Mengenal

BATUBARA

Dosen : Ir.Syariffuddin Mahmudsyah,M.Eng.

CARBON TAX (CARBON CREDIT)

• A carbon tax is a tax on energy sources which emit carbon dioxide. It is an example of a pollution tax, which some economists favor because they tax a "bad" rather than a "good" (such as income). Carbon taxes address a negative externality, and so are classed as Pigovian taxes -named after Arthur Pigou, who first proposed targeted taxation as a corrective to externalities.

• Because of the link with global warming, a carbon tax is sometimes assumed to require an internationally administered scheme. However, that is not intrinsic to the principle. The European Union has discussed a carbon tax covering its member states to supplement the carbon emissions trading scheme begun in January 2005. The UK has unilaterally introduced a range of carbon taxes and levies to accompany the EU ETS trading regime. However, emissions trading systems do not constitute a Pigovian tax insofar as (a) the payment for emissions is not received by a governmental body, and (b) the price per unit of emissions is not fixed as it is in tax systems, rather it is a market price that fluctuates.

PURPOSE OF CARBON TAX

• The purpose of a carbon tax is environmental, to

reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and thereby slow

global warming. It can be implemented by taxing the

burning of fossil fuels — coal, petroleum products

such as gasoline and aviation fuel, and natural gas —

in proportion to their carbon content. Unlike market-

based approaches such as carbon cap-and-trade

systems, it has the benefit of being easily understood

and can be popular with the public if the tax is

hypothecated to fund environmental projects[1].

CARBON TAX OF COAL

• Emissions per ton of coal range from 1.40 tons of CO2 to 2.84 tons of CO2, depending on the type of coal (1.40 for lignite, 1.86 for subbituminous, 2.47 for bituminous, and 2.84 for anthracite, to be precise[8]), so a tax of $100 per ton of CO2 translates to a tax of between $140 and $284 per ton of coal, depending on the type ($140 for lignite, $186 for subbituminous, $247 for bituminous, and $284 for anthracite). The price of coal delivered to electric utilities nationwide averaged $27.34 per ton in 2004"; for that price, a tax of $100 per ton of CO2 means a price increase of 500-1000% depending on the type (512% for lignite, 680% for subbituminous, 903% for bituminous, and 1039% for anthracite).

• Because of the differences in the carbon content of different types of coal, it is easier to do the calculations in terms of BTUs rather than tons of coal. So: Emissions per million BTUs range from 205 to 227 pounds of CO2 per million BTUs (215.4 for lignite, 212.7 for subbituminous, 205.3 for bituminous, and 227.4 for anthracite, to be precise[9]), so a tax of $100 per ton of CO2 translates to a tax of about $10 per million BTUs, depending on the type of coal ($10.77 for lignite, $10.635 for subbituminous, $10.265 for bituminous, and $11.37 for anthracite).

Teknologi IGCC(Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle)

D a t a P e n u t u p

I n d e x

Teknologi Batubara Bersih(Clean Coal Technology)

I n d e x

• Zat Pencemar: SOx ; NOx ; CO2 ; Ash

• Baku Mutu Emisi (berlaku efektif mulai tahun 2000)

(KEP. 013/MNLH/3/1995)

– SOx < 750 mg/m3

– NOx < 850 mg/m3

– Partikel < 150 mg/m3

– H2S < 35 mg/m3

• Saat Pembakaran

– Pembakaran konvensional/langsung

• AFBC

• CFBC

– Pembakaran konversi

• Gasifikasi (Teknologi IGCC, IDGCC)

Teknologi Pengendalian Emisi

• Sebelum Pembakaran

– Pengolahan awal & Pencucian batubara

I n d e x

• Setelah Pembakaran

– Pengolahan gas buang

• FGD, De-NOx reaktor, Electrostatic Precipitator

Lokasi Proyek Percepatan

PLTU 10.000 MW Jawa-Bali

BALI

2015

RCKEK

2006

JAWA

CLGON

SLAYA

KMBNG

BKASI

GNDUL

CWANG

CBATU

CIBNGCRATA

SGLNG

BDSLN

MDCAN

KLTEN

UNGARSBBRT

GRSIK

SBLTN

PITON

KDBRU

MADURA

BLRJA

DEPOK

MRTWR

TJATI

NGBNG

GRATI

TSMYA2005

2006

2010

RWALO2011

PMLNG2011

2007

TJATI.A/C2010

T.AWAR2012

2006/7

CSKAN2012

PKLANU2012

2006BJGRA

2008

BNGIL2011

NGORO2015

MNRJO2012

LGDAR2010 2007

CLCAP2011

KAPAL2011

2012

T. Jati B SCPP

LKONG

GU

G

U

G

GU

U

AU

A

GUGU

GU

AU

U

UGU

PLTU Suralaya Ext

1 x 625 MW

U

PLTU Labuhan

2x300 MW

U

PLTU Teluk Naga

3 x315 MW

U

PLTU Pelabuhan Ratu

3x350 MW

U

PLTU Indramayu

3x330 MW

U

PLTU Rembang

2x315 MW, 2009

U

PLTU Jatim Selatan

2x315 MW

U

PLTU Paiton Baru

1x600 MW

PLTU Tanjung Awar-awar

2x300 MW

PERCEPATAN

7300 MW

PENANGG KRISIS

330 MWINFR SUMMIT

3300 MW

PLTU Bali Utara

1 x 130 MW

PLTU Paiton 3-4

800 MW

PLTU Bali Timur2x100 MW

PLTGU Pasuruan1 x500 MW

PLTU Jawa Tengah

2x600 MW

PLTU Cirebon

1x600 MW

Central Java

1x600 MW

Madura

2 x 100 MW

Pembangkit 10.000 MW Tahap II

• Proyek 10.000 MW tahap kedua (Proyek12.000 MW) direncanakan dibangunpembangkit berkapasitas total 11.144 MW.

• Sebanyak 68 persen atau 7.644 MW merupakan PLTU, 19 persen pembangkitlistrik panas bumi (PLTP) 2.135 MW, 10 persen gas (PLTGU) 1.065 MW, dan tigapersen air (PLTA) 300 MW.

Pembangkit 10.000 MW Tahap II

Pembangkit 10.000 MW Tahap II

Jawa Sumatera

Pembangkit 10.000 MW Tahap II

Kalimantan, Sulawesi, dll