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Fungsi utama dari layer network adalahpengalamatan dan routing
Pengalamatan telah kita bicarakan sebelumnya. Routing merupakan fungsi yang bertanggung jawab
membawa data melewati sekumpulan jaringandengan cara memilih jalur terbaik untuk dilewatidata
Tugas Routing akan dilakukan device jaringan yangdisebut sebagai Router
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Router merupakan komputer jaringan yang bertugasatau difungsikan menghubungkan dua jaringan atau
lebihType router :Komputer yang kita fungsikan RouterPeralatan khusus yang dirancang sebagai Router
Tugas router memforward data (Fungsi IP Forwardharus diaktifkan) menggunakan routing protokol(Algoritma Routing)Data diatur oleh Routed Protocol
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Router adalah komputer general purpose (untuk tujuan yanglebih luas) dengan dua atau lebih interface jaringan (NIC Card )di dalamnya yang berfungsi menghubungkan 2 jaringan ataulebih, sehingga dia bisa meneruskan paket dari satu jaringanke jaringan yang lain
Untuk jaringan kecil, interface -nya adalah NIC Card , sehinggarouter mempunyai 2 NIC atau lebih yang bisamenghubungkan dengan jaringan lain.
Untuk LANkecil yang terhubung internet, salah satu interfaceadalah NIC card , dan interface yang lain adalah sembaranghardware jaringan misal modem untuk leased line atau ISDNatau koneksi internet ADSLyang digunakan
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Supaya Router bisa meneruskan data, komputeryang ada pada jaringan tersebut harusmenugaskan router untuk meneruskan dataPenugasan dilakukan dengan cara settingkomputer default gateway ke router
Jika kita tidak setting default gateway maka bisadipastikan LAN tersebut tidak bisa terkoneksidengan jaringan lainnya
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Dua cara membangun tabel Routing : Static Routing
Dibangun berdasarkan definisi dari administrator Administrator harus cermat, satu saja tabel routing salah jaringan
tidak terkoneksi Dynamic Routing
Secara otomatis router jalur routingnya, dengan cara bertukarinformasi antar router menggunakan protokol tftp
Kategori algoritma dinamik : Distance Vector Link State Hybrid
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IP Aliasingadalah adalahmapping single MAC Addressuntuk multiple IP address ,satu NIC bisa diberi nomor
IP lebih dari satuDengan 1 NIC bisamenghubungkan 2 subnetyang berbedaDengan 2 NIC bisamenghubungkan 3 subnetyang berbeda
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Pada jaringan A, B dan C ifconfig eth0 down ifconfig eth0 up ifconfig eth0 no_ip netmask no_netmask
broadcast no_brodcast up route add -net default gw no_default_gw Jalankan perintah ping di jaringan masing
masing A, B dan C Jalankan perintah ping antar jaringan A, B dan
C Catat hasilnya Pada Router 1
route del ifconfig eth0 10.252.10.2 netmask 255.255.255.0
broadcast 10.252.10.255 up ifconfig eth0 10.252.20.2 netmask 255.255.255.0
broadcast 10.252.20.255 up echo 1> /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward route add -net 10.252.30.0.24 gw 10.252.20.3
Pada Router 2 route del
ifconfig eth0 10.252.20.3 netmask255.255.255.0 broadcast 10.252.20.255 up ifconfig eth0 10.252.30.2 netmask
255.255.255.0 broadcast 10.252.30.255 up echo 1> /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward route add -net 10.252.30.0.24 gw
10.252.20.3sss
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Routing Protocols and Concepts Chapter 3
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Describe the role of dynamic routing protocolsand place these protocols in the context of modern network design.Identify several ways to classify routing protocols.Describe how metrics are used by routingprotocols and identify the metric types used bydynamic routing protocols.Determine the administrative distance of a routeand describe its importance in the routingprocess.Identify the different elements of the routingtable.
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Function(s) of Dynamic Routing Protocols: Dynamically share information between routers. Automatically update routing table when topology
changes. Determine best path to a destination.
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The purpose of a dynamic routing protocol isto: Discover remote networks
Maintaining up-to-date routing information Choosing the best path to destination networks Ability to find a new best path if the current path is
no longer available
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Components of a routing protocol Algorithm
In the case of a routing protocol algorithms are usedfor facilitating routing information and best pathdetermination
Routing protocol messages These are messages for discovering neighbors and
exchange of routing information
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Advantages of static routing It can backup multiple interfaces/networks on a
router Easy to configure No extra resources are needed More secure
Disadvantages of static routing Network changes require manual reconfiguration Does not scale well in large topologies
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Dynamic routing protocols are grouped according tocharacteristics . Examples include:
RIP IGRP
EIGRP OSPF IS-IS
BGP
Autonomous System is a group of routers under the control of asingle authority.
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Types of routing protocols : Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP) Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP)
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Interior Gateway Routing Protocols (IGP) Used for routing inside an autonomous system &
used to route within the individual networksthemselves
Examples: RIP, EIGRP, OSPF
Exterior Routing Protocols (EGP) Used for routing between autonomous systems Example: BGPv4
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IGP: Comparison of Distance Vector & Link State
Routing ProtocolsDistance vector Routes are advertised as vectors
of distance & direction Incomplete view of network
topology Generally, periodic
updatesLink state
Complete view of networktopology is created
Updates are notperiodic
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Classful routingprotocols Do NOT send subnet
mask in routingupdates
Classless routingprotocols Do send subnet mask in
routing updates
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Convergence is defined as when all routersrouting tables are at a state of consistency
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Metric A value used by a routing protocol to determine which routes
are better than others
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Metrics used in IP routing protocols Bandwidth Cost
Delay Hop count Load Reliability
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The Metric Field inthe Routing TableMetric used for eachrouting protocol
RIP- hop count IGRP & EIGRP-
Bandwidth (used bydefault), Delay (usedby default), Load,Reliability
IS-IS & OSPF- Cost ,Bandwidth (Ciscosimplementation)
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Load balancing This is the ability of a router to distribute packets among
multiple same cost paths
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Purpose of a metric Its a calculated value used to determine the best
path to a destination
Purpose of Administrative Distance Its a numeric value that specifies the preference of a particular route
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Identifying the Administrative Distance (AD)in a routing table It is the first number in the brackets in the routing
table
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Dynamic Routing Protocols
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Directly connected routes Have a default AD of 0
Static Routes
Administrative distance of a static route has adefault value of 1
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Directly connected routes Immediately appear in the routing table as soon as
the interface is configured
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Dynamic routing protocols fulfill the followingfunctions Dynamically share information between routers Automatically update routing table when topology changes
Determine best path to a destinationRouting protocols are grouped as either Interior gateway protocols (IGP)Or Exterior gateway protocols(EGP)
Types of IGPs include Classless routing protocols - these protocols include subnetmask in routing updates
Classful routing protocols - these protocols do not includesubnet mask in routing update
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Metrics are used by dynamic routing protocols tocalculate the best path to a destinationAdministrative distance is an integer value thatis used to indicate a routers trustworthiness
Components of a routing table include: Route source Administrative distance Metric