Download - Evolusi molekuler
![Page 1: Evolusi molekuler](https://reader036.vdokumen.com/reader036/viewer/2022081416/55cf9036550346703ba3ed6f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Teori Evolusi dari Sudut Pandang Biologi
Sutiman B. SumitroJurusan Biologi
Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan AlamUniversitas Brawijaya
e-mail : [email protected]
![Page 2: Evolusi molekuler](https://reader036.vdokumen.com/reader036/viewer/2022081416/55cf9036550346703ba3ed6f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Suatu kenyataan bahwa kehidupan demikian beragam dan sangat komplek
Diantara makhluk hidup ada persamaan ciri satu dengan lainnya tetapi juga ada perbedaan.
Jauh dekatnya kekerabatan dicirikan oleh banyak sedikitnya persamaan/perbedaan diantara mereka
Semua makhluk hidup berasal dari makhluk hidup sejenis lainnya
Mereka hidup dengan keragaman persyaratan kondisi lingkungan sekali gus juga menampakkan
banyak persamaan persyaratan hidup
![Page 3: Evolusi molekuler](https://reader036.vdokumen.com/reader036/viewer/2022081416/55cf9036550346703ba3ed6f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Controversial opinion againts Darwinian theory of evolution appeared since it
was proposed
The Darwinian concept is taken in order to stimulate explanation on how life
evolve toward species heterogeneity
![Page 4: Evolusi molekuler](https://reader036.vdokumen.com/reader036/viewer/2022081416/55cf9036550346703ba3ed6f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Teori Darwin berbicara tentang terbentuknya keragaman spesies makhluk hidup yang berhubungan dengan tuntutan
kepentingannya untuk bertahan hidup
•Anak selalu memiliki sifat yang berbeda dengan induknya
•Selalu ada keragaman pada anak turunnya
•Divergensi sistem kehidupan
![Page 5: Evolusi molekuler](https://reader036.vdokumen.com/reader036/viewer/2022081416/55cf9036550346703ba3ed6f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Evolusi molekuler](https://reader036.vdokumen.com/reader036/viewer/2022081416/55cf9036550346703ba3ed6f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Evolusi molekuler](https://reader036.vdokumen.com/reader036/viewer/2022081416/55cf9036550346703ba3ed6f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Evolusi molekuler](https://reader036.vdokumen.com/reader036/viewer/2022081416/55cf9036550346703ba3ed6f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
DNA molecule featured by x-ray cristallography
method
Watson and Crick
![Page 9: Evolusi molekuler](https://reader036.vdokumen.com/reader036/viewer/2022081416/55cf9036550346703ba3ed6f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)(program kehidupan)
Transkripsi
mRNA
translasi
Protein (pelaku proses hidup)
![Page 10: Evolusi molekuler](https://reader036.vdokumen.com/reader036/viewer/2022081416/55cf9036550346703ba3ed6f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Evolusi molekuler](https://reader036.vdokumen.com/reader036/viewer/2022081416/55cf9036550346703ba3ed6f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
DNA damage reparation
![Page 12: Evolusi molekuler](https://reader036.vdokumen.com/reader036/viewer/2022081416/55cf9036550346703ba3ed6f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Variasi genetik terjadi pada organisme sederhana maupun manusia
![Page 13: Evolusi molekuler](https://reader036.vdokumen.com/reader036/viewer/2022081416/55cf9036550346703ba3ed6f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Bagaimana keragaman organisme terjadi ?
Biologi Molekuler menjawab masalah ini ?
![Page 14: Evolusi molekuler](https://reader036.vdokumen.com/reader036/viewer/2022081416/55cf9036550346703ba3ed6f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Bacterial hybridization for survival
![Page 15: Evolusi molekuler](https://reader036.vdokumen.com/reader036/viewer/2022081416/55cf9036550346703ba3ed6f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Translocation induced mutation in viral DNA
![Page 16: Evolusi molekuler](https://reader036.vdokumen.com/reader036/viewer/2022081416/55cf9036550346703ba3ed6f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Apakah mutasi adalah jalan menuju pada kemunculan keragaman organisme ?
Apakah mutasi menguntungkan ataukah justru merugikan bagi upaya
survival ?
![Page 17: Evolusi molekuler](https://reader036.vdokumen.com/reader036/viewer/2022081416/55cf9036550346703ba3ed6f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Evolusi molekuler](https://reader036.vdokumen.com/reader036/viewer/2022081416/55cf9036550346703ba3ed6f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Conservative genes:Structural changes due to small mutation does not change any functional properties
![Page 19: Evolusi molekuler](https://reader036.vdokumen.com/reader036/viewer/2022081416/55cf9036550346703ba3ed6f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
In higher organism, small mutation (slippage error) generate individual variation which is thought to be
the way to develop into new species
![Page 20: Evolusi molekuler](https://reader036.vdokumen.com/reader036/viewer/2022081416/55cf9036550346703ba3ed6f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Number of occurrence of small mutation due to
transition and tranversion
Small mutation should be harmless for the
survival
![Page 21: Evolusi molekuler](https://reader036.vdokumen.com/reader036/viewer/2022081416/55cf9036550346703ba3ed6f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Bacteria take advantages from mutation
![Page 22: Evolusi molekuler](https://reader036.vdokumen.com/reader036/viewer/2022081416/55cf9036550346703ba3ed6f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Thalassemia, a diseases due to abnormal translocation
![Page 23: Evolusi molekuler](https://reader036.vdokumen.com/reader036/viewer/2022081416/55cf9036550346703ba3ed6f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Divergensi protein globin akibat evolusi
![Page 24: Evolusi molekuler](https://reader036.vdokumen.com/reader036/viewer/2022081416/55cf9036550346703ba3ed6f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Perkembangan evolusi gen globin karena transposisi gen
![Page 25: Evolusi molekuler](https://reader036.vdokumen.com/reader036/viewer/2022081416/55cf9036550346703ba3ed6f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Transposon explain how divergence is occurred
![Page 26: Evolusi molekuler](https://reader036.vdokumen.com/reader036/viewer/2022081416/55cf9036550346703ba3ed6f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Expression of tandem repetition of rDNA
![Page 27: Evolusi molekuler](https://reader036.vdokumen.com/reader036/viewer/2022081416/55cf9036550346703ba3ed6f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
DNA recombinant technology
![Page 28: Evolusi molekuler](https://reader036.vdokumen.com/reader036/viewer/2022081416/55cf9036550346703ba3ed6f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
DNA single parent seperti DNA mitokondria menguntungkan untuk kajian evolusi
![Page 29: Evolusi molekuler](https://reader036.vdokumen.com/reader036/viewer/2022081416/55cf9036550346703ba3ed6f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Mitochondrial DNA
![Page 30: Evolusi molekuler](https://reader036.vdokumen.com/reader036/viewer/2022081416/55cf9036550346703ba3ed6f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Kesimpulan
1. Dalam pandangan biologi molekuler mutasi kecil merupakan jalan menuju kepada perubahan struktur dan fungsi kehidupan. Perubahan ini cenderung menuju pada keragaman. Mutasi besar cenderung merugikan dan memunahkan
2. Perubahan genetik karena faktor intrinksik berupa kesalahan transkripsi, pergeseran gen (transposon), dan translokasi. Sedangkan mutasi akibat faktor eksternal termasuk hasil rekayasa manusia dapat berupa dilesi atau insersi.
3. DNA mitokondria dan molekul fossil adalah andalan saat ini untuk mengungkap sejarah kehidupan