bab 5 simpulan 5.1. simpulan - repository.wima.ac.idrepository.wima.ac.id/171/6/bab 5.pdfpeningkatan...

77

BAB 5

SIMPULAN

5.1. Simpulan

Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan dan pengolahan

data secara statistik maka dapat diambil kesimpulan sebagai berikut:

1. Pemberian fraksi etil asetat ekstrak etanol daun tempuyung (Sonchus

arvensis Linn.) secara oral pada tikus putih jantan hiperurisemia

dengan dosis 1,0; 1,5 dan 2,0 g/kgBB, yang memberikan efek

penurunan kadar asam urat paling banyak adalah dosis 2,0 g/kgBB.

2. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak ada hubungan yang linear antara

peningkatan dosis fraksi etil asetat ekstrak etanol daun tempuyung

dengan peningkatan penurunan asam urat dalam darah tikus putih

jantan.

5.2. Alur Penelitian Selanjutnya

Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan, dapat dilakukan

penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai:

1. Uji toksisitas daun tempuyung pada hewan coba.

2. Identifikasi jenis flavonoid yang terkandung dalam fraksi etil asetat

ekstrak etanol daun tempuyung.

78

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Adnan, M., 1997, Teknik Kromatografi untuk Analisis Bahan

Makanan, Andi, Jogyakarta, hal. 9-10.

Backer, C.A., 1965. Flora of java : Spermathopyta vol. II. Groningen,

Noordhoff, p. 420

Brenner, G. M. & Stevens, C.W., 2006. Pharmacology 2nd

ed. Elsevier,

USA, p. 341-342.

Cronstein, B.N., and Robert T, 2006. The inflamantory Prosess of Gout

and its Treatment, Newyork : Biomed Central Ltd

Damayanti, D., 2012. Panduan Lengkap Mencegah & Mengobati Asam

Urat, Yogyakarta, hal.48-49, 98.

Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 1977. Materia Medika

Indonesia. (Jilid I), Jakarta, hal 100-105.

Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 1985. Cara Pembuatan

Simplisia, Jakarta, hal : 3

Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 1991. Inventaris Tanaman

Obat Indonesia I. Jakarta.

Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 1995, Farmakope Indonesia

(Jilid IV), Direktorat Jenderal Pengawasan Obat Dan Makanan, Jakarta, hal.

1191.

Departemen Kesehatan Republik IndonesiaI, 2000, Parameter Standar

Umum Ekstrak Tumbuhan Obat, Direktorat Pengawasan Obat

Tradisional, Jakarta, hal. 3, 10-39.

Dipiro, Joseph T., and Talbert L. Robert., 2005. Pharmacotheraphy: A

Patophysiology Approach. 6th

ed. USA: McGraw-Hill Companies.

79

Doyle, M.P., Mungall, 1980, Experimental of Organic Chemistry, John

Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 24-34.

Ernst, M. E., Clark, E., Hawkinks, D. W., 2008. Pharmacology A

Pathophysiologic Approach, 5 th

ed, McGraw-Hill Companies Inc,

Singapore, hal. 1539-1547.

Farnsworth, N. R., 1966, Biological and Phytochemical Screening of Plants,

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 69 (3) : 225-268.

Gritter, J.R., J.M. Bobbitt dan A. E. Schwarting, 1991, Pengantar

Kromatografi, Penerbit ITB, Bandung, hal. 107-137.

Harborne, J.B., 1984. Metode Fitokimia Penuntun Cara Modern

Menganalisis Tumbuhan, Terbitan 2. (Padwinata, K. Peterjemah). ITB,

Bandung, hal. 4 -15, 69-102.

Hellmann, D.B., and Imboden, J.B., 2008. Arthritis And Musculoskeletal

Disorders, Tierney, M.L., Current Medical diagnosis and Treatment, 47th

ed., Mc Graw Hill companies, New York, page. 703-709.

Henry, J.B., 2001. Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory

Methods, 20 th

ed. W.B. Sounders Company, New York, page. 183-184.

Huether, S.E., McCance, K.L., 2008. Understanding Phatophysiology, 4th

ed. Elsevier., USA, p. 1053-1056.

Katzung, B. G., 2002. Farmakologi Dasar dan Klinik, salemba medika,

Jakarta, hal : 487-403.

Khayoon, W.S., Al-Abaichy, M.Q., Jasim, M., Al-Hamdany, M.A., 2008.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Allopurinol in Tablet Formulation.

Journal Of Physical Science. Vol 19 (2) : 3-30.

Koenhen,D.M. dan Smolders, C.A. 1975. The Determination of Solubility

Parameters of Solvent and Polymers by Means of Correlations with

Other Physical Quantities. The University of Technology, Enschede, The

Netherlands, 1172.

80

Krisnatuti, D., yenrina, R., Uripi, V.,2001. Perencanaan Menu Untuk

penderita Gangguan Asam Urat, Penebar Swadaya, hal: 5-14.

Kumar, P., Clark, M., 2004. Clinical Medicine, 5th

ed, Saunders,

Tottenham, p. 552-554.

Lehman, J.W., 2004, Microscale Operational Organic Chemistry,

Prentice hall upper Saddle River, New Jersey, hal. 634.

Markham, K.R., 1988. Cara Mengidentifikasi Flavonoid, (Padwinata, K.

Peterjemah). ITB, Bandung, hal.5.

Martindale the Extra Pharmacopoeia., 2005 34th

ed. The pharmaucetical

Press London, p. 401.

McPhee, S.J., Papadakis, M. A., 2008. Medicinal Diagnosis & Treatment.

47th

ed, McGraw Hill Medical., USA, p. 706-710.

Mitruka, J and H. M. Rawnsley, 1976, Animal For Medical Reasearch,

John Wiley and Sons, Newyork, 122.

Muhlisah, Ir. Fauziah, 2007, Tanaman Obat Keluarga, Penebar Swadaya,

Jakarta.

Mulya, M., and Suharman, 1995, Analisis Instrumental, Airlangga

University Press, Surabaya, hal. 61, 224, 374, 375, 404.

Neal, M. J., 2005. Medical Pharmacology at a Glance, 4th

ed, Blackwell

Publ. Co, Uk, p. 78-79.

Priyanto., 2008, Farmakologi Dasar, Leskonfi, Jawa barat, hal. 11-12

Ringerts, H., 1966. The Molecular and Crystal structure Of Uric Acid.

Acta Cryst. Vol 20, p. 397.

Robinson T., 1995, Kandungan Organik Tumbuhan Tinggi, edisi 6 (K.

Pudmawinata, penerjemah), ITB, Bandung, hal. 191-193, 208.

81

Rodwell, V.W., 2003. Metabolism Of Purine And Pyrimidyne

Nucleoside, 26 th

ed, McGraw-Hill Companies, New York, p. 293-299.

Rosita, S.M.D dan Moko, H, 1993. Kumis Kucing, Cabe Jawa Dan

Tempuyung. WartaTumbuhan Obat Indonesia, hal 11-13.

Ross and Wilson, 1988. Anatomy And Phatophysiology In Health And

Illness.

Schefler, W.C., 1987, Statistika untuk Biologi, Farmasi, Kedokteran,

dan Ilmu yang Bersangkutan, Penerbit ITB, Bandung, hal. 71-102.

Seran, Y. M., 2010, Pengaruh Ekstrak Daun Tempuyung (Sonchus arvensis

Linn.) Terhadap Kadar Asam Urat Dalam Darah Tikus Putih Jantan Galur

Wistar Hiperurisemia. Skripsi Jurusan Farmasi, Widya Mandala

Surabaya.

Sharp, P.E., and M.C. La Regina, 1998, The Laboratory Rat: A Volume

in the Laboratory Animal Pocket Referensi Series, CRC Press, Florida,

hal. 1.

Smith, J. B. dan S.Mangkoewidjojo., 1988, Pemeliharaan, Pembiakan

dan Penggunaan Hewan Percobaan di Daerah Tropis, Universitas

Indonesia, Jakarta, hal. 38, 49-55.

Soeroso, J. dan Algristian, H., 2012, Asam Urat, Penebar puls, Jakarta, hal.

88

Voigt, R., 1995, Buku Pelajaran Teknologi Farmasi, Edisi V. Penerbit

Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta, hal. 554, 570, 580-582.

Wagner, H. & Bladt, S., 2001, Plant Drug Analysis, 2nd

ed., Pringer, New

York, 195-197.

Wortmann, R.L., 2005. Disorder Of Purine And Pyrimidine Metabolism,

In : Bacher, I., Wald, B., Wilson (Ed), Horrison, Vol 16, Mc Graw Hill,

New York, p. 23.

82

Zainuddin, M., 2000, Metodologi Penelitian, Fakultas Farmasi Universitas

Airlangga, Surabaya, hal. 52-54.

83

LAMPIRAN A

SURAT DETERMINASI TANAMAN

84

LAMPIRAN B

SURAT SERTIFIKASI TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN

85

LAMPIRAN C

HASIL PARAMETER SIMPLISIA

Hasil Perhitungan Penetapan Air Serbuk

Replikasi Kadar air serbuk

1

2

3

Rata-rata

9,1 %

9,2 %

9.1 %

9,13 %

Rata-rata :�,� � �,� � �,�

�� 9,13 %

Hasil Perhitungan Penetapan Kadar Abu Serbuk

No W

(krus

kosong)

(gram)

W

(bahan)

(gram)

W

(krus + abu)

(gram)

%

Kadar

Abu

1

2

3

Rata-rata

39,8212

29,7710

36,1525

2,0403

2,0159

2,0010

40,0700

30,0057

36,3882

12,19

11,64

11,77

11,86

Berat kurs kosong � serbuk� � Berat kurs kosong�

Berat Serbuk � 100%

86

Rata-rata :��,�� ,�� ,

�� 11,86 %

Hasil Perhitungan Kadar Sari Larut Etanol Serbuk

No

Berat cawan +

ekstrak setelah

diuapkan

Berat

cawan

kosong

Berat

serbuk

Kadar

Sari Larut

Etanol

(%)

1

2

3

Rata-rata

6,6460

29,4000

27,9370

26,4180

28,8290

27,3700

5,0330

5,0330

5,0150

4,53

11,34

11,30

9,05

Berat cawan � ekstrak� � Berat cawan kosong�

Berat Serbuk� 100%

Rata-rata : �,#� � ��,�� ,�$

�� 9,05 %

Hasil Perhitungan Penetapan Kadar Abu Ekstrak

No

W

(krus kosong)

(gram)

W (bahan)

(gram)

W

(krus + abu)

(gram)

%

Kadar

Abu

1

2

3

Rata-rata

20,2150

21,2250

20,5201

2,0525

2,0052

2,0352

20,4150

21,4250

20,7201

9,74

9,97

9,82

9,84

87

Rata-rata = 9,74 % + 9,97 % + 9,82 %

= 9,84 % 3

Hasil Perhitungan Randemen Ekstrak

Berat ekstrak kental x 100 %

berat serbuk

4,125,130 x 100 % = 20,62 %

2000

Hasil Perhitungan Harga Rf pada Pemeriksaan secara KLT

dengan Pelarut = butanol : asam asetat : air (4: 1: 5)

Contoh perhitungan :Rf : Jarak yang ditempuh oleh zat

Jarak yang ditempuh oleh fase gerak

1. Rf : �,#

' � 0,56 (Ekstrak etanol)

2. Rf : �,#

' � 0,81 (Fraksi etil asetat)

3. Rf : #,$

' = 0,62 (pembanding/rutin)

4. Rf : �,$

' = 0,5 (Fraksi air noda pertama dari bawah )

�,$

' = 0,68 (Fraksi air noda kedua dari bawah )

Rumus = (berat kurs kosong + seruk) - (Berat kus kosong)

x 100 % berat serbuk

88

LAMPIRAN D

PERHITUNGAN KONSETRASI SUSPENSI FRAKSI ETIL ASETAT

EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN TEMPUYUNG (Sonchus arvensis Linn.)

Konsentrasi = Dosis x berat badan tikus__

Volume Pemberian x 1000

I. Konsentrasi = 1,0 g x 100g

1 ml x 1000

= 0,1 g/ml

= 10 g/100 ml

= 10 % b/v

II. Konsentrasi = 1,5 g x 100g

1 ml x 1000

= 0,15 g/ml

= 15 g/100 ml

= 15% b/v

III. Konsentrasi = 2,0 g x 100g

1 ml x 1000

= 0,2 g/ml

= 20 g/100 ml

= 20% b/v

89

LAMPIRAN E

PRINT OUT HASIL SPSS

Kadar Asam Urat Hari Ke-0

Oneway

Descriptives

Kadar_asam_urat_hari_ke_0

N

Mea

n

Std.

Deviat

ion

Std.

Error

95% Confidence

Interval for Mean

Minim

um

Maxim

um

Betwee

n-

Compo

nent

Varianc

e

Lower

Boun

d

Upper

Bound

kelompok

negatif/N

5 1.62

00

.1303

8

.05831 1.458

1

1.7819 1.50 1.80

kelompok F1 5 1.68

00

.1788

9

.08000 1.457

9

1.9021 1.50 1.90

kelompok F2 5 1.74

00

.1816

6

.08124 1.514

4

1.9656 1.50 1.90

Kelompok F3 5 1.68

00

.1923

5

.08602 1.441

2

1.9188 1.40 1.90

kelompok P 5 1.62

00

.2167

9

.09695 1.350

8

1.8892 1.40 1.90

Total 25 1.66

80

.1725

3

.03451 1.596

8

1.7392 1.40 1.90

Mo

del

Fixed

Effects

.1822

1

.03644 1.592

0

1.7440

Random

Effects

.03644a 1.566

8a

1.7692a

-.00412

a. Warning: Between-component variance is negative. It was replaced by 0.0 in

computing this random effects measure.

90

Test of Homogeneity of Variances


Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig.

.690 4 20 .607

Post Hoc Tests

Multiple Comparisons


Tukey HSD

(I) Kelompok

(J)

Kelo

mpo

k

Mean

Differenc

e (I-J) Std. Error Sig.

95% Confidence

Interval

Lower

Bound

Upper

Bound

kelompok

negatif /N

F1 -.06000 .11524 .984 -.4048 .2848

F2 -.12000 .11524 .833 -.4648 .2248

F3 -.06000 .11524 .984 -.4048 .2848

P .00000 .11524 1.000 -.3448 .3448

ANOVA


Sum of

Squares Df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups .050 4 .013 .380 .821

Within Groups .664 20 .033

Total .714 24

91

Kelompok F1 N (-) .06000 .11524 .984 -.2848 .4048

F2 -.06000 .11524 .984 -.4048 .2848

F3 .00000 .11524 1.000 -.3448 .3448

P .06000 .11524 .984 -.2848 .4048

Kelompok F 2 N (-) .12000 .11524 .833 -.2248 .4648

F1 .06000 .11524 .984 -.2848 .4048

F3 .06000 .11524 .984 -.2848 .4048

P .12000 .11524 .833 -.2248 .4648

kelompok F 3 N (-) .06000 .11524 .984 -.2848 .4048

F1 .00000 .11524 1.000 -.3448 .3448

F2 -.06000 .11524 .984 -.4048 .2848

P .06000 .11524 .984 -.2848 .4048

kelompok

positif /P

N (-) .00000 .11524 1.000 -.3448 .3448

F1 -.06000 .11524 .984 -.4048 .2848

F2 -.12000 .11524 .833 -.4648 .2248

F3 -.06000 .11524 .984 -.4048 .2848

92


Oneway

Descriptives


N Mean

Std.

Deviat

ion

Std.

Error

95% Confidence

Interval for Mean

Mini

mum

Maxim

um

Betwee

n-

Compo

nent

Varianc

e

Lower

Bound

Upper

Bound

kelompok

negatif/N

5 3.760

0

.3049

6

.1363

8

3.3813 4.1387 3.40 4.20

Kelompok F1 5 3.620

0

.5585

7

.2498

0

2.9264 4.3136 3.20 4.60

Kelompok F2 5 3.540

0

.4037

3

.1805

5

3.0387 4.0413 3.10 4.10

Kelompok F3 5 3.700

0

.2738

6

.1224

7

3.3600 4.0400 3.30 4.00

kelompok

Positif/P

5 4.360

0

.2302

2

.1029

6

4.0741 4.6459 4.10 4.70

Total 25 3.796

0

.4522

9

.0904

6

3.6093 3.9827 3.10 4.70

Mo

del

Fixed

Effects

.3731

0

.0746

2

3.6403 3.9517

Random

Effects

.1457

9

3.3912 4.2008

.07844




.897 4 20 .484

93

Post Hoc test



Tukey HSD

(I) Kelompok

(J)

Kelom

pok

Mean

Difference

(I-J) Std. Error Sig.

95% Confidence

Interval

Lower

Bound

Upper

Bound

kelompok negatif F 1 .14000 .23597 .975 -.5661 .8461

F 2 .22000 .23597 .881 -.4861 .9261

F 3 .06000 .23597 .999 -.6461 .7661

P -.60000 .23597 .121 -1.3061 .1061

Kelompok F 1 N (-) -.14000 .23597 .975 -.8461 .5661

F 2 .08000 .23597 .997 -.6261 .7861

F 3 -.08000 .23597 .997 -.7861 .6261

P -.74000* .23597 .037 -1.4461 -.0339

ANOVA


Sum of

Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups 2.126 4 .531 3.818 .018

Within Groups 2.784 20 .139

Total 4.910 24

94

Kelompok F 2 N (-) -.22000 .23597 .881 -.9261 .4861

F 1 -.08000 .23597 .997 -.7861 .6261

F 3 -.16000 .23597 .959 -.8661 .5461

P -.82000* .23597 .018 -1.5261 -.1139

Kelompok F 3 N (-) -.06000 .23597 .999 -.7661 .6461

F1 .08000 .23597 .997 -.6261 .7861

F 2 .16000 .23597 .959 -.5461 .8661

P -.66000 .23597 .074 -1.3661 .0461

kelompok Positif N (-) .60000 .23597 .121 -.1061 1.3061

F 1 .74000* .23597 .037 .0339 1.4461

F 2 .82000* .23597 .018 .1139 1.5261

F 3 .66000 .23597 .074 -.0461 1.3661

*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

95


Oneway

Descriptives


N Mean

Std.

Devi

ation

Std.

Error

95%

Confidence

Interval for

Mean

Mini

mum

Maxi

mum

Between

-

Compon

ent

Variance

Lower

Bound

Upper

Bound

kelompok

negatif

5 3.4800 .5718

4

.2557

3

2.7700 4.1900 3.00 4.20

Kelompok F 1 5 2.5600 .4722

3

.2111

9

1.9737 3.1463 2.00 3.30

kelompok F 2 5 2.4200 .2490

0

.1113

6

2.1108 2.7292 2.00 2.60

kelompok F 3 5 2.4000 .3391

2

.1516

6

1.9789 2.8211 2.00 2.80

kelompok P 5 2.2400 .2302

2

.1029

6

1.9541 2.5259 2.00 2.60

Total 25 2.6200 .5773

5

.1154

7

2.3817 2.8583 2.00 4.20

Mo

del

Fixed

Effects

.3949

7

.0789

9

2.4552 2.7848

Random

Effects

.2209

1

2.0067 3.2333

.21280

96

Post HocTests



Tukey HSD

(I) Kelompok

(J)

Kel

om

pok

Mean

Difference (I-

J) Std. Error Sig.

95% Confidence

Interval

Lower

Bound

Upper

Bound

kelompok negatif F1 .92000* .24980 .011 .1725 1.6675

F 2 1.06000* .24980 .003 .3125 1.8075

F 3 1.08000* .24980 .003 .3325 1.8275

P 1.24000* .24980 .001 .4925 1.9875

Kelompok F 1 N(-

)

-.92000* .24980 .011 -1.6675 -.1725

F 2 .14000 .24980 .979 -.6075 .8875

F 3 .16000 .24980 .966 -.5875 .9075

P .32000 .24980 .705 -.4275 1.0675




2.476 4 20 .077

ANOVA


Sum of

Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups 4.880 4 1.220 7.821 .001

Within Groups 3.120 20 .156

Total 8.000 24

97

kelompok F 2 N

(-)

-1.06000* .24980 .003 -1.8075 -.3125

F 1 -.14000 .24980 .979 -.8875 .6075

F 3 .02000 .24980 1.000 -.7275 .7675

P .18000 .24980 .949 -.5675 .9275

kelompok F 3 N

(-)

-1.08000* .24980 .003 -1.8275 -.3325

F 1 -.16000 .24980 .966 -.9075 .5875

F 2 -.02000 .24980 1.000 -.7675 .7275

P .16000 .24980 .966 -.5875 .9075

kelompok positif N

(-)

-1.24000* .24980 .001 -1.9875 -.4925

F 1 -.32000 .24980 .705 -1.0675 .4275

F 2 -.18000 .24980 .949 -.9275 .5675

F 3 -.16000 .24980 .966 -.9075 .5875

*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

98

LAMPIRAN F

TABEL UJI F

100

LAMPIRAN G

TABEL KORELASI

bab 5 simpulan 5.1. simpulan - repository.wima.ac.idrepository.wima.ac.id/171/6/bab 5.pdfpeningkatan...

Documents