Download - Bab 11
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MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
BAB 11
Hazad Api dan Keselamatan Nyawa
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MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
OBJEKTIF PEMBELAJARAN
• Memahami konsep hazad api/kebakaran
• Mengetahui konsep rangkaian tindak balas api
• Bagaimana pemindahan haba berlaku dalam kebakaran
• Menilai konsep sumber hazad api/kebakaran
• Mengenali sistem untuk mengenalpasti hazad api/kebakaran
• Mengetahui bagaimana mengatasi pengurangan hazad api.
• Memahami konsep keselamatan nyawa dan kebakaran
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MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
• Hazad api merupakan keadaan yang mendatangkan risiko api yang menyebabkan api menjadi semakin semarak dan besar.
• 3 elemen yang diperlukan untuk memulakan dan menyemarakkan api:
1. Oksigen (Oxygen) • persekitaran udara
2. Bahan api (Fuel)• disebabkan oleh salahkendalian
3. Haba (Heat/Ignition/Temperature)
HAZAD API
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MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
• Api atau pembakaran (combustion) merupakan tindakbalas kimia di antara oksigen dengan bahan api pembakaran.
• Pembakaran merupakan proses di mana api menukarkan bahan api dan oksigen kepada tenaga dalam bentuk haba.
• Keluaran sampingan (byproduct) akibat pembakaran.• e.g. api dan asap
HAZAD API - samb
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MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
• Untuk tindakbalas bermula, bahan berikut perlu ada:• Sumber pencucuhan (ignition)
• seperti spark.• Suhu tinggi (Suhu pencucuhan)• Suhu di mana sesuatu bahan api boleh
menjulang kepada nyalaan yang lebih besar.• Segi tiga
• bahan api, haba, oksigen• Tetrahedron
• haba, agen pengoksida, (continues burning)• Mod Membara (smoldering mode)
RANGKAIAN TINDAK BALAS API
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MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
RANGKAIAN TINDAK BALAS API - samb
1. Enough oxygen to sustain combustion,
2. Enough heat to raise the material to its ignition temperature, and
3. Some sort of fuel or combustible material.
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MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
RANGKAIAN TINDAK BALAS API - samb
FIRE TETRAHEDRON
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MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
• Haba dipindahkan melalui:
PINDAHAN HABA
Direct Contact
1. Pengaliran (conduction)
• Aliran tenaga secara langsung berlaku.
• Tenaga kinetik terhasil daripada objek bergerak iaitu tenaga dalam satu-satu molekul.
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MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
PINDAHAN HABA
Waves
2. Bahang (radiation)
• Getaran elektromagnetik memindahkan haba kepada objek-objek pejal.
• e.g. api pada tangki minyak boleh disebarkan kepada tangki minyak lain menerusi bahang.
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MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
PINDAHAN HABA
3. Perolakan (convection)
• Pindahan haba berlaku menerusi pergerakan/aliran gas panas
• e.g. unggun api
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MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
• Flash point• Suhu paling rendah untuk bahan (fuel) menghasilkan wap
bahan mudah terbakar yang secukupnya untuk terbakar apabila ada unsur pencucuh (ignition).
• Fire point• Suhu minima dimana wap bahan mudah terbakar tersebut
membakar secara berterusan dengan adanya sumber pencucuh.
• Auto ignition temperature• Suhu paling minima yang membolehkan wap bahan mudah
terbakar terbakar dengan sendirinya tanpa ada agen pencucuh.
• Combustible liquids• Bahan yang mempunya flash point lebih dari 100°F
SUMBER HAZAD API
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MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
• Jenis-jenis api:• Kelas A• Bahan-bahan pejal seperti kayu, plastik, kain &
tekstil, kertas, perumahan, pakaian.
SUMBER HAZAD API
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MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
• Kelas B• Cecair dan gas yang mudah bernyala. (flammable
liquids & gases)
SUMBER HAZAD API
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MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
• Kelas C• Aliran elektrik hidup (live electricity)
SUMBER HAZAD API
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MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
• Kelas D• Logam yang mudah terbakar dan teroksida seperti
aluminium, magnesium, titanium dan zirconium.
SUMBER HAZAD API
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MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
• Kategori khusus• Pengoksida atau bahan campuran yang terlalu aktif,
bahan mudah bernyala yang mengandungi oksigen, asid nitrik, hidrogen peroksid, solid missile propellants.
SUMBER HAZAD API
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MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
• Diamond merah, biru, kuning dan putih digunakan pada label produk, shipping carton dan bangunan.
• Pengkadaran adalah dalam julat 0 hingga 4:• 0 mewakili tiada hazad.• 4 mewakili tahap hazad yang serius/teruk.
• Warna mewakili kategori hazad:• Merah – mudah bernyala dan terbakar.• Biru – kesihatan• Kuning – reaktif• Putih – maklumat khusus
SISTEM UNTUK MENGENALPASTI HAZAD API
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MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
NFPA 704 SYSTEM
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MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
NFPA 704 SYSTEM - samb
0 Material will not burn. Example: water
1 Material must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Example: corn oil
2 Material must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperature before ignition can
Example: diesel fuel oil
3 Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions.
Example: gasoline
4 Materials that will rapidly or completely vaporize at atmospheric pressure and normal ambient temperature,
Example: propane gas
Flammability / Susceptibility of Material to Burning / (Red)
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MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
NFPA 704 SYSTEM - samb
Health Hazard / Type of Possible Injury / (Blue)
0 Material that on exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible
Example: peanut oil
1 Material that on exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury.
Example: turpentine
2 Material that on intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or
Example: ammonia gas
3 Material that on short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury.
Example: chlorine gas
4 Material that on very short exposure could cause death or major residual injury.
Example: hydrogen cyanide
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MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
NFPA 704 SYSTEM - samb
Reactivity / Susceptibility of Material to Burning / (Yellow)
0 Material that in itself is normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water.
Example: liquid nitrogen
1 Material that in itself is normally stable, but which can become unstable at elevated temperatures and
Example: phosphorus (red or white)
2 Material that readily undergoes violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures or
Example: calcium metal
3 Material that in itself is capable of detonation or explosive decomposition or reaction but requires a
Example: fluorine gas
4 Material that in itself is readily capable of detonation or of explosive decomposition or reaction at normal
Example: trinitrotoluene (TNT)
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MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
NFPA 704 SYSTEM - samb
Special Precautions / Protective Gear Required / (White)
Material shows unusual reactivity with water (i.e. don't put water on it).
Example: magnesium metal
OX Material possesses oxidizing properties. Example: ammonium nitrate (fertilizer used in Oklahoma City bomb)
ACIDALKCOR
Symbols specified in National Fire Codes, section 704
Material is radioactive.
Other symbols commonly usedMaterial is an acid.
Material is a base (alkaline).
Material is corrosive.
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MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
• Thermal expansion detectors (Heat Detector)• Menggunakan logam yang sensitif haba (heat-sensitive
metal) yang akan cair pada suhu tertentu dan menyebabkan penggera kebakaran berbunyi.
ALAT PENGESAN HAZAD API
PRINCIPAL OF OPERATION
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MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
• Photoelectric fire sensors (Smoke Detector)• Mengesan perubahan dalam tenaga inframerah
apabila terkena asap.
ALAT PENGESAN HAZAD API - samb
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MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
• Ionization or radiation sensors (Smoke Detector)• Bahan radioaktif cenderung untuk mengion
apabila terdedah kepada asap dan penggera kebakaran berbunyi.
ALAT PENGESAN HAZAD API - samb
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MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
• Ultraviolet or infrared detectors (Heat Detector)• Alat penggera kebakaran berbunyi apabila
terkena bahang api.
ALAT PENGESAN HAZAD API - samb
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MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
• Pengasingan elemen three triangle iaitu bahan api, oksigen & haba.
• Penyimpanan cecair mudah bernyala/terbakar dengan betul.
• Ganti dengan bahan yang tidak mudah bernyala.• Sisihkan sumber pencucuhan dari bahan api.
• e.g. larangan merokok berdekatan dengan tangki minyak.
• Sistem Pemadam Api (extinguisher).• Pasukan bomba – polisi dan keperluan.• Persediaan malapetaka – latihan.• Strategi Pencegahan Kebakaran.
• e.g. sediakan tempat khas untuk merokok.
PENGURANGAN HAZAD API
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MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
• Kod keselamatan nyawa.• Tertakluk kepada bangunan baru dan bangunan sedia
ada. (UBBL selepas tahun 1984)• Keperluan minimum dalam rekabentuk laluan keluar
(exit) di bangunan.• Pintu
• jelas & tingkap tidak disalahanggap sebagai pintu.
• Bilangan laluan keluar.• Keperluan minimum dalam rekabentuk laluan keluar
(exit) di bangunan.
KESELAMATAN NYAWA
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MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
• Susunatur laluan keluar• tidak boleh terhalang.
• Jarak laluan keluar.• Laluan keluar menghala ke kawasan lapang.• Lampu kecemasan dan label pada laluan keluar.• Pakaian kalis api (flame-resistant clothing).• Program keselamatan nyawa.• Cross-functional fire safety committee.• Penilaian
• dilakukan secara berterusan.
KESELAMATAN NYAWA - samb
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MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
• Pelan semasa kecemasan.• Kesedaran dan pencegahan
• latihan.• Tindakbalas
• e.g. pekerja memahami pelan untuk kecemasan dan mengamalkannya
KESELAMATAN NYAWA - samb
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MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
• Pengendalian bahan-bahan mudah meletup.
• Bahan mudah bernyala (flammable substance)
• Bahan mudah terbakar (combustible substance)
• Flash point
• Auto-ignition temperature
PROGRAM KESELAMATAN NYAWA