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StressFaktor Psikologis dan Kesehatan
Dosen Ir.Henrikus, SPsi
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What is Stress?
Stress Tindakan karena
proses yang terjadi
atas anggapan danrespon kita pada
kejadian tertentu,
yang kita anggap
membahayakan danmenantang.
StressorsBencana
Merubah Kehidupan
Menimbulkan kerepotan
Faktor IntervensiPenilaian
Kontrol Penerimaan
Personaliti
Dukungan sosial
Coping behaviors
StressreactionsPhysiological
EmotionalBehavioral
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Stressful Life Events
Bencana
earthquakes, combat stress, floods
Life Changes
death of a loved one, divorce, loss of job, promotion
Kejadian harian
rush hour traffic, long lines, job stress, burnout
Kehilangan Kontrol, can increase stress hormones
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Hans Selye (1976) menciptakan istilah sindrom adaptasi menyeluruh
(general adaptation syndrome/GAS
tubuh bereaksi sama terhadap berbagai streSsor yang tidak
menyenangkan, baik sumber stres berupa serangan bakterimikroskopi, penyakit karena organisme, perceraian, ataupun
kebanjiran.
Model GAS menyatakan bahwa dalam keadaan stres, tubuh kita
seperti jam dengan sistem alarm yang tidak berhenti sampai
tenaganya habis.
GAS terdiri dari tiga tahap:
Tahap reaksi waspada (alarm reaction),
Tahap resistansi (resistance stage),
Tahap kelelahan (exhaustion stage).
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Tahap Alarm Reaction
Selama Fase Alarm tubuh merespon stressor dengan cara bagian
otak Hypotalamus menghasilkan hormone glucocorticoids
hormones.Selanjutnya kelenjar adrenaI menghasilkan Kortisol dan Adrenalin
untuk membuat tubuh bereaksi.
Yang selanjutnya menaikkan tingkat nafas, detak jantung dan kadar
gula darah meningkat untuk membooster energi
Tubuh tetap menjaga tingkat kewaspadaan, untuk melawan atau lari
dari stressor.
Kortex Adrenal tetap melepaskan Glucocorticoids untuk membantutubuh bereaksi sampai stress berhenti atau atau sampai tubuh tidak
mampu lagi bertahan.
Cadangan energy dipakai untuk menghadapi stress, sehingga untuk
menghadapai dingin, penyakit pada saat itu berkurang.
Tahap resistansi (resistance stage)
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Apabila stresor tetap berlanjut atau terjadi stresor baru yang
memperburuk keadaan, kita dapat sampai pada tahap kelelahan
(exhaustion).
Tahap kelelahan (exhaustion stage).
Kortikal steroid mungkin salah satu hal yang menyebabkan stres
yang menetap akan memicu masalah kesehatan. Meskipun dalam
beberapa hal kortikal steroid membantu tubuh mengatasi stres,
sekresi terus-menerus dari steroid ini menekan aktivitas sistem
kekebalan tubuh. Efek kortikal steroid tidak mengganggu bila
terlepas secara periodik, akan tetapi sekresi yang terus-menerus
terjadi menurunkan fungsi kekebalan tubuh dengan caramengganggu produksi antibodi, sebagai akibatnya kita menjadi
rentan terhadap berbagai penyakit, bahkan terhadap flu biasa
(Cohen, Tyrrell, & Smith, 1991).
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1. Cara coping stres,
2. Harapan terhadap self efficacy,3. Ketabahan hati atau daya tahan psikologis,
4. Optimisme,
5. Dukungan sosial, dan
6. Identitas etnik dapat menjadi faktor-faktor yangmengurangi atau menahan efek dari stres.
Faktor-faktor Psikologis yang Mengurangi Stres
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Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Stress and Disease
Negative emotions and health-related
consequences
Unhealthy behaviors(smoking, drinking,
poor nutrition and sleep)
Negative
emotions
Stress
hormones
Heart
disease
Immune
suppression
Autonomic nervoussystem effects
(headaches,hypertension)
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Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Coping Strategies
Coping
Efforts through action and thought to deal with demandsthat are perceived as taxing or overwhelming
Problem-focused coping
Direct response aimed at reducing, modifying, or
eliminating a source of stress
After getting a poor grade, student decides to study
harder or get a tutor
Emotion-focused coping
A response involving reappraising of a stressor to reduce
its emotional impact
View loss of a job as a challenge or opportunity not a
tragedy
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Coping Strategies
Defensive coping
Use of defense mechanisms as protection against theunpleasant emotions brought on by stress.
Small illusions may be beneficial, large distortions are
maladaptive.
Constructive coping
Confront problems directly
Realistic appraisal of stress and coping resources Learn to recognize and stop disruptive emotional reactions
Make efforts to protect the body from the damaging effectsof stress
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Copyright 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. All rightsreserved.
Personal Factors Reducing
The Impact of Stress and Illness
Optimism
Cope more effectively with stress
Reduced risk of illness
Generally expect good outcomes
Find positives even in the darkest circumstances
Generally more stress resistant
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Personal Factors Reducing
The Impact of Stress and Illness
Hardiness A combination of three psychological qualities shared by
people who can handle high levels of stress and remainhealthy
1. Commitment
To both work and personal life2. Control
Do not see themselves as victims of what life brings
Believe they have control over consequences and outcomes
3. Challenge
Act to solve their own problems
Welcome challenges in life
View challenges as opportunities for growth and improvement
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Personal Factors Reducing
The Impact of Stress and Illness
Social Support Tangible and/or emotional support provided in time
of need by family members, friends, and others
The feeling of being loved, valued, and cared for by
those toward whom we feel a similar obligation Has a positive effect on the immune, cardiovascular,
and endocrine systems
Encourages health-promoting behaviors and reduces
impact of stress Less likely to use unhealthy methods of coping
Relaxation Techniques
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Df_DVkPFbWA&NR=1http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Df_DVkPFbWA&NR=1