Download - Arus 1 ( Current or Ocean Circulation )
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Arus 1(Current or Ocean Circulation)
Materi Kuliah 8Materi Kuliah 8M. K. Oseanografi UmumM. K. Oseanografi Umum(ITK221)(ITK221)
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Massa air yang bergerak dari suatu tempat ketempat yang lain di dalam laut
Apa penyebabnya?
• Angin (Wind-driven Circulation): di permukaan (surface circulation)
• Perbedaan tekanan horizontal: - Arus densitas (Density Current): - Arus geostropik - Sirkulasi perairan dalam (Deep Sea Circulation) - Sirkulasi termohalin (Thermohaline Circulation)
densitas=fungsi (suhu, salinitas, tekanan);
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PERSAMAAN GERAK ARUSPERSAMAAN GERAK ARUS
HUKUM NEWTON 2:HUKUM NEWTON 2:
amF
F
= Gaya yang bekerja
m = massa
a
= percepatan
Jika gaya bekerja pada massa , maka massa tersebut akan mengalami percepata
F
am
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Gaya-gaya yang bekerjaSemua Arus Laut dibangkitkan oleh:Keseimbangan 4 kelompok gaya:
• Perbedaan Tekanan (Pressure gradient ) • Gaya Coriolis (bumi berputar pd porosnya)• Gesekan Angin (Wind stress)
• Gesekan Molekuler (Molecular Friction)
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Gaya yang membangkitkan arus:Gaya yang membangkitkan arus:Gaya PrimerGaya Primer
Gravitasi Gravitasi gradien tek horizontal gradien tek horizontal gerak gerak Gesekan angin (wind stress) Gesekan angin (wind stress) transfer transfer
momentum (energi) ke paras lautmomentum (energi) ke paras laut Buoyancy (gaya dorong keatas atau Buoyancy (gaya dorong keatas atau
kebawah) thd parcel air kebawah) thd parcel air akibat perbedaan akibat perbedaan densitas dgn sekitar. Massa air dingin densitas dgn sekitar. Massa air dingin densitas naik densitas naik tenggelam tenggelam
Tekanan atmosfir Tekanan atmosfir gradien tek horizontal gradien tek horizontal gerakgerak
Seismic (pergeseran dasar samudera) Seismic (pergeseran dasar samudera)
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Gaya Sekunder: Gaya yang Gaya Sekunder: Gaya yang bekerja bila ada pergerakanbekerja bila ada pergerakan
Gaya Coriolis: gaya yg seolah-olah Gaya Coriolis: gaya yg seolah-olah bekerja pada benda yg bergerak bekerja pada benda yg bergerak (pseudo- forces) bila gerak itu (pseudo- forces) bila gerak itu diamati relatif thd koordinat sistem diamati relatif thd koordinat sistem yg berputar. yg berputar.
Friction (friksi): bekerja mula2 pada Friction (friksi): bekerja mula2 pada boundary (tepi atau batas) lalu boundary (tepi atau batas) lalu penetrasi kedalam utk meredam penetrasi kedalam utk meredam gerakgerak
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Gesekan Angin (Wind stress)Gesekan Angin (Wind stress)Apa yang menggerakkan atmosfir?
Pemanasan oleh matahari Tekanan udara
Equator/Tropik Lintang tinggi
surface
troposphere
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Sirkulasi Atmosfir
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Pandangan vertikal tek udara (konveksi global)
Tek Tinggi
Tek Rendah
Low Pressure
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Sirkulasi Atmosfir pada bumi tidak berotasi
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Westerlies
Urutan skematis dari perkembangan sirkulasi atmosfir , dimulai dari kondisi diam
Passat (Trades) Westerlies
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Hurricane IVAN
L
H H
H
H
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Pemanasan yang berbeda pada permukaan bumi dan pengaruh defleksi Gaya Coriolis mengakibatkan terbentuk sistem angin zonal (timur barat): diatur dalam sel tiga sirkulasi
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Circulation in the atmosphere
Diagram Sikulasi Atmosfir
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Pandangann Vertikal dari atmosfir
EkuatorKutub
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L L
L L
L
LL
H
HH
H
H H
Eq. Low
Subtropical High
Subpolar Low
Polar High
Plot angin yang terjadi pada peta tek udara dunia yang menunjukkan bahwa angin bertiup dari zona tek tinggi ke zona tek rendah dengan membentuk sudutterhadap arah gradien tekanan regional
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Plot Pusat Tek Udara Tinggi dan Rendah serta Angin
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Efek Rotasi bumi tidak selalu PentingEfek Rotasi bumi tidak selalu Penting
Angin Darat/Laut(Land-Sea Breeze)
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Muson (Monsoons): Angin Darat/Laut skala benua (continental scale land-sea breeze)
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Bagaimana Angin menggerakkan Arus Laut
Atmosfir
Laut30
60
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Sistem Sirkulasi Utama (Major) Lautan
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Sirkulasi Rata-rata (Mean Circulation) di Lautan
Gulf Stream
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Sirkulasi Rata-rata (Mean Circulation) di Lautan
Gulf Stream
California Current
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Contoh arus: (a) eddies kecil dan (b) Arus Kuat (Gulf Stream)
Gulf Stream
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Bagaimana energi angin di transfer ke lautan?
Teori Ekman …
densitas udara
koefisien seretan (drag) angin
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Bagaimana Kekuatan Angin menggeraknan Lautan
permukaan
Ked 100 meter
Keseimbangan antara gesekan angin dan rotasi bumi (gaya Coriolis)
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1
2
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Teori Ekman …dan adveksi vertikal di lautan
UPWELLING dan DOWNWELLING di perairan pesisir (coastal)
PEMOMPAAN EKMAN DI LAUTAN TERBUKA (OPEN OCEAN EKMAN PUMPING)
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Pantai Barat BenuaBelahan Bumi Selatan
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Pantai Barat BenuaBelahan Bumi Utara
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Laut TerbukaEkuator
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Effek dari Arus Ekman
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Atmosphere
Ocean30
60
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Passat(Trades)
Westerlies
Upwelling dan Downwellingdi continental margin
Upwelling dan Downwellingpada gyres
Effek dari Trasfor Ekman
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Terima Kasih