Download - Makalah AFK C8
8/17/2019 Makalah AFK C8
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/makalah-afk-c8 1/18
HDVGPDJ VPDN]ONUADJDHO\O\ IO\ONGNOAOD
Vejejtudj Pesomu Nhgrgigra mdhda \er`un @dnu VrgmunsoAejccujdndj Aetgme Nrgadtgcrdio ds !etentgr IO!
Nehga"gn #$%#&ojt'd D'u Gntd(odjo )*+)*),+
Djos Aosidhd )*+)*),$Jur&omd'dto )*+)*),-Dmohod ]ro .omd'dto )*+)*)$/
HD@GPD]GPOUA NOAOD IDPAD\OVPG PDA \]U!O IDPAD\O
IDNUH]D\ AD]6AD]OND !DJ OHAU V6J 6]D.UDJ DHDAUJOYEP\O]D\ O\HDA OJMGJE\OD
/4)0
Vejejtudj Pesomu Nhgrgigra mdhda \er`un @dnu Vrgmunso Aejccujdndj Aetgme
Nrgadtgcrdio ds !etentgr IO!
O. ]UKUDJ
4. Adapu aeaprdntonndj djdhosos nudhotdtoi mdj nudjtotdtoi ndjmujcdj resomu nhgrgigra
mdhda sdapeh ser`un `dnu idradsetos aejccujdndj aetgme stdjmdr ojterjdh.0. Adapu aehdnundj vdhomdso aetgme mejcdj pdrdaeter `erupd `dtds metenso (H !"#
`dtds nudjtoiondso (H $"# mdj dnurdso.
8/17/2019 Makalah AFK C8
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/makalah-afk-c8 2/18
OO. HD]D% &'HD DJ)
*ehdrut grcdjon `odsd mopdndo mdhda prgses adjuidntur `d+dj `dnu idradsetond
mejcdj tu,udj djtdrd hdoj ujtun aeaper`dj-dn +dsoh prgmun# aeaper`dono prgses
nrostdhosdso# aejojcndtndj nehdrutdj# +gagcejosdso# mdj hdoj hdoj. ]etdpo# pehdrut grcdjon
terse`ut aeapuj-do mdapdn tgnsonghgco se+ojccd moperhundj ngjtrgh -djc netdt ter+dmdp
resomuj-d. /dh ojo mondrejdndj setehd+ aehdhuo prgses pea`udtdj aej,dmo se`ud+ prgmun#
resomu pehdrut -djc mocujdndj dndj `erpgtejso aej,dmo 6eadrdj grcdjon aumd+ aejcudp
(grcdjol vghdtohe oapurotoes/GYO‟s" `dco prgmun terse`ut (4". &dj-dn prgmun idradsetond
-djc mo`ero `dtds dmdj-d 6eadrdj grcdjon aumd+ aejcudp pdmd setodp td+dp
adjuidnturj-d# auhdo mdro `d+dj `dnu# prgmun djtdrd sdapdo prgmun ,dmo.
Dmd ad6da pehdrut -djc uaua mocujdndj mdhda prgses adjuidntur.
&ermdsdrndj pgtejso ter+dmdp tgnsosotds -djc aujcnoj motoa`uhndj# ad6da pehdrut
terse`ut mocghgjcndj aej,dmo < nehds# -dotu pehdrut -djc tgnsosotdsj-d tojcco ( jgj
dlleptd`he tgxoloty " aosdhj-d `ej=ejd (pehdrut nehds O"# pehdrut -djc tgnsosotdsj-d he`o+
rejmd+ jdauj adso+ sdjcdt `er`d+d-d `dco tu`u+ (pehdrut nehds OO"# mdj pehdrut -djc
tgnsosotdsj-d he`o+ rejmd+ hdco (pehdrut nehds OOO" (4".
hgrgigra adsun ne mdhda pehdrut grcdjon nehds OO# se+ojccd ,uahd+ resomuj-dmdhda prgmun idradso perhu mo`dtdso. 5dradngpe Ojmgjesod O9 aea`erondj `dtdsdj ujtun
nhgrgigra se`esdr 3 ppa# seaejtdrd O2/ aej-dtdndj `dtds ujtun nhgrgigra dmdhd+ ?3
ppa mejcdj peraottem mdohy expgsure (*!'" 3.? ac;+dro (4". Aejcojcdt dmdj-d `d+d-d
dpd`ohd resomu nhgrgigra pdmd prgmun idradseton aehe`o+o ndmdr -djc motetdpndj# adnd
djdhosos ndjmujcdj resomu nhgrgigra mdhda ser un `dnu prgmunso modjccdp perhu
mohdnundj. &dj-dn aetgme djdhosd -djc serojc mocujdndj ujtun aejcunur ndmdr sudtu
sej-d>d mdhda semoddj# sdhd+ sdtuj-d mejcdj cds lbrgadtgcrdpby ()2".*ejejtudj ndmdr 6eadrdj grcdjon aumd+ aejcudp sdjcdt 6g6gn mohdnundj
aejccujdndj )2# se`d` s-drdt sej-d>d -djc mdpdt modjdhosos mejcdj )2 odhd+ vghdtoh
mdj std`oh ter+dmdp pdjds ( tberagstd`he ". )2 dndj aeaosd+ndj resomu nhgrgigra mejcdj
ngapgjej hdoj -djc termdpdt mo mdhda ser`un `dnu prgmunso `ermdsdrndj ojterdnsoj-d
mejcdj idsd cerdn mdj idsd moda. /dsoh peaosd+dj sehdj,utj-d mo`d>d ne metentgr ujtun
neaumodj morenda ghe+ relgrmer se+ojccd moperghe+ nrgadtgcrda.
OOO. !D8D% ]' %O
8/17/2019 Makalah AFK C8
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/makalah-afk-c8 3/18
hgrgigra (2/2h <" dmdhd+ sej-d>d cghgjcdj +dhgdhndjd -djc mocujdndj se6drd huds
se`dcdo pehdrut grcdjon. *eaerodjj-d `erupd 6dordj ,erjo+ tomdn `er>drjd -djc aumd+
aejcdhor# aeaohono `du eter sertd rdsd adjos -djc aea`dndr mejcdj ndrdnteroston aumd+
aejcudp. 8ej-d>d mejcdj jdad OU*D2 tronhgrgaetdjd ojo sundr hdrut mdhda dor1 mdpdt
`er6dapur mejcdj etdjgh# eter# +ensdj# mdj headn dtdu aoj-dn aejcudp (0".O2/ aejetdpndj nhgrgigra ne mdhda pehdrut grcdjon nehds OO dno`dt tgnsosotds -djc
motoa uhndjj-d. *ehdrut sosd nehds OO momeiojosondj se`dcdo pehdrut -djc `ersoidt
ndrsojgcejon jgj cejgtgnson ter+dmdp +e>dj dtdu neaujcnojdj `esdr aej,dmo dcej
pej-e`d` tgnsosotds orreverso`he hdoj# seperto jeurgtgnsosotds mdj eien terdtgcejon.
)ghgjcdj pehdrut -djc momucd mdpdt aej-e`d`ndj tgnsosotds -djc socjoiondj jdauj
reverso`he ,ucd moadsunndj pdmd ndtecgro ojo(<"
.Cds lbrgadtgcrdpby ()2" dtdu nrgadtgcrdio cds aerupdndj sudtu aetgme
peaosd+dj mdj pejcunurdj -djc momdsdrndj pdmd per`emddj mostro`uso ngapgjej
ngapgjej mdhda sdapeh djtdrd mud idsd mejcdj aejccujdndj cds se`dcdo idsd cerdn
mdj =dt pdmdt dtdu =dt 6dor se`dcdo idsd moda(:" .
&ermdsdrndj idsd modaj-d# )2 mo`dco aej,dmo (:" 7
4. Cds-Hoquom Lbrgadtgcrdpby ()H2"# idsd modaj-d `er>u,um 6dor. 2dordj terse`ut
aerupdndj 6dordj tomdn aumd+ aejcudp -djc aehendt pdmd pdmdtdj pejmunujc
ojert `erupd `utordj +dhus. *rojsop peaosd+djj-d momdsdrndj dtds per`emddj pdrtoso
ngapgjej ngapgjej mdro sudtu sdapeh mo djtdrd idsd moda mdj idsd cerdn.
0. Cds- ghom Lbrgadtgcrdpby ()82"# idsd modaj-d `er>u,um pdmdt# seperto ndr`gj#
=eghot# mdj sohond ceh. *rojsop peaosd+dj `ermdsdrndj dmsgrpso ter+dmdp idsd moda.
)ds pea`d>d (idsd cerdn" mejcdj tendjdj tertejtu modhorndj se6drd ngjstdj aehdhuo
nghga -djc `eroso idsd moda. 8dapeh neaumodj mosujtonndj ne mdhda oj,entgr -djc
su+uj-d mdpdt modtur. gapgjej ngapgjej mdhda sdapeh dndj secerd aej,dmo udp mdj
mo`d>d ghe+ dhordj cds pea`d>d aeju,u nghga ujtun aej,dhdjo prgses peaosd+dj. *dmd
uauaj-d# ngapgjej sdapeh dndj terehuso `ermdsdrndj pejojcndtdj toton momo+ sudtu
sej-d>d monurdjco mejcdj seaud ojterdnso -djc aujcnoj ter,dmo djtdrd ngapgjej
mejcdj idsd moda# ne6udho ,ond dmd ojterdnso n+usus djtdrd ngapgjej mejcdj idsd moda ( ".
5dsd cerdn dndj aejcehuso ngapgjej 6dapurdj mdro u,ujc nghga hdhu
aejc+djtdrndjj-d ne metentgr ujtun mometenso. 8ehdj,utj-d# +dsoh metenso morenda
mejcdj relgrmer se+ojccd moperghe+ nrgadtgcrda -djc termoro dtds `e`erdpd ped! .
Kuahd+ ped! -djc auj6uh aej-dtdndj ,uahd+ ngapgjej (sej-d>d" -djc termdpdt mdhdasdapeh. 8emdjcndj huds ped! `ercdjtujc nepdmd nudjtotds ngapgjej otu ( ".
8/17/2019 Makalah AFK C8
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/makalah-afk-c8 4/18
Ojstruaejtdso )2 termoro mdro ngapgjej ngapgjej `eronut7
4. ]d`ujc cds pea`d>d5ujcso cds pea`d>d ( ldrroer " dmdhd+ aejcdjcnut 6uphondj sdapeh mdro
nghga ne metentgr. 8-drdt cds pea`d>d dmdhd+ tomdn redntoi# aurjo# mdj mdpdtmosoapdj mdhda tdjcno `ertendjdj tojcco. *eaoho+dj cds pea`d>d tercdjtujc
pdmd pejccujddj spesoion mdj ,ejos metentgr -djc mocujdndj. /ehoua aerupdndj
tope cds pea`d>d -djc serojc mocujdndj ndrejd aea`erondj eiosoejso
nrgadtgcrdio -djc he`o+ `don (aejcurdjco pehe`drdj potd". 8eaejtdrd jotrgcej
6g6gn mocujdndj ujtun sudtu peaosd+dj -djc ngaphens. *dmd setodp peaosd+dj
mejcdj )2# termdpdt ne6epdtdj gptoaua cds pea`d>d -djc terutdad mopejcdru+o
ghe+ modaeter nghga(?"
.0. ]eapdt oj,enso ( bedtem oj"eltogj pgrt "]eapdt oj,enso dtdu rudjc sujton `ercujd ujtun aejc+djtdrndj sdapeh ne
mdhda dhordj cds pea`d>d. 8e,uahd+ ne6oh sdapeh -djc dndj modjdhosos
mooj,ensondj pdmd aesoj aejccujdndj seaprot ne6oh. Kdrua seaprot aejea`us
heapejcdj ndret te`dh (septua" -djc dndj aejcu`d+ `ejtunj-d nea`dho se6drd
gtgadtos netond seaprot motdron nehudr mdro heapejcdj ndret terse`ut. *ej-ujtondj
sdapeh mdpdt mohdnundj se6drd adjudh dtdu se6drd gtgadtos (?".Oj,entgr `erdmd mo mdhda gvej mejcdj teaperdtur -djc mdpdt mongjtrgh. vej
terse`ut 6unup pdjds se+ojccd sdapeh mdpdt aejmomo+ mdj mo`d>d ne nghga ghe+
cds pea`d>d ( ".<. ghga
ghga aerupdndj teapdt ter,dmoj-d prgses peaosd+dj se`d` mo mdhdaj-d
termdpdt idsd moda. Dmd 0 ,ejos nghga pdmd )2# -dotu nghga neads ( pdl!em
lghuaj " mdj nghga ndpoher ( ldpohhdry lghuaj " (?".ghga neads termoro dtds idsd 6dor (senurdjc nurdjcj-d pdmd su+u nrgadtgcrdio"
-djc terse`dr pdmd peraunddj pej-djccd -djc hea`da (ojert" -djc termdpdt
mdhda td`ujc rehdtoi `esdr mejcdj modaeter mdhda 4 < aa. 5dsd moda +dj-d mdpdt
mohdposndj sd,d mo pej-djccd dtdu terondt se6drd ngvdhej mo pej-djccd -djc
aejc+dsohndj idsd terondt. Kejos nghga pdn ojo he`o+ mosundo ujtun tu,udj
prepdrdtoi ndrejd mdpdt aejdapujc ,uahd+ 6uphondj -djc `dj-dn (?".
ghga ndpoher ,du+ he`o+ ne6oh (3#30 3#0 aa" mdj mojmojc ndpoher `ertojmdn
se`dcdo pej-djccd hea`da ujtun idsd 6dor. ghga ojo aeapuj-do rgjccd pdmd
`dcodj mdhda nghga -djc aej-erupdo popd ( tu`e ". he+ ndrejdj-d# nghga ndpoher
serojc ,ucd mose`ut gpej tu`uhdr lghuaj . 5dsd moda aehendt aejcehohojco mojmojc
mdhda nghga. Dmd : ad6da ,ejos hdposdj pdmd nghga ndpoher# -dnjo F2 ] ( #dhh
8/17/2019 Makalah AFK C8
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/makalah-afk-c8 5/18
Lgdtem Gpej $u`e "# 82 ] ( uppgrt Lgdtem Gpej $u`e "# *H ] ( %grgus Hdyer
Gpej $u e "# mdj 58 ] ( &usem ohold Gpej $u e ". eujtujcdj pejccujddj
nghga ndpoher djtdrd hdoj >dntu djdhosos -djc mo`utu+ndj he`o+ pejmen mdropdmd
nghga neads ndrejd idsd cerdn tomdn aejcdhdao +da`dtdj netond aehe>dto
nghga mdj resghuso -djc mo+dsohndj he`o+ tojcco (?".
:. !etentgr
!etentgr aerupdndj perdjcndt -djc mohetdnndj pdmd u,ujc nghga teapdt
nehudr idsd cerdn -djc aea`d>d ngapgjej +dsoh peaosd+dj. !etentgr pdmd )2
dmdhd+ sudtu sejsgr -djc `eriujcso aejcu`d+ soj-dh cds pea`d>d mdj
ngapgjej ngapgjej mo mdhdaj-d aej,dmo soj-dh ehentrgjon. 8oj-dh ehentrgjon
metentgr dndj sdjcdt `ercujd ujtun djdhosos nudhotdtoi adupuj nudjtotdtoi ter+dmdp
ngapgjej ngapgjej -djc sumd+ terposd+. !etentgr -djc serojc mocujdndj mdhda
)2# -dotu ( "7
• !etentgr /djtdr *djds ( $beradh Lgjmultovoty 'eteltgr ;]2!".• !etentgr Ogjosdso J-dhd ( &hdae Ogjo(dtogj 'eteltgr ;5O!".• !etentgr ]djcndp 'hentrgj ( )heltrgj Ldpture 'eteltgr ;'2!".• !etentgr Jotrgcej 5gsigr ( *otrgcej-%bgspbgrus 'eteltgr ;J*!".• !etentgr 5gtgaetro J-dhd ( &hdae %bgtgaetry ".•
!etentgr gjmuntovotds 'hentrghoton.• !etentgr 5gtg Ogjosdso ( %bgtg Ogjo(dtogj 'eteltgr ;*O!".• !etentgr 8pentrgaeter Adssd ( +dss peltrgaetry ;A8".
. *erenda ( relgrmer "
%e6grmer -djc mocujdndj -dotu ngaputer -djc mohejcndpo mejcdj perdjcndt
hujdn ( sg,t dre " ujtun mocotdhosdso soj-dh metentgr.
)2 odhd+ tenjon djdhosos -djc tehd+ hd=oa mocujdndj mdhda `omdjc ojmustro#
hojcnujcdj# idradso# aoj-dn# noaod# nhojon# igrejson# adndjdj# mdj se`dcdoj-d. )2
aumd+ mogtgadtosdso ujtun aehdnundj peaosd+dj mojdaos mdj omejtoiondso seaud ,ejos
sej-d>d grcdjon -djc aumd+ aejcudp (mdj std`oh mdhda teaperdtur pejcu,odj"# ,ucd
ujtun aehdnundj djdhosos nudjtotdtoi sej-d>d mdhda sudtu 6dapurdj (?".
O9. A'] !' *'%2 &DDJ
• Dhdt7
d. &dtdjc pejcdmun `. )ehds `edner 6. Hd`u tdndr 43 aH
8/17/2019 Makalah AFK C8
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/makalah-afk-c8 6/18
m. Aonrgpopete. Aonrg syrojcei. *opet tetesc. *opet unur 4 aH# aH
+. *rgpopeto. 8ejmgn tdjmun
,. Uhtrdsgjo6dtgr n. 9grte@
• &d+dj7d. DLudmestohhdtd
`. .hue top mdj yehhg top6. !onhgrgaetdjm. 'tdjghe. ertds toa`djci. 8er`un dnu prgmunsoc. 8tdjmdr nhgrgigra
• gjmoso dhdt7d. 5dsd cerdn 7 Jotrgcej
`. Hd,u dhor idsd cerdn 7 03 aH;aejot6. ghga 7 AM] E 0 (2rgss`gjm E 433I moaet+-h pgh-sohg
@dje"1ldpohhdry lghuaj 1 jgj pghdr pbdse 1 p C 43 a# m
C 3# < aa# nete`dhdj C 0.? Bam. 9ghuae oj,en 7 3#4 H
e. 8u+u oj,entgr 7 033g
2i. 8u+u gvej 7 ?3 3 g2c. 8u+u metentgr 7 0?3 g2+. !etentgr 7 5O!
• 2drd er,dd. *ea`udtdj stdjmdr tujccdh nhgrgigra 4I mdj monhgrgaetdj 4I
!opopet 3#4 aH hdrutdj nhgrgigra pendt ne mdhda hd`u unur 43 aH# motda`d+ndj
etdjgh +ojccd tdjmd `dtds. !opopet 3#4 aH hdrutdj monhgrgaetdj ne mdhda hd`u unur
43 aH -djc hdoj# motda`d+ndj etdjgh +ojccd tdjmd `dtds. `. *ea`udtdj nurvd `dnu nhgrgigra
!osodpndj hdrutdj stdjmdr nhgrgigra mejcdj `er`dcdo ngjsejtrdso# -dotu 3I1 3#0I1
3#:I1 3#?I1 3# I1 4I aejccujdndj hd`u tdndr 43 aH. e mdhda adsojc adsojc
hd`u tdndr motda`d+ndj 3#4 aH stdjmdr ojterjdh monhgrgaetdj# hdhu motda`d+ndj
etdjgh +ojccd tdjmd `dtds. 8ehdj,utj-d se`dj-dn 3#4 H hdrutdj stdjmdr mooj,ensondj
ne mdhda dhdt )2. !o6dtdt >dntu retejso mdj huds puj6dn resomu nhgrgigra -djc
modjdhosos. !dro nrgadtgcrda -djc mo+dsohndj# mo`udt nurvd stdjmdr djtdrd jos`d+
huds dred nhgrgigra mejcdj huds monhgrgaetdj ter+dmdp I ndmdr stdjmdr nhgrgigra.6. *repdrdso mdj pejetdpdj ndmdr sdapeh
8/17/2019 Makalah AFK C8
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/makalah-afk-c8 7/18
!otoa`djc ser`un `dnu prgmunso se`dj-dn 0 3 ac# neaumodj moadsunndj mdhda
hd`u unur 43 aH# motda`d+ndj etdjgh dm tdjmd `dtds# mo+gagcejndj. !opopet 4#3
aH sdapeh ne mdhda hd`u unur 43 aH# motda`d+ndj 3#4 aH stdjmdr ojterjdh
monhgrgaetdj# hdhu motda`d+ndj etdjgh +ojccd tdjmd `dtds.8ehdj,utj-d se`dj-dn 3#4 H hdrutdj sdapeh mooj,ensondj ne mdhda dhdt )2. 2dtdt
>dntu retejso mdj huds puj6dn resomu nhgrgigra -djc modjdhosos. ]ejtundj jos`d+
huds nhgrgigra mejcdj huds monhgrgaetdj. !o+otujc ngjsejtrdso nhgrgigra mejcdj
aejccujdndj nurvd stdjmdr. *ejetdpdj ndmdr sdapeh mohdnundj se`dj-dn 0@
rephondso.m. !o+otujc pdrdaeter eiosoejso nghga mdj resghuso peaosd+dj sej-d>d -djc mo u,o.e. Dpd`ohd aejccujdndj adjudh oj,entgr# se`ehua aejcda`oh sej-d>d mejcdj
aejccujdndj aonrg syrojce # pdstondj aonrg syrojce terse`ut mo6u6o terhe`o+ md+uhu
mejcdj sej-d>d -djc dndj mocujdndj ujtun aejc+ojmdro dmdj-d ojtervejso
sej-d>d hdoj dno`dt peadndodj ,drua sujton terse`ut se`ehuaj-d.i. *ejetdpdj dnurdso aetgme
!osodpndj : td`ujc rednso (%4 N 3#0I# %0 N 3#0I# %4 N 4I# mdj %0 N 4I". *dmd
adsojc adsojc td`ujc moadsunndj 4#3 aH hdrutdj sdapeh mdj 4#3 aH nurvd `dnu
nhgrgigra.
9. !D]D !DJ *'%/O]UJ)DJ
d. *er+otujcdj urvd &dnu
• 3IA 4.9 4 C A 0.9 0
433I . 9 4 C 3I . 43 aH9 4 C 3 aH
• 3#0IA 4.9 4 C A 0.9 0
433I . 9 4 C 3#0I . 43 aH9 4 C 3#30 aH• 3#:I
A 4.9 4 C A 0.9 0
433I . 9 4 C 3#:I . 43 aH9 4 C 3#3: aH
• 3#?IA 4.9 4 C A 0.9 0
433I . 9 4 C 3#?I . 43 aH9 4 C 3#3? aH
• 3# IA 4.9 4 C A 0.9 0
433I . 9 4 C 3# I . 43 aH9 4 C 3#3 aH• 4I
A 4.9 4 C A 0.9 0
433I . 9 4 C 4I . 43 aH9 4 C 3#4 aH
8/17/2019 Makalah AFK C8
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/makalah-afk-c8 8/18
`. *er+otujcdj urvd &dnu
]d`eh ) Omejtoiondso gapgjej mdhda Hdrutdj 8tdjmdr hgrgigra
Hdrutdj Fdntu %etejsohgrgigra Aurjo
!onhgrgaetdj Aurjo
3# ?<
8tdjmdr hgrgigra 3#0I
hgrgigra
!onhgrgaetdj
3# ?3
8tdjmdr hgrgigra 3#: I
hgrgigra
!onhgrgaetdj
3# ?<
8tdjmdr hgrgigra 3#?I
hgrgigra
!onhgrgaetdj
3# ?<
8tdjmdr hgrgigra 3# I
hgrgigra
!onhgrgaetdj
3# ?<
]d`eh / Johdo 'iosoejso ghga
Hdrutdj dmdr
Fdntu
%etejso
(t%"
He`dr *edn
(>"
'iosoejso
ghga (J"
*dj,djc
nghga
(H" 6a
/']*
8tm. hgrgigra 3#0I 3# ?3 :: 43# 3 0#: 3@43 <333 4#033: @ 43 ?
8tm. hgrgigra 3#:I 3# ?< <? 33#< 3 <# 0:?@43 <333 #3 : ? @ 438tm. hgrgigra 3#?I 3# ?< :< :<#0< 0#? : @43 <333 4#404? @ 43 ?
8tm. hgrgigra 3# I 3# ?< < <# <0 <# < ?@43 <333 #?4? @ 43
6iosoejso nghga <J= 5 )+ <tP93=2• 8tm. hgrgigra 3#0I
J C 4? (3# ?3;:: 43# 3"
C 0#: @43
• 8tm. hgrgigra 3#:I
J C 4? (3# ?<;<? 33#< 3"0
C <# 0:?@43
8/17/2019 Makalah AFK C8
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/makalah-afk-c8 9/18
• 8tm. hgrgigra 3#?I
J C 4? (3# ?<;:< :<#0< " 0
C 0#? : @43
• 8tm. hgrgigra 3# I
J C 4? (3# ?<;< <# <0"0
C <# < ?@43
.6]V 5 H <?a= 9 J• 8tm. hgrgigra 3#0I
/']* C <333;0#: @43
C 4#033: @ 43?
• 8tm. hgrgigra 3#:I
/']* C <333;<# 0:?@43C #3 : ? @ 43
• 8tm. hgrgigra 3#?I
/']* C <333;0#? : @43C 4#404? @ 43 ?
•
8tm. hgrgigra 3# I/']* C <333;<# < ?@43
C #?4? @ 43
8/17/2019 Makalah AFK C8
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/makalah-afk-c8 10/18
]d`eh * Johdo %esghuso rgadtgcrda
Hdrutdj
( dmdr I"
Fdn
tu
resgh
uso 4
(t%4
"
Fdn
tu
resgh
uso 0
(t%0
"
He`d
r *edn
4
(F4"
He`d
r *edn
0
(F0"
%
8tm.
hgrgigra
3#0I
3# ?
3
:: 4
3#
3
8tm.hgrgigra
3#:I
3# ?
<
<? 33#<
38tm.
hgrgigra
3#?I
3# ?
<
:< :
<#0<
8tm.
hgrgigrga
3# I
3# ?
<
<
<#
<0
P 5 / <tP/ ; tP)=
<>/ 8 >)=
]d`eh 1 !dtd *er+otujcdj dmdr 8dapeh
Hdrutdj (I"Fdntu %etejso
hgrgigra (t%"
Huds Dred hgrgigra
(-"
8tm.hgrgigra
3#0I
8tm.
hgrgigra
3#:I
8tm.
hgrgigra3#?I
3# ?33# ?<
3# ?<
3# ?<
4 30 #3 34 3 #4 <
4 3 #4 :4
04 0 # 40
8/17/2019 Makalah AFK C8
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/makalah-afk-c8 11/18
8tm.
hgrgigra
3# I
8dapeh 4
8dapeh 0%dtd rdtd (
½ x "
8!
%8!
4 #43?
4? 0#<
# :
%dtd rdtd ( ½ x " C_ 6,0 +_ 6,= +_ 6,9 +_ 6,2
=
8!
x xo∐
½····
∔o1 4
j
·
·· ∛ ·
·∛(45603,6?26 ∐42222,46932 )0 +(4?62?,45<2 ∐42222,46932 )0 +(4?562,4?=4 ∐42222,46932 )0
+(04?03,?240 ∐42222,46932 )0
=∐4
C ∛4=?63<22,2 + =6=4?,?6=05 + <2=562,02== + ?0=62<9,=2?
<
C 4? 0#<
%8! C\M½ x @ 433 I
C4950,<33
42222,46932 @ 433 I
C # : I%ecreso Hojedr ( Hdrutdj I vs Huds dred nhgrgigra"
8/17/2019 Makalah AFK C8
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/makalah-afk-c8 12/18
d C 4<?3 #? :< - C @ N d ` C 43 ?3# :: - C 43 ?3# :: @ N 4<?3 #? :<r C 3# 0
]d`eh 0 H ! mdj H $
8ero
dmdr
( x
"
Huds
Dred
hgrg
igra (
y "
%ecre
so
Hojedr
4 (
y' "
y∐ y' y∐ y' · 0
· y∐ y' · 0
··∔·
·
sy x
8tm.
hgrg
igra
3#0I
4 30
#3 3
4 4
. <0? 0#
0
:
3 #
00
??#
:0
4 4
#
< ?
?
8tm.
hgrg
igra
3#:I
4 3
#4 <
4 <0
#3000
?
4
#4<
4 :
< 3
3: #
40?
8tm.
hgrg
igra
3#?I
4 3
#4 :4
4 ::#4 40
:
:< .
4:
4 33<#
3?4
8tm.
hgrg
igrga
3# I
04 0
# 40
003 ?
#<?30
0
40 #
<
30
4?:
4#4
0
%ecreso Hojedr ( y' " C 43 ?3# :: @ N 4<?3 #? :<
8/17/2019 Makalah AFK C8
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/makalah-afk-c8 13/18
• y' (3#0I" C 43 ?3# :: (3#0" N 4<?3 #? :< C 4 4 . <0
• y' (3#:I" C 43 ?3# :: (3#:" N 4<?3 #? :< C 4 <0#3000?
• y'
(3#?I" C 43 ?3# :: (3#?" N 4<?3 #? :< C 4 ::#4 40:• y'
(3# I" C 43 ?3# :: (3# " N 4<?3 #? :< C 003 ?#<?300
y∐ y' · 0
··∔·
·
C=3??6?,232 +<?6?6=?,409 +4?66?<,5694 +49=24,43032
=∐0
C
=5?55<<,92<
0
C 00 ??# :0
•
sy x C
y∐ y' · 0
··∔ ·
·∛ ·
C ∛ 00?3399,2=0 C 4 4 # < ??
• H ! C <#< (sy / x
` ·
C <#< (
4545,2<299
46596,2==?·
C 3#: < I
• H $ C 43 (\y / x
` ·
C 43 (4545,2<299
46596,2==?
·
8/17/2019 Makalah AFK C8
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/makalah-afk-c8 14/18
8/17/2019 Makalah AFK C8
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/makalah-afk-c8 15/18
motda`d+ndj mdhda ,uahd+ ngjstdj ujtun sdapeh# stdjmdr ngsgjc# mdj ndho`rdso mdhda
djdhosos noaod. 8-drdt s-drdt sudtu sej-d>d mdpdt mocujdndj se`dcdo stdjmdr ojterjdh
dmdhd+7
4. ]erposd+ mejcdj `don mdro sej-d>d -djc motu,u.0. Aeapuj-do >dntu retejso -djc +dapor sdad mejcdj djdhot.<. ]omdn termdpdt mdhda sdapeh.:. ]omdn aeapuj-do neaoropdj se6drd noaod>o mejcdj djdhot.
. 8td`oh mdj tomdn redntoi mejcdj sdapeh dtdu mejcdj idsd cerdn.?. Aeapuj-do respgj metentgr -djc +dapor sdad mejcdj djdhot pdmd ngjsejtrdso
-djc mocujdndj.
'iosoej (J" aerupdndj ,uahd+ peaosd+dj -djc ter,dmo mdhda nghga. J -djc
`don dmdhd+ 0333# seadnoj `esdr johdo J adndj seadnoj `don peaosd+dj -djc ter,dmo
mdhda nghga. *dmd per6g`ddj ojo moperghe+ johdo J rdtd rdtd -dotu <#03 0 @43 # moadjd
+dsoh ojo `erdrto eiosoejso nghga ,du+ mdro ndtd `don ndrejd nurdjc mdro 0333. 8emdjcndj
johdo rdtd rdtd /']* ( eocbt )quovdhejt tgd $gpoldh %hdte " -djc momdpdt dmdhd+ # 0<@43
# -djc adjd +dsoh ojo `er`djmojc ter`dhon mejcdj J -djc `erdrto +dsoh ojo sumd+ `don#
ndrejd johdo /']* -djc `don dmdhd+ -djc aejmendto 3 (jgh".%esghuso (%" dmdhd+ peaosd+dj djtdrd sdtu pedn mejcdj pedn -djc hdoj mdhda
nrgadtgcrda. %esghuso -djc `don -dotu 4# . *dmd per6g`ddj ojo johdo resghuso tomdn
mdpdt mo+otujc ndrejd pdmd pea`d6ddj nrgadtgcrda# johdo >dntu resghuso pedn 0 mdjhe`dr pedn 0 tomdn termetenso (tomdn ter`d6d".
*dmd per6g`ddj ojo johdo 8! -djc moperghe+ dmdhd+ 4? 0#< mdj johdo %8!
-djc momdpdt dmdhd+ # : I# moadjd +dsoh ojo `erdrto tomdn `dcus ndrejd johdo 8! -djc
`don dmdhd+ aejmendto 3 (jgh" mdj %8! -djc `don -dotu aejmendto 0I. /dh ojo aujcnoj
mose`d`ndj ndrejd ter,dmo nesdhd+dj sddt aehdnundj prepdrdso sdapeh.&ermdsdrndj recreso hojedr (djtdrd hdrutdj I vs huds dred nhgrgigra"#
momdpdtndj johdo r -dotu 3# 0 . !oadjd johdo r ojo `erdrto `dcus# ndrejd johdo r -djc `don
dmdhd+ aejmendto 4. dmdr nhgrgigra -djc dmd mdhda sdapeh 4 mdj mdhda sdapeh 0 tomdn
mdpdt mo+otujc ndrejd nhgrgigra mo mdhda sdapeh tomdn ter`d6d dtdu tomdn termetenso pdmd
nrgadtgcrda.H ! ( Hoaot g, !ete6togj" dmdhd+ ,uahd+ terne6oh mdro djdhot mdhda sdapeh -djc
mdpdt mometenso jdauj ,uahd+ ojo `ehua tejtu mdpdt monudjtosdso mejcdj presoso -djc `don
ghe+ aetgme terse`ut. 8emdjcndj H $ ( Hoaot g, $udjtotdtogj" dmdhd+ ngjsejtrdso
terejmd+ mdro djdhot -djc mdpdt motejtundj se6drd nudjtotdtoi mejcdj presoso mdj dnurdso
-djc mdpdt moteroad( "
. Dmdpuj johdo H ! nhgrgigra -djc moperghe+ dmdhd+ 3#: < mdj
8/17/2019 Makalah AFK C8
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/makalah-afk-c8 16/18
johdo H $ -djc momdpdt dmdhd+ 4#:< <. /dsoh ojo nurdjc `don# ndrejd johdo H ! mdj H $
-djc `don -dotu johdoj-d mo `d>d+ sero ndmdr terne6oh.
9OO. '8OA*UHDJ4. Johdo eiosoejso nghga (J" dmdhd+ <#03 0 @43 # +dsoh ojo tomdn sesudo
0. Johdo /']* dmdhd+ # 0<@43 # +dsoh ojo `er`djmojc ter`dhon mejcdj eiosoejsoj-d -djc
`erdrto johdo /']* sumd+ `don <. Johdo % tomdn mdpdt mo+otujc:. dmdr nhgrgigra -djc dmd mdhda sdapeh 4 mdj mdhda sdapeh 0 tomdn mdpdt mo+otujc
. Johdo 8! -dotu 4? 0#< moadjd +dsoh ojo tomdn 6unup `don?. Johdo %8! -dnjo # : I -djc adjd +dsoh ojo tomdn `don
. Johdo H ! C 3#: <??4? < mdj H $ C 4#:< << :<?# +dsoh ojo nurdjc `don
9OOO. %'5'%'J8O
4. !drad>dto# D.# Didjmo# D. 8.# Ojgjo# D.# 033 # *ejccujddj !oaetoh 8uhignsomd
(!A8 " 8e`dcdo *ehdrut Ujtun Djdhosos U,o &dtds G2eadrdj rcdjon Aumd+
AejcudpV Aejccujdndj rgadtgcrdio )ds# +d"dhdb &dradso 6orhdjccd # ? (4"7 0<
0 .0. Djgjoa# 034:# &drad!gpe Ojmgjesod )moso Y # !epdrteaej ese+dtdj %epu`hon
Ojmgjesod# Kdndrtd# ? ?.<. Djgjoa# 0344# Oapurotoes4 Cuomehoje ,gr 0esomudh ghvejts <=L5093# Ojterjdtogjdh
2gjierej6e gj /dragjosdtogj gi ]e6+jo6dh %eLuoreaejts igr %ecostrdtogj gi *+drad6euto6dhs igr /uadj Use# U8D# 4 0 .
:. *utrd# !. H. ' .# 033 # 'dsdr-mdsdr 2rgadtgcrd,o Cds mdj 2rgadtgcrd,o Ldor
2ojer"d $ojcco # Ujoversotds 8uadterd Utdrd *ress# Aemdj# 0<< 0<:.. 8dstrg+daom,g,g# /.# 4 # 2rgadtgcrd,o # Ojstotut *ertdjodj &gcgr *ress# &gcgr# 40 .
?. )djm,dr# O. ).# %g+adj# D.# 033 # 2oaod &dradso 6jdhosos # *ustdnd *ehd,dr#
Tgc-dndrtd# <0?# <<? << # :4 :03# :0 :<3# ::4 ::0.. '>ojc# 033:# 6jdhytoldh Ojstruaejtdtogj djm`gg!? = rm )motogj# 2%2 *ress# *rdj6os#
:0.
. %g+adj# D.# 033 # 2rgadtgcrd,o ujtu! 6jdhosos G`dt; )rd+d Ohau# Tgc-dndrtd# 4< .
. Dssg6odtogj gi iio6odh Djdh-to6dh 2+eaosts# 4 # 6G6L %err-vero,oem +etbgms
%rgcrda # D D2 Ojterjdtogjdh# Drhojctgj# 4< .
8/17/2019 Makalah AFK C8
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/makalah-afk-c8 17/18
8/17/2019 Makalah AFK C8
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/makalah-afk-c8 18/18
%'5'%'J8O
43. !drad>dto# D.# Didjmo# D. 8.# Ojgjo# D.# 033 # *ejccujddj !oaetoh 8uhignsomd (!A8 "
8e`dcdo *ehdrut Ujtun Djdhosos U,o &dtds G2eadrdj rcdjon Aumd+ AejcudpV
Aejccujdndj rgadtgcrdio )ds# +d"dhdb &dradso 6orhdjccd # ? (4"7 0< 0 .44. 'rg>om#033 # ojtesos g, Lbhgrg,gra # +ttp 7 ; ; >>>. erg>om. grc ; dr6+ove ; r+gmoua ;
6+eaostr- ; 6+hgrgigra. +tah"# modnses tdjccdh : Kujo 034 .40. '>ojc# 033:# 6jdhytoldh Ojstruaejtdtogj djm`gg!? = rm )motogj# 2%2 *ress# *rdj6os#
:0.4<. 9dho# K. 8.# )drc# H. .# 8dot# 8. 8.# 0340# ]rd6e heveh djdh-sos gi 6+hgrgigra oj
p+drad6euto6dh mruc su`stdj6es `- 6dpohhdr- cds 6+rgadtgcrdp+- >ot+ ehe6trgj 6dpture
mete6tgr# >? Lbea? %bdra? 0es? # : ( "7 :040 04 .