bab 1 reaksi kimia
DESCRIPTION
Reaksi KimiaTRANSCRIPT
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Kimia Anorganik FisikKimia Anorganik Fisik
Ella Kusumastuti, S.Si., M.Si.Ella Kusumastuti, S.Si., M.Si.
Jurusan KimiaJurusan Kimia
FMIPA UNNESFMIPA UNNES
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Bab 1 :Bab 1 :Prinsip-prinsip Reaksi KimiaPrinsip-prinsip Reaksi Kimia
1. Pengertian Reaksi Kimia
2. Macam/ Jenis Reaksi Kimia
3. Syarat Reaksi Kimia dapat Berlangsung (Pendekatan Termodinamis dan Kinetis)
4. Kespontanan Reaksi dan Entropi
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Reaksi KimiaReaksi Kimia
• Reaksi Kimia = perubahan materi menjadi produk baru, melibatkan penataulangan dan pertukaran atom-atom untuk mengasilkan molekul-molekul baru
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Is boiling watera chemical change?
Why ??
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Macam reaksi kimiaMacam reaksi kimia
Berdasarkan proses yang terjadi :
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Reaksi PengendapanReaksi Pengendapan
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2 KI(aq) 2 KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s)
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Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2 KI(aq) 2 KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s)
Reaksi PengendapanReaksi Pengendapan
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Reaksi Asam BasaReaksi Asam Basa
• acid + base salt + water
• 2 HNO3(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
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Reaksi pembebasan gasReaksi pembebasan gas
K2S(aq) + H2SO4(aq) K2SO4(aq) + H2S(g)
K2SO3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) K2SO4(aq) + H2SO3(aq)
H2SO3 H2O(l) + SO2(g)
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Reactant
Type
Reacting
With
Ion Exchange
Product
Decompose?
Gas
Formed
Example
metalnS,
metal HS
acid H2S no H2S K2S(aq) + 2HCl(aq)
2KCl(aq) + H2S(g)
metalnCO3,
metal HCO3
acid H2CO3 yes CO2 K2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq)
2KCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
metalnSO3
metal HSO3
acid H2SO3 yes SO2 K2SO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq)
2KCl(aq) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)
(NH4)nanion base NH4OH yes NH3 KOH(aq) + NH4Cl(aq)
KCl(aq) + NH3(g) + H2O(l)
Senyawa yang terlibat dalam reaksi pembentukan gas :
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Reaksi RedOksReaksi RedOks
2 Na(s) + Cl2(g) NaCl(s)
CuCl + FeCl3 FeCl2 + CuCl2SnCl2 + F2 SnCl2F2
Mg + Cl2 MgCl2
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Reaksi PembakaranReaksi Pembakaran
The Combustion of The Combustion of MethaneMethane
CH4(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g)
H
HC
H
HOO+
O
O
C + OH H
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Reactant Combustion Product
contains C CO2(g)
contains H H2O(g)
contains S SO2(g)
contains N NO(g) or NO2(g)
contains metal M2On(s)
Memprediksi produk reaksi pembakaran
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Type of Reaction General Equation
Synthesis A + B AB
Decomposition AB A + B
Displacement A + BC AC + B
Double Displacement AB + CD AD + CB
Macam reaksi berdasarkan penyusunan atom-atom produknya :
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SynthesisSynthesis
• Reaksi kombinasi
• Satu produk
2 CO + O2 2 CO2
2 Mg + O2 2 MgOHgI2 + 2 KI K2HgI4
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DekomposisiDekomposisi
• Molekul besar (reaktan) terpecah menjadi molekul-molekul produk yang lebih kecil
• Satu reaktan menghasilkan dua atau lebih produk
2h
3
2
223
O 3 O 2
O Hg 2 HgO 2
Cl FeCl 2 FeCl 2
)(
)()()(
g(l)(s)
gls elec
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Single DisplacementSingle Displacement
X Y + A X + AY
Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Fe2O3(s) + Al(s) Fe(s) + Al2O3(s)
2 Na(s) + 2 H2O(aq) 2 NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
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22 ZnCl Cu(s) (aq)CuCl Zn(s)
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Double DisplacementDouble Displacement
• X Y (aq) + AB (aq) XB + AY
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2 KI(aq) 2 KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s)
2 HNO3(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq)
Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
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Evidence of Chemical ReactionsEvidence of Chemical Reactions
• look for evidence of a new substance
• visual clues– color change – precipitate formation
• solid that forms when liquid solutions are mixed
– gas bubbles – large energy changes
• container becomes very hot or cold• emission of light
• other clues– new odor – whooshing sound from a tube
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evidence of a new substance
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evidence of a new substance
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evidence of a new substance
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evidence of a new substance
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Apakah fakta-fakta tersebut menjamin Apakah fakta-fakta tersebut menjamin berlangsungnya reaksi kimia????berlangsungnya reaksi kimia????
Digunakan pendekatan :
Aspek Termodinamis
Aspek Kinetis
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Pendekatan TermodinamisPendekatan Termodinamis
Dasar : Keadaan awal dan akhir tidak sama
Struktur dan sifat dari reaktan dan produk
Besaran Fisik :
T, P, E, H, G, S, K
Besaran Termodinamis
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Syarat reaksi dapat berlangsung
- Kualitatif (produk lebih stabil dari reaktan)
- Kuantitatif (G reaksi < 0 atau negatif)
G ditentukan oleh sifat alamiah reaktan dan produk, yang ditentukan :
E, H, dan S
G = H – T. SMerancang apakah reaksi dapat berlangsung?
Memprediksi : Reaksi dalam fasa larutan??
Reaksi dengan pemanasan??
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Energy [ ] (keadaan teraktivasi)
[ ] (keadaan teraktivasi)
-Tidak stabil
-Tidak dapat diukur/ ditentukan
Senyawa Imajiner/ abstrak
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Kestabilan :
Reaktan, produk dan keadaan teraktivasi???
Energy [ ] (keadaan teraktivasi)
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Pendekatan KinetisPendekatan KinetisDasar : jalannya/ berlangsungnya proses
Keberhasilan mengisolasi/ mengidentifikasi adanya senyawa madya (senyawa antara) sebelum terbentuknya produk
Senyawa madya : terukur, tertentu dan terdeteksi
Kestabilan produk > reaktan > senyawa madya > kompleks teraktivasi
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Reaksi KinetikReaksi Kinetik
A GTahap :
A B K1
B C K2
C DK3
D EK4
E F K5
F G K6
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Koordinar reaksi
Energi bebasKompleks teraktivasi = ??
Senyawa madya = ??
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Dalam pendekatan kinetis :
Tahapan reaksi tergantung pada jumlah madya yang terbentuk
Keberhasilan pendekatan kinetis tergantung dari fakta-fakta eksperimental dalam isolasi, identifikasi dan karakterisasi senyawa madya
Reaksi yang dapat / berhasil dikaji mekanismenya (tahap-tahap reaksinya) disebut reaksi lambat
Besaran kinetis :
r (laju reaksi),
k (tetapan laju),
t (waktu reaksi),
t1/2 (waktu paruh)
waktu hidup madya
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Kesimpulan pendekatan keduanya:Kesimpulan pendekatan keduanya:
• Secara termodinamis, reaksi disusun atas besaran termodinamis yang dimiliki oleh senyawa sebelum dan sesudah reaksi
• Secara kinetis, reaksi disusun atas besaran kinetis yang juga di tentukan oleh besaran-besaran termodinamis yang dimiliki oleh senyawa sebelum dan sesudah reaksi
• Antara besaran kinetis dan termodinamis keduanya tidak selalu berbanding lurus
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Senyawa Kompleks Tetapan Kesetimbangan Pembentukan Kompleks (K)
Laju Pertukaran Air
[Ni(CN)4]2- 1030 Sangat cepat
[Hg(CN)4]2- 1042 Sangat cepat
Fe(CN)6]4- 1037 Sangat lambat
Pt(CN)4]2- 1040 t1/2= 1 menit
Tetapan pembentukan dan laju pertukaran dari beberapa senyawa logam kompleks cyano
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Secara kinetis, laju reaksi sebagai fungsi Secara kinetis, laju reaksi sebagai fungsi konsentrasi digunakan untuk mengkaji konsentrasi digunakan untuk mengkaji
mekanismenyamekanismenya
Kinetis Termodinamis
Labil (laju reaksi cepat/ mudah bereaksi)
Tidak stabil / reaktif (K kecil, mudah bereaksi
Lembam (laju reaksi lambat/ sukar bereaksi/
inert)
Stabil (K besar, tidak mudah bereaksi)
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Why do chemical raection Why do chemical raection occur?occur?
• Please resume : Sanderson, R.T., 1964, Principles of Chemical Reaction, Journal of Chemical Education.
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AdditionalAdditional
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Solubility TableSolubility Table
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Solubilities Not on the Table!Solubilities Not on the Table!
• Gases only slightly dissolve in water• Strong acids and bases dissolve in water
– Hydrochloric, Hydrobromic, Hydroiodic, Nitric, Sulfuric, Perchloric Acids
– Group I hydroxides (should be on your chart anyway)
• Water slightly dissolves in water! (H+ and OH-)• For the homework… SrSO4 is insoluble; BeI2
and the products are soluble• There are other tables and rules that cover more
compounds than your table!
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Total Ionic EquationsTotal Ionic Equations
Molecular Equation:
K2CrO4 + Pb(NO3)2 PbCrO4 + 2 KNO3
Soluble Soluble Insoluble Soluble
Total Ionic Equation:
2 K+ + CrO4 -2 + Pb+2 + 2 NO3-
PbCrO4 (s) + 2 K+ + 2 NO3-
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Net Ionic EquationsNet Ionic Equations
• These are the same as total ionic equations, but you should cancel out ions that appear on BOTH sides of the equation
Total Ionic Equation:
2 K+ + CrO4 -2 + Pb+2 + 2 NO3-
PbCrO4 (s) + 2 K+ + 2 NO3-
Net Ionic Equation:
CrO4 -2 + Pb+2 PbCrO4 (s)
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Compounds Containing the following Ions are Generally Insoluble
Exceptions
(when combined with ions on the left the compound is soluble or slightly soluble)
OH– Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+,
Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+
S2– Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+,
Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+
CO32–, PO4
3– Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+
Solubility RulesSolubility RulesCompounds that are Generally InsolubleCompounds that are Generally Insoluble
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Using the Solubility Rules to Predict an Using the Solubility Rules to Predict an Ionic Compound’s Solubility in WaterIonic Compound’s Solubility in Water
• first check the cation, if it is Li+, Na+, K+, or NH4+ then
the compound will be soluble in water– regardless of the anion!
• if the cation is not Li+, Na+, K+, or NH4+ then follow the
rule for the anion• if a rule says the compounds are mostly soluble, then
the exceptions are insoluble• but if a rule says the compounds are mostly
insoluble, then the exceptions are soluble– note: slightly soluble insoluble
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Determine if Each of the Following is Determine if Each of the Following is Soluble in WaterSoluble in Water
• KOH• AgBr
• CaCl2• Pb(NO3)2
• PbSO4
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Determine if Each of the Determine if Each of the Following is Soluble in WaterFollowing is Soluble in Water
• KOHSoluble, because the cation is K+
• AgBrInsoluble, even though most compounds with Br- are soluble, this is an exception
• CaCl2 Soluble, most compounds with Cl- are soluble
• Pb(NO3)2 Soluble, because the anion is NO3-
• PbSO4 Insoluble, even though most compounds with SO4
2- are soluble, this is an exception