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A. Theory

1. Explain the following cases in language development:

a. Mention the similarities and differences of child language acquisition as he

developeds to become a simultatenous bilingual and a sequential bilingual

respectively. State also the environmental situations

Answer:

Similarities

1. In both L1 acquisition and L2 learning it is necessary to be exposed to a

language considerable time is repeated by both in listening to exposure

attentively trying to process the data and making an attempt to express

once ideas and comparing it with the exposure.

2. Many research studies have proved that there is a natural development

process which both the L1 and L2 learners go through and there are a lot

of similarity especially in acquiring negatives and interrogatives L1 and L2

learner go through more or less a similar process.

3. Both languages are the medium expressing ones ideas filling and thoughts

4. Both languages have to be learnt e.g. first language learnt in society

whereas second language is learnt in schools, colleges and institute.

5. First language is learner can also learnt second language if it is taught

naturally it has an exposure like first language in short both languages

wants an environment.

6. In both language this ideas are exchanged means interaction text place in

both languages

7. One has to use his physically organs or organs of speech in the articulation

of speech sound.

Differences

a simultaneous bilingual a sequential bilingual

- The Sequential Bilingual - A child

begins the process of second language

(L2) acquisition after the first language

(L1) is established (typically after the age

of three)

- bilingual can learned since in the most

abnormal of circumstance would a child

- The Simultaneous Bilingual - A

child learns two languages

simultaneously from infancy.

- bilingual can be learned in

childhood or after the person has

become an adult

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when exposed to a language not learn it

In the Environmental Situation

- there are 2 situations

(1P 1L). One is when speakers of the

different language use only one language

each when talking to the child

Example: a mother might speak only

Spanish while the father might speak

only English.The one parent using one

language only situation

(1P-2L). The other situation is when the

same person uses two different languages

while speaking to the child.

Example: the mother and father use both

Spanish and English when talking to the

child. The one parent using two

languages situation.

In the Environmental Situation

- sequential bilingual situation occurs for

a child when parent speak one language

and community at large speaks another.

The parents could be immigrants, foreign

residents or simply people who have

moved from a part of a country to another

part (from English Russian)

- sequential acquisition of the second

language may take place at a variety of

ages and under a variety of situation

- sequential is different starting times for

introduction of each language

b. What is the difference between above case in language acquisition and adult

language learning

Answer:

Children easily understood and speak one language from parents directly at

home. From their conversation and habitual action at home. Adult language

learning from the community at large speaks another. Adult learners will have

significantly fewer good language-learning opportunities in a new culture to

meet and talk much to native speakers.

2. Explain the relation between the functioning of the brain and the memory system in

speech production. Support with relevant theory.

Answer:

The brain is an organ of tremendous complexity that exert some sort of control

over every aspect of human action. Brain has 2 hemispheres, they are left hemisphere

and right hemisphere. Left hemisphere is the site of language ability, logical and

analytical operations, and higher mathematic. The right hemisphere is the site of


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spatial skills, visual imagery and musical abilities. According to Wernicke, the brain

has 2 area, Brocas area which involves the muscles which control speech and

Wernickes area which receives auditory stimuli. The two areas must in some way be

connected. Being connected by arcuate fasciculus. Then, on hearing a word, the sound

of the word goes from the ear to the auditory are of the temporal lobe and then

Wernickes area. If a heard word is then to be repeated aloud, the sound must pass to

Brocas are (by way of the arcuate fasciculus). Here programme for the vocalization

of speech would then be activated.

The basic structure of the utterance is thought to be generated in Wernikes

area and is sent to Brocas area for encodingthe motor programme is then passed on to

the adjacent motor area, which governs the articulatory organs.

Encoding from the Brocas area has much in common with attention and

learning. The learning stored or retained in the memory because the memory is the

retention of information over time. According to William James, after children encode

information, they need to retain, or store information in the memory storages involves

2 types : short-term memory (working memory: lasts about 30 seconds) and long-term

memory (which lasts up to a lifetime)

3. Explain why 'nature and nurture have to complement one another in firs language

acquisition?provide the theoretical support and and a sample case

Answer:

Because the language is instinctive, something that in the first language

acquisition need both of nature and nurture, nature is first language acquisition which

is instinctive, something that is a natural to humans as walking and smiling, even

without experiencing language, children would be able to produce it on their own.

And nurture is an environment where the human get input of language.

a. Sample

Isabelle : confinement with a mute mother Isabelle (a Pseudonym), because of

her confinement with a mute mother, did not begin learn to acquire language until

she gained her freedom at 6 years of age. Marie Mason was Assistant Director of

the Speech clinic of the hospital trying to help Isabelle produce spoken language.

She taken care normally in the hospital. Thus after only 20 months, Isabelle had

progressed from her first spoken word to full length sentences.


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Skinner (1957) Proposes that childrens development of speech is determined

by the kinds of reinforcement they get from their parents; children learn to talk

because they know they will be rewarded by having their needs met. Chomskys

theory challenges this idea that language development and usage are controlled

completely by environment.

4. Find a journal article in the internet representing a psycholinguistic study and discuss

its advantages and disadvantages (if there is any)

Answer the qustion beneath with relevance to the data

Data:

Child: ma ma, da da,Nobody dont like me

Mother: No say: nobody likes me

Child: Nobody dont like me, ma ma

(eight successive repetitions of this part)

Mother: No, now listen carefully, say no body likes me

Child: oh, got it! Ma ma no body dont likes me

B. Application

1. In which stage of development is the child?What is his approximate age?

Answer:

Grammatical of Processing Capacity. Yes, it is depends on the neurolinguistics of

the child

2. Show the roles of mother and child based on the data?

Answer:

The role of mother is primary source of linguistic experience

The role of child is appropriate demonstration and responsiveness

3. What is the function of the successive repetitions of the child?

Answer:

It is help the child in the process of language, since her imitation preserves the

meaning of the complex sentences

5. Do you think the mother's effort to revise the child speech is effective? Why?

No, because the child can prepare language in their process themselves

Reference

Slobin, Dan Issac. 1979.Psycholinguistics. London: Scott, foresman and Company.


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Steinberg, Danny D. 1998.An Introduction to Psycholingistics. New York: Longman

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