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Bidang : Sains dan Teknologi
LAPORAN
PENELITIAN TERAPAN UNGGULAN PERGURUAN TINGGI
(PTUPT) TAHUN 2020
PENGEMBANGAN ANTENA BEAMFORMING MIMO
UNTUK APLIKASI TEKNOLOGI SELULER 5G
TIM PENELITI
Ketua Peneliti : Efri Sandi NIDN : 0002027508
Anggota Peneliti : Aodah Diamah NIDN : 0019097802
Baso Marudani NIDN : 0002058301
Reza Ramadhan NIM : 5215160788
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI JAKARTA
SEPTEMBER 2020
ii
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN
PENELITIAN TERAPAN UNGGULAN
PERGURUAN TINGGI (PTUPT) TAHUN 2020
Judul Penelitian : Pengembangan Antena Beamforming
MIMO Untuk Aplikasi Teknologi Seluler
5G
Kode Bidang Ilmu : 453/ Teknik Telekomunikasi
Identitas Ketua Peneliti
a. Nama Lengkap : Dr. Efri Sandi, MT
b. NIDN : 0002027508
c. Jabatan Fungsional : Lektor
d. Program Studi : Pendidikan Teknik Elektronika
e. Nomor HP : 0812 1240 9609
f. Alamat Surel (e-mail) : [email protected]
Identitias Anggota Peneliti (1)
a. Nama Lengkap : Dr. Aodah Diamah, M.Eng
b. NIDN : 0019097802
c. Jabatan Fungsional : Asisten Ahli
d. Program Studi : Pendidikan Vokasional Teknik Elektronika
Tahun Pelaksanaan : Tahun ke-1 dari rencana 2 tahun
Biaya Tahun Berjalan : Rp. 158.100.000 (Seratus Lima Puluh
Delapan Juta Seratus Ribu Rupiah)
Biaya Keseluruhan : Rp. 270.650.000 (Dua Ratus Tujuh Puluh
Juta Enam Ratus Lima Puluh Ribu Rupiah)
Jakarta, 17 September 2020
Mengetahui,
Dekan Ketua Peneliti,
Dr. Uswatun Hasanah, M.Si Dr. Efri Sandi, MT.
NIP. 196703261994032001 NIP.197502022008121002
Menyetujui,
Ketua Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat
Universitas Negeri Jakarta
Dr. Ucu Cahyana, M.Si
NIP. 196608201994031002
iii
DAFTAR ISI
Halaman Pengesahan ii
Daftar Isi iii
Ringkasan iv
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang 1
1.2 Tujuan Penelitian 2
1.3 Keutamaan/Urgensi Penelitian 2
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 3
BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN
3.1 Jenis Penelitian 7
3.2 Disain Penelitian 7
3.3 Instrumen Penelitian 9
BAB IV PROGRES PENELITIAN
4.1 Pengembangan Desain Antena MIMO 5G 11
4.2 Pengembangan Teknik Multiple Slot-U 11
4.3 Pengembangan Teknik Dumbbell Shaped Ganda DGS 12
4.4 Pengembangan Antena MIMO Beamforming 17
4.4 Hasil Penelitian 18
4.5 Luaran Wajib 24
4.6 Luaran Tambahan 25
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
LAMPIRAN 1
LAMPIRAN 2
LAMPIRAN 3
LAMPIRAN 4
LAMPIRAN 5
iv
RINGKASAN
Salah satu bagian penting dari pengembangan teknologi komunikasi seluler 5G adalah
pengembangan antena yang memiliki kemampuan beamforming dan multiple input
multiple output (MIMO) sehingga mendukung kinerja jaringan 5G berkecepatan tinggi.
Hasil-hasil riset desain antena 5G saat ini mengusulkan desain antena 5G multi-band,
desain antena MIMO, desain antena beamforming dan desain untuk peningkatan
performansi radiasi antena 5G. Upaya untuk meningkatkan performansi, terutama gain
dan beamwidth masih berkorelasi langsung dengan peningkatan jumlah elemen antena
yang dibutuhkan, sehingga dimensi antena menjadi lebih besar. Performansi tinggi
masih memerlukan ukuran dimensi antena yang besar, sehingga perlu dikembangkan
riset untuk mencari solusi peningkatan performansi dengan tetap mempertahankan
dimensi antena 5G. Dimensi antena yang kecil dan sederhana sangat diperlukan dalam
aplikasi antena 5G, terutama untuk antena yang dipasang pada perangkat penerima 5G.
Untuk itu dalam riset ini dikembangkan desain multiple U-Slot dan Teknik DGS sehingga
diperoleh antena beamforming MIMO dengan performansi dan ukuran yang lebih baik
dari hasil penelitian sebelumnya. Selanjutnya dilakukan desain, pengembangan dan
pengujian antena MIMO beamforming pada frekuensi 3.5 GHz dan 26 GHz sebagai
prototipe desain antena MIMO 5G Beamforming.
Kata Kunci :
Antena 5G, Antena Beamforming, Antena MIMO, Multiple U-Slot, DGS.
Laporan Kemajuan Penelitian Terapan Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi 2020 Hal 1
BAB I
Pendahuluan
1.1 Latar belakang
Perkembangan teknologi komunikasi seluler saat ini dalam tahap memasuki generasi
ke-5 (5G) yang mempunyai tantangan untuk mencapai kecepatan tinggi, efisiensi
daya dan keandalan sistem [1]. Salah satu perangkat penting dalam teknologi 5G
adalah perangkat antena yang mendukung kinerja jaringan teknologi 5G. Teknologi
seluler 5G membutuhkan antena yang mempunyai performansi tinggi, sistem
transmisi Multiple Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) dan beamforming [2-3]. Teknologi
5G direkomendasikan bekerja pada frekuensi millimeter-wave (24 -28 GHz) sehingga
antena 5G harus di desain bekerja pada band frekuensi millimeter-wave [4].
Beberapa hasil pengembangan antena 5G multi-band belum menunjukan performansi
radiasi yang optimal. Hasil pengembangan dual-band antena 5G menunjukan
performansi gain sebesar 7.5 dB dengan kemampuan cross polarisasi serta pengaturan
beam 360° [5]. Demikian juga desain dan konstruksi antena mobile station 5G dengan
kemampuan tri-band menghasilkan antena 5G yang bekerja pada frekuensi 28/38/48
GHz dengan performansi gain sebesar 8 dB [6].
Optimasi performansi radiasi antena 5G dilakukan dengan pengembangan desain
konfigurasi antena array sehingga diperoleh gain yang lebih tinggi. Desain antena 5G
menggunakan konfigurasi antena array 33 elemen dengan teknik proximity-coupled
menghasilkan gain 21 dB [7] dan teknik grid array menghasilkan gain 13.87 dB [8].
Namun konsekuensi dari konfigurasi array ini menjadikan dimensi antena menjadi
lebih besar. Optimasi performansi dengan teknik array juga dilakukan dengan desain
built-in pada sistem perangkat pemancar-penerima 5G, namun performansi gain
masih relatif rendah [9-10].
Pengembangan desain antena array 5G juga dikombinasikan dengan teknik tapered
slot dan dual slant. Teknik tapered slot menghasilkan impedansi bandwidth yang baik
dan performansi gain 9 dB [11], sedangkan metode dual slant menghasilkan isolasi
tinggi namun performansi gain masih rendah [12].
Laporan Kemajuan Penelitian Terapan Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi 2020 Hal 2
Selain teknik array, pengembangan performansi antena 5G juga dilakukan pada
antena mikrostrip Vivaldi dan mikrostrip Lens. Performansi gain antena mikrostrip
Vivaldi menghasilkan 11 dB [13] dan antena mikrostrip Lens mencapai 11.32 dB
[14]. Hasil ini menunjukan rekayasa antena mikrostrip mampu menghasilkan
performansi gain yang lebih tinggi.
Disamping performansi radiasi, antena 5G juga dikembangkan untuk memenuhi
kemampuan beamforming, sehingga dapat mengurangi interferensi sinyal transmisi
(SNR) dan meningkatkan kecepatan transmisi teknologi 5G [15].
Desain antena 5G beamforming telah dikembangkan dalam berbagai teknik, seperti
substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) [16], pengembangan algoritma sinyal
prossesing dan teknik sub-array [17], dan switched beam menggunakan S-PIN Diodes
[18].
Hasil-hasil penelitian ini memperlihat peta pengembangan antena 5G pada saat ini
dan masih memerlukan pengembangan performansi gain dan beamwidth serta
dimensi yang lebih kecil dan sederhana. Untuk itu, dalam rencana riset dan
pengembangan antena MIMO beamforming 5G ini akan diterapkan teknik antena
mikrostrip sparse array [19-21] untuk memperoleh peningkatan performansi dan
dikombinasikan dengan teknik antena beamforming.
1.2 Tujuan Khusus Penelitian
1. Menghasilkan perbaikan performansi dan dimensi antena 5G MIMO
Beamforming dibandingkan hasil penelitian yang sudah ada.
2. Menghasilkan karya ilmiah untuk dipublikasikan pada prosiding internasional
terindeks scopus dan jurnal internasional bereputasi.
3. Menghasilkan HKI berupa prototipe antena array MIMO beamforming untuk
aplikasi teknologi 5G.
1.3 Keutamaan (Urgensi) Penelitian
Memberikan kontribusi pengembangan perangkat antena untuk aplikasi teknologi
seluler 5G sehingga dapat menjadi dasar pengembangan antena pada industri
telekomunikasi di Indonesia.
Laporan Kemajuan Penelitian Terapan Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi 2020 Hal 3
BAB II
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
Teknologi seluler 5G adalah kemampuan kecepatan transfer data melebihi 10 Gbps
untuk single user per cell dengan latency konektifitas kurang dari 1 ms [1].
Disamping kebutuhan untuk tekbologi 5G adalah kemampuan tingkat availability
yang sangat tinggi dan konsumsi daya yang rendah.
Teknologi kunci untuk pengembangan teknologi seluler 5G adalah pengembangan
teknologi spasial modulation dan signal processing/coding, teknologi antena massive
MIMO dan teknik beamforming antena untuk mendukung pengolahan spasial
modulasi [2].
Antena MIMO merupakan rekayasa teknik antena untuk menghasilkan teknik
diversity yang lebih baik sehingga dapat mengurangi efek multipath fading antara
pemancar dan penerima [2]. Dengan teknik MIMO akan diperoleh signal to noise
ratio (SNR) yang lebih baik sehingga dapat meningkatkan kemampuan kecepatan
transmisi data.
Teknologi 5G membutuhkan konfigurasi antena MIMO yang lebih banyak (massive
MIMO). Kemampuan kunci dari penerapan massive MIMO adalah meningkat potensi
gain dan perbaikan SNR. Kompleksitas konfigurasi massive MIMO membutuhkan
teknik desain antena yang lebih komprehensif untuk memperhitungkan berbagai
fenomena yang timbul akibat jumlah elemen yang banyak [2].
Rekomendasi Internasional Telecommunication Union (ITU) teknologi 5G bekerja
dalam spektrum frekuensi lebar pada band millimeter-wave. Untuk itu dibutuhkan
design antena 5G yang bekerja pada band frekuensi tersebut. Beberapa usulan desain
memperlihatkan arah dan peta pengembangan antena 5G, seperti usulan multi-band
antena, teknik array antena 5G dan teknik beamforming.
Desain antena dual-band menggunakan teknik circulary polirised phased array
antenna menghasilkan performansi gain sekitar 7.5 dB dengan kemampuan cross
polarisasi serta pengaturan beam untuk 360° [5]. Desain dual-band antena 5G ini
Laporan Kemajuan Penelitian Terapan Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi 2020 Hal 4
memperlihatkan hasil yang baik untuk S-parameter, effisiensi antena, polarisasi dan
pengaturan beam.
Hasil lain pengembangan antena 5G multi-band adalah tri-band multi polarisasi array
antena untuk base station 5G. Desain antena ini bekerja pada band frekuensi 28/38/48
GHz. Performansi gain yang hasilkan adalah 8 dB dengan axial rasio kurang dari 3
dB [6]. Kemampuan beamforming dikembangkan menggunakan methoda
gravitational search algorithm (GSO) yang dikombinasikan dengan teknik optimasi
particle swarm optimization (PSO).
Optimasi performansi radiasi antena 5G dilakukan dengan pengembangan desain
konfigurasi antena array sehingga diperoleh gain yang lebih tinggi. Desain antena 5G
menggunakan konfigurasi antena array 33 elemen dengan teknik proximity-coupled
menghasilkan gain 21 dB [7]. Proposal ini mengajukan desain antena low-cost dan
high gain yang bekerja pada frekuensi 27.5-28.5 GHz. Teknik lain yang
dikembangkan adalah grid array yang menghasilkan gain 13.87 dB pada frekuensi
24 GHz[8]. Namun konsekuensinya dimensi antena menjadi besar dan meningkatkan
kompleksitas dalam pengaturan beam.
Pengembangan optimasi performansi dengan teknik array juga dilakukan dengan
desain built-in pada sistem perangkat pemancar-penerima 5G. Proposal yang diajukan
adalah 2x4 array untuk antena 5G beamforming dan reconfigurable dalam satu modul
transceiver 5G [9]. Hasilnya dapat meningkatkan effective isotropic radiated power
(EIRP) dan high data rate 5G pada frekuensi 28 GHz [9]. Proposal lain adalah
pengembangan low-complexity metalic tapered slot antenna (TSA) pada millimeter-
wave. Dihasilkan performansi koefisien refleksi lebih rendah -15 dB, VSWR 1.45
pada frekuensi 22.5-32 GHz dan gain 8.2-9.6 dB serta SLL -9dB [10]. Secara umum
proposal built-in antena 5G memperlihatkan performansi yang cukup baik, namun
performansi gain masih perlu ditingkatkan.
Pengembangan desain antena array 5G juga dikombinasikan dengan teknik tapered
slot dan dual slant. Dalam proposal teknik tapered slot dilakukan optimasi 4x4 patch
array antenna menggunakan metode defected ground sturcture (DGS) dan hybrid
algorithm. Hasil pengembangan ini diperoleh peningkatan Gain 2.44 dB. Untuk
Laporan Kemajuan Penelitian Terapan Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi 2020 Hal 5
optimasi array dihasilkan koefisien refleksi -12 dB pada freq 28-38 GHz [11]. Teknik
tapered slot juga menghasilkan impedansi bandwidth yang baik dan performansi gain
9 dB [11]. Proposal desain lain adalah menggunakan cavity-backed dual slant
polarised antenna dengan low mutual coupling pada frekuensi 4.9-6 GHz untuk
MIMO 5G. Metode dual slant menghasilkan isolasi tinggi -20 dB namun performansi
gain masih rendah [12].
Selain teknik array, pengembangan performansi antena 5G dilakukan menggunakan
rekayasa dan pengembangan antena mikrostrip. Propsosal desain antena mikrostrip
Vivaldi menghasilkan performansi gain antena mikrostrip Vivaldi menghasilkan 11
dB pada frekuensi 17.5 GHz [13]. Pengembangan antena mikrostrip lainnya adalah
desain antena mikrostrip Lens. Desain antena Vivaldi array untuk aplikasi 5G
diperoleh isolasi tinggi dengan gain antara 6.96 – 11.32 dB [14]. Hasil ini
menunjukan rekayasa antena mikrostrip mampu menghasilkan performansi gain yang
tinggi.
Disamping performansi radiasi, antena 5G juga dikembangkan untuk memenuhi
kemampuan beamforming, sehingga dapat mengurangi interferensi sinyal transmisi
dan meningkatkan kecepatan transmisi data [15]. Antena beamforming dirancang
untuk menghasilkan berkas radiasi yang dapat dirobah-robah sesuai kebutuhan sistem
komunikasi yang menggunakan antena tersebut. Untuk merobah arah berkas radiasi
antena diperlukan pengaturan eksitasi phase pada masing-masing elemen antena
array. Dalam aplikasi antena beamforming dikembangkan dengan prinsip teknologi
adaptive beamforming. Teknologi ini mengembangkan suatu algoritma untuk
mendeteksi arah sinyal sumber dan mengarahkan berkas radiasi antena array melalui
pengaturan phasa eksitasi elemen antena array sehingga berkas radiasinya langsung
kearah sumber sinyal tersebut.
Desain antena 5G beamforming telah dikembangkan dalam berbagai teknik.
Pengembangan antenna menggunakan flat substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) pada
frekuensi 28 GHz menghasilkan isolasi lebih tinggi 10 dB pada jarak elemen yang
sangat dekat dibanding metode konvensional dengan gain sebesar 9 dB [16]. Desain
antena ini dikombinasikan dengan antenna LTE-A pada frekunesi 2.4 GHz dan
memiliki pengaturan beam yang baik.
Laporan Kemajuan Penelitian Terapan Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi 2020 Hal 6
Antena beamforming juga dikembangkan dengan menerapkan teknik multibeam
antenna (MBA) menggunakan algorithm digital signal processing (DSP), komponen
radio pada millimeter-wave serta metode pergeseran fasa untuk masing-masing
elemen sub-array yang dirancang [17]. Teknik beamforming lain yang diusulkan
adalah teknik switched-beam menggunakan S-PIN Dioda untuk pergantian arah beam
pada frekunesi 28 GHz. Hasil pengembangan antena ini diperoleh kemampuan
menghasilkan tiga arah beam dalam satu penerimaan sinyal [18].
Hasil-hasil penelitian ini memperlihat peta pengembangan antena 5G pada saat ini
dan masih terbuka peluang untuk mengembangkan antena 5G MIMO dan
beamforming melalui solusi peningkatan performansi gain dan beamwidth serta
dimensi yang lebih kecil dan sederhana. Solusi yang memungkinkan untuk
peningkatan performansi gain dengan tetap mempertahan dimensi antena adalah
menggunakan desain sparse array sebagaiman hasil penelitian penulis sebelumnya
[19-21]. Untuk itu, dalam rencana riset dan pengembangan antena MIMO
beamforming 5G ini diterapkan teknik antena sparse array dan mengkombinasikan
dengan teknik beamforming.
Laporan Kemajuan Penelitian Terapan Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi 2020 Hal 7
BAB III
METODOLOGI PENELITIAN
3.1. Jenis Penelitian
Penelitian ini adalah jenis Penelitian R&D pada laboratorium
3.2. Disain Penelitian
Disain Penelitian dikembangkan dengan tahapan proses sebagai berikut :
1. Studi Literatur
Studi literatur dilakukan untuk memperoleh gambaran tentang sejauh mana
penelitian tentang antena 5G telah dilakukan sebelumnya melalui jurnal-jurnal
ilmiah seperti IEEE Transactions on Antenas and Propagation, IEEE Antenas and
Wireless Propagation Letters, IET Microwaves, Antenna and Propagation dan
jurnal-jurnal ilmiah international bereputasi lainnya yang berhubungan dengan
teknologi antena 5G. Dari studi literatur akan diperoleh kesimpulan sejauh mana
perkembangan dan metode-metode yang telah dikembangkan untuk mendesain
antena melalui teknik MIMO dan Beamforming dalam meningkatkan performansi
antena array.
Selanjutnya dari hasil studi literatur diperoleh state of the art dari riset yang akan
dilakukan serta kontribusi keterbaruan dan sumbangan bagi perkembangan
pengetahuan desain antena MIMO dan beamforming, khususnya untuk aplikasi
sistem komunikasi seluler 5G.
2. Studi Teknik Desain Antena MIMO
Setelah studi literatur dilakukan, langkah berikutnya adalah melakukan
pengembangan model dan perekayasaan pada antena mikrostrip array untuk
menghasilkan teknik desain baru dalam merancang antena MIMO dan
beamforming yang bekerja pada frekuensi millimeter-wave untuk aplikasi sistem
komunikasi seluler 5G. Selanjutnya dilakukan studi untuk mencari disain sparse
array yang dapat diterapkan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi jumlah eleman antena
array MIMO.
Laporan Kemajuan Penelitian Terapan Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi 2020 Hal 8
Tahapan penelitian
Tahapan penelitian untuk menghasilkan teknik desain antena MIMO dan
beamforming untuk aplikasi teknologi 5G adalah sebagai berikut:
Alur Proses Penelitian Tahun Pertama
Detail Tahapan dan Tugas Penelitian Tahun Pertama
No Detail Tahapan Penelitian Pelaksana Tugas
1 Studi Literatur Ketua Peneliti
Anggota Peneliti
2 Pengembangan Model dan Kalkulasi Ketua Peneliti
Anggota Peneliti
3 Simulasi Rancangan Antena MIMO pada
Frekuensi 5G
Ketua Peneliti
Anggota Peneliti
4 Simulasi Rancangan Disain Sparse Array Ketua Peneliti
5 Fabrikasi Antena MIMO 5G Anggota Peneliti
6 Pengujian dan Pengukuran Antena MIMO 5G Ketua Peneliti
Anggota Peneliti
7 Perakitan Prototipe Antena MIMO 5G Ketua Peneliti
Anggota Peneliti
8 Analisis dan Perbandingan Hasil Ketua Peneliti
Anggota Peneliti
9 Penulisan Paper untuk Publikasi Ketua Peneliti
Anggota Peneliti
10 Pendaftaran HKI Anggota Peneliti
Laporan Kemajuan Penelitian Terapan Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi 2020 Hal 9
Alur Proses Penelitian Tahun Kedua
Detail Tahapan dan Tugas Penelitian Tahun Kedua
No Detail Tahapan Penelitian Pelaksana Tugas
1 Pengembangan Model dan Kalkulasi Ketua Peneliti
Anggota Peneliti
2 Simulasi Rancangan Antena MIMO
Beamforming Frekuensi 5G
Ketua Peneliti
Anggota Peneliti
3 Tahapan Fabrikasi Antena MIMO Beamforming
5G Anggota Peneliti
4 Pengujian dan Pengukuran Antena MIMO
Beamforming 5G
Ketua Peneliti
Anggota Peneliti
5 Perakitan Prototipe Antena MIMO
Beamforming 5G
Ketua Peneliti
Anggota Peneliti
6 Analisis dan Perbandingan Hasil Ketua Peneliti
Anggota Peneliti
9 Penulisan Paper untuk Publikasi Jurnal Ketua Peneliti
Anggota Peneliti
3.3 Instrumen Penelitian
1. Software Simulasi CST Microwave Studio
CST MICROWAVE STUDIO (CST MWS) adalah software khusus yang
digunakan untuk simulasi elektromagnetik 3D yang memiliki berbagai fitur dan
Laporan Kemajuan Penelitian Terapan Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi 2020 Hal 10
komponen simulasi. CST MWS mampu melakukan analisa yang cepat dan akurat
untuk berbagai komponen RF seperti antena, filter, coupler, planar dan struktur
multi-layer.
2. Instrumen Fabrikasi
Setelah dilakukan proses pemodelan dan verifikasi konfigurasi disain thinning
array antena melalui simulasi software, maka dilakukan proses fabrikasi yang
dilakukan dengan pada workshop yang memiliki peralatan Circuit Board Plotter
seperti sistem LPKF Circuit Board Plotter ProtoMat M60 atau yang sejenis untuk
menjamin bahwa hasil pemodelan memiliki tingkat presisi dan kualitas yang baik.
Material fabrikasi antena mikrostrip array disesuaikan dengan hasil simulasi
software CST yang paling optimal dan ketersediaan dari pemasok.
3. Instrumen Pengukuran Antena
Dalam riset ini instrumen pengukuran antena yang digunakan adalah sebagai
berikut :
a. Pola Radiasi Far Field Antena dengan Anechoic Chamber
b. Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) dengan kemampuan pada range frekuensi 50
kHz sampai 40 GHz atau sejenis.
c. Spectrum Analyzer (SA) yang memiliki kemampuan pada range sampai
dengan 40 GHz atau sejenis.
d. Rangkaian Phase shifter dengan minimal output 64 bit dengan frekuensi
sampai dengan 30 GHz.
e. Jumper dan connector sesuai kebutuhan antenna array
f. Power splitter dengan frekuensi sampai dengan 30 GHz
g. Solder dan alat pendukung perakitan antena lainnya
Laporan Kemajuan Penelitian Terapan Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi 2020 Hal 11
BAB IV
PROGRES PENELITIAN
4.1 Pengembangan Desain Antena MIMO 5G
Hasil studi literatur dan analisis peneliti, maka untuk mengembangkan antenna
MIMO 5G dikembangkan dengan dua pendekatan, yaitu :
1. Pengembangan Antena MIMO 5G menggunakan teknik Multiple U-Slot untuk
meningkatkan performansi bandwidth antenna 5G pada frekuensi 28 GHz.
2. Pengembangan Antena MIMO 5G menggunakan teknik Dumbbell Shaped
Ganda pada rekayasa Defective Ground Structure (DGS) sehingga diperoleh
antena 5G pada frekuensi 28 GHz dengan bandwidth dan gain yang lebih baik.
4.2 Pengembangan Teknik Multiple U-Slot
Dalam berbagai penelitian dan rekayasa antena mikrostrip, para perancang antena
telah berusaha mencari solusi untuk meningkatkan performansi bandwidth dan gain
antena mikrostrip. Salah satu teknik yang dikembangkan adalah menggunakan patch
slot berbentuk U untuk memberikan pelebaran bandwidth dengan meningkatkan
kopling induktif dan mengurangi faktor Q antena (V.P Patil, 2012).
Beberapa penelitian lainnya menunjukan pengaruh penambahan U-Slot terhadap
peningkatan performansi bandwidth antena mikrostrip. Penelitian (Kevin, dkk, 2017)
mengusulkan perancangan antena rectangular patch dengan U-slot pada frekuensi 15
GHz. Hasil penelitian ini dapat meningkatkan bandwidth sebesar 400 MHz
dibandingkan dengan antena tanpa U-slot. Penelitian (Darimireddy, dkk, 2015)
mengusulkan perancangan antena triple layer dengan double U-slot pada frekuensi 3.8
GHz menghasilkan performansi bandwidth sebesar 600 MHz. Selanjutnya penelitian
(Suaibur, dkk, 2013) mengusulkan perancangan double U-slot patch antena untuk
aplikasi WiMAX menghasilkan peningkatan bandwidth sebesar 4.22%, 1.87%, dan
3.51% pada setiap band WiMAX dan terakhir pada penelitian (Ardianto, dkk, 2019)
penggunaan U-slot mampu menghasilkan bandwidth sebesar 1,62 GHz dan gain
sebesar 7,52 dB pada frekuensi 28 GHz. Hasil-hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa
penambahan U-slot pada elemen peradiasi (patch) antena mikrostrip telah terbukti
mampu meningkatkan performansi bandwidth antena.
Laporan Kemajuan Penelitian Terapan Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi 2020 Hal 12
Untuk itu dalam penelitian ini dikembangkan rekayasa U-slot dengan pengembangan
desain U-slot dengan beberapa konfigurasi baru pada frekuensi millimeter-wave
teknologi seluler 5G. Diharapkan hasil rekayasa dan pengembangan desain U-slot
ganda ini mampu lebih memperlebar bandwidth dan meningkatkan gain antenna
MIMO 5G dibandingkan hasil-hasil penelitian sebelumnya sehingga mampu
memenuhi spesifikasi teknologi 5G pita lebar dan high gain.
Hasil desain dan pengembangan antena MIMO 5G dengan teknik multiple U-Slot
seperti gambar 4.1.
Gambar 4.1. Desain Antena MIMO 5G Multiple U-Slot
4.3 Pengembangan Teknik Dumbbell Shaped Ganda DGS
Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, ada beberapa konsep baru yang diterapkan ke sirkuit
microwave terdistribusi. Salah satu teknik tersebut adalah defected ground strucuture
atau DGS, di mana bagian ground dari antena microstrip dengan sengaja dimodifikasi
untuk meningkatkan kinerja. (Gery Breed, 2008).
Teknik DGS merupakan bidang yang dengan sengaja di buat pada bagian ground dari
antena mampu memberikan dampak signifikan terhadap nilai kapasitansi efektif dan
induktansi. (Indah dan Ahmad, 2012). Berdasarkan (Fan Yang, 2003), letak DGS
pada antena susun (array) untuk menghilangkan efek gelombang permukaan adalah di
antara elemen antena susun tersebut.
Teknik DGS dirancang untuk menekan gelombang permukaan agar dapat mengurangi
efek mutual coupling yang terjadi antara elemen antena array sehingga performa
antena dapat meningkat. DGS juga mampu memperbaiki nilai return loss.
Elemen dasar DGS adalah celah resonansi (bidang) yang terdapat pada ground plane,
ditempatkan langsung di bawah saluran transmisi dan disejajarkan agar kopling
efisien ke saluran.
Laporan Kemajuan Penelitian Terapan Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi 2020 Hal 13
Gambar 4.2 Konfigurasi umum DGS (Gery Breed, 2008)
Gambar 4.2 menunjukkan beberapa struktur resonan yang dapat digunakan. Masing-
masing berbeda di daerah yang diduduki, rasio L-C setara, koefisien kopling, respons
orde tinggi, dan parameter listrik lainnya.
Gambar 4.3 Sirkuit ekuivalen elemen DGS (Gery Breed, 2008)
Rangkaian ekuivalen untuk DGS adalah rangkaian paralel yang disetel secara seri
dengan saluran transmisi yang dipasangkan. Input dan output impedansi dibuat
sejajar, sedangkan nilai setara L, C dan R paralel dan ditentukan oleh dimensi struktur
DGS dan posisinya relevan dengan saluran transmisi. (Gery Breed, 2008).
4.3.1 Perhitungan Dimensi Defected Ground Structure
Dalam penelitian ini, bentuk defected ground structure yang digunakan adalah bentuk
dumbell- shaped DGS. Perancangan elemen DGS diawali dengan penentuan dimensi
dumbell yang akan dihilangkan (di-etch). Dimensi dumbell shaped yang digunakan
dapat ditentukan berdasarkan referensi pada penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya.
Laporan Kemajuan Penelitian Terapan Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi 2020 Hal 14
Gambar 4.4 Bentuk-bentuk DGS dumbell shaped (Arjun Kumar, 2016)
Gambar 4.5. Dimensi Dumbell Shaped (Arjun Kumar, 2016)
Dari gambar 4.4 dan 4.5, diperoleh ukuran dimensi DGS yang akan digunakan yaitu:
a = 3,2 mm; g = 0,3 mm; dan d = 11 mm.
4.3.2 Hasil Perancangan Antena
Proses perancangan antena dimulai dari perancangan antena single element,
perancangan antena array 4 elemen konvensional tanpa DGS dan perancangan antena
array 4 elemen dengan penambagan teknik DGS. Proses perancangan dilakukan
dengan menggunakan software CST Microwave 2016.
Perancangan antena elemen tunggal atau single element dirancang sesuai dengan
perhitungan dimensi antena yang sudah ditentukan.
Tabel 4.1 Perhitungan Dimensi Antena Single Element
Dimensi Ukuran
Patch 4,8 mm
Substrate 9,522 mm X 8,872 mm
Laporan Kemajuan Penelitian Terapan Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi 2020 Hal 15
Tahapan selanjutnya, dilakukan optimasi pada antena single element agar tercapai
hasil sesuai dengan parameter yang telah ditetapkan. Hasil optimasi antena single
element akan ditunjukkan oleh tabel 4.2 sebagai berikut:
Tabel 4.2 Optimasi Dimensi Antena Single Element
Dimensi
Frekuensi
(GHz)
Return
Loss (dB)
VSWR
Bandwidth
(MHz)
Patch Substrate
a W L
5.2 mm 11 mm 9,9 mm 27,6 -22,5 1,1 1100
Jarak antar elemen berfungsi sebagai pemisah antara setiap elemen patch. Nilai jarak
antar elemen yaitu sebesar x0,5λ. Untuk mempermudah dan mempercepat proses
perancangan antena, perhitungan panjang gelombang (Calculate Wavelenght)
dilakukan dengan menggunakan fitur yang telah tersedia pada software CST
Microwave Studio 2014.xLangkah-langkah yang dilakukan yaitu, xHome →xMacros
→ xCalculate →xCalculate xWavelenght. Tampilan perhitungan panjang gelombang
(Calculate Wavelenght) akan ditunjukkan seperti gambar 4.6.
Gambar 4.6 Perhitungan Panjang Gelombang
Perancangan antena array 4 elemen patch segitiga menggunakan teknik planar array
dengan menggunakan jarak antar elemen yaitu x0,5λ.
Laporan Kemajuan Penelitian Terapan Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi 2020 Hal 16
Gambar 4.7 Antena Array 4 Elemen Patch Segitiga Tanpa DGS
Setelah dirancang antena array 4 elemen patch segitiga, selanjutnya adalah
menambahkan teknik defected ground structure berbentuk dumbell shaped yang
sudah ditentukan ukurannya pada sub bab sebelumnya.
Dimensi dumbell shaped yang sudah ditentukan kemudian dioptimasi guna
mendapatkan hasil optimal sesuai dengan parameter yang ditentukan. Hasil optimasi
dimensi DGS akan ditunjukkan tabel 4.3.
Tabel 4.3 Optimasi Dimensi DGS
Dimensi
a g d
1,4 mm 0,05 mm 4,5 mm
Hasil desain antenna MIMO 5G mengguakan teknik dumbbell shaped ganda DGS
seperti gambar 4.8.
Gambar 4.8 Antena Array 4 Elemen Patch Segitiga dengan DGS
Laporan Kemajuan Penelitian Terapan Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi 2020 Hal 17
4.4 Pengembangan Antena MIMO Beamforming
Beamforming merupakan teknik yang bertujuan untuk menyesuaikan pancaran
dengan mengatur besarnya amplitudo dan fasa pada masing-masing elemen antena
sehingga dapat membentuk pola yang diinginkan. Teknik beamforming
memungkinkan antena memfokuskan pancaran energi yang dapat mengarah ke arah
yang diinginkan.
Gambar 4.9. Pola radiasi yang dihasilkan dari mengatur Amplitudo dan Fasa
Teknik Beamforming mengintegrasikan susunan antena dan feed networtk termasuk
phase shifter dan power deviders. Tugas dari feed network adalah mengubah level
daya dan fase sinyal yang menuju ke masing-masing antena sehingga memungkinkan
sistem untuk membuat lobus radiasi seperti pada gambar 4.8. Pancaran dapat
diarahkan ke segala arah dengan mengubah fasa dan amplitudo sinyal yang terhubung
pada masing-masing antena.
Untuk itu pada riset ini dikembangkan design antena Beamforming pada frekuensi 5G
band 3.5 GHz dan 26 GHz.
Gambar 4.10. Desain Beamforming 3.5 GHz dengan Patch Konvensional
Laporan Kemajuan Penelitian Terapan Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi 2020 Hal 18
Gambar 4.11. Desain Beamforming 3.5 GHz dengan Patch Trunk Edge
Gambar 4.12. Desain Beamforming 26 GHz dengan Patch Konvensional
Gambar 4.13. Desain Beamforming 26 GHz dengan Patch Trunk Edge
4.5 Hasil Penelitian
Hasil pengembangan melalui simulasi dan fabrikasi antenna MIMO 5G, maka hasil
penelitian diperoleh sebagai berikut :
1. Antena MIMO 5G Menggunakan Teknik Multiple U-Slot
Laporan Kemajuan Penelitian Terapan Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi 2020 Hal 19
Hasil Pengukuran Antena MIMO Multiple U-Slot
Laporan Kemajuan Penelitian Terapan Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi 2020 Hal 20
Tabel 4.4. Perbandingan hasil dengan hasil penelitian antena lainnya
Parameter Proposal Multiple
U-Slot (3 slots)
Tanpa
U-Slot
Hasil
Penelitia
n Lain (1)
Hasil
Penelitia
n Lain (2)
Hasil
Penelitian
Lain (3)
Frequency
(GHz) 28 28 5.38 2.4 5.5
Laporan Kemajuan Penelitian Terapan Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi 2020 Hal 21
Parameter Proposal Multiple
U-Slot (3 slots)
Tanpa
U-Slot
Hasil
Penelitia
n Lain (1)
Hasil
Penelitia
n Lain (2)
Hasil
Penelitian
Lain (3)
Bandwidth
(GHz) 3.008 1.689 0.311 0.15 0.7
Gain (dB) 11.13 10.86 0.114 11.35 7.66
2. Antena MIMO 5G Menggunakan Teknik Dumbbell Shaped Ganda
Bandwidth Tanpa Dumbbell Shaped Ganda DGS
Bandwidth Menggunakan Dumbbell Shaped Ganda DGS
Laporan Kemajuan Penelitian Terapan Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi 2020 Hal 22
Pola Radiasi Antena 5G Tanpa Dumbbell Shaped Ganda DGS
Pola Radiasi Antena 5G Menggunakan Dumbbell Shaped Ganda DGS
Tabel 4.5 Perbandingan Hasil Simulasi Spesifikasi Parameter Antena
No Parameter Konvensional DGS
1 Frekuensi Kerja (GHz) 28 28
2 Frekuensi Tengah (GHz) 28,5 28,7
3 Return Loss (dB) -17,6 -18,9
4 Bandwidth (MHz) 1900 3000
5 VSWR 1,3 1,25
Laporan Kemajuan Penelitian Terapan Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi 2020 Hal 23
3. Antena MIMO Beamforming 5G
Prototipe Antena MIMO Beamforming 5G (3.5 GHz)
Prototipe Antena MIMO Beamforming 5G (26 GHz)
Hasil Pengukuran
Frekuensi 5G Parameter Hasil Desain
3.5 GHz
Konvensional
S-Parameter
Pola Radiasi
3.5 GHz
Trunk Edge
S-Parameter
Pola Radiasi
Laporan Kemajuan Penelitian Terapan Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi 2020 Hal 24
26 GHz
Konvensional
S-Parameter
Pola Radiasi
26 GHz
Trunk Edge
S-Parameter
Pola Radiasi
4.5 Luaran Wajib
Luaran wajid dari hasil penelitian ini telah menghasilkan 3 prototipe Antena
MIMO untuk Aplikasi Teknologi Seluler 5G.
1. Prototipe Antena MIMO 5G menggunakan Rekayasa U-slot
2. Prototipe Antena MIMO 5G menggunakan Rekayasa Dumbbell Shaped
Ganda DGS.
3. Prototipe Antena MIMO 5G menggunakan Kombinasi Rekayasa U-slot
dan Stepped Line Cut.
4. Prototipe Antena MIMO Beamforming 3.5 GHz
5. Prototipe Antena MIMO Beamforming 26 GHz
Dua prototipe yang dihasilkan telah didaftarkan ke Kemenkumham dan
menghasilkan HKI.
1. No. 000148180, tahun 2019
2. No. 000148244, tahun 2019
Untuk Prototipe Antena MIMO Beamforming HKI dalam proses pengajuan
Laporan Kemajuan Penelitian Terapan Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi 2020 Hal 25
4.6 Luaran Tambahan Berupa Publikasi Hasil Penelitian
a. International Conference (Scopus)
1. E. Sandi, B. Maruddani, and S. A. Betakore “Gain Enhancement by
Using Combination Slot Techniques for Millimeter-wave 5G
Antenna,” The 5th Annual Applied Science and Engineering
Conference (AASEC), Bandung, Apr 2020.
2. E. Sandi, B. Maruddani, and N. Khairunisa, “Complementary Split
Ring Resonator on the Ground Plane for Wearable Antenna,” The
IEEE 2020 International Conference on Radar, Antenna, Microwave,
Electronics and Telecommunications (ICRAMET), Jakarta-Indonesia,
Nov 2020. (Accepted)
b. International Journal (Scopus & Impact Factor)
1. E. Sandi, Rusmono, A. Diamah, and Karisma Vinda, “Ultra-wideband
Microstrip Array Antenna for 5G Millimeter-wave Applications”.
Status:
Published
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
[1] D. Warren, and C. Dewar, “Understanding 5G: Perspectives on Future
Technological Advanced in Mobil,” GSMA Intelligence, 2014.
[2] A. L. Swindlehurst, E. Ayanoglu, P. Heydari, and F. Capolino, “Millimeter-Wave
Massive MIMO: The Next Generation Revolution?” IEEE Communications
Magazine, pp. 56-62, September 2014.
[3] E. L. Bengtsson, F. Rusek, S. Malkowsky, F. Tufvesson, P.C Karlsson, and O.
Edfors, “A Simulation Framework for Multiple-Antenna Terminal in 5G Massive
MIMO Systems” IEEE Access, Vol. 5, pp. 26819-26831, November 2017.
[4] Y. Kim, H. Lee, P. Hwang, R. K. Patro, J. Lee, W. Roh, and K. Cheun, “ Feasibility
of Mobile Cellular Communications at Millimeter Wave Frequency ” IEEE Journal
of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, Vol. 10, No.3, pp. 589-599, April 2016.
[5] K. R. Mahmoud and A. M. Montaser, “Design of Dual-Band Circulary Polarised
Array Antenna Package for 5G Mobile Terminals with Beam-Streering
Capabilities” IET Microwaves, Antenna & Propagation, Vol. 12 lss, pp. 29-39,
2018.
[6] K. R. Mahmoud and A. M. Montaser, “Performance of Tri-Band Multi-Polarised
Array Antenna for 5G Mobile Base Station Adopting Polarization and Directivity
Control” IEEE Access, Vol. 6, pp. 8682-8694, Maret 2018.
[7] H.A. Diawuo and Y. B. Jung, “Broadband Proximity-Coupled Microstrip Planar
Antenna Array for 5G Cellular Application” IEEE Antennas and Wireless
Propagation Letters, Vol. 17, Issue 7, pp. 1286-1290, May 2018.
[8] M. Alsath, L. Lawrance, and M. Kanagasabai, “Bandwidth-Enhanced Grid Array
Antenna for UWB Automotive Radar Sensors” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation, Vol. 63, No. 11, November 2015.
[9] H. T. Kim, B. S. Park, T. S. Moon, S. H. Kim, J. M. Kim, J. Y. Chang, and Y. C.
Ho, “A 28-GHz CMOS Direct Conversion Transceiver With Packaged 2x4
Antenna Array for 5G Cellular System” IEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol.
53, No. 5, May 2018.
[10] B. Yang, Z. Yu, Y. Dong, J. Zhou, and W. Hong, “Compact Tapered Slot Antenna
Array for 5G Millimeter-Wave Massive MIMO Systems” IEEE Transactions on
Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 65, No. 12, pp. 6721-6727, Desember 2017.
[11] K. R. Mahmoud and A. M. Montaser, “Optimized 4x4 Millimetre-wave Antenna
Array With DGS Using Hybrid ECFO-NM Algorithm for 5G Mobile Networks”
IET Microwaves, Antenna & Propagation, Vol. 1, lss 11, pp. 1516-1523, 2017.
[12] M. V. Komandla, G. Mishra, and S. K. Sharma, “Investigations on Dual Slant
Polarised Cavity-Backed Massive MIMO Antenna Panel with Beamforming” IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 65, No. 12, pp. 6794-6799,
Desember 2017.
[13] S. Zhu, H. Liu, Z. Chen, and P. Wen, “A Compact Gain-Enhanced Vivaldi Antenna
Array With Suppressed Mutual Coupling for 5mmWave Application” IEEE
Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 17, No. 5, May 2018.
[14] B. He, Y. Jiao, and H. He, “Design of High-Gain Lens Antenna for 5G
Application” IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Antennas and Propagation
(APCAP), October 2017.
[15] T. Tuovinen, N.Tervo, and A. Parssinen, “Analyzing 5G RF System Performance
and Relation to Link Budget for Directive MIMO” IEEE Transactions on Antennas
and Propagation, Vol. 65, No. 12, December 2017.
[16] C. Lee, M.K. Khattak, and S. Kahng, “Wideband 5G Beamforming Printed Array
Clutched by LTE-A 4x4-Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output Antennas with High
Isolation” IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Vol. 12, Issue 8, pp. 1407-
1413, June 2018.
[17] W. Hong, Z. H. Jiang, C. Yu, J. Zhou, P. Chen, Z. Yu, B. Yang, X. Pang, M. Jiang,
J. Chen, and S. He, “Multibeam Antenna Technologies for 5G Wireless
Communications” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 65, No.
12, pp. 6231-6249, Desember 2017.
[18] Y. Yashchyshyn, K. Derzakowski, G. Bogdan, K. Godziszewski, D. Nyzovets,
C.H. Kim, and B. Park, “28 GHz Switched-Beam Antenna Based on S-PIN Diodes
for 5G Mobile Communications” IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology, Vol.
66, No. 11, November 2017.
[19] E. Sandi, F.Y. Zulkifli, Basari and E.T. Rahardjo, “Stretching Strategy to improve
radiation performances sparse array design based on combinatorial cyclic different
sets approach,” IEEE 4th Asia-Pacific Conference on Antennas and Propagation
(APCAP), 161-162, 2015.
[20] E. Sandi, F.Y. Zulkifli, Basari and E.T. Rahardjo, “A Hybrid Technique Linier
Sparse Array Antenna Design Approach,” Proc. of The 2015 International
Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP2015), 744-746, 2015.
[21] E.Sandi, F.Y. Zulkifli and E.T. Rahardjo, “A Hybrid Technique Using
Combinatorial Cyclic Difference Sets and Binomial Amplitude Tapering for Linear
Sparse Array Antenna Design,” Advanced Electromagnetics Journal, Vol. 5, No. 3,
pp 73-79, December 2016.
LAMPIRAN 1
CV KETUA PENELITI
Laporan PTUPT 2020
LAMPIRAN 1. BIODATA
RIWAYAT HIDUP KETUA
A. Identitas Diri
1 Nama Lengkap Dr. Efri Sandi, MT
2 Jabatan Fungsional Lektor
3 Jabatan Struktural Koordinator Program Studi
4 NIP 197502022008121002
5 NIDN 0002027508
6 Tempat dan Tanggal Lahir Rumbai/ 2 Februari 1975
7 Alamat Rumah Villa Galaxi Blok E3 No.3 Grand Galaxi City
Jakasetia Bekasi Selatan 17147
8 Telepon/ HP 081212409609
9 Alamat Kantor Jl. Rawamangun Muka Jakarta Timur
10 Telepon Kantor 021-4712137
11 Alamat Surel [email protected] &
12 Lulusan Yang Telah Dihasilkan S1 dan D3
13 Mata Kuliah Yang Diampu
Antena dan Propagasi Gelombang
Saluran Transmisi
Perancangan Sistem Transmisi
Komunikasi Data
Elektronika Industri
Telemetri
Radar dan Navigasi
Laporan PTUPT 2020
B. Riwayat Pendidikan
S1 S2 S3
Nama Perguruan
Tinggi Universitas Negeri Padang Universitas Trisakti Universitas Indonesia
Bidang Ilmu Pendidikan Teknik
Elektronika
Elektronika
Komunikasi Elektronika Komunikasi
Tahun Masuk-
Lulus 1994-1999 2001-2004 2013-2017
Judul
Skripsi/Tesis/
Disertasi
Analisa Jaringan Transmisi
Teresterial Gelombang Mikro
Pengaruh Frame
Relay Terhadap
Performansi TCP
Jaringan
Komunikasi Satelit
Pengembangan Metode Baru
Disain Antena Linier Sparse
Array Untuk Peningkatan
Performansi Radiasi dan Efisiensi
Elemen Antena
Nama
Pembimbing/
Promotor
Dr. Helmi Sayuthie, M.Ed.
Drs. Fasrijal Yakub, M.Pd Dr. Arifin Nugroho
Prof. Dr. Ir. Eko Tjipto Rahardjo,
M.Sc.
Prof. Dr. Fitri Yuli Zulkifli,
S.T.,M.Sc.
C. Pengalaman Penelitian dalam 5 Tahun Terakhir
No Tahun Judul Penelitian Pendanaan
Sumber Dana Jumlah (Rp)
1 2015
Pengembangan Model Disain
Antena Microstrip Linier Array
dengan Teknik Thinning untuk
Efisiensi Sistim Komunikasi
Penelitian FT
UNJ 2015 13.000.000,-
2 2016
Rancang Bangun Perangkat
Wireless Energi Menggunakan
Antena Microstrip Pada
Frekuensi 2G, 3G dan 4G
Komunikasi Seluler
Penelitian FT
UNJ 2016 14.000.000,-
3 2017
Pengembangan Metode Disain
Antena Mikrostrip Menggunakan
Metamaterial Struktur CSRR
Untuk Peningkatan Performansi
dan Efisiensi Dimensi Aperture
Antena
Penelitian FT
UNJ 2017 10.800.000,-
4 2018
Pengembangan Antena Array
Ber-Resolusi Tinggi Untuk
Aplikasi Radar Maritim
Frekuensi S-Band
Penelitian
Kompetitif
Perguruan
Tinggi UNJ
2018
50.000.000,-
Laporan PTUPT 2020
5 2018
Peningkatan Performansi Antena
Array Menggunakan Rekayasa
Struktur Electromagnetic Band
Gap
Penelitian FT
UNJ 2018 10.000.000,-
6 2019
Pengembangan Antena Array
Multiband Untuk Aplikasi
Millimeter-Wave
Penelitian FT
UNJ 2019 30.000.000.-
7 2019
Pengembangan Antena
Beamforming MIMO Untuk
Aplikasi Teknologi Seluler 5G
(Tahun ke-1)
Penelitian
Unggulan
Perguruan
Tinggi 2019
112.550.000
8 2020
Pengembangan Antena
Beamforming MIMO Untuk
Aplikasi Teknologi Seluler 5G
(Tahun ke-2)
Penelitian
Unggulan
Perguruan
Tinggi 2020
158.100.000
D. Pengalaman Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat dalam 5 Tahun Terakhir
No Tahun Judul Pengabdian Kepada
Masyarakat
Pendanaan
Sumber Dana Jumlah (Rp)
1 2016
Pelatihan Pneumatik untuk
Pengembangan Keterampilan
Guru SMK
DIPA BLU UNJ
2016 4.000.000,-
2 2017
Pelatihan Robotika untuk
Pengembangan Keterampilan
Guru SMK
DIPA BLU UNJ
2017 4.000.000,-
3 2018
Pelatihan Instalasi dan
Pengukuran Antena untuk
Pengembangan Keterampilan
Teknisi dan Guru SMK
DIPA BLU UNJ
2018 15.000.000,-
4 2019
Pelatihan Pengelolaan Bengkel
Teknik Elektronika untuk Tenaga
Laboran dan Guru SMK
DIPA BLU UNJ
2019 15.000.000,-
E. Pengalaman Penulisan Artikel Ilmiah dalam Jurnal dalam 5 Tahun Terakhir
No Judul Artikel Ilmiah Volume/
Nomor Tahun Nama Jurnal
1
A Hybrid Technique Using
Combinatorial Cyclic Difference
Sets and Binomial Amplitude
Tapering for Linear Sparse Array
Antenna Design
Vol. 5, No. 3,
pp 73-79,
December
2016
Advanced
Electromagnetics
Journal
Laporan PTUPT 2020
2
Perancangan dan Optimasi
Antena Vivaldi pada Sistem
Radar Penembus Permukaan
(Ground Penetrating Radar)
Vol. 7, No. 1,
pp 151-164,
Januari 2019
Jurnal Teknik Energi
Elektrik, Teknik
Telekomunikasi, &
Teknik Elektronika
3
Design of Substrate Integrated
Waveguide to Improve Antenna
Performances for 5G Mobile
Communication Application
1402, Issue 4,
Desember 2019
Journal of Physics :
Conference Series
4
Double Layer Parasitic Radiator
for S-Band Antennas to Increase
Gain and Bandwidth
Performances
1402, Issue 4,
Desember 2019
Journal of Physics :
Conference Series
5
The Development of Ground
Penetrating Radar (GPR) Data
Processing
Vol. 9, No.6,
Desember 2019
International Journal of
Machine Learning and
Computing
6
Ultra-wideband Microstrip Array
Antenna for 5G Millimeter-wave
Applications
Vol. 15, No.2,
Februari 2020
Journal of
Communications
F. Pengalaman Penyampaian Makalah Secara Oral pada Pertemuan/ Seminar
Ilmiah dalam 5 Tahun Terakhir.
No Nama Pertemuan Ilmiah /
Seminar Judul Artikel Waktu dan Tempat
1
2015 IEEE 4th Asia-Pacific
Conference on Antenna and
Propagation (APCAP)
Stretching
Strategy to
Improve
Radiation
Performances
Sparse Array
Design Based
on CDS
30 Juni – 3 Juli 2015 di
Grand Inna Kuta Bali
2
IEEE International Symposium
on Antennas and Propagation
(ISAP 2015)
A Hybrid
Technique
Linier Sparse
Array Design
Approach
9-12 November 2015 di
Wrest Point Hobart
Tasmania Australia
3
IEEE International Symposium
on Antennas and Propagation
(ISAP 2016)
Stretching
Method Using
Chebyshev
Polynomial for
Linier Sparse
Array Antenna
Design
24-28 Oktober 2016 di
Okinawa Convention
Centre, Ginowan,
Okinawa Japan
4 IEEE Asia Pacific Microwave Design of 13-16 November 2017 di
Laporan PTUPT 2020
Conference 2017 Linear Sparse
Array Based on
the Taylor Line
Source
Distribution
Element
Spacing
Renaissance Kuala
Lumpur Hotel, Kuala
Lumpur Malaysia
5
2018 International Conference on
Radar, Antenna, Microwave,
Electronics, and
Telecommunications
(ICRAMET)
Design of
Electromagnetic
Band Gap to
Improved
Sidelobe Level
for S-Band
Antenna
1-2 November 2018 di
Indonesia Convention
Exibition (ICE), BSD
City, Tangerang
Indonesia
6
3rd International Conference on
Technical and Vocational and
Training (ICTVET) 2018
A Proposed
Model of
Metamaterial
Complementary
Split-Ring
Resonator to
Reduce
Microstrip
Array Antenna
Dimension
19-21st October 2018 di
Grand Mercure Hotel
Jakarta Indonesia
7
Tarumanegara International
Conference on the Applications
of Technology and Engineering
(TICATE) 2018
Low-Cost Array
Antenna Design
for S-Band
Maritime Radar
by Using Sparse
Array Method
22nd-23th November 2018
di Kampus Universitas
Tarumanegera, Jakarta
Indonesia
8
2019 Annual Applied Science
and Engineering Conference
(AASEC)
Double Layer
Parasitic
Radiator for S-
Band Antennas
to Increase Gain
and Bandwidth
Performances
24th April 2019 di Aston
Denpasar Hotel &
Convention Centre, Bali
Indonesia
9
2019 Annual Applied Science
and Engineering Conference
(AASEC)
Design of
Substrate
Integrated
Waveguide to
Improve
Antenna
Performances
for 5G Mobile
Communication
24th April 2019 di Aston
Denpasar Hotel &
Convention Centre, Bali
Indonesia
Laporan PTUPT 2020
Application
10
2019 IEEE 8th Asia-Pacific
Conference on Antenna and
Propagation (APCAP)
Design of
Multiple U-Slot
to Improve
MIMO Antenna
Performance for
5G Application
4th – 7th August 2019 di
Incheon National
University, Incheon
Korea
11
Tarumanegara International
Conference on the Applications
of Technology and Engineering
(TICATE) 2019
Design of
Multiband
MIMO Antenna
for 5G
Millimeter-
wave
Application
21st – 22nd November
2019 di Kampus
Universitas
Tarumanegera, Jakarta
Indonesia
G. Pengalaman Penulisan Buku dalam 5 Tahun Terakhir
No Judul Buku Tahun Jumlah
Halaman Penerbit
1
H. Pengalaman Perolehan HKI dalam 5 – 10 Tahun Terakhir
No Judul / Tema HKI Tahun Jenis Nomor P/ ID
1
Pengembangan Metode
Baru Disain Linier
Sparse Array Untuk
Meningkatkan
Performansi Radiasi dan
Efisiensi Elemen Antena
2018 Hak Cipta 000115252
2
Pengembangan Antena
Kompak (Compact
Antenna) Pita Lebar
Untuk Radar Penembus
Tanah (Ground
Penetrating Radar)
2018 Hak Cipta 000120674
3
Pengembangan Antena
Array Ber-Resolusi
Tinggi Untuk Aplikasi
Radar Maritim Frekuensi
S-Band
2019 Hak Cipta 000141386
4 Prototipe Antena MIMO
5G Menggunakan 2019 Hak Cipta 000148180
Laporan PTUPT 2020
Rekayasa Dumbbell
Shaped Ganda DGS
Pada Frekuensi 28 GHz
5
Prototipe Antena MIMO
5G 2T2R Menggunakan
Rekayasa Multiple U-
Slot Pada Frekuensi 28
GHz
2019 Hak Cipta 000148244
I. Pengalaman Merumuskan Kebijakan Publik/ Rekayasa Sosial Lainnya dalam
5 Tahun Terakhir.
No Judul / Tema/ Jenis Rekayasa Sosial
Lainnya yang Telah Diterapkan Tahun Jenis
Respon
Masyarakat
1
2
J. Penghargaan yang Pernah Diraih dalam 10 Tahun Terakhir (dari
Pemerintah, Asosiasi atau Institusi Lainnya).
No Jenis Penghargaan Institusi Pemberi
Penghargaan Tahun
1 Satya Lencana Karya Satya
(10 Tahun)
Presiden Republik
Indonesia 2019
2
Semua data yang saya isikan dan tercantum dalam biodata ini adalah benar dan dapat
dipertanggungjawabkan secara hukum. Apabila dikemudian hari ternyata dijumpai
ketidak-sesuaian dengan kenyataan, saya sanggup menerima resikonya. Demikian
biodata ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya untuk memenuhi salah satu persyaratan
dalam pengajuan Penelitian Fakultas.
Jakarta, 17 September 2020
Peneliti,
Dr. Efri Sandi, MT
NIP. 197502022008121002
LAMPIRAN 2
CV ANGGOTA PENELITI
CV ANGGOTA PENELITI A. IDENTITAS DIRI
Nama (lengkap dengan gelar) : Dr. Aodah Diamah, M.Eng
NIP/NIDN : 197809192005012003/0019097802
Jabatan Fungsional : Asisten Ahli
Pangkat/Golongan : Penata Muda/IIIA
Program Studi : Pendidikan Vokasional Teknik Elektronika
Fakultas : Teknik
B. RIWAYAT PENDIDIKAN NO JENJANG PRODI UNIVERSITAS TAHUN
LULUS 1 S-1 Teknik Elektro Universitas Indonesia 2001 2 S-2 Electrical and Computer
Science Engineering Monash University 2004
3 S-3 Information Science and Engineering
University of Canberra 2017
4 5 (silakan ditambahkan bila perlu)
C. RIWAYAT PENELITIAN (dalam 10 tahun terakhir termasuk tesis dan disertasi)
NO JUDUL PENELITIAN SUMBER DANA TAHUN
1 Pengembangan Model Simulasi DES untuk Media Ajar Kriptografi, Penelitian Tahun kedua dari dua tahun
Direktorat Riset dan Pengabdian Masyarakat Kemenristekdikti dengan surat penugasan No: 81/SP2H/DRPM/LPPMUNJ/IV/2017
2017
2 Pengembangan Model Simulasi DES untuk Media Ajar Kriptografi, Penelitian Tahun pertama dari dua tahun
Direktorat Riset dan Pengabdian Masyarakat Kemenristekdikti
2016
3 Vector Similarities for Offer Generation in Multi-Attribute Negotiation
(Penelitian disertasi) dana beasiswa IDB/UNJ dan University of Canberra sponsorhip
2012-2016 (Disertasi disubmit untuk ujian eksternal 1 Agustus 2016)
4 Fuzzy Logic for single attribute negotiation
Penelitian extension studies University of Canberra
2012
5 Fuzzy Cognitive Maps for attack Penelitian extension studies 2012
graph University of Canberra 6 Government Use of Social
Media for tourism Penelitian extension studies University of Canberra
2010
7 8 9 10 (silakan ditambahkan bila perlu)
D. RIWAYAT MENGAJAR (di dalam dan di luar UNJ) NO JENJANG MATA KULIAH INSTANSI TAHUN 1 S-1 Numerical Methods Undergraduate
International Programme Binus University
2005
2 S-1 Teknik Pengaturan Teknik Elektro UNJ
2007-2008, 2017
3 S-1 Matematika 1 Teknik Elektro UNJ
2009
4 S-1 Bahasa Inggris Teknik Elektro UNJ
2006-2010, 2016-2017
5 S-1 Pemograman Komputer Prodi Pendidikan Teknik Elektronika UNJ
2016-2017
6 S-1 Komunikasi Data Prodi Pendidikan Teknik Elektronika UNJ
2017
(silakan ditambahkan bila perlu)
E. RIWAYAT PUBLIKASI ILMIAH (dalam 5 tahun terakhir) NO JUDUL ARTIKEL/
MAKALAH NAMA JURNAL/ PROSIDING/BUKU
NASIONAL/ INTERNASIONAL
TAHUN
1 Attention cueing in developing Simplified Data Encryption Standard (SDES) simulation
Regionalization and Harmonization in TVET: Proceedings of the 4th UPI International Conference on Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET 2016), Publisher Taylor and Francis 2017
International 2017
2 A Comparative Study on Vector Similarity Methods for
AI 2015: Advances in Artificial Intelligence,
International 2015
Offer Generation in Multi-attribute Negotiation
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer
3 Generating Offers with Cosine Similarity in Multi-Attribute Negotiation
Proceedings of 2015 International Conference on IT in Asia
International 2015
4 Studi Literatur Penggunaan Facebook dalam Perkuliahan: Manfaat dan Tantangan
Prosiding Konvensi Nasional APTEKINDO VII dan Temu Karya XVIII FPTK/FT-JPTK Se-Indonesia
Nasional 2015
5 Fuzzy utility and inference system for bilateral negotiation
IEEE 2012 2nd International Conference on Uncertainty Reasoning and Knowledge Engineering (URKE)
International 2012
6 Understanding user participation in Australian Government tourism Facebook page
ACIS 2012: Proceedings of the 23rd Australasian Conference on Information Systems 2012
International 2012
7 Network security evaluation method via attack graphs and fuzzy cognitive maps
Intelligent decision technologies, Springer Berlin
International 2012
(silakan ditambahkan bila perlu)
F. PARTISIPASI DALAM PELATIHAN/SEMINAR/KONFERENSI/WORKSHOP (dalam 5 tahun terakhir) NO KEDUDUKAN
SEBAGAI NAMA FORUM PENYELENGGARA/
LOKASI TAHUN
1 Peserta Advanced Academic Writing and Self-Editing webinar by Dr Liz Tynan
Australia Professional Alumni Development Programme, Online (webinar)
2017
2 Peserta Inception Workshop (Article Writing), Australia Professional Alumni Development Programme
Griffith University, Universitas Negeri Jakarta
2017
3 Peserta Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) for Learning Design ToT Workshop
The Head Foundation, Universitas Negeri Jakarta
2017
4 Pemakalah 2016 International UPI-TVET
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Bandung
2016
5 Pemakalah 2015 Australasian AI Conference
University of New South Wales-Canberra
2015
6 Panitia UNJ ICTVET 2015 Conference
Universitas Negeri Jakarta
2015
7 Pemakalah 2015 International Conference on IT Asia
University Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia
2015
8 Pemakalah Konvensi Nasional APTEKINDO VII
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Bandung
2014
9 Pemakalah IEEE 2012 2nd International Conference on Uncertainty Reasoning and Knowledge Engineering (URKE)
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
2012
10 Peserta Publishing with Impact Workshop
The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Australia, Canberra
2012
Jakarta, 17 September 2020 Aodah Diamah (Tanda tangan)
1
LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 2 Biodata Anggota Peneliti
Riwayat Hidup Peneliti
A. Identitas Diri
1. Nama Lengkap (dengan gelar) Dr. Baso Maruddani
2. Jabatan Fungsional Lektor
3. Jabatan Struktural -
4. NIP/NIK/Identitas lainnya 19830502 200801 1 001
5. NIDN 0002058301
6. Tempat dan Tanggal Lahir Makassar, 2 Mei 1983
7. Alamat Rumah Jl. Bambu Petung, no 67, Bambu Apus, Cipayung
Jakarta Timur
9. Nomor Telepon/Faks / HP 08118058450
10. Alamat Kantor Jurusan Teknik Elektro, Fakultas Teknik Gedung L,
Kampus A Universitas Negeri Jakarta
11. Nomor Telepon/Faks -
12. Alamat e-mail [email protected]
13. Mata Kuliah yg Diampu Sistem Telekomunikasi, Komunikasi Wireless,
Pemodelan dan Simulasi, Teknik Switching, Saluran
Transmisi, Teknik Komunikasi Radio
B. Riwayat Pendidikan
S-1 S-2 S-3
Nama
Perguruan
Tinggi
Institut Teknologi
Bandung
Institut Teknologi
Bandung
Institut Teknologi
Bandung
Bidang Ilmu Teknik Elektro
(Telekomunikasi)
Teknik Elektro
(Telekomunikasi)
Teknik Elektro dan
Informatika
(Telekomunikasi)
Tahun Masuk-
Lulus
2001 – 2005 2006 – 2007 2008 – 2013
Nama
Pembimbing /
Promotor
Ir. Sigit Hariyadi Prof. Dr. Adit Kurniawan Prof. Dr. Adit
Kurniawan
C. Pengalaman Penelitian Dalam 5 Tahun Terakhir
2
No. Tahun Judul Penelitian Pendanaan
Sumber Jml (Juta Rp)
1 2018 Pengembangan Antena
Kompak (Compact Antenna)
Pita Lebar untuk Radar
Penembus Tanah (Ground
Penetrating Radar)
BLU UNJ 10,000,000
2 2018 Pengembangan Aplikasi
Digital Signal Processing
pada Radar Penembus Tanah
(Ground Penetrating Radar)
BLU UNJ 50,000,000
3 2017 Kinerja Diversitas Ruang
pada Sistem Code Division
Multiple Access
BLU UNJ 12,000,000
4 2016 Evaluasi Kinerja Adaptive
Coding and Modulation
sebagai Teknik Mitigasi
Redaman Hujan pada Link
Komunikasi Satelit Ka-Band
BLU UNJ 10,000,000
5 2014 Prediction method for rain
rate and rain propagation
attenuation for K-band
satellite communications
links in Tropical areas
Mandiri
6 2013 Pemodelan Redaman
Propagasi Berdasarkan Curah
Hujan Dan Usulan Teknik
Mitigasinya Pada
Komunikasi Satelit Pita-Ka
Di Daerah Tropis
Mandiri
7 2012 Rain Rate and Rain
Attenuation Time Series
Synthesizer Based on Hidden
Markov Model for K Band
Satellite in Tropical Area
Mandiri
D. Pengalaman Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Dalam 5 Tahun Terakhir
No. Tahun Judul Pengabdian Kpd Masyarakat Pendanaan
Sumber Jml (Juta Rp)
1
2
E. Pengalaman Penulisan Artikel Ilmiah Dalam Jurnal Dalam 5 Tahun
Terakhir
No. Judul Artikel Ilmiah Volume / Nomor / Tahun Nama Jurnal
1 Perancangan dan Optimasi 2019 Jurnal Nasional
3
Antena Vivaldi pada Sistem
Radar Penembus Permukaan
(Ground Penetrating Radar)
ELKOMNIKA
2 Prediction method for rain
rate and rain propagation
attenuation for K-band
satellite communications
links in Tropical areas
2014 Jurnal of ICT
Research and
Application
3 Rain Rate and Rain
Attenuation Time Series
Synthesizer Based on
Hidden Markov Model for K
Band Satellite in Tropical
Area
2012 Proceeding of 7th
International
Conference on
Telecommunicati
on Systems,
Services and
Applications
(TSSA), Bali,
Oktober 2012
F. Pengalaman Penyampaian Makalah Secara Oral Pada Pertemuan /
Seminar Ilmiah Dalam 5 Tahun Terakhir
No. Nama Pertemuan Ilmiah / Seminar Judul Artikel Waktu dan Tempat
1 2019 2nd International Conference on
Signal Processing and Information
Communications
Ka-Band
Satellite Link
Budget for
Broadband
Application in
Tropical Area
Grand Mercure Phuket
Patong, Thailand, 19 –
21 Januari 2019
2 2019 2nd International Conference on
Signal Processing and Information
Communications
The
Development of
Ground
Penetrating
Radar (GPR)
Data Processing
Grand Mercure Phuket
Patong, Thailand, 19 –
21 Januari 2019
G. Pengalaman Penulisan Buku dalam 5 Tahun Terakhir
No. Judul Buku Tahun Jumlah Halaman Penerbit
1
2
H. Pengalaman Perolehan HKI Dalam 5 – 10 Tahun Terakhir
No. Judul / Tema HKI Tahun Jenis Nomor P / ID
4
1
2
I. Pengalaman Merumuskan Kebijakan Publik/Rekayasa Sosial Lainnya
Dalam 5 Tahun Terakhir
No. Judul / Tema / Jenis Rekayasa Sosial
Lainnya yang Telah Diterapkan
Tahun Tempat
Penerapan
Respons
Masyarakat
1
J. Penghargaan yang Pernah Diraih dalam 10 tahun Terakhir (dari
pemerintah, asosiasi atau institusi lainnya)
No. Jenis Penghargaan Institusi Pemberi Penghargaan Tahun
1 The Best Presenter 2019 2nd International Conference on
Signal Processing and Information
Communications Commitee
2019
Semua data yang saya isikan dan tercantum dalam biodata ini adalah benar dan
dapat dipertanggungjawabkan secara hukum. Apabila di kemudian hari ternyata
dijumpai ketidak-sesuaian dengan kenyataan, saya sanggup menerima risikonya.
Demikian biodata ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya untuk memenuhi salah satu
persyaratan dalam pengajuan Penelitian Fakultas.
Jakarta, Maret 2019
Pengusul,
Dr. Baso Maruddani
NIP. 198305022008011001
5
LAMPIRAN 3 PUBLIKASI JURNAL INTERNASIONAL
Ultra-wideband Microstrip Array Antenna for 5G Millimeter-wave Applications
Efri Sandi, Rusmono, Aodah Diamah, and Karisma Vinda
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Jakarta Timur, Indonesia Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Abstract—In this paper, a design of ultra-wideband microstrip array antenna using a stepped line cut and U-slot combination for 5G millimeter-wave applications is proposed. The feeding technique used in the proposed design is a proximity coupling technique to improve bandwidth performance. The proposed antenna bandwidth performance is compared with the conventional antenna array design to determine the bandwidth increase. Numerical and simulation results show a significant increase in bandwidth performance compared to conventional design. The proposed antenna design can operate at frequency band 28 GHz with a bandwidth 4.47 GHz and gain 8.71dB. These results prove that the proposed antenna design can be used for 5G technology applications in the millimeter-wave band. Index Terms—Stepped line cut, U-slot, Ultra-wideband, 5G Antenna, Proximity coupled fed.
I. INTRODUCTION
The development of cellular communication technology is currently entering the 5th generation (5G) which has the challenge of achieving high speed, power efficiency and system reliability [1]. One important part of developing 5G technology is the development of antenna designs to support 5G network performance. 5G cellular technology requires antennas that have high performance, Multiple Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) and beamforming [2-3] transmission systems. 5G technology requires a large spectrum to achieve the desired performance. That requires the development of an antenna that can support a wide bandwidth or ultra-wideband antenna [4].
In developing the 5G antenna design, the size and dimensions of The design of the 5G antenna was developed at the millimeter-wave frequency according to the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) recommendations. The FCC proposes a new rule (FCC 15-138) for wireless broadband frequencies, namely as 28 GHz frequency bands, 37 GHz frequency band, 38 GHz frequency band, and 64-71 GHz frequency band which are targeted by researchers to be applied for 5G wireless cellular network [5]. Due to the air and rain attenuation in
Manuscript received April 25, 2019; revised January 1, 2020. This work was supported by PTUPT and PUPT UNJ 2019, the
Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education the Republic of Indonesia
Corresponding author email: [email protected] doi:10.12720/jcm.15.2.198-204
the range of 28 GHz and 38 GHz are relatively small, so this frequency band is considered to be used for 5G technology [6].
In developing antennas for 5G technology applications, microstrip antenna types are widely used because of physical size, low profile, and easy to fabricated. But the disadvantages of microstrip antennas are the narrow bandwidth and the relatively small gain. For this reason, various techniques have been studied to improve bandwidth dan gain performance of the microstrip antenna, such as using metamaterial structure technique, patch-slot modification, and defected ground structure (DGS).
In this study, the development of a slot antenna is developed by adding a stepped line cut technique. The slot antenna has the advantage of being able to produce two-way radiation patterns with higher bandwidth [7]. The addition of slots on the antenna is able to produce a coupling effect that affects the Q factor, which is inversely proportional to the bandwidth of the antenna.
In previous study, the design of antenna arrays with the U-slot method was able to increase a bandwidth up to 300 MHz for the frequency range 14.4 GHz to 15.4 GHz [8], attain 20-30% impedance as well as gain bandwidths without parasitic patches on another layer or on the same layer [9], and can improves bandwidth 11.3% [10].
Furthermore, a combination of the stepped line cut method and defected ground structure is capable of producing bandwidth 4.29 GHz [11], using the stepped cut four corners method able to increase bandwidth up to 63.61% [12], and a combination of the stepped line cut and triangular slot method in the patch is able to produce bandwidth up to 2.9 GHz for ultra-wideband antenna applications [13].
The U-slot, along with the finite ground plane, is used to achieve an excellent impedance matching to increase the bandwidth [14]. The U-slot introduces a capacitive component to counteract the large input inductance when a thick substrate is used [9]. Then, by using a stepped line cut, the size of the antenna has been reduced, and bandwidth has also been sufficiently improved [11]. Thus, the development of microstrip antennas for 5G applications using a combination of U-slot and stepped line cut is expected to provide more bandwidth performance improvement than the results of previous studies. Thus this ultra-wideband 5G antenna will be the basis for the development of MIMO beamforming
Journal of Communications Vol. 15, No. 2, February 2020
©2020 Journal of Communications 198
antennas in future research. The outline of this paper is as follows. After the
introduction in section I, the design of proximity coupling for the proposed antenna are described in section II. Section III shows the combination method proposed for 5G antenna application, including numerical analysis, assessment and provides numerical experiments that validate our proposal. Section IV summarizes the main conclusion of this work.
II. DESIGN OF PROXIMITY COUPLING The Microstrip antenna had a patch on one side of the
substrate. It is required to feed the Microstrip antenna through the ground plane. The various type of feeding configurations such as microstrip line, coaxial probe, aperture coupling & proximity coupling [13]. The proximity coupling technique is also able to increase bandwidth. In the literature, the broadband modified rectangular microstrip antenna using proximity feeding technique can improve the bandwidth performance up to 200 MHz (22%) with the center frequency of 900 MHz [14]. The main advantage of this feed technique is that it eliminates spurious feed radiation and provides high bandwidth (13%) due to the overall increase in the thickness of the microstrip patch antenna [14].(Fig. 1)
Fig. 1. Proximity coupling [13]
Feeding techniques are important in determining the design process of the microstrip antenna. The various type of feeding configuration consists of the microstrip line, coaxial probe, aperture coupling & proximity coupling [15].
TABLE I: PERCENTAGE OF BANDWIDTH ENHANCEMENT USING VARIOUS TYPE OF FEEDING CONFIGURATIONS
No. Feeding Configurations Percentage of Bandwidth Improvement
1. Microstrip Line 2 – 5 % 2. Coaxial Probe 2 – 5 % 3. Aperture Coupling 2 – 5 % 4. Proximity Coupling 13%
The type of microstrip feeding technique that will be
used in this study is the proximity coupling. Proximity coupling uses two-layer substrates with the microstrip line on the lower layer and the patch antenna on the upper layer. The substrate parameters of the two layers can be selected to increase the bandwidth [16].
A. Calculation the Width of Microstrip Feed Line
The width of the microstrip feed line can be discovered after determining the equation according to the conditions, 𝑢 =
𝑊𝐹
ℎ , that given by Hammerstad [16]:
𝑊𝐹
ℎ=
8𝑒𝐴
𝑒2𝐴−2 (1)
where the value 𝐴 is determined by the equation:
𝐴 =𝑍0
100[
𝜀𝑟+1
2]
0.5
+𝜀𝑟−1
𝜀𝑟+1[0.23 +
0.11
𝜀𝑟] (2)
B. Calculation the Length of Microstrip Feed Line
The length of the microstrip feed-line can be determined by the equation:
𝐿𝐹 =
1
4𝜆𝑔 (3)
where 𝜆𝑔 is determined by the equation :
𝜆𝑔 =𝜆0
√𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓 (4)
𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓 =εr+ 1
2+ [
εr− 1
2(
1
√1+12ℎ
𝑊𝐹
)] (5)
This method is advantageous to reduce harmonic
radiation of microstrip patch antenna implemented in a multilayer substrate [16]. The feed line terminates in an open-end underneath the patch. The open-end of the microstrip line can be terminated in a stub, and the stub parameters can be used to improve the bandwidth [17].
III. PATCH ANTENNA ARRAYS DESIGN WITH STEPPED LINE CUT AND U-SLOT
The proposed antenna has been simulated using Computer Simulation Technology Studio Suite 2016, and the performance of the antenna has been analyzed in terms of bandwidth, return loss, VSWR, gain, and resonant frequency.
The first step of this study is designing a conventional microstrip antenna. The antenna consists of two substrates, where the patch antenna on the upper layer and the microstrip line on the lower layer. The patch and the ground using a copper layer with a height of 0.035 mm. The height (h) of Rogers RT 5880 substrate is 0.787 mm.
And then, the antenna is designed to be conventional microstrip antenna arrays using this equation [18]. (Fig. 2):
𝑑 =
1
2 𝜆𝑔 (6)
Journal of Communications Vol. 15, No. 2, February 2020
©2020 Journal of Communications 199
Ls
Ls
Fig. 2. Optimal distance on two patches [18]
Array techniques can be used to improve the quality of the gain and directivity of the microstrip antenna. The function of patches distance is to avoid mutual coupling or the emergence of voltage in antenna due to adjacent antenna currents [19], [20].
The geometry of a conventional microstrip antenna arrays designed has been shown in Fig. 3(a) and 3(b). The dimensions of the antenna are as follow: periodic length 𝐿𝑠 = 20.24 mm, periodic width 𝑊𝑠 = 22.61 mm of the substrate with length 𝐿𝑝 = 2.9 mm, and width 𝑊𝑠 = 4.3 mm of the patch. The antenna design, as shown in Fig. 3, is operational at 28.46 GHz. The antenna has a bandwidth of 3.39 GHz and gains 7.84 dB.
Ws (a)
Ws (b)
Fig. 3. Conventional microstrip antenna arrays (a) upper layer (b) lower layer.
Then, the conventional microstrip antenna arrays are modified with Stepped Line Cut and U-slot.
A. Calculation of U-Slot Method
This slot patch method is done by cutting a part of the antenna patch with U-shaped. The dimensions of U-Slot methods have been shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Dimensions of U-slot method
Slots E and F thickness are define as [21]:
𝐸 = 𝐹 = 𝜆0 / 60 (7)
Slot D length is defined as :
𝐷 = 𝐶
𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 √𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓− 2 (𝐿 + Δ𝐿 − 𝐸) (8)
Slot C is defined as :
C ≥ 0,3 𝑥 𝑊𝑝 (9)
B. Calculation of Stepped Line Cut Method
In the stepped line cut method, several corners of the rectangular patch are cut to produce the desired bandwidth. In this method, the angle of the patch can be cut in the form of steps based on geometry calculations [22], [23]. The geometry details of the stepped line cut methods have been shown in Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Geometry details of stepped line cut methods [23]
𝑊1 = 𝑊𝐿 − 𝑊𝐻
2= ∑ 𝑊𝑅𝑛
𝑛=𝑛
𝑛=1
(10)
𝐿1 = 𝐿𝐿 − 𝐿𝐻
2= ∑ 𝐿𝑅𝑛 (11)
𝑛=𝑛
𝑛=1
Wp
Lp
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©2020 Journal of Communications 200
𝐿𝑠
𝑑𝐵
𝑑𝐵
When the steps dimension is the same, then WR = WR1 = WR2 = … = WRn and LR = LR1 = LR2 = … = LRn, and it can be determined by the equation:
𝑊𝑅 =
𝑊1
𝑛 (12)
𝐿𝑅 =𝐿1
𝑛 (13)
𝑅1 = 𝑛 𝑥√𝐿𝑅2 + 𝑊𝑅
2 (14) where,
n = amount of steps R1 = slop of steps WR = width of steps LR = length of steps
Based on the formulas, the microstrip antenna arrays design with combination stepped line cut, and U-slot has been shown in Fig. 6.
𝑊𝑠
Fig. 6. Antenna arrays with a stepped line cut and U-slot
The dimensions of the antenna are as follow periodic length 𝐿𝑠 = 19.86 mm, periodic width 𝑊𝑠 = 23.41 mm of the substrate with length 𝐿𝑝 = 2.9 mm, and width 𝑊𝑝 = 5.1 mm of the patch. The antenna is operational at 28 GHz band and has better bandwidth and gain performances.
Fig. 7. Detail dimension of stepped line cut and U-slot
TABLE II: THE DIMENSION OF THE STEPPED LINE CUT AND U-SLOT Stepped Line Cut
(mm) U-Slot (mm)
WR LR C D E F 0.3 0.3 1.4117 1 0.1783 0.3
A comparison of antenna bandwidth performances has been shown in Fig. 8. The conventional antenna arrays have bandwidth 3.39 GHz. For some applications, the value of the conventional antenna arrays bandwidth was large enough, but for 5G mm-wave application still need to improved. In this observation, the modified antenna with stepped line cut and U-slot is effective in enhancing the bandwidth up to 4.47 GHz.
Frequency (GHz)
(a)
Frequency (GHz)
(b) Fig. 8. Bandwidth Enhancement (a) Conventional microstrip antenna arrays, (b) Microstrip antenna arrays with Stepped Line Cut and U-Slot.
TABLE III: SIMULATION ANTENNA PERFORMANCE COMPARISON
Performance Parameters
Antenna Array
Conventional Design Stepped Line Cut and U-slot
Bandwidth (GHz) 3.39 4.47 Return Loss (dB) -15.05 -20.52
Gain (dB) 7.84 8.71
As shown in Table III, modifying antenna with stepped line cut and U-slot doesn’t only enhance the bandwidth, but also gain. The modified antenna has a better value of return loss compare to the conventional antenna design.
(a)
𝐿𝑝
𝑊𝑝
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©2020 Journal of Communications 201
(b)
Fig. 9. Radiation Pattern (a) Conventional microstrip antenna arrays, (b) Microstrip antenna arrays with a stepped line cut and U-slot.
Then, the microstrip antenna design with stepped line cut and U-slot is fabricated for further measurement and validate our proposal as shown in Fig. 10.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fig. 10. Fabrication result of microstrip antenna arrays with stepped line cut and U-slot (a) proposed antenna, (b) upper antenna layer, (c) feeding antenna layer, (d) ground antenna.
The comparison of simulation and measurement results of the proposed design method, as shown in Fig. 11. dB
Simulation ….. Measurement
(a) dB
Theta/ Degree
Simulation ….. Measurement (b)
Fig. 11. Comparison of simulation and measurement microstrip antenna arrays with a stepped line cut and U-slot (a) S-parameter (b) 2D Radiation pattern plot.
The comparison of simulation and measurement results shows that there is no significant difference, so it can be concluded that the proposed design method can be used as a solution to increase the microstrip antenna bandwidth for ultra-wideband 5G millimeter-wave frequency. Thus the results of this study can be used as basis for future studies to develop 5G antenna beamforming with high bandwidth performance.
IV. CONCLUSIONS The combination of U-slot techniques and a stepped
line cut method proved to be able to increase bandwidth
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©2020 Journal of Communications 202
and gain performance of the microstrip antenna for 5G millimeter-wave application. The proposed design method was improved the antenna bandwidth up to 4.47 GHz or increase 31.8% compared to conventional design methods. The simulation and measurement result of the proposed design can be used as the basis for further development to enhance the performance of 5G millimeter-wave antennas and other applications.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
E.S, A.D, and K.V conducted the research; E.S, R, and A.D analyzed the data; E.S and A.D wrote the paper. All authors had approved the final version.
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[3] E. L. Bengtsson, F. Rusek, S. Malkowsky, F. Tufvesson, P.C Karlsson, and O. Edfors, “A simulation framework for multiple-antenna terminal in 5G massive MIMO systems,” IEEE Access, vol. 5, pp. 26819-26831, Nov. 2017.
[4] P. Kurniawan, H. Wijanto, and Y. Wahyu, “Design and realization ultra-wideband antenna 800-2400 MHZ for radio cognitive application,” e-Proceeding of Engineering, pp. 7237-7246, 2015.
[5] G. Gampala and C. J. Reddy, “Design of millimeter-wave antenna arrays for 5G,” in Proc. IEEE International
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Systems, 2016. [6] W. Cheng, T. Liu, M. Hsu, Z. Tsai, and W. Sheen, “15
GHz propagation channel measurement at a university campus for the 5G spectrum,” in Proc. IEEE Asia Pacific
Microwave Conference, 2015. [7] M. F. Adaramola and B. E. Balogun, “Performance
analysis of stepped-slot antenna for wireless,” Computer
Engineering and Intelligent Systems, vol. 7, no.4, pp. 12-25, 2016.
[8] J. Kevin, O. Levy, and S. Budi, “Perancangan antena MIMO 2×2 array rectangular patch dengan U-Slot untuk Aplikasi 5G,” JNTETI, vol. 6, no. 1, 2017.
[9] K. F. Lee, K. M. Luk, K. F. Tong, S. M. Shum, T. Huynh, and R. Q. Lee, “Experimental and simulation studies of the coaxially,” IEEE Proc -Microw Antennas Propag, vol. 144, no. 5, pp. 354-358, 1997.
[10] A. Khidre, K. F. Lee, A. Z. Elsherbeni, and F. Yang, “Wideband dual beam U-slot microstrip antenna,” IEEE
Transaction on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 61, no. 3, 2013.
[11] E. Sidhu, “Step slotted microstrip patch antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) for wideband applications,” International Journal of Advanced Research
in Electronics and Communication Engineering, pp. 899-902, 2014.
[12] A. V. Khrisna, “Stepped cut four corners microstrip patch antenna to enhance bandwidth at 7.5 GHz for Wireless communications,” International Journal of Scientific
Engineering and Technology, vol. 3, no. 7, 2015. [13] M. A. Hassanien and E. K. I. Hamad, “Compact
rectangular u-shaped slot microstrip patch antenna for UWB applications,” in Proc. Middle East Conference on
Antennas and Propagation, 2010. [14] K. R. Urgunde, “A review on gain & bandwidth
enhancement techniques of microstrip patch antenna,” International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research
Technology, pp. 684-687, 2014. [15] P. Bhattacharjee, V. Hanumante, and S. Roy, “Design of
U-Slot rectangular patch antenna,” ICMARS, pp. 132-135, 2013.
[16] A. Kumar, J. Kaur, and R. Singh, “Performance analysis of different feeding techniques,” International Journal of
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[17] K. F. Tong and T. P. Wong, “Circularly polarized u-slot antenna,” IEEE, vol. 55, no. 8, 2007.
[18] I. Singh and V. S. Tripathi, “Microstrip patch antenna and its applications: A survey,” Int. J. Comp. Tech. Appl., vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 1595–1599, 2011.
[19] M. Alaydrus, Antena Prinsip & Aplikasi, Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu, 2011.
[20] R. Garg, P. Bhartia, and I. Bahl, Microstrip Antenna
Design, Boston: Artech house, 2001. [21] C. H. M. Tong, System Study and Design of Broad-Band
U-Slot Microstrip Patch Antennas for Aperstructures and
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[23] A. M. Kordalivand and T. A. Rahman, “Broadband modified rectangular microstrip patch antenna using stepped cut at four corners method,” Progress in
Electromagnetics Research, vol. 137, pp. 599-619, 2013 Copyright © 2020 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided that the article is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
Efri Sandi was born in Rumbai, Riau Province, Indonesia, in 1975. He received the B.S. degree from Universitas Negeri Padang (UNP), Indonesia, in 1999, the M.S. degree from Universitas Trisakti, Indonesia, in 2004, and his Ph.D degree from Universitas Indonesia, in 2017, all in electrical
engineering. He joined to the Department of Electrical
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©2020 Journal of Communications 203
Engineering Universitas Negeri Jakarta since 2008 as a lecture. Since 2019 he has been appointed as head of electronic engineering education program in engineering faculty Universitas Negeri Jakarta. He also worked as a telecommunications consultant for several telecommunications companies in Indonesia since 2005. His research interests include antenna and propagation, mobile communication and radar application. Email: [email protected]
Rusmono was born in Jakarta, DKI Jakarta Province, Indonesia, in 1959. He received the B.S. degree from electronic engineering education IKIP Jakarta, Indonesia, in 1984, and the B.S degree from electrical engineering Universitas Indonesia, in 2000, the M.S. degree and Ph.D degree from IKIP Jakarta, in 1995 and 2009, all in educational technology.
He joined to the Department of Electrical Engineering Universitas Negeri Jakarta since 1985 as a lecture. Since 2016 he has been appointed as secretary of the research institute Universitas Negeri Jakarta. He also worked as an instructional design consultant for several university and companies in Indonesia since 1995. His research interests include instructional design in electrical engineering, curriculum design in electrical engineering and communication system. Email: [email protected]
Aodah Diamah was born in Jakarta, Indonesia, in 1978. She received the B.S. degree from Universitas Indonesia (UI), Indonesia, in 2001 and the M.S. degree from Monash University, Australia, in 2004. She received her Ph.D degree from University of Canberra, Australia, in 2017, all in electrical engineering. She
joined to the Department of Electrical Engineering Universitas Negeri Jakarta since 2005 as a lecture. Since 2019 she has been appointed as Quality Assurance (GP3M) of graduate program Universitas Negeri Jakarta. Her research interests include computer programing, algorithm analysis and antenna propagation. Email : [email protected]
Karisma Vinda was born in Jakarta, Indonesia, in 1997. She received the B.S. degree from Universitas Negeri Jakarta (UNJ), Indonesia, in 2019 with majoring electrical engineering. She joined to the antenna and microwave research group in Department of Electrical Engineering Universitas Negeri Jakarta since 2016 as
a research assistant. Currently, she continuing M.S degree in electrical engineering with majoring telecommunication system. Her research interests include antenna and propagation, communication system and radar application. Email: [email protected]
Journal of Communications Vol. 15, No. 2, February 2020
©2020 Journal of Communications 204
LAMPIRAN 4 PUBLIKASI PROSIDING INTERNASIONAL
Gain Enhancement by Using Combination Slot Techniques for
Millimeter-wave 5G Antenna
Efri Sandi *, Baso Maruddani, and Susana Aprilia Betakore
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri
Jakarta
Abstract. This research aims to increase the antenna gain by adding U-slot and Y-slot and using
the air gap method at millimeter-wave frequency 28 GHz. In the previous studies have shown an
increase in antenna gain by using additional slots on the microstrip patch antenna, such as the U-
slot, V-slot or Y-slot method. The air gap arrangement on the double layer substrate antenna also
has an impact on increasing the gain. For this reason, this study carried out the development of
the design of the microstrip antenna structure with the addition of U-slots and Y-slots as well as
the adjustment of the distance between the two substrates, so it is expected to significantly
increase the antenna gain. This research was conducted using quantitative methods through
calculating the design, simulation, and fabrication of the combination U-slot and Y-slot
structures and arrangement the distance between two substrate layers. The antenna design uses
the Rogers RT5880 substrate material with a dielectric constant (𝜀𝑟) = 2.2, and ℎ = 0.787 mm
with dimensions 18.5 x 31.5 mm. Simulation and measurement results show that the proposed
combination method can increase the millimeter-wave antenna gain significantly and better than
the results of previous studies.
Keywords — Millimeter-wave antenna, air gap, U slot, Y slot, gain, 5G Antenna
1. Introduction
Cellular communication technology is now entering the fifth-generation (5G). The development of this
technology will support high-speed broadband data in many applications, such as machine to machine
communication, remote manufacturing industries using robotic applications and other applications using
the internet of things (IoT) [1]. The 5G application is an advanced of 4G generation on the
telecommunications network. The fifth-generation of cellular wireless communication is targeting to
increase data rates higher than the previous generation [2], [3]. The 5G application is designed at C-
band frequency (3.5 GHz) and millimeter-wave frequency such as 28 GHz, 38GHz, and 72 GHz with a
bandwidth of 500 MHz, 1 GHz, 2 GHz which corresponds to high data rates [4].
One important device in 5G technology is the 5G antenna technology. Various studies have been
developed to improve the performance of 5G antennas, one of them is the development of microstrip
antenna performance as one type of antenna that is widely used today. Microstrip antenna is also one
type of antenna that has good performance in the millimeter-wave band. Microstrip antennas have
several advantages over other types of antennas, such as simple shapes, relatively lightweight, easy to
fabricate and can be designed according to certain communication devices [5].
However besides the advantages of microstrip antennas also has several of disadvantages, such as
low efficiency, low directivity, and gain, having losses in the feeding network, and narrow bandwidth
[6]. In general, to improve antenna performance can be done by making antenna array configurations,
but for microstrip antennas other problems such as surface wave effects also occur. The surface wave
effects are waves that are generated and move inside the microstrip antenna substrate and will be
reflected at the interface of the air substrate and the metal layer. The effect of this surface-wave will
inhibit the increase in gain and bandwidth of the microstrip array antenna [7], [8].
For this reason, many studies and solutions were given to overcome surface waves in microstrip array
antennas, such as the addition of air gap techniques [9]-[13]. The air gap is a technique of giving air gap
between the ground plane and the substrate. The air gap is applied to eliminate back-lobe and increase
gain with the addition of the tapered peripheral slits method. The result shows that it can obtain a gain
value of 3.01 dB at the UHF frequency of 435.6 MHz [14]. Meanwhile, the distance of the air gap affects
the gain value on the antenna, the results obtained are Gain 8.6 dB with the co-axial probe feed technique
[15]. However, the air gap technique can affect the antenna resonance frequency, so it is necessary to
use strip-lines feed to improve antenna bandwidth performance [16].
Furthermore, several study results propose the addition of a slot method to improve the performance
of a microstrip antenna [17]-[20]. The addition of slots on the antenna patch has an impact on increasing
the antenna bandwidth, decreasing the value of return-loss, and increasing the gain on the antenna [21]-
[25]. The slot method has several types such as C-slot, E-slot, Y-slot, and U-slot [23]-[28]. This slot
method shows different performance and U-slot shows better performance compare to others [28].
Therefore, in this study will propose development through a combination of slot techniques and
microstrip antenna air gap adjustment to get better bandwidth more than 2 GHz in the millimeter-wave
frequency compared to previous studies (average less than 2 GHz).
2. Theoretical foundations
2.1. U and Y-slot Method
U and Y-slot is considered as a combination of the U-slot and Y-slot. Y-slot consists of two vertical
parallel rectangular slots, a horizontal rectangular slot, and a vertical rectangular slot cut below the
horizontal slot. The additional U-slot is smaller than the Y-slot and cut in the middle of the Y-slot. The
width of the slot must be relatively small to the slot length. The combination of U and Y-slot as shown
in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Design Patch Antenna with U and Y-Slot
The U-slot structure design is calculated based on parameters C, D, and E as shown in Figure 1, with
the following relationship [29].
Inner width of U-Y slot
E = F = 𝜆
60 (1)
Length of U and Y-slot
𝐶
𝑊 ≥ 0,3 (2)
Outer width of U and Y-slot
D = 𝑐
𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤√Ɛ𝑒𝑓𝑓− 2(𝐿 + 2𝛥𝐿 − 𝐹) (3)
Where,
𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓 =εr+ 1
2+ [
εr− 1
2(
1
√1+12ℎ
𝑊𝐹
)] (4)
Where 𝑊 is the width of antenna patch, 𝐿 is the length of antenna patch and 𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓 is effective
dielectric constant of substrate antenna.
2.2. Air Gap Method
The air gap method is a technique of giving air gap between the ground plane and the substrate. By
adding the air gap between the substrate and the ground plane can also increase efficiency and reduce
the high loss on the substrate and it reduces the effective dielectric constant. The gap distance is
explained in equation (5).
𝐺 = 1 − |𝑍0 √𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓−𝑍0
𝑍0 √𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓+𝑍0|
2
𝑥 16
3𝜋 (5)
Equation (5) shows that the effective dielectric constant is inversely proportional to the gain value
which is the smaller of the effective dielectric constant will provide the greater the gain value [26].
2.3. Microstrip Patch Antenna
Microstrip antenna consists of patch as radiator, substrate material and ground plane. Radiation on
patches and feed lines is usually engraved on the top side of the dielectric substrate. The patch antenna
dimensions are obtained from equations (6) and (7).
Wp = 𝑐
2𝑓𝑟√Ɛ𝑟+1
2
(6)
Leff = 𝐶
2 𝑥 𝑓𝑟√Ɛ𝑒𝑓𝑓 (7)
Microstrip patch antenna has several feeding techniques such as microstrip line feeding, coaxial
probe, aperture technique, and proximity coupled. Microstrip line feeding is designed to obtain
impedance matching with antenna radiating elements [5].
3. Antenna Design Method
The antenna is designed using RT Duroid 5880 as the substrate which has a dielectric constant (𝜀𝑟) =
2.2 and a thickness ℎ = 0.787 mm. Antenna design consists of U and Y-slot structure design and air
gap design to get the best performance.
3.1. Array Antenna Design
The basic array antenna before adding the U and Y-slot techniques and the air gap adjustment with
dimensions 18.41 x 37.22 mm as shown in Figure 2.
3.2. Design Antenna with U and Y-slot and Air Gap
Antenna array design with the addition of U and Y-slot and the addition of air gap as shown in Figure
3. The design of this structure is based on equations (1) to (3) at the frequency 28 GHz. The air gap
adjustment between substrates is calculated based on equation (5).
Figure 2. Basic Array Antenna 2x2 Figure 3. Proposed Antenna
4. Results and discussion
The 2x2 microstrip array antenna design is simulated using CST Microwave Studio 2016 software to
describe antenna performance, such as S-parameters and antenna radiation performance. The design
construction for the 2x2 array antenna simulation uses simulation software as shown in Figure 2 and
Figure 3 for the proposed antenna using a combination of U-slot and Y-slot and air gap settings.
Simulation results for the comparison of S-parameter and bandwidth performance of the antenna design
with the addition of a combination of slots and air gaps as shown in Figure 4.
Basic Array Antenna 2x2 (Conventional) Proposed Antenna Design
Figure 4. S-Parameter and Bandwidth Comparison
The comparison results as shown in Figure 4 prove that the microstrip antenna design method using a
combination of slots and air gap settings can significantly improve antenna performance. These results
indicate an improvement in return loss at the center frequency from -31 dB to -40 dB. For comparison
of bandwidth performance, it is obtained an increase in bandwidth of 1.807 GHz from 829 MHz to 2.636
GHz or around 217%. This result also shows an increase in bandwidth performance compared to the
results of previous studies [25] - [27].
The main parameter performance observed in this study was the increase in antenna gain parameters.
The software simulation results show an increase in antenna gain with the method of adding a
combination of slots and setting the air gap as shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6.
Figure 5. Gain of the Conventional Antenna Figure 6. Gain of the Proposed Antenna Design
These results indicate that the proposed design using the slot combination method and the air gap
setting can increase the gain performance by 4.2 dB from 9.1 dB on conventional antennas to 13.3 dB
on the proposed antenna design. Through a 2x2 array configuration, these results also show significant
improvements compared to the gains achieved in previous studies [25] - [27]. The best results in this
study were obtained by iterating the combination of slot design and air gap spacing. The best results are
obtained by using a dual U-slot with an air gap of 1.09 mm.
As a verification of the design simulation results, microstrip antenna fabrication was carried out to
obtain the measurement results. Fabricated antennas as shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7. Fabrication of the Proposed Antenna Design
Comparison of simulation and measurement results as shown in Figure 8. This comparison shows
there are differences in bandwidth and return loss values at the center frequency. This is caused by
fabrication factors at millimeter-wave high frequencies that are easily affected in the measurement.
However, these results have illustrated that the results of simulations and measurements have the same
trend. Thus it can be concluded that the proposed method results in improved antenna parameters.
Figure 8. S-Parameter comparison of the simulation and measurement result
5. Conclusion
The method of adding a combination of slots to the microstrip patch antenna and air gaps has been
described. Simulation and measurement results show that this method can increase the bandwidth
performances to reach 2.636 GHz and gain enhancement to 13.3 dB. The observations in this study show
improvements in antenna performance compared to conventional array antennas and several previous
studies. The proposed method in this study can be used as a basis for further development of the 5G
millimeter-wave antenna.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge for PTUPT the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher
Education the Republic of Indonesia for research scheme under contract no. 66/SP2H/DRPM/LPPM
/III/2020.
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