KINAGRONA AIMIK MUKITKARP NAROPAL
”rhoM maraG nataubmeP“
: nesoD
iS.M ,ihdayiR idA
: helo silutiD
feinaH ydauF 7000006900111
2 kopmolek nakeR
onosibiW ainruK inaD obradiW hilfuM osotnaS
atpeS adnaW
AIMIK MUIROTAROBAL
)TLP( UDAPRET MUIROTAROBAL TASUP
IGOLONKET NAD SNIAS SATLUKAF ,AIMIK NASURUJ
ATRAKAJ HALLUTYADIH FIRAYS )NIU( IRGEN MALSI SATISREVINU
1102
feinaH ydauF kinagronA aimiK naropaL
IGOLONKET NAD SNIAS SATLUKAF AIMIK NIU firayS atrakaJ hallutayadiH
FEINAH YDAUF kinagronA aimiK 2
RHOM MARAG NATAUBMEP HN( 4)2 OS(eF 4)2 H6. 2O
111( feinaH ydauF 00 )70000069 1
.I NAUJUT
HN( taflus muinomma )II( iseb uata rhoM marag taubmeM 4)2 OS(eF 4)2 H6. 2O
natural malad eF radak nakutnenem nagned latsirK nainrumek radak nakutneneM
rhom marag
.II IROET NASADNAL
hitup anrawreb magol halada inrum gnay iseB - aI .tail nad hukuk gnay ,karep rubelem
5351 adap o halmujes gnudnagnem iseb aynasaib ,inrum gnay laisremok iseb tapadret gnaraJ .C
taZ .tifarg tikides atres ,iseb irad adiflus nad adifsof ,adisilis ,adibrak licek - ini ramecnep taz
.iseb rutkurts nataukek malad gnitnep nanarep nakniamem masA .naktingamid tapad iseB
marag naklisahid anam adaP .iseb nakturalem recne taflus masa nad takep uata recne adirolk -
.)9791 ,legoV( negordih sag nad )II(iseb marag
maraG - .natural malad OeF ,adisko )II( iseb irad naknurutid oref uata )II( iseb marag
araG m- eF noitak gnudnagnem ini marag +2 tapad )II( iseb noI .uajih tikides anrawreb nad
nikameS .tauk gnay iskuderep taz nakapurem akam ,)III( iseb idajnem nakisadiskoid hadum
masa gnaruk natural ab asab uata larten anasaus malad aynkefe halatayn nikames ,uti nakh
tikides surah )II( iseb natural akaM .)II( iseb noi nakisadiskognem naka refsomta irad negisko
.)5891 ,onoiteS( amal kjaga gnay utkaw kutnu napmisid nigni alib masa
marag nagned gnubagreb tapad taflus )II( iseb maraG - ,ilakla marag irad taflus marag
em iagabes nakrabmagid tapad gnay mumu sumur nagned pakgnar marag utaus kutnebm
M2 OS(eF 4) 6.H2 magol irad lobmis nakapurem M anamid ,O - nad sC ,bR ,K itrepes ,magol
HN .4 utiay kitnedi uata amas gnay noina nagned marag aud nagnubag nakapurem ini sumuR
M2 OS 4 OSeF 4 H6. 2 .O
11 awsisahaM atrakaJ hallutayadiH firayS NIU .igolonkeT nad sniaS satlukaF ,aimiK nasuruJ ,III retsemes
feinaH ydauF kinagronA aimiK naropaL
IGOLONKET NAD SNIAS SATLUKAF AIMIK NIU firayS atrakaJ hallutayadiH
FEINAH YDAUF kinagronA aimiK 3
HN halada M nagned pakgnar marag kutnU 4 )II( iseb lom halmuj nagned taubid gna ,
rhom maraG .rhom marag nagned lanekid ini lisah akam ,amas taflus muinomma nad taflus
anamid ,muinomma nad )II( iseb irad taflus marag audek nakrupmacnem nagned taubid
gnisam - .masa tikides nakhabmatid )II( iseb adap nad hunej ipamas nakturalid marag gnisam
gnay latsirk helorepid naka sata id marag audek adap narupmac lisah nanignidnep taas adaP
uribek uajih anrawreb - da nial kadit rhom maraG .nilkonom kutneb nagned naurib marag hala
HN( lukelom sumur nagned taflus muinomma )II( iseb pakgnar 4)2 4OSeF . H6 2 uata O
HN( 4)2 )4OS( 2. H6 2 .)7002 ,sizA( O
nad taflus iseb irad pakgnar marag nakapurem ,taflus muinomma iseb ,rhom maraG
HN[ lukelom sumur nagned taflus muinomma 4]2 OS[]eF[ 4]2 iakusid hibel rhom maraG .O2H6·
helo huragnepret hadum kadit rhom marag anerak isartit sesorp kutnu taflus )II( iseb adap irad
)II( iseb nakgnidnabid sabeb aradu helo isadiskoret hadum kadit /aradau id sabeb negisko
( taflus tlas_rhoM/ikiw/gro.aidepikiw.ne//:ptth .)
samekret aynnusuynep noi uata ,lukelom ,mota gnay natadap utaus halada latsirK
riac taz ,mumu araceS.isnemid agit araces rabelem gnalureb aynalop nad rutaret araces
akitek latsirk kutnebmem asib aynlisah ,laedi isidnok adaP .natadamep sesorp imalagnem
mota aumes gnay ,laggnut latsirk apureb - uata isik adap ”gnasapret“ aynnatadap malad mota
natlumis araces kutnebret latsirk nakaynabek ,mumu araces ,ipat ,amas gnay latsirk rutkurts
gnem aggnihes iumet atik gnay magol nakaynabek ,aynlasiM .nilatsirkilop natadap naklisah
irahes - nariac utaus irad kutnebret naka gnay anam latsirk rutkurtS.latsirkilop nakapurem irah
nanaket nad ,natadamep idajret akitek isidnok ,iridnes aynnariac aimik adap gnutnagret
.isasilatsirk iagabes lanekid nilatsirk rutkurts aynkutnebret sesorP .neibma
rhom marg ,adum uajih anrawreb latsirk kutnebreb rhom marag mumu araceS
HN( sumur iaynupmem 4)2 OS 4 H(eF[. 2 )O 6 OS] 4 )II( iseb marag nagned nakgnidnabid alibapA .
I( iseb uata adiflus )II( iseb uti nialeS .aradu idlibats hibel ini rhom marag latsirk ,adirolk )I
feinaH ydauF kinagronA aimiK naropaL
IGOLONKET NAD SNIAS SATLUKAF AIMIK NIU firayS atrakaJ hallutayadiH
FEINAH YDAUF kinagronA aimiK 4
sumur nagned pakgnar marag kutnebmem tapad ilakla irad taflus marag nagned taflus
OS(eFgM 4 H6.) 2 HN uata sC ,bR ,K itrepes nial ilakla magol nagned nupuata O 4.
nagned alibapA gnisam ,amas gnay lom halmuj - nakturalid taflus )II( iseb irad gnisam
masa tikides nakturalid taflus )II( iseb malad ek nakgnades ,sanap ria maladid hunej iapmas
kutnebreb marag idajnem latsirkgnem naka nanignidnep sesorp adaP .rupmacid aidumek taflus
tsirk ay nilkonom la .nauribek kaga uajih anrawreb gn
.III TALA NAD NAHAB
: nahaB
iseb kubreS
%01 taflus masA
takep ainommA
talA :
lm 052 nad lm 001 alaip saleG
lm 05 ruku saleG
lm 01 ruku tepiP
kitilana acareN
gniras satreK
ria sagnanep uata etalp toH
gnoroC
torpmes lotoB
feinaH ydauF kinagronA aimiK naropaL
IGOLONKET NAD SNIAS SATLUKAF AIMIK NIU firayS atrakaJ hallutayadiH
FEINAH YDAUF kinagronA aimiK 5
.VI AJREK RUDESORP
.1 A natural nataubmeP
kitilana nagnabmit nakanuggnem nagned g 5,3 iseb kubres gnabmiT
H( taflus masa nagned iseb kubres nakturaL 2 OS 4 % 01 )
tural ripmah iseb kubres iapmas naksanaP
sanap hisam akitek natural gniraS
es nakhabmaT etartlif adap taflus masa tikid
natural naakumrepid latsirk kutnebret iapmas etartlif nakpaU
.2 B natural nataubmeP
H lm 05 naklarteN 2 OS 4 takep ainomma nagned %01
HN( natural nakpaU 4)2 OS 4 hunej iapmas
.3 narupmacneP
B natural nad A naturual nakrupmaC
se malad( adum uajih anrawreb latsirK kutnebret aggnih natural naknigniD
)utab
malad ilabmek nakturalem arac nagned naktapadid inrum gnay rhoM maraG
sanap ria tikides
igal latsirkgnem nakraiB
tapadid gnay rhom marag gnabmiT
feinaH ydauF kinagronA aimiK naropaL
IGOLONKET NAD SNIAS SATLUKAF AIMIK NIU firayS atrakaJ hallutayadiH
FEINAH YDAUF kinagronA aimiK 6
.V NATAMAGNEP ATAD
kubres toboB iseb : g 5.3 mar
gniras satreK : g 65.0 )a( mar
H( takep taflus masa nakrecnegneM 2 OS 4 :arac nagned ,lm 001 %01 idajnem %69 )
M1 V. 1 M= 2 V. 2
69 %. V1 01= %. lm 001
V1 = 0001
69
V1 = H( lm 4.01 2 OS 4)
lasrevinu rotacidni nakanuggnem nagned 7 larten B natural Hp
rhom marag + gniras satrek tobob : 58.31 )b( marg
naklisahid gnay rhom marag tobob b : -a
.31 58 g – = g 65.0 marg 92.31
.IV NAGNUTIHREP ATAD
.a rhom marag lom iracneM ( rM , HN 4)2 OS(eF 4)2 H6. 2 O = 93 2
HN( 4)2 OS 4 H 6 + eF + 2 O HN( → 4 OS2) 4 H(eF[. 2 )O 6 OS] 4
)amas aynneisifeok anrak( rhom marag lom = eF loM ,idaJ
= eF loM asam kubres isebrA eF
=eF loM 3.5 rg65
=eF lom 350.0 : rhom marag lom akam 350.0
.b am iracneM marag ass rhom
rhoM assaM rhoM lom = rhoM rM x
= 293 x 350.0
= marg 677.02
feinaH ydauF kinagronA aimiK naropaL
IGOLONKET NAD SNIAS SATLUKAF AIMIK NIU firayS atrakaJ hallutayadiH
FEINAH YDAUF kinagronA aimiK 7
.c rhom marag nainrumeK
nainrumek esatnesorP = 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠 𝐫𝐡𝐨𝐦 𝐧𝐚𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠 𝐫𝐡𝐨𝐦 𝐢𝐫𝐨𝐞𝐭
= 𝟑𝟏 . 𝟗𝟐𝟎𝟐 . 𝟔𝟕𝟕
𝐱 𝟎𝟎𝟏 %
36 = %
.IIV NASAHABMEP
naktabilem fitatilauk kinagrona sisilana malad nakanugid gnay iskaer ilakes kaynaB
esaf utaus iagabes irid nakhasimem gnay taz halada napadnE .napadne nakkutnebmep
nad ,diolok uata )nilatsirk( latsirk apureb nikgnum napadnE .natural irad raulek tadap
tapad itrepes ,)egufirtnes( nagnisumep uata nagniraynep nagned natural irad nakraulekid
.rhom marag nataubmep inkay ini naabocrep adap nakukalid gnay
noitak aud gnudnagnem aynlatsirk isik malad gnay marag halada pakgnar maraG
etret isroporp nagned adebreb gnay kutnebmem hadum hibel aynasaib pakgnar maraG .utn
marag nagned nakgnidnabid raseb latsirk - latsirK hotnoC.aynnusuynep laggnut marag
halada pakgnar marag ,rhom marag muinomma )II( iseb inkay ini naabocrep adap gnay
.taflus
ubid rhom marag ini mukitkarp adaP natural nad taflus masa nagned iseb iskaer irad ta
duskaM .kubres iseb halada ini naabocrep malad nakanugid gnay iseB .kainoma
gnidnabreb iskaer ujal anerak ,iskaer tapecrepmem halada ini kubres iseb naanuggnep
naakumrep saul nagned surul .taz abocrep naD iramel malad nakukalid aynaumes ini na
nahab nakanuggnem anrak masa - nay amora nad takep gnay nahab naka g
nad dradnats nakapurem inI .nakitkarp nakayahabmem rp utas halas o .bal ytefas rudes
nupadA amatrep hakgnaL eb nakiskaerem inkay A natural taubmem nagned is
H2 OS 4 H sag nakgnalihgnem kutnu aynnaksanamem naidumek , 2 tapecrepmem nad
eF noi nakutnebmep +2 .nauajihek anrawreb rulbah aynkutnebret nagned iadnatid gnay
feinaH ydauF kinagronA aimiK naropaL
IGOLONKET NAD SNIAS SATLUKAF AIMIK NIU firayS atrakaJ hallutayadiH
FEINAH YDAUF kinagronA aimiK 8
naklisahid gnay etartlif ,gnoroc nad gniras satrek nagned gniras tural iseb kubres haleteS
H tikides nakhabmat 2 OS 4 nakgnalihgnem kutnu igal naksanapid naidumeK .takep
.natural naklasirkgnem nad rotognep kutnu halada nagniraynep irad naujut nupadA
nasanamep irad naujut nad hadner gnay uhus adap latsirk aynkutnebret iradnihgnem
gabes halada halada ripmah aggnihes iskaer aynidajret tapecrepmem kutnu utiay silatak ia
ignarugnem kutnu naujut nagned nakpauid suret ini naturaL .turalem tapad iseb aumes
: idajret gnay iskaer nupadA .natural adap ada gnay ria lukelom
eF )s( H + 2 OS 4 )qa( OSeF → )qa( 4 H + ( 2 )g
aud ek hakgnaL B natural taubmem inkay H naklartenem 2 OS 4 HN nagned 3 aggniheS .
HN( natural naklisahid 4)2 OS 4 .)larten( 7=Hp nagned halet natural iuhategnem kutnU
.lasrevinu rotacidni satrek nakanuggnem nakitkarp larten H nalartenep sesorP 2 OS 4 pukuc
abocnem nakitkarp ,larten idajnem takep nad tauk masa natural naklartenem anrak tilus
hisam gnadakret aynlisah gnay lasrevinu rotacidni satrek nakanuggnem ilak aparebeb
haleteS .asab idajnem nakhab masa naturaL ini larten pmas naksanapid naidumek ia
es idajnem emulov( hunej ayntapmerep HN nakpaugnem kutnu naujut nagned ) 3 gnay
H nagned iskaereb kadit nikgnum 2 OS 4. : idajret gnay iskaer nupadA
HN2 )qa( 3 H + 2 OS )qa( 4 HN( → 4)2 OS )qa( 4
. B nad A natural narupmacnep halada ayntujnales sesorP A natural narupmacneP
B nagned aggnih marag kutnebret halet( nauajihek hinrej anrawreb natural kutnebret
apureb rhom marag latsirk kutnebret aggnihes naknignidid naidumek ini naturaL .)rhom
ned eF aynada anerak nauribek uajih anrawreb gnay nilkonom latsirk HN( nag 4)2 OS 4 gnay
.skelpmok awaynes kutnebmem : idajret gnay isaker nupadA
OSeF 4 HN( + 4)2 OS 4 H6 + 2 O HN( → 4)2 OS(eF 4)2 H6. 2O
feinaH ydauF kinagronA aimiK naropaL
IGOLONKET NAD SNIAS SATLUKAF AIMIK NIU firayS atrakaJ hallutayadiH
FEINAH YDAUF kinagronA aimiK 9
ini naabocrep malad nakitkarp naklisahid gnay rhom maraG g 92.31 nakgnades ,
iapacnem aynsurahes sitiroet nagnutihrep lisah turunem g 677.02 nainrumek aggnihes .
ini kitkarp adap naktapadid gnay rhom marag %36 lah aparebeb nakanerakid ini laH .
: aynaratnaid
nagned naturalep taas adap ,tural muleb gnay ada hisam naigabes iseb kubreS
,%01 taflus masa
nasanamep utkaw satisnetni ayngnaruK ,iseb kubres naturalep taas
hisam aggnihes ,kudaid kadit ,iseb kubres naturalep taas adap kinakem rotcaF
,tural kadit gnay iseb kubres naigabes ada
.srorre namuH
.IIIV NALUPMISEK
taflus nad muinoma nagil nagned iseb skelpmok awaynes nakapurem rhoM maraG
nagned HN( lukelom sumur 4)2 OS(eF 4)2 H6 . 2O
,napaugnep iulalem utiay ,isasilatsirk arac nagned nakukalid rhom marag nataubmeP
,adum uajih anrawreb latsirk naktapadid nad
%36 nainrumek nagned ,marg 92.31 naktapadid gnay rhom maraG
feinaH ydauF kinagronA aimiK naropaL
IGOLONKET NAD SNIAS SATLUKAF AIMIK NIU firayS atrakaJ hallutayadiH
FEINAH YDAUF kinagronA aimiK 01
.XI NARIPMAL - NAABOCREP NARIPMAL
otoF - : rhom marag nataubmep mukitkarp otof
A naturaL nataubmeP
H nataubmeP 2 OS 4 takep marg 5.3 iseb kubres takep naturaL
masa iramel malad mukitkarp sesorP iseb kubres nakturalem iseb kubres nakturalem
feinaH ydauF kinagronA aimiK naropaL
IGOLONKET NAD SNIAS SATLUKAF AIMIK NIU firayS atrakaJ hallutayadiH
FEINAH YDAUF kinagronA aimiK 11
eF natural isnatakeD etartlif OSeF 4 OSeF iseb latsirK 4
B naturaL
lasrevinu Hp rotacidnI ainomma nahunejneP )larten natural( 7 Hp
feinaH ydauF kinagronA aimiK naropaL
IGOLONKET NAD SNIAS SATLUKAF AIMIK NIU firayS atrakaJ hallutayadiH
FEINAH YDAUF kinagronA aimiK 21
B nagned A natural narupmacneP
rhom marag nanignidneP rhom marag nagniraynep
NAAYNATREP NABAWAJ
.1 masa nahabmanep naujut apA ?etartlif adap taflus
aynnaujuT atsirk aynkutnebret iradnihgnem kutnu hadner gnay uhus adap l silatak iagabes
turalem tapad iseb aumes ripmah aggnihes iskaer aynidajret tapecrepmem kutnu utiay
.2 rhom marag isgnuf apA ?
patet ,isgnuf kaynab iaynupmem rhom maraG : kutnu nakanugid aynasaib rhom marag i eF ukab natural taubmem kutnU +2 .irtemulov sisilana igab
kitengam narukugnep malad isarbilakgnep taz iagabeS
K rotadisko isadiskognem ayad naturu naklamarem kutnU 2 rC 2O7 OnMK , 4 OrBK nad 3
amas gnay isartnesnok nagned( eF noi padahret )N 1,0 ~ .+2
.3 ini naabocrep malad tapadret gay iskaer aumes siluT ?
eF )s( H + 2 OS 4 )qa( OSeF → )qa( 4 H + )g( 2
HN2 )qa( 3 H + 2 OS )qa( 4 HN( → 4)2 OS )qa( 4
OSeF 4 HN( + 4)2 OS 4 H6 + 2 O HN( → 4)2 OS(eF 4)2 H6. 2O
feinaH ydauF kinagronA aimiK naropaL
IGOLONKET NAD SNIAS SATLUKAF AIMIK NIU firayS atrakaJ hallutayadiH
FEINAH YDAUF kinagronA aimiK 31
.X AKATSUP RATFAD
.9891 .nosnikiW dna nottoC IU :atrakaJ .rasaD kinagronA aimiK - .sserP
firayS NIU .kinagronA aimiK : mukitkarP nutnuneP .1102.iS.M ,dilahC laidaY irS
hallutayadiH - atrakaJ .sserP
orkimimeS nad orkaM fitatilauK kinagronA sisilanA skeT ukuB :legoV .0991 .G ,alhevS
TP :atrakaJ .I naigaB .akasuP aideM namlaK
marag/21/0102/moc.topsgolb.lnawa//:ptth - lmth.rhom
ag/70/11/0102/moc.sserpdrow.licekiniainud//:ptth mar - /rhom
tlas_rhoM/ikiw/gro.aidepikiw.ne//:ptth .
moc.elgoog.www
marag/11/0102/moc.topsgolb.elazirfas//:ptth - rhom - lmth.o2h624hn