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API 653: TANK INSPECTION CODE
Haward Technology Middle Ea! "Sec!ion 6
Section 6
API Recommended Practice 571
Summary
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API 653: TANK INSPECTION CODE
Haward Technology Middle Ea! #Sec!ion 6
API Recommended Practice 571
Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed
Eui!ment in the Refining Industry
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Haward Technology Middle Ea! 3Sec!ion 6
API Recommended Practice 571
$eneral No!e:
"he entire API RP 571 document is not a !art of the API
65# Ins!ector $ertification Exam% &n'y the sections 'istedhere are inc'uded on the exam% $o'or !hotogra!hs of the
corrosion damage are a(ai'a)'e on'y *hen the entire
document is do*n'oaded from the internet% "he API RP
571 documents *hich *ere !urchased as hard co!ies *i''inc'ude )'ac+ and *hite !hotogra!hs on'y%
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API 653: TANK INSPECTION CODE
Haward Technology Middle Ea! %Sec!ion 6
Section 1, Sco!e
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API 653: TANK INSPECTION CODE
Haward Technology Middle Ea! 5Sec!ion 6
Sco!e
-enera' guidance as to the most 'i+e'y damage
mechanisms for common a''oys used in the refining and
!etrochemica' industry is !ro(ided in this recommended
!ractice%
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API 653: TANK INSPECTION CODE
Haward Technology Middle Ea! 6Sec!ion 6
Section ., References
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API 653: TANK INSPECTION CODE
Haward Technology Middle Ea! &Sec!ion 6
References
&ut'ines the standards/ codes and s!ecifications *hich
are cited in the recommended !ractice% "his section is
0&" inc'uded on the API 65# $ertification Exam%
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API 653: TANK INSPECTION CODE
Haward Technology Middle Ea! 'Sec!ion 6
Section #, Definition of "erms and
A))re(iations
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Haward Technology Middle Ea! (Sec!ion 6
Definition of "erms and A))re(iations
"hese terms/ sym)o's and a))re(iations are 0&" inc'uded
on the API 65# $ertification Exam ho*e(er/ you are
encouraged to )ecome fami'iar *ith the termino'ogy of
the industry in order to effecti(e'y im!ro(e
communication )et*een you and the many !eo!'e
in(o'(ed in the ins!ection !rocess%
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API 653: TANK INSPECTION CODE
Haward Technology Middle Ea! ")Sec!ion 6
Section 2, -enera' DamageMechanisms3A'' Industries
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Haward Technology Middle Ea! ""Sec!ion 6
-enera'
Damage mechanisms that are common to a (ariety of
industries inc'uding refining and !etrochemica'/ !u'! and
!a!er/ and fossi' uti'ity are co(ered in this section%
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Haward Technology Middle Ea! "3Sec!ion 6
%*#*&*# + A00ec!ed Ma!erial
a% $ar)on stee's and 'o* a''oy stee's are of !rimeconcern/ !articu'ar'y o'der stee's%
)% 288 series stain'ess stee's are a'so susce!ti)'e%
Mechanica' and Meta''urgica' Fai'ure
Mechanisms
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Haward Technology Middle Ea! "%Sec!ion 6
%*#*"6 + Mechanical -a!ig.e
%*#*"6*" + Decri/!ion o0 Da1age
a% Fatigue crac+ing is a mechanica' form of degradation
that occurs *hen a com!onent is ex!osed to cyc'ica'
stresses for an extended !eriod/ often resu'ting insudden/ unex!ected fai'ure%
Mechanica' and Meta''urgica' Fai'ure
Mechanisms
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API 653: TANK INSPECTION CODE
Haward Technology Middle Ea! "5Sec!ion 6
)% "hese stresses can arise from either mechanica'
'oading or therma' cyc'ing and are ty!ica''y *e''
)e'o* the yie'd strength of the materia'%
Mechanica' and Meta''urgica' Fai'ureMechanisms
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Haward Technology Middle Ea! "6Sec!ion 6
%*#*"6*# + A00ec!ed Ma!erial
A'' engineering a''oys are su):ect to fatigue crac+ing/
a'though the stress 'e(e's and num)er of cyc'es necessary
to cause fai'ure (ary )y materia'%
Mechanica' and Meta''urgica' Fai'ureMechanisms
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Haward Technology Middle Ea! "&Sec!ion 6
%*3*# + A!1o/heric Corroion
%*3*#*" + Decri/!ion o0 Da1age
A form of corrosion that occurs from moisture associated
*ith atmos!heric conditions% Marine en(ironments and
moist !o''uted industria' en(ironments *ith air)ornecontaminants are most se(ere% Dry rura' en(ironments
cause (ery 'itt'e corrosion%
Mechanica' and Meta''urgica' Fai'ure
Mechanisms
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Haward Technology Middle Ea! "'Sec!ion 6
%*3*#*# + A00ec!ed Ma!erial
a% $ar)on Stee'
)% ;o* a''oy stee's
c% $o!!er a''oyed a'uminum
Mechanica' and Meta''urgica' Fai'ureMechanisms
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Haward Technology Middle Ea! "(Sec!ion 6
%*3*3 + Corroion 2nder In.la!ion C2I4
%*3*3*" + Decri/!ion o0 Da1age
$orrosion of !i!ing/ !ressure (esse's and structura'
com!onents resu'ting from *ater tra!!ed under
insu'ation or fire!roofing%
Mechanica' and Meta''urgica' Fai'ureMechanisms
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API 653: TANK INSPECTION CODE
Haward Technology Middle Ea! #)Sec!ion 6
%*3*3*# + A00ec!ed Ma!erial
a% $ar)on stee'
)% ;o* a''oy stee's
c% #88 series stain'ess stee'd% Du!'ex stain'ess stee'
Mechanica' and Meta''urgica' Fai'ureMechanisms
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Haward Technology Middle Ea! #"Sec!ion 6
%*3*' + Microiological Ind.ced Corroion MIC4
%*3*'*" + Decri/!ion o0 Da1age
A form of corrosion caused )y 'i(ing organisms such as
)acteria/ a'gae or fungi% It is often associated *ith the
!resence of tu)erc'es or s'imy organic su)stances%
Mechanica' and Meta''urgica' Fai'ureMechanisms
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API 653: TANK INSPECTION CODE
Haward Technology Middle Ea! ##Sec!ion 6
%*3*'*# + A00ec!ed Ma!erial
Most common materia's of construction/ inc'uding,
a% $ar)on stee')% ;o* a''o* stee'
c% #88 series stain'ess stee'
d% 288 series stain'ess stee'
e% A'uminum
f% $o!!er
g% Some nic+e' )ased a''oys
Mechanica' and Meta''urgica' Fai'ure
Mechanisms
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Haward Technology Middle Ea! #3Sec!ion 6
%*3*( + Soil Corroion
%*3*(*" + Decri/!ion o0 Da1age
"he deterioration of meta's ex!osed to soi's is referred to
as a soi' corrosion%
%*3*(*# + A00ec!ed Ma!erial
a% $ar)on stee')% $ast iron
c% Ducti'e iron
Mechanica' and Meta''urgica' Fai'ure
Mechanisms
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Haward Technology Middle Ea! #%Sec!ion 6
%*3*") + Ca.!ic Corroion
%*3*")*" + Decri/!ion o0 Da1age
;oca'i<ed corrosion due to the concentration of caustic or
A'+a'ine sa'ts that usua''y occurs under e(a!orati(e or
high heat transfer conditions% =o*e(er/ genera' corrosion
can a'so occur de!ending on a'+a'i or caustic so'utionstrength%
Mechanica' and Meta''urgica' Fai'ure
Mechanisms
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Haward Technology Middle Ea! #5Sec!ion 6
%*3*")*# + A00ec!ed Ma!erial
Primari'y car)on stee'/ 'o* a''oy stee's and #88 Series SS%
Mechanica' and Meta''urgica' Fai'ureMechanisms
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Haward Technology Middle Ea! #6Sec!ion 6
%*5*" + Chloride S!re Corroion Cracing Cl SCC4
%*5*"*" + Decri/!ion o0 Da1age
Surface initiated crac+s caused )y en(ironmenta' crac+ing
of #88 series stain'ess stee' and some nic+e' )ase a''oys
under the com)ined action of tensi'e stress/ tem!erature
and an aueous ch'oride en(ironment% "he !resence ofdisso'(ed oxygen increases !ro!ensity for crac+ing%
Mechanica' and Meta''urgica' Fai'ureMechanisms
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Haward Technology Middle Ea! #&Sec!ion 6
%*5*"*# + A00ec!ed Ma!erial
a% A'' #88 series stain'ess stee's are high'y susce!ti)'e
)% Du!'ex stain'ess stee's are more resistant
c% 0ic+e' )ase a''oys are high'y resistant
Mechanica' and Meta''urgica' Fai'ureMechanisms
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Haward Technology Middle Ea! #'Sec!ion 6
%*5*3 + Ca.!ic S!re Corroion Cracing Ca.!icE1ri!!le1en!4
%*5*3*" + Decri/!ion o0 Da1age
$austic em)ritt'ement is a form of stress corrosion
crac+ing characteri<ed )y surface3initiated crac+s that
occur in !i!ing and eui!ment ex!osed to caustic/!rimari'y ad:acent to non P>="?d *e'ds%
Mechanica' and Meta''urgica' Fai'ure
Mechanisms
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Haward Technology Middle Ea! #(Sec!ion 6
%*5*3*# + A00ec!ed Ma!erial
a% $ar)on stee')% ;o* a''oy stee's
c% #88 series stain'ess stee'
0ic+e' )ase a''oys are more resistant%
Mechanica' and Meta''urgica' Fai'ure
Mechanisms
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Haward Technology Middle Ea! 3)Sec!ion 6
Section 5, Refining Industry DamageMechanisms
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Haward Technology Middle Ea! 3"Sec!ion 6
Refining Industry Damage Mechanisms
Damage mechanisms found in the refining en(ironment
are discussed in this section% &n'y Section 5%1%1%11Su'furic Acid $orrosion has )een made a !art of the API
65# $ertification Exam/ and the on'y item in this section
*hich *i'' )e co(ered in this text)oo+%
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Haward Technology Middle Ea! 3#Sec!ion 6
5*"*"*"" + S.l0.ric Acid Corroion
5*"*"*""*" + Decri/!ion o0 Da1age
Su'furic acid !romotes genera' and 'oca'i<ed corrosion of
car)on stee' and other a''oys% $ar)on stee' heat affected
<ones may ex!erience se(ere corrosion
Refining Industry Damage Mechanisms
API 653 TANK INSPECTION CODE
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Haward Technology Middle Ea! 33Sec!ion 6
5*"*"*""*# + A00ec!ed Ma!erial
In order of increasing resistance,
a% $ar)on stee'
)% #16;55
c% A''oy .8
d% =igh si'icon cast iron
e% =igh nic+e' cast ironf% A''oy 43.
g% A''oy $.76
Refining Industry Damage Mechanisms
API 653 TANK INSPECTION CODE
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Haward Technology Middle Ea! 3%Sec!ion 6
"he rest of this document is ta)'es and diagrams of
!rocess f'o* diagrams PFD?s/ *hich are not co(ered inthe API 65# $ertification Exam%
Refining Industry Damage Mechanisms