Download - Embriologi 1
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Embriologi 1
J. Hudyono
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Daftar Pustaka
• Developmental Anatomy : Arey• Reproduksi dan Embriologi :
M.Hatta Syahrum, Kamaludin, Aryatmo Tjokronegoro (FKUI)
• Early Embryology of the Chick• Embriologi Kedokteran : Jan
Langman (EGC)
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Kegunaan Embriologi (1)
• Memberi pengertian bgmn organ dan jaringan yg berbeda berkembang dari sel tunggal (Zigot), mengungkap rahasia keturunan, penentu sex, embr perbandingan menjelaskan evolusi organik
• Memberikan gambaran perkembangan normal dan abnormal
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Kegunaan Embriologi (2)
• Sebagai dasar bagi Ilmu Kedokteran Preklinik & Klinik– Anatomi– Patologi Anatomi– I. Kesehatan Anak– I. Kebidanan– I. Bedah– dll
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Three Eras of Developmental Biology
• The Anatomical Tradition (300BC-1870 AD)
• The Age of Experimental Embryology (1870-1930)
• The Modern Synthesis (1930-present)
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Sejarah & Latar Belakang
• Embriologi : Ilmu yg mempelajari embrio (perkembangan awal dari organisme baik fungsional-struktural)
• Phyllogeny : Ilmu yg mempelajari perkembangan awal derajat /phylum yg rendah sampai yg tinggi
• Ontogeny : Ilmu yg mempelajari perkembangan dari saat fertilisasi-lahir-mati
• Organogenesis : proses pembentukan organ-organ
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Periode Perkembangan (1)
• Prenatal – Ovum (fertilisasi - minggu 1)– Embrio (minggu 2 – 8)– Fetus / janin (bulan 3 - lahir)
• Natal
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Periode Perkembangan (2)
• Post Natal– Neonatus (lahir - minggu 2)– Bayi (minggu 3 - 1 tahun)– Anak
• Awal (gigi susu / tahun 2 s/d 6)• Tengah (gigi permanen/ tahun 7 s/d 9-10• Lanjut (prepubertal / tahun 9-10 s/d 12-
15 (P), 13-16 (L)
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Periode Perkembangan (3)
• Post Natal– Pubertas
• Adolescense (s/d 6 tahun stlh pubertas)• Dewasa (prima & transisi, 20 - 60 tahun)• Manula (usia tua & senil, 60 tahun lebih
• Kematian
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Aristotle (384-322 BC)
• “Father” of Embryology• Made observations on
chicken and other embryos.
• Concluded that embryos form gradually and they do not possess adult features until after birth.
Embriologi sudah dikenal sejak jaman Aristoteles 384-382 SM
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• Aristotle– 4th century BC– Reproductive
strategies– Cell division
patterns– Placental functions
Embriologi sudah dikenal sejak jaman Aristoteles 384-382 SM
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Anatomical/Descriptive Studies
• 1600s– “ex ovo omnia”– First microscopy studies
• descriptions of chick development
• 1700s– Epigenesis vs. Preformation
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Preformasi
– di dlm ovum/sperma sdh tdp benih yg terbentuk sempurna & sangat kecil yg akan membesar shg bentuknya nyata selama perkembangannya• Spermis : homonkulus (Hartsoeker)• Ovois/ovulis : partenogenesis (Charles
Bonnet)
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Epigenesis and PreformationDebate (1700’s)
Epigenesis: Organs and embryos form de novo
Preformation: Organs are present in minature in the sperm or egg.
Sperm Homunculus
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Animal Development
-How are complex animals assembled from
one undifferentiated ovum?
One idea: Preformation
Emboitment (encapsulation): BonnetHomunculus
Anatomical/Descriptive Studies
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Generatio Spontanea
– Organisme terbentuk secara spontan– Ditentang oleh Redy (1668) & Louis
(1684) : omne vivum ex vivo, omne cellula et cellula
– Anthony van Leuwenhook (1674) : sperma & bakteri
– Robert Hooke : sel gabus
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Epigenesis (KF. Wolf)
– Perkembangan awal embrio ayam didahului oleh bentuk globul (sel-sel) dalam telur, kemudian sel tsb menyusun diri menjadi susunan embrio yg komplex
– Perkembangan sel menjadi organisme
Another idea: Epigenesis – embryo gradually takes shape
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Karl Ernst von Baer (1792-1876)• First to observe the mammalian egg.• Carried out detailed descriptions of a wide
variety of embryos.• Formulated a set of developmental
principles.
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Von Baer (Bapak Embriologi Modern)
•Teori rekapitulasi– Bahwa pd stadium tertentu, embrio
organisme yg derajatnya lebih tinggi, mengulangi stadium embrio organisme lebih rendah derajatnya dari segi evolusi
•Konsep penentuan asal-usul organ dasar dan mengembangkan embriologi perbandingan (ovum manusia vs ovum mamalia)
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Anatomical/Descriptive Studies
• 1820s– von Baer (1828)
– Describes notochord– Describes similarities in early vertebrate
development:
– “von Baer’s principles”
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Von Baer’s Embryos
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Recapitulation Theory
• Von Baer, in 1828, put forward Von Baer's law. It was later called the biogenetic law by Ernst Haeckel in 1866.
• It states that an animal in its individual development from egg to adult repeats or recapitulates in a condensed form the stages through which its ancestors have passed in the course of their evolution.
• This statement can be briefly put in three words — ontogeny repeats phylogeny. Ontogeny is the life history of an in-
• dividual animal, phylogeny is the evolutionary history of the race of the animal. This means an organism repeats its ancestral history during its development.
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Anatomical/Descriptive Studies
• Late 1700s– Wolff (1759)
– Observations of chick embryo– Structures entirely different in embryos
vs adults: epigenesis
• 1820s– Pander
– Describes 3 germ layers– First indication of induction– Epigenesis further substantiated
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William Harvey (1578-1657)
• In On the Generation of Animals (1651) concluded that all animals came from
eggs.• First to observe the
chick blastoderm.
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Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694)
• First to made detailed microscopic observations on embryos. • Discovered the neural
tube, somites, and many other embryonic structures.
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Wilhelm Roux (1850-1924)
• One of the founders of experimental embryology.• Was interested in questions of
developmental potency.
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Hans Spemann (1869-1941)
• Identified principlesof embryonic induction.
• Found the frog embryonic
“organizer.”• Nobel Prize (1935)
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Implantation
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Mammals
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Mammalian Gastrulation
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Pembelahan (Cleavage)
• Isolesital (yolk tersebar merata)• Holoblastik equal• Cleavage berlangsung lambat morula
4 hari (96 jam)• Blastomer membelah :
– Cepat MEE + plasenta outer cell mass mengelilingi blastosul trofoblas
– Lambat embrio inner cell mass– Inner cell mass + blastomer blastokis
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Rotational Cleavage
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Compaction and Cavitation
Compaction
Cavitation
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Zona pellucida
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Human Pregnancy
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Pembelahan (Cleavage)
• Blastokis nidasi (implantasi) di uterus
• Endometrium mengalami perubahan karena h. progesteron
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Endometrium
• Stratum kompaktum• Stratum spongiosum• Stratum basale
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Implantasi
• Blastokis uterus• Penetrasi dinding uterus• Sel-sel trofoblas enzim erosi
stratum kompaktum invasi• Sel-sel trofoblas proliferasi sel-sel
superfisial dng batas tdk jelas sinsitio trofoblas korion (berfungsi sbg endokrin)
• Sel-sel trofoblas bag yg berbatasan dng blastosul sito-trofoblas
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Implantasi
• Sinsitio trofoblas korion hormon HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin)
• Sekitar 3 minggu tes kehamilan +
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Pembentukan plasenta
• Sinsitio trofoblas ruang inter villi• Sitotrofoblas membentuk jonjot (sel sitotrofoblas + sel mesoderm embrio vili korialis• Vili korialis diisi oleh pemb.darah embrio• Pd ruang intervili bermuara pemb.darah dari endometrium yg disebut pemb.darah maternal (membawa nutrisi)
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Sebelum pembuluh darah mengisi vili korialis, sel maternal dihancurkan enzim diabsorbsi oleh trofoblas dan diangkut ke embrio NutrisiHistotropik (pd mamalia tingkat rendah berlangsung permanen)Pd manusia stlh vili korialis terisi pembuluh darah difusi Nutrisi Hemotropik (sampai janin dilahirkan)
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• Desidua basalis yang ditempati embrio (terletak di antara korion dan miometrium korion frondosum membentuk plasenta
• Desidua kapsularis yang meliputi embrio (terletak di antara korion dan kavum uteri)
• Desidua parietalis yang tidak ditempati embrio korion leave
• Pd manusia plasenta dibentuk oleh fusi ujung alantois yg mencapai korion (chorionic plate/plasenta pars fetalis) + desidua basalis (plasenta pars maternalis)
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Fungsi plasenta
•Pembawa nutrisi utama•Alat respirasi•Barier pelindung•Kelenjar endokrin :
menghasilkan beberapa hormon yg identik dengan : estrogen, progesteron
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Plasenta dan Membran Janin
• Amnion - Epiblast / Mesoderm Ekstraembrional
• Kantung kunir (Yolk Sac) - Hipoblas / Mesoderm Ekstraembrional
• Alantois - Embryonic Hindgut• Korion - Trofoblas / Mesoderm
Ekstraembrional • Plasenta - Korion / Desidua Maternal
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Amnion
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Fungsi Amnion
• Proteksi Mekanik: tekanan hidrostatik
• Memungkinkan bergerak bebas –yang membantu perkembangan neuromuskular
• Antibakterial• Memungkinkan janin tumbuh• Proteksi perlengketan
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Plasenta dan Membran Janin
• Amnion - Epiblast / Mesoderm Ekstraembrional
• Kantung kunir (Yolk Sac) - Hipoblas / Mesoderm Ekstraembrional
• Alantois - Embryonic Hindgut• Korion - Trofoblas / Mesoderm
Ekstraembrional • Plasenta - Korion / Desidua Maternal
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Kantung Kunir (Yolk Sac)
Hipoblas – kantung kunir primer atau Heuser's membrane.
Hari ke 12 – Gelombang kedua migrasi sel - membentuk kantung kunir definitif
Berasal dari endoderm ekstraembrionik Nutrisi dini (2-3 minggu)untuk embrio –
kemudian akan berdegenerasi – tidak berfungsi – divertikulum Meckels (evaginasi usus halus / outpocketing of small intestine)
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Berhubungan dengan midgut melalui tangkai kantung kunir (yolk sac stalk)
Derivat:• Membentuk sel darah dini dari
pulau-pulau darah• Sel primordia germinal (SPG)• Cikal bakal usus, epitel saluran
respirasi dan pencernaan
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Plasenta dan Membran Janin
• Amnion - Epiblast / Mesoderm Ekstraembrional
• Kantung kunir (Yolk Sac) - Hipoblas / Mesoderm Ekstraembrional
• Alantois - Embryonic Hindgut• Korion - Trofoblas / Mesoderm
Ekstraembrional • Plasenta - Korion / Desidua Maternal
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Alantois• Berasal dari endoderm – evaginasi kaudal
dari kantung kunir• Masuk kedalam tangkai penghubung
(stalk) (mesoderm ekstraembrional) yg menggantung embrio di dalam rongga korionik
• Terlibat dalam hematopoiesis dini (sampai 2 bulan pertama)
• Pembuluh darah alantois - arteri dan vena – menjadi pembuluh darah umbilikalis
• Sisa alantois menjadi ligamen urachus yg menghubungkan belly button ke kandung kemih
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Korion
Rongga korionik (sulom ekstraembrional – dibatasi oleh mesoderm ekstraembrional
Rongga korionik meluas memisahkan amnion dari sitotrofoblas
Kantung korionik terdiri dari :• Lapisan sitotrofoblas• Lapisan sinsitiotrofoblas• Mesoderm somatik ekstraembrionalKorion / endometrium maternal membentuk
plasentaKorion membentuk jonjot (stem villi)
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Chorion
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Chorion
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Plasenta dan Membran Janin
• Amnion - Epiblast / Mesoderm Ekstraembrional
• Kantung kunir (Yolk Sac) - Hipoblas / Mesoderm Ekstraembrional
• Alantois - Embryonic Hindgut• Korion - Trofoblas / Mesoderm
Ekstraembrional • Plasenta - Korion / Desidua Maternal
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Desidua
• Reaksi Desidua – sel stroma – mengakumulasi glikogen dan lipid, disebut Sel Desidua
• Desidua basalis – membentuk komponen maternal dari plasenta; berhubungan dengan korion frondosom
• Desidua kapsularis – lapisan superfisial membungkus seluruh embrioblast – lapisan ini akhirnya berdegenerasi; berhubungan dengan chorion leave
• Desidua parietalis – semua bagian sisa dari endometrium – yang tidak berhubungan dengan embrio
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Deciduas
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Plasenta
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Anatomi Plasenta
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Jonjot (Stem Villi)
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Korda Umbilikalis (Umbilical Cord)
• Satu vena umbilikalis, dua arteri umbilikalis
• Jeli Wharton – jaringan penyambung mukoid yg mengelilingi pembuluh darah
• Alantois• Tangkai Kunir/Yolk stalk
(duktus vitelinus) dan pembuluh darah vitelinus (dini)
• Intestinal loop – umbilical hernia (late)
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Anatomi Plasenta
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Plasenta sebagai Organ Endokrin
• Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) – Korpus Luteum (menurun setelah 8 minggu)
• Progesteron – Kadar tinggi pada akhir trimester terakhir
• Estrogen – Sintesis melibatkan aktivitas enzimatik kelenjar adrenal dan hati
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• Chorionic Somatomammotropin – Human Placental Lactogen – serupa Growth Hormone (pertumbuhan, laktasi, lipid dan metabolisme karbohidrat)
• Placental Growth Hormone – serupa GH – Menggantikan GH maternal pada minggu ke 15 minggu – meningkatkan kadar gula darah
• Chorionic Thyrotropin, Chorionic Corticotropin