumbuhan tanaman.
Animalmanures
and biosolids
Mineralfertilizers
Crop harvest
Runoff anderosion
Leaching
Soil solution potassium (K+)
Plant residues
Plantuptake
Mineralpotassium
Fixedpotassium
Exchangeable potassium
Input to soilComponent Loss from soil