analisa kadar unsur hara karbon organik dan nitrogen di dalam tanah perkebunan kelapa sawit...

7/25/2019 Analisa Kadar Unsur Hara Karbon Organik Dan Nitrogen Di Dalam Tanah Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Bengkalis Riau

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ANALISA KADAR UNSUR HARA KARBON ORGANIK

DAN NITROGEN DI DALAM TANAH PERKEBUNAN

KELAPA SAWIT BENGKALIS RIAU

CONIETTA VYONELLA ZEYN

TONY HIDAYAT

PRODI PENDIDIKAN TENIK BANGUNAN

FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN

UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET

2011

BAB 1


2/31

PENDAHULUAN

1.1.Latar B!a"a#$

Prt%&'%(a# ta#a&a# )*+#$ar%(* ,!( -*at/ -*at "-%'%ra# ta#a(#a

a"#* "-%'%ra# -*" "-%'%ra# "*&*a )a# "-%'%ra# '*,!,$*-. Ka!a%

"-%'%ra# -*" !'*( $%ta&a"a# t#ta#$ "a)aa# -*" ta#a( a#$

'a#a" "a*ta##a )#$a# +#)*aa# a*r )a# %)ara ta#a( &a"a

"-%'%ra# "*&*a a#$ a#$"%t )a!a& &a-a!a( / &a-a!a(

"tr-)*aa# %#-%r (ara 'a$* +rt%&'%(a# ta#a&a#.

Da!a& +&'*3araa# t#ta#$ ta#a( -'a$a* ",-*-t& t!a( )*4!a-"a#

'a(5a ta#a( '%"a# &a--a &at*. A)a "(*)%+a# )a!a& ta#a( 'r%+a a"ar

t%&'%(a# )a# 6,ra -rta a%#a ta#a( -(%'%#$a# )#$a# +r,)%"-*

#7*& CO2 )a# 'ra#"a 7at ,r$a#*" "(*)%+a# )a!a& ta#a('rta#$$%#$4a5a' ata- tr4a)*#a 'a#a" a!*(ra$a& -*" )a# "*&*a. S*at

)a# ta&+a"a# ta#a( a#$ $*&+!*"a-*"a# "$*ata# (aat* *a!a(

+r'a#)*#$a# C8N "a)ar 'a(a# ,r$a#*" ata% "a#)%#$a# '*,&a--a t*a+

-at%a# !%a-89,!%& ta#a( t*#$"at +r,&'a"a# 'a(a# ,r$a#*"

+&'#t%"a# "r,t,9*#a )a# +r&*#taa# ,"-*$#. Pr'a#)*#$a# C8N

'r$%#a -'a$a* +#a#)a "&%)a(a# +r,&'a"a# 'a(a# ,r$a#*" )a#

"$*ata# 4a-a) r#*" ta#a(. K'a#a"a# #r$* a#$ )*+r!%"a# %#t%"

&&+rta(a#"a# +,+%!a-* ta#a( 'r%#$-* )a# )%"%#$ "!a#$-%#$a#

+r,-- ta#a( a#$ '$*t% 'a#a" 'ra-a! )ar* ",#9r-* "ar',# ,r$a#*"a)* "ar',# )*,"-*)a.

A"a# tta+* a+a'*!a +r'a#)*#$a# C8N tr!a!% !'ar 'rart* "tr-)*aa# C

-'a$a* -%&'r #r$* 'r!'*(a# %r%t +r'a#)*#$a##a )#$a#

"tr-)*aa# N 'a$* +&'#t%"a# +r,t*# &*"r,'*a "$*ata# 4a-a) r#*"

a"a# tr(a&'at :T4,%5,#, 1;;


3/31

1.2.Pr&a-a!a(a#

Pr"'%#a# "!a+a -a5*t &r%+a"a# -a!a( -at% a"t,r +#t*#$ )* )a!a&

+r"&'a#$a# +r",#,&*a# )* I#),#-*a K(%-%-#a )* S%&atra Utara.

U#t%" )a+at"a# "!a+a -a5*t a#$ 'r"%a!*ta- t*#$$* &a"a )*+r!%"a#

-%at% a"t,r +#)%"%#$ -a!a( -at%#a a)a!a( a"t,r "-%'%ra# ta#a(.

Na&%# +a)a ta#a( a#$ )*4a)*"a# -'a$a* !a(a# +r"'%#a# "!a+a -a5*t

*#* '!%& )*"ta(%* t*#$"at "-%'%ra##a ,!( "ar#a *t% +r!% )*!a"%"a#

+#$%4*a# "*&*a ta#a( -'a(a$*a# )*a#tara#a a)a!a( a#a!*-a tr(a)a+

"a)ar Kar',# :C= ,r$a#*" )a# "a)ar N*tr,$# :N= )ar* ta#a( -(*#$$a

)a+at )*"ta(%* t*#$"at "-%'%ra# ta#a( tr-'%t -!a*# *t% )ar* a#a!*-a

tr-'%t )*"ta(%* +r'a#)*#$a# "a)ar Kar',#/N*tr,$# a#$ )*t%!*-"a#

)#$a# C8N.

1..T%4%a#

A)a+%# t%4%a# )ar* a#a!*-a tr-'%t a)a!a( %#t%" #t%"a# "a)ar

Kar',# :C= Or$a#*" )a# N*tr,$# :N=.

1..Ma#aat

/M#$ta(%* t*#$"at "-%'%ra# ta#a( a#$ )*!*(at )ar* "a)ar Kar',# :C=

Or$a#*" )a# N*tr,$# :N=.

/M#$ta(%* +r'a#)*#$a# #*!a* Kar',# /N*tr,$# :C8N=.

/ M&'r*"a# *#,r&a-* t#ta#$ "a)ar %#-%r (ara Kar',# Or$a#*" )a#

N*tr,$# )* !a',rat,r*%& +!aa#a# P%-at P#!*t*a# K!a+a Sa5*t :PPKS=

M)a#.

BAB 2

TINAUAN PUSTAKA

2.1. P#$rt*a# Ta#a(

Ta#a( tr)a+at )*&a#a -a4a )a# -!a!% 'ra)a )*-"!*!*#$ "*ta ta+*+#$rt*a# ta#a( 'a$* -t*a+ ,ra#$ a"a# -!a!% 'r')a tr$a#t%#$ )ar*

-%)%t &a#a ,ra#$ *t% &!*(at ta#a(. K'a#a"a# ,ra#$ t*)a" +r#a(

&&*"*r"a# a-a! "4a)*a# ta#a( )ar*&a#a a-a!#a )a# 'a$a*&a#a -*at/

-*at#a +a)a(a! -*at/-*at ta#a( )* -%at% t&+at a"a# 'r')a )#$a#

-*at ta#a( )* t&+at !a*#.

Bata-a# ata% )#*-* ta#a( 'a#a" )*'%at ,ra#$ a)a"a!a#a )#*-* *t%

S*#$"at -a4a ta+* a)a +%!a a#$ 3%"%+ +a#4a#$. D#*-* ta#a( a#$

)*'%at ,!( , )a# Mar'%t a(!* ta#a( "#a&aa# )ar* A&r*"a Sr*"at

a)a!a( -'a$a* 'r*"%t Ta#a( a)a!a( t%'%( a!a& :Nat%ra! B,)= a#$

tr'#t%" )a# 'r"&'a#$ -'a$a* a"*'at '"r4a#a $aa/ $aa a!a&


4/31

:Nat%ra! F,r3-= tr(a)a+ 'a(a#/'a(a# a!a& :Nat%ra!

Matr*a!=)*+r&%"aa# '%&*. T%'%( a!a& *#* )a+at 'r)*r#-*a-*

&&'#t%" (,r*7,#/(,r*7,# &*#ra! ata%+%# ,r$a#*" a#$ ")a!a&a##a

'ra$a& )#$a# -*at/-*at#a a#$ 'r')a )#$a# 'a(a# *#)%" a#$

tr!ta" )*'a5a(#a )a!a& (a! &,r,!,$* ",&+,-*-* "*&*a -*at/-*at -*"&a%+%# -*at '*,!,$*-#a.

S3(,)r :1;2= ata"a# 'a(5a > Ta#a( *t% -'a$a* -%at% -*-t& t*$a

a- a#$ $a#)%#$ a*r %)ara )a# 'a(a#/'a(a# &*#ra! )a# 'a(a#

,r$a#*" -rta 4a-a)/4a-a) (*)%+ a#$ "ar#a 'r'a$a* a"t,r !*#$"%#$a#

tr(a)a+ +r&%"aa# '%&* )a# "%r%# 5a"t% &&'#t%" 'r'a$a* (a-*!

+r%'a(a# a#$ &&*!*"* 3*r*/3*r* &,r,!,$* a#$ "(a- -(*#$$a 'r+ra#

-'a$a* t&+at t%&'%( ta#a&a#.

Y%-t%- 9,#L*'*$ -,ra#$ *!&%5a# r&a# $$a&'ar"a# ta#a( -'a$a*!a',rat,r*%& "*&*a )a# a!a& *#* )*&a#a tr4a)* 'r'a$a* +#$%ra*a#

"*&*a )a# ra"-*/ra"-* -*#t-*- a#$ tr4a)* -3ara -&'%#*. M-"*+%#

t*)a" '$*t% +#t*#$ a)a#a +#$rt*a# ta#a( a#$ %#*9r-a! tta+* )&*

+#$%ra*a#/+#$%ra*a# -!a#4%t#a &a"a )*ra-a +r!% a)a#a r%&%-a#

+#$rt*a# a#$ )a+at )*tr*&a -3ara %&%& a$ar +&'a3a )a+at

$a&'ara# -r'a -a&a )a# t*)a" -*&+a#$ -*%r. P#$rta# ta#a( tr-'%t

a)a!a( -'a$a* 'r*"%t >

Ta#a( a)a!a( -%at% '#)a a!a&* a#$ tr)a+at )* +r&%"aa# "%!*t '%&*

a#$ tr-%-%# )ar* 'a(a#/'a(a# &*#ra! -'a$a* (a-*! +!a+%"a# 'at%a#)a# 'a(a# ,r$a#*" -'a$a* (a-*! +!a+%"a# -*-a/-*-a &a"a#a# )a# (5a#

a#$ &r%+a"a# &)*%& +rt%&'%(a# ta#a&a# )#$a# -*at/-*at

trt#t% a#$ tr4a)* a"*'at $a'%#$a# )ar* a"t,r *"!*& 'a(a# *#)%"

'#t%" 5*!aa( )a# 5a"t% +&'#t%"a# ta#a( :Ba3(t*ar 200=.

Da!a& '*)a#$ +rta#*a# ta#a( &&*!*"* art* a#$ !'*( "(%-%- )a#

+#t*#$ -'a$a* &)*a t%&'%( ta#a&a# )arat. Ta#a( 'ra-a! )ar* (a-*!

+!a+%"a# 'at%a# 'r3a&+%r )#$a# -*-a 'a(a# ,r$a#*" )ar* ,r$a#*-&

:9$ta-* ata% (5a#= a#$ (*)%+ )* ata-#a ata% )* )a!aa. S!a*# *t%

)* )a!a& ta#a( tr)a+at +%!a %)ara )a# a*r a#$ 'ra-a! )ar* (%4a# a#$

)*ta(a# ,!( ta#a( -(*#$$a t*)a" &r-a+ " t&+at !a*#. Da!a& +r,--

+&'#t%"a# ta#a( -!a*# 3a&+%ra# 'a(a# &*#ra! )a# 'a(a# ,r$a#*"

tr'#t%" +%!a !a+*-a#/!a+*-a# ta#a( a#$ )*-'%t (,r*7,#. D#$a#

)&*"*a# ta#a( :)a!a& art* +rta#*a#= )a+at )*)#*-*"a# -'a$a*

"%&+%!a# '#)a a!a& )* +r&%"aa# '%&* a#$ tr-%-%# )a!a& (,r*7,#/

(,r*7,# tr)*r* )ar* 3a&+%ra# 'a(a# &*#ra! 'a(a# ,r$a#*" a*r )a#

%)ara )a# &r%+a"a# &)*a t%&'%(#a ta#a&a#.

S3ara %&%& ta#a( )a+at )*+!a4ar* )#$a# +#)"ata# +),!,$* )a#+#)"ata# )a+(,!,$* I!&% a#$ &&+!a4ar* +r,--/+r,--


5/31

+&'#t%"a# ta#a( '-rta a"t,r/a"t,r +&'#t%"#a"!a-*"a-* ta#a(

-%r9a* ta#a( )a# 3ara/3ara +#$a&ata# ta#a( )* !a+a#$ )*-'%t

P),!,$*. Da!a& (a! *#* ta#a( )*+a#)a#$ -'a$a* -%at% '#)a a!a&

a#$ )*#a&*- )a# t*)a" -3ara "(%-%- )*(%'%#$"a# )#$a# +rt%&'%(a#

ta#a&a#. Wa!a%+%# )&*"*a# +#&%a#/+#&%a# )a!a& '*)a#$+),!,$* a"a# -a#$at 'r&a#aat +%!a )a!a& '*)a#$ +rta#*a# &a%+%#

#,# +rta#*a# &*-a!#a +&'%ata# 'a#$%#a# :t"#*" -*+*!=.

A+a'*!a ta#a( )*+!a4ar* )a!a& (%'%#$a##a )#$a# +rt%&'%(a#

ta#a&a# )*-'%t )a+(,!,$*. Da!a& )a+(,!,$* a#$ )*+!a4ar* a)a!a(

-*at/-*at ta#a( )a# +#$ar%(#a tr(a)a+ +rt%&'%(a# ta#a&a# -rta

%-a(a/%-a(a a#$ +r!% )*!a"%"a# %#t%" &&+r'a*"* -*at/-*at ta#a(

:-*" "*&*a )a# '*,!,$*= 'a$* +rt%&'%(a# ta#a&a# -+rt* +&%+%"a#

+#$a+%ra# )a# !a*#/!a*#.

M#*#$"at#a +#$ta(%a# &a#%-*a t#ta#$ ta#a( &a"a I!&% Ta#a(

a)* I!&% a#$ -a#$at !%a- -(*#$$a %#t%" )a+at &&+!a4ar*#a

)#$a# 'a*" +r!% +#$!,&+,""a# !'*( !a#4%t ")a!a& '*)a#$/'*)a#$

I!&% Ta#a( a#$ !'*( "(%-%- -+rt* F*-*"a Ta#a( K*&*a ta#a( K-%'%ra#

ta#a( M*"r,'*,!,$* Ta#a( P#$a5ta# Ta#a( )a# A*r M*#ra!,$* Ta#a(

G#-*- )a# K!a-*"a-* Ta#a( G,$ra Ta#a( S%r9a* Ta#a( )a# E9a!%a-*

La(a#. K-%'%ra# Ta#a( &&+!a4ar* (%'%#$a# %#-%r/%#-%r (ara )a!a&

ta#a( )#$a# +rt%&'%(a# ta#a&a# +&%+%"a# )a# %-a(a/%-a(a !a*#

)a!a& &&+r'a*"* -*at/-*at ta#a( :-*at -*" "*&*a )a# '*,!,$* ta#a(=

%#t%" +rt%&'%(a# ta#a&a#.

S*at -*" ta#a( a#$ tr+#t*#$ a)a!a( > -,!%& t"-t%r -tr%"t%r "a)ar

a*r ta#a( )ra*#a- )a# +,r*-*ta- ta#a( )!!. S*at "*&*a ta#a( &!*+%t* >

"a)ar %#-%r (ara ta#a( ra"-* ta#a( :+H= "a+a-*ta- t%"ar "at*,# ta#a(

:KTK= "4#%(a# 'a-a :KB= "&a-a&a# )a+at )*+rt%"ar"a# :A! )a# H=

)a# !a*#/!a*#. S)a#$"a# -*at '*,!,$* ta#a( &!*+%t* > 'a(a# ,r$a#*"

ta#a( 6,ra )a# a%#a ta#a( :"(%-%-#a &*"r,,r$a#*-& +#t*#$ >

'a"tr* %#$* )a# A!$a= *#tra"-* &*"r,,r$a#*-& ta#a( )#$a#

ta#a&a# :-*&'*,-a= )a# +,!%-* ta#a(.

A#a!*-*- C,#t,( Ta#a(

P#$a&'*!a# -a&+!

P#$a&'*!a# 3,#t,( ta#a( &r%+a"a# ta(a+ a5a! )a# tr+#t*#$ )a!a&

+r,$ra& %4* ta#a( )*!a',rat,r*%&. A#a!*-*- 3,#t,( ta#a( 'rt%4%a# %#t%"

:1= #t%"a# -*at -*" )a# "*&*a ta#a( :-tat%- %#-%r (arata#a(= :2=

$ta(%* !'*( )*#* a)a#a %#-%r/%#-%r 'ra3%# )* )a!a& ta#a( :=

-'a$a* )a-ar +#ta+a# ),-*- +%+%" )a# "a+%r -(*#$$a !'*( "t*


6/31

-*# )a# ra-*,#a! := M&+r,!( )ata 'a- %#t%" +r,$ra&

+r#3a#aa# )a# +#$!,!aa# ta#a( / ta#a&a#.

C,#t,( ta#a( )a+at )*a&'*! -t*a+ -aat )a# !a#$-%#$ )*!a"%"a# a#a!*-*-

)* !a',rat,r*%&. Ka)aa# ta#a( -aat +#$a&'*!a# 3,#t,( ta#a(

-'a*"#a +a)a ",#)*-* "a+a-*ta- !a+a#$ :"a)aa# "!&'a'a# ta#a(

-)a#$ a*t% "a)aa# ta#a( "*ra/"*ra 3%"%+ %#t%" )*!a"%"a# +#$,!a(a#

ta#a(=. P#$a&'*!a# 3,#t,( ta#a( tr"a*t rat )#$a# t%4%a# a#$ *#$*#

)*3a+a* )a!a& -%at% "$*ata# +r#3a#aa# +#$!,!aa# ta#a(/ta#a&a#.

S3ara %&%& 3,#t,( ta#a( )*a&'*! -"a!* )a!a& ta(%# %#t%" -*-t&

+rta#a&a# )* !a+a#$a#.

U#t%" ta#a( a#$ )*$%#a"a# -3ara *#t#-* %#t%" '%)*)aa +rta#*a#

3,#t,( ta#a( )*a&'*! +a!*#$ -)*"*t -"a!* )a!a& -ta(%#. Pa)a ta#a(/

ta#a( )#$a# #*!a* %4* ta#a( t*#$$* 3,#t,( ta#a( )*-ara#"a# )*a&'*!

-t*a+ ? ta(%# -"a!*.

C,#t,( ta#a( a#$ )*a&'*! )a+at 'r'#t%" 3,#t,( ta#a( tr$a#$$%

:)*-t%r' -,*! -a&+!-= )a# 3,#t,( ta#a( %t%( ata% t*)a" tr$a#$$%

:%#)*-t%r' -,*! -a&+!-=.

C,#t,( ta#a( %t%( '*a-a#a )*+r!%"a# %#t%" a#a!*-*- -*at -*" ta#a(

:',',t *-* +,r*-*ta- )a# +r&a'*!*ta- ta#a(= -)a#$"a# 3,#t,( ta#a(

tr$a#$$% )*+r!%"a# %#t%" a#a!*-*- -*at "*&*a ta#a( )a# -*at -*" ta#a(

!a*##a :t"-t%r "a)ar a*r ta#a(8+F=. P#$a&'*!a# 3,#t,( ta#a( %t%(

:%#)*-t%r' -,*! -a&+!-= (ar%- $$%#a"a# r*#$ -a&+!- -)a#$"a#

3,#t,( ta#a( tr$a#$$% )a+at )*a&'*! )#$a# $$%#a"a# a!at

3a#$"%! -",+ ata% a%$r:',r ta#a(=.

U#t%" "+r!%a# 9a!%a-* -tat%- "-%'%ra# ta#a( -'a*"#a 3,#t,(

a#$ )*a&'*! &r%+a"a# 3,#t,( ",&+,-*t a*t% 3,#t,( ta#a( 3a&+%ra#

)ar* 3,#t,(/3,#t,( ta#a( *#)*9*)% :-%' -a&+!-=. S%at% 3,#t,( ",&+,-*t

(ar%- &5a"*!* -%at% '#t%"8%#*t !a(a# a#$ a"a# )*"&'a#$"a# ata%

)*$%#a"a# %#t%" t%4%a# +rta#*a#. Sat% 3,#t,( ",&+,-*t &5a"*!* -%at%(a&+ara# !a(a# a#$ (,&,$# :10 / 1? Ha=.

U#t%" !a(a# &*r*#$ )a# 'r$!,&'a#$ -at% 3,#t,( ",&+,-*t )a+at

&5a"*!* t*)a" "%ra#$ )ar* ? ("tar. Sat% 3,#t,( ",&+,-*t tr)*r* )ar*

3a&+%ra# 1? 3,#t,( ta#a( *#)*9*)% :-%' -a&+!-=.

S'!%& +#$a&'*!a# 3,#t,( ta#a( +r!% )*+r(at*"a# "-ra$a&a#

ara!8(a&+ara#. Ara! a#$ a"a# )*a&'*! 3,#t,(#a )*a&at* !'*( )a(%!%

"a)aa# t,+,$ra t"-t%r 5ar#a ta#a( +rt%&'%(a# ta#a&a#

+#$$%#aa# ta#a( *#+%t :+%+%" "a+%r 'a(a# ,r$a#*")-'.= )a# r#3a#a+rta#a&a# a#$ a"a# )*ta#a& "&%)*a#. Dar* +#$a&ata# *#* )a+at


7/31

)*t#t%"a# -at% (a&+ara# a#$ -a&a :(,&,$#8)"at* -a&a= %#t%"

t*t*" -a&+!*#$.Br*"%t *#* (a#a )*"&%"a"a# 3ara +#$a&'*!a# 3,#t,(

+r,! )a# 3,#t,( "-%'%ra# :",&+,-*t= )*-%at% "'%# ata% ara! a#$

a"a# )*+a"a* -3ara %&%&.

A#a!*-*- Ta#a(

Ka#)%#$a# %#-%r (ara )* )a!a& ta#a( -'a$a* $a&'ara# -tat%-

"-%'%ra# ta#a( )a+at )*#*!a* )#$a# ''ra+a &t,) +#)"ata# a*t%

> :1= A#a!*-a 3,#t,( ta#a( :2=M#$a&at* $4a!a/$4a!a :-&+t,&=

+rt%&'%(a# ta#a&a# := A#a!*-a 3,#t,( ta#a&a# := Pr3,'aa# +,t )*

r%&a( "a3a )a# :?= Pr3,'aa# !a+a#$a#.

A#a!*-*- ta#a( )*!a"%"a# tr(a)a+ 3,#t,( ta#a( a#$ )*a&'*! )* !a+a#$a#

)#$a# &t,) trt#t% --%a* t%4%a# a#$ )*(ara+"a#. A#a!*-a ta#a(

)*!a',rat,r*%& )*!a"%"a# tr(a)a+ 9ar*a'!/9ar*a'! "*&*a )a# -*"

ta#a( > +H "a+a-*ta- t%"ar "at*,# N*tr,$# "a!*%& ,-,r "a!-*%&

&a$#-*%& :(ara &a"r,= (ara &*"r, :F C% Z# B M, )!!= 'a(a#

,r$a#*" t"-t%r ta#a( )a# -'a$a*#a.

Ka)ar %#-%r (ara ta#a( a#$ )*+r,!( )ar* )ata a#a!*-*- ta#a( '*!a

)*'a#)*#$"a# )#$a# "'%t%(a# %#-%r (ara 'a$* &a-*#$/&a-*#$ 4#*-

ta#a&a# &a"a )a+at )*"ta(%* a+a"a( -tat%-8"a)ar %#-%r (ara )a!a&

ta#a( tr-'%t -a#$at r#)a( :"%ra#$= r#)a( -)a#$ 3%"%+ ata%"a(

t*#$$* --%a* "r*tr*a trt#t%.Pr*#-*+ a#$ (ar%- )*+r(at*"a# )a!a& %4*ta#a( *a!a( 'a(5a &t,) a#a!*-a ta#a( tr-'%t :1= (ar%- )a+at

$"-tra"-* '#t%" %#-%r (ara a#$ tr-)*a -a4a -3ara t+at. a)*

-*at#a -!"t* art*#a t*)a" $"-tra"-* '#t%" a#$ t*)a" )a+at

)*&a#aat"a# ,!( ta#a&a# :2= &t,) a#a!*-a a#$ )*+a"a*

)*!a',rat,r*%& (ar%- -)r(a#a 3+at &%)a( )*!a"-a#a"a# )a# &&*!*"*

"t+ata# )a# "t!*t*a# t*#$$* := (a-*! a#a!*-*- (ar%- )a+at

)*r+r,)%"-*. D#$a# )&*"*a# !ar%ta# "*&*a a#$ )*'%at (ar%-

)*)a-ar"a# +a)a +#$ta(%a# a#$ 'a*" t#ta#$ '#t%"/'#t%" "*&*a

)ar* %#-%r (ara )* )a!a& ta#a( )a# t#ta#$ -*at a"ar ta#a&a# )a#

&"a#*%-& +!ar%ta# '#t%"/'#t%" "*&*a ,!( a"ar ta#a&a#.

O!( "ar#a *t% %4* "*&*a ta#a( +r!% )*",r!a-*"a# )#$a# -ra+a# (ara

,!( ta#a&a# &!a!%* +r3,'aa# r%&a( "a3a :%4* ",r!a-*= )a# +r3,'aa#

!a+a#$a# :%4* "a!*'ra-*=. U4* ",r!a-* )*&a"-%)"a# %#t%" )a+at"a#

&t,) a#$ t+at %#t%" -%at% %#-%r )a# ta#a&a# trt#t%. S)a#$"a#

%4* "a!*'ra-* )*&a"-%)"a# %#t%" )a+at"a# (%'%#$a# a#tara -!a#$

"a)ar -%at% %#-%r (ara ata% #*!a* "r*t*-#a )#$a# r-+,#- ta#a&a#

)*!a+a#$a# tr(a)a+ %#-%r tr-'%t.


8/31

D#$a# )&*"*a# &&'r*"a# #*!a* a$r,#,&*" 'a$* a#$"a %4* ta#a(

tr-'%t. Ta#+a %4* "a!*'ra-* &a"a a#$"a/a#$"a %4* ta#a( t*)a" 'rart*

-a&a -"a!*.

S*at Ta#a( Sra+a# &r%+a"a# -a!a( -at% -*at +#t*#$ )ar* ta#a( a#$

'r(%'%#$a# )#$a# +#3&ara# "ar#a )#$a# -ra+a# ta#a( &a&+%

ra+ -#a5a/-#a5a ,r$a#*" tr%ta&a +-t*-*)a )a# (r'*-*)a.

Kat*,#/"at*,# ,r$a#*" "'a#a"a# tr-ra+ )* )a!a& +r&%"aa# !&+%#$

a#$ 'r&%ata# #$at* )a# a#*,#/a#*,# ,r$a#*" !'*( trtar*" " ara(

t+* +r&%"aa# !&+%#$. K*#* t!a( )*"ta(%* 'a(5a -#a5a/-#a5a

,r$a#*" a#$ t*)a" 'r&%ata# 4%$ )a+at tr-ra+ ,!( &*#ra!/&*#ra!

!&+%#$.

Kat*,#/"at*,# a#$ tr-ra+ )* +r&%"aa# !&+%#$ )a+at )*+rt%"ar"a#

)#$a# "at*,#/"at*,# !a*##a -+rt* >

Ca/ta#a( 2 NH :NH=2 @ ta#a( Ca2 Kat*,#/"at*,# a#$

tr-ra+ *#* %&%a tr-)*a 'a$* ta#a&a# &!a!%* +rt%"ara# )#$a#

*,# H )ar* r-+*ra-* a"ar ta#a&a#. D#$a# -ra+a# +%+%" a#$

)*ta&'a("a# )a+at trta(a# -(*#$$a tr(*#)ar )ar* +#3%3*a# )a#

"at*,#/"at*,# +#3&ar +a)a a*r ta#a( )a+at tr-ar*#$.

Str%"t%rTa#a( Ta#a( tr)*r* ata- ''ra+a (,r*-,# (,r*-,# A a#$ )*"#a!

)#$a# #a&a t,+ -,*! &r%+a"a# !a+*-a# a#$ -a#$at t*+*- "aa a"a#

'a(a# ,r$a#*" )a# tr4a)* a"t*9*ta- '*,!,$* a#$ &a"-*&a!. H,r*-,# B ata%

-%' -,*!r*&a 'a(a# ,r$a#*" $ara&/$ara& )a# +art*"!/+art*"! !*at

a#$ !a3(*#$ )ar* (,r*-,# A )a# &r%+a"a# !a+*-a# a#$ !'*( t'a! )ar*

t,+ -,*!. H,r*-,# a#$ +a!*#$ 'a5a( )*-'%t )#$a# (,r*-,# C a#$

&r%+a"a# 'at%a# *#)%". B*!a "*ta &!*(at 'r)a-ar"a# 7,#/7,##a

&a"a ta#a( )a+at )*')a"a# ata- 7,# ara-* )a# 7,# 4#%( a*r Z,#

ara-* tr)*r* )ar* 'a$*a# a*t% 'a$*a# trata- 'r%+a a*r (%4a# ata%

-a!4% a#$ &r-a+ +a)a ta#a( "r*#$ a#$ &&'#t%" -%at% !a+*-a# !&

:'r%+a ta#a( !&'a'=. Ba$*a# ")%a a)a!a( 'a$*a# a#$ $a#)%#$

%)ara 3%"%+ t*#$$* 5a!a%+%# a*r 4%$a tr-ra+ #a&%# &a-*( a)a r,#$$a/r,#$$a %)ara.

Ba$*a# "t*$a a)a!a( -rat/-rat "a+*!r a#$ ar*" a*r )ar* 7,# 4#%(

a*r.

Z,# 4#%( a*r tr)*r* )ar* 2 'a$*a# a*t% 5atr ta'! a#$ &&$a#$

+ra#a# +#t*#$ %#t%" #t%"a# +r"*raa# a!*ra# a*r )ar* &ata a*r

-%&%r a*r -%#$a* )a# a*r )a#a%. Watr ta'! 4%$a +#t*#$ %#t%"

#t%"a# +,!%ta# a#$ 'r'a(aa 'a$* a*r ta#a(. Ba$*a# ")%a a)a!a(

a*r ta#a( a#$ &r%+a"a# t&+at +&'#t%"a# &*#ra! -"%#)r a#$tr$a#t%#$ +a)a +,r,-*ta- )a# +r&*a'*!*ta- 'at%a# a#$ tr'#t%" )*


9/31

-*t% &*-a!#a ta#a( !*at +r&*'*a!*ta-#a r#)a( 5a!a%+%# 'a#a"

a*r#a.

K,&+,##/",&+,## ta#a( a#$ %ta&a a)a!a( a*r %)ara 'a(a# ,r$a#*"

)a# 'a(a# &*#ra! :a#,r$a#*"=. Ta#a(/ta#a( a#$ +r,)%"t* $a#)%#$

?J 'a(a# ,r$a#*" )a# ;?J 'a(a# a#,r$a#*" -)a#$"a# ta#a(/ta#a(

$a&'%t $a#)%#$ ;?J 'a(a# ,r$a#*" )a# ?J 'a(a# a#,r$a#*".

S3ara "a-ar 2?J ta#a( tr)*r* )ar* +,r*/+,r* ta#a( a#$ +#t*#$ )a!a&

ta#a( a)a!a( a)a#a +r*&'a#$a# a#tara a*r )a# %)ara ta#a( a#$

)*+#$ar%(* ,!( -tr%"t%r )a# t"-t%r ta#a(.

A*r ta#a( a)a ''ra+a &a3a& a*t% > a*r a#$ tra)-,r+-* +a)a +art*"!/

+art*"! ta#a( a*r )*a#tara +art*"!/+art*"! ta#a( a*r a#$ tr*&'*'*-*

")a!a& +art*"!/+art*"! ta#a( )a# tr*"at "%at. S!a*# *t% a)a *-t*!a( a*r

tr-)*a a*t% a*r a#$ )a+at )*tar*" ,!( a"ar ta#a&a#.

U)ara ta#a( -a#$at )*+r!%"a# %#t%" +r,-- r)%"-*/,"-*)a-* +#$%ra*a#

'a(a# ,r$a#*" )a# "-ta'*!a# *,#/*,# !,$a& 4%$a 'r"a*ta# )#$a#

",#-#tra-* ,"-*$# )a# CO2 )a# %#-%r/%#-%r ata% ra"-*/ra"-* )a!a&

'#t%" $a-. U)ara ta#a( +#t*#$ art*#a "ar#a 'r"a*ta# )#$a#

",#-#tra-* ,"-*$# ",#-#tra-* CO2 )a# %#-%r/%#-%r -rta ra"-*/ra"-*

)a!a& '#t%" $a-. Pr$ra"a# a*r )a# %)ara ta#a( )*+#$ar%(* ,!(

4%&!a( )a# %"%ra# +,r*/+,r* -rta ,!( %"%ra# +art*"!/+art*"! ta#a(. A*r

-'a$a* +!ar%t 'a(a#/'a(a# )*+#$ar%(* ,!( 'r'a$a* a"t,r

)*a#tara#a a)a!a( +H.

Ba(a# ,r$a#*" ta#a( &r%+a"a# +##t% +r,)%"t*9*ta- ta#a( )a#

&r%+a"a# -%&'r &a"a#a# &*"r,,r$a#*-& )a!a& ta#a( &!a!%* ra"-*/

ra"-* "*&*a. Pa)a 5a"t% +&'#t%"a# ta#a( 'a#a" 'a(a# ,r$a#*"

tr",#tr*'%-* -'a$a* 'a(a# &*#ra! -+rt* (a-*!/(a-*! &ta',!*t %#$*

)a!a& ta#a( 'r%+a $ara&/$ara& "a!-*%& )a# )a!a& a*r ta#a( -'a$a*

&*#ra! tr!ar%t a#$ -!a#4%t#a tr-)*a 'a$* ta#a&a# :#%tr*#= #a&%#

+r,-- *#* -a#$at ",&+!"- -+rt* (a!#a -#a5a/-#a5a

,r$a#,!,$a& F )a# A!

B'ra+a %#$* )a!a& ta#a

( $(a-*!"a# a-a& -*trat )a# "!at a-a&

/a-a& ,r$a#*" a#$ 'ra"-* )#$a# &*#ra! -*!*"at &!+a-"a# "a!*%&

)a# !,$a&/!,$a& #%tr*# a#$ !a*#.

K,&+,## ,r$a#*" a#$ a"t* -3ara '*,!,$* )ar* ra"-* ta#a( )*a#tara#a

+,!*-a"ar*)a a&*#, $%!a/$%!a a#$ !a*# -%!%r )a# ,-,r. A"%&%!a-*


10/31

'a(a# ,r$a#*" )* )a!a& ta#a( -a#$at )*+#$ar%(* -%(% )a# "tr-)*aa#

,"-*$#.

S#a5a/-#a5a ,r$a#*" ta#a( a#$ +#t*#$ a)a!a( >

/ (%&%-

/ &*#a" !&a" )a# r-*#

/ -a"ar*)a

/ -#a5a

/-#a5a ,-,r

H%&%- a)a!a( 'a$*a# ta#a( a#$ $a#)%#$ 'a(a# ,r$a#*" tr)*r* )ar*

'a$*a# a#$ !ar%t -+rt* a-a& (%&at )a# a-a& %!at -rta 'a$*a#/'a$*a# a#$ t*)a" !ar%t -+rt* (%&*# a#$ t*)a" &%)a( %ra*. H%&%-

&r%+a"a# r-*)% )ar* )$ra)a-* 'a(a# ta#a&a# ,!( 'a"tr* ata% %#$*.

H%&%- "aa a"a# "ar',# (*)r,$# )a# ,"-*$#. S%'-ta#-* (%&%- 4%$a

&a&+% 'r*"ata# "%at )#$a# -#a5a/-#a5a +,!*9a!# a#$

"!ar%ta##a r#)a( -+rt* DDT )a# a#tra7*# -%at% (r'*-*)a a#$

)*$%#a"a# -3ara !%a- %#t%" &&'%#%( $%!&a -(*#$$a ta#a( )a+at

tr3&ar ,!( +-t*-*)a 4#*- *#*. M*#a" !&a" )a# r-*# %&%a (a#a

&r%+a"a# ''ra+a +r-# )ar* 'a(a# ,r$a#*" ta#a( #a&%# )a+at

&&+#$ar%(* -*at -*" ta#a( )a# "&%#$"*#a# ta#a( )a+at a)*

t,t,"-*". Sa"ar*)a &r%+a"a# -%&'r &a"a#a# %ta&a 'a$*

&*"r,,r$a#*-& ta#a( )a# &&'a#t% -ta'*!*ta- a$r$at ta#a(

-)a#$"a# -#a5a/-#a5a ,-,r &r%+a"a# -%&'r ,-,r 'a$*

ta#a&a# -'a$a* ,-,r a#,r$a#*" a#$ "tr-)*aa##a tr$a#t%#$

+a)a +H ta#a(. F,-, 4%$a -'a$a* '*,#r$*t*"a :ATP )a# #7*&/#7*&

"*#a-=.

K,&+,## a#,r$a#*" ta#a( -a#$at +#t*#$ )a!a& +r,)%"t*9*ta- ta#a(.

Da!a& '#t%" ",!,*) ",&+,## a#,r$a#*" &r%+a"a# +#*&+a# a*r )a#

#%tr*# a#$ )a+at tr-)*a 'a$* ta#a&a# '*!a )*+r!%"a#. U#-%r/%#-%r)a!a& ta#a( -+rt* A! FS* Ca Na K )a# M$ -rta ,"-*$# )a+at

'r$a'%#$ &&'#t%" ra"-* &*#ra! a#,r$a#*" -+rt* "%ar-a :S*O2=

,rt(,"!a- :KA!S*O


11/31

,"-*$# :O= )a# #*tr,$# :N= ,-,r :P= "a!*%& :K= "a!-*%& :Ca=

&a$#-*%& :M$= )a# -%!%r :S= a#$ %&%a )*+r,!( )ar* ta#a(.

Wa!a%+%# N P )a# K -r*#$ )*ta&'a("a# &!a!%* +&%+%"a# )a# N

-r*#$ )*+r,!( )ar* at&,-r &!a!%* 'a"tr* )a!a& +r,-- #*tr*"a-* )a#

)#*tr*"a-*.Hara &*"r, 'r%#$-* -'a$a* ",&+,## +#t*#$ #7*&/#7*&+a)a ta#a&a# #a&%# )*+r!%"a# )a!a& 4%&!a( a#$ -a#$at "3*! '*!a

tr!a!% 'a#a" )a+at a)* t,"-*". U#-%r/%#-%r *#* tr)*r* )ar* > ',r,#

:B= "!,r :C!= t&'a$a :C%= '-* :F= &a#$a# :M#= &,!*')#%& :M,=

#atr*%& :Na= -#$ :Z#= )a# 9a#a)*%& :Va= )*&a#a M# F Z# C! )a# Va

4%$a tr!*'at )a!a& ,t,-*#t-*-.

P,!%-* Ta#a(

S%&'r +,!%-* ta#a( )a+at )ar* !*&'a( -a&+a( at&,-r ata% )ar*

+ra*ra# ata% "$*ata# +rta#*a# -+rt* "!'*(a# +%+%" )a# "t*)a"t+ata# +-t*-*)a. P,!%-* ta#a( )a+at tr4a)* -3ara !a#$-%#$ &a%+%#

-3ara t*)a" !a#$-%#$. S3ara !a#$-%#$ -+rt* +#$$%#aa# +%+%" a#$

'r!'*( +&a"a*a# +-t*-*)a a#$ "%ra#$ t+at )a# +&'%a#$a# !*&'a(

ata% -a&+a( a#$ t*)a" tr%ra*. S3ara ta" !a#$-%#$ -+rt* >

/&!a!%* a*r. A*r a#$ $a#)%#$ +#3&ar )a+at $%'a( -%-%#a#

"*&*a ta#a( -(*#$$a $$a#$$% "(*)%+a# )* )a!a& )a# )*

+r&%"aa# ta#a(.

/M!a!%* %)ara. U)ara a#$ tr3&ar )a+at %r%#"a# (%4a# a#$$a#)%#$ +#3&ar -(*#$$a ta#a( 4%$a a"a# tr3&ar.

P&%+%"a# a#$ 'r!'*( )a+at *#$"at"a# %#-%r a#$ a)a )a!a&

ta#a( 'a*" 4%&!a( &a%+%# "tr-)*aa##a 'a$* ta#a&a# -(*#$$a

ta#a&a# )a+at a)* "ra3%#a#.

Ha! *#* %#4%""a# 'a(5a ta#a( tr-'%t -%)a( "%ra#$ 'a*" 'a$*

+rt%&'%(a# ta#a&a# 'rart* -%)a( tr3&ar. S!a*# *t% %#-%r a#$

'r!'*( *#* )a+at )* a!*r"a# ,!( a*r ta#a( ata% a*r +r&%"aa# %4% "

+ra*ra# -(*#$$a )a+at 'a'"a# %tr,"a-* tr%ta&a %#t%" %#-%rN )a# P. E%tr,"a-* )*)#*-*"a# -'a$a* +#*#$"ata# 4%&!a( #%tr*#

)a!a& a*r +r&%"aa# -(*#$$a 'a'"a# +rt%&'%(a# a!$a )a#

ta#a&a# a*r 'r"%ra#$#a ,"-*$# tr!ar%t +#*#$"ata# t%r'*)*ta- )a#

+r%-a"a# "%a!*ta- a*r -3ara %&%&.

P-t*-*)a )*+a"a* -3ara !%a- "ar#a tr'%"t* (a-*!#a )a+at

*#$"at"a# +r,)%"-* ta#a&a# -(*#$$a +r",#,&*a# )a+at

)*t*#$"at"a#. Na&%# (ar%- )**#$at 4%$a )a&+a" +#$$%#aa##a a#$

'r"a*ta# )#$a# -*at )a-ar a#$ +#t*#$ tr(a)a+ "t*ta-#a

-'a$a* +-t*-*)a.


12/31

Fa"t,r/a"t,r a#$ a)* +rt*&'a#$a# '*!a +-t*-*)a tr-ra+ ,!(

ta#a( a)a!a( tr3%3*#a +-t*-*)a :!a3(*#$= -(*#$$a 4%$a 'r+,t#-*

-'a$a* +#3&ar +ra*ra# +#$ar%(#a tr(a)a+ &*"r,,r$a#*-& )a#

(5a#/(5a# ta#a( )a# "&%#$"*#a# tr)$ra)a-*#a +-t*-*)a a)*

7at ata% -#a5a a#$ -a#$at 'ra3%#. B'ra+a a"t,r a#$&&+#$ar%(* a)-,r'-* +-t*-*)a a#tara !a*# "!ar%ta# 9,!at*!*ta-

+,!ar*ta- -tr%"t%r -rta %"%ra# &,!"%!.

K"%ata# tr-ra+#a +-t*-*)a +a)a +art*"! ta#a( tr$a#t%#$ +a)a

''ra+a (a! -+rt* *"ata# 9a# )r5a!!- a#$ )*+#$ar%(* ,!( *#tra"-*

a#tara )*+,!/)*+,! &,!"%! +-t*-*)a )#$a# &%ata# +art*"! ta#a(

+rt%"ara# "at*,# &!a!%* *"ata# (*)r,$# )a# )a!a& ''ra+a "a-%-

+-t*-*)a )a+at 4%$a -'a$a* !*$a# a#$ tr",,r)*#a-* )#$a# !,$a&/

!,$a& )a!a& 'a(a# &*#ra! ta#a(.

Pr$ra"a# +-t*-*)a )a!a& !*#$"%#$a# ta#a( a#$"%t ''ra+a

+r,-- -+rt* )*%-* )a# (a&'%ra# +r+*#)a(a# &a--a +#3%3*a# )a#

+#$%a+a#. D*%-* +-t*-*)a )* )a!a& ta#a( )a+at tr4a)* )a!a& !ar%ta#

+a)a 'ata- a#tar a-a %)ara/a*r ata% %)ara/+a)ata# )a# 4%$a )a!a&

%)ara/ta#a(. Pr,-- *#* r%&*t )a# )*+#$ar%(* ,!( "!ar%ta# +#ra+a#

"a#)%#$a# a*r ta#a( +,r,-*ta- -rta +#ra+a# ,!( ta#a&a#.

D$ra)a-* +-t*-*)a )a!a& ta#a( &!a!%* t*$a 3ara a*t% ,t,)",&+,-*-*

tra#-,r&a-* "*&*a5* )a# )$ra)a-* &*"r,'*,!,$*-. Da!a& +r,--

tra#-,r&a-* "*&*a5* a*r 'r+ra# -'a$a* &)*a ra"-* r"ta# ata%

")%a#a. Ra"-*/ra"-* *#* &!*+%t* (*)r,!*-*- ,"-*)a-* r)%"-* )a#

*-,&r*-a-*.Ra"-*/ra"-* *#* )a+at )*"ata!*- ,!( +r&%"aa# !*at ,"-*)a

)a# *,# !,$a& -rta 'a(a# ,r$a#*". K,r!a-* )#$a# -*"!%- %)ara )a# a*r

Ga- SO2 )ar* +&'a"ara# a"a# $#)a+ )a!a& ta#a( -'a$a* SO2/.

S)a#$"a# NO )* %)ara a"a# a)* NO/)a# tr-*&+a# )a!a& ta#a(

ata% NO )a# NO2 a"a# tr-ra+ ,!( ta#a( "&%)*a# )a!a& ta#a(

tr,"-*)a-* a)* NO/. Kar',# &,#,"-*)a a"a# 'r%'a( a)* CO2

)a# a)* '*,&a- ,!( 'a"tr* )a# %#$*. Part*"!/+art*"! t*&'a! :P'=

)ar* +&'a"ara# 'a(a# 'a"ar +a)a "#)araa# 'r&,t,r 4%$a )*t&%"a#

)a!a& "a)ar a#$ t*#$$* )* )a!a& ta#a( +a)a )ara( a#$ !a!% !*#ta-#a

+a)at.

D* )ara( *#)%-tr* -#a5a/-#a5a ,r$a#*" a#$ &%)a( $%a+

-+rt* '#7#at,!%#a !#a )*"!,r&ta# )a# -'a$a*#a a"a# )a+at

a)* +#3&ar ta#a(. B'ra+a -#a5a ,r$a#*" +#3&ar )a+at

'r*"ata# )#$a# (%&%- -!a&a +r,-- (%&*"a-*. Tr*"at#a -#a5a/

-#a5a ,r$a#*" *#* ,!( (%&%- -!a&a -tr%"t%r#a &*r*+ )#$a#

-%'-ta#-* (%&*" -+rt* #,! )a# a#*!*# -t!a( 'r*"ata# a"a# a)*

r-*)% tr*"at a#$ -a#$at r-*-t# tr(a)a+ +r%-a"a# 'a*" -3ara'*,!,$* &a%+%# -3ara "*&*a.


13/31

P#3&ar/+#3&ar ta#a( )a+at tr'a5a ,!( a*r +r&%"aa# ata% ,!(

r,-* a*r &a%+%# a#$*# " +ra*ra# :)a#a% -%#$a* )a# !a%t= -(*#$$a

)a+at 4%$a &ar* +ra*ra# tr-'%t. B*!a N )a# P 'r!'*( )* ta#a(

tr'a5a " +ra*ra# )a+at 'a'"a# %tr,"a-* -)a#$"a# -#a5a/

-#a5a ,r$a#*" -+rt* )* ata- )a# %#-%r/%#-%r a#,r$a#*" -+rt* !,$a&'rat a#$ tr'a5a " +ra*ra# a"a# &&+#$ar%(* "(*)%+a#

,r$a#*-& )* +ra*ra# tr-'%t.

2.2. K*&*a Ta#a(

S*at "*&*a ta#a( )a+at )*!*(at )ar* t*#$"at "a-a&a# )a# ",&+,-*-*

"a#)%#$a# (ara &*#ra!#a. S*at "*&*a ta#a( &&+%#a* art* +#t*#$

)a!a& #t%"a# ),-*- +&%+%"a# )a# "!a- "-%'%ra# ta#a(.

Ta#a&a# "!a+a -a5*t t*)a" &&r!%"a# ta#a( )#$a# -*at "*&*a a#$

*-t*&5a -'a' ""%ra#$a# -%at% %#-%r (ara )a+at )*ata-* )#$a#+&%+%"a#. Wa!a%+%# )&*"*a# ta#a( a#$ $a#)%#$ %#-%r (ara

)a!a& 4%&!a( a#$ '-ar -a#$at 'a*" %#t%" +rt%&'%(a# 9$tat* )a#

$#rat* ta#a&a#.

Ta#a&a# "!a+a -a5*t t%&'%( 'a*" +a)a ta#a( a#$ &&*!*"* "a#)%#$a#

%#-%r (ara a#$ t*#$$* )#$a# C8N )"at* 10 )*&a#a C 1J )a# N

01J. Na&%# a"t,r +#$,!a(a# '%)* )aa ata% t"#*- a$r,#,&*- )a#

-*at $#t*- *#)%" ta#a&a# "!a+a -a5*t 4%$a #t%"a# +r,)%"-*

"!a+a -a5*t :Ya# Fa%7* 200=.

S*-t& ta#a( tr)*r* )ar* t*$a a-a a*t% +a)at 3a*ra# )a# $a-. Fa-a +a)at

&r%+a"a# 3a&+%ra# &*#ra! )a# 'a(a# ,r$a#*" a#$ &&'#t%"

4ar*#$a# "ra#$"a ta#a(. Da!a& 4ar*#$a# *#* tr'%#$"%- -*-t& r%a#$ +,r*

a#$ )*t&+at* 'r-a&a ,!( a-a 3a*ra# )a# $a-.

Fa-a 3a*ra# )ar* -*-t& ta#a( )*-'%t )#$a# !ar%ta# ta#a( a#$ tr)*r*

)ar* a*r )a# 7at/7at tr!ar%t :$ara&/$ara& ''a- )a# *,#/*,# )ar* $ara&/

$ara& tr-'%t=. Lar%ta# ta#a( &r%+a"a# -%&'r +r,!(a# %#-%r (ara

a#,r$a#*" )a# a*r 'a$* a"ar ta#a&a# )a# ,r$a#*-& !a*##a.

Ta#a( &&+%#a* "&a&+%a# %#t%" &!a"%"a# +r%ra*a# ata% ra"-*

ta#a( !a*##a ata% tra!*-*r " +,!%ta# &!a!%* 'r'a$a* ra"-*

"*&*a )a# '*,"*&*a a#tara !a*# >

/ra"-* r)%"-* )a# ,"-*)a-*

/ra"-* a-a& 'a-a

/+#$#)a+a#

/4ra+a#


14/31

/)$ra)a-* '*,"*&*a

5a!a%+%# )&*"*a# tta+ )*+r!%"a# +r(at*a# '*!a a"a# &&'%a#$

!*&'a( " )a!a&

ta#a( tr%ta&a a)a#a ",#ta&*#a-* a*r ta#a(.

Ra"t*ta- Ta#a(

Pa)a ",#)*-* a-a& ''ra+a 'a"tr* )a!a& ta#a( )a+at &r)%"-* #*trat

a)* #*tr*t :*,# t,"-*"= &!a!%* ra"-* >

NO/ 2H 2 NO2/ H2O

A&&,#*a )a!a& ta#a( a"a# tr,"-*)a-* )#$a# "ata!*- &*"r,,r$a#*-&)a# a"a# tr'#t%" #*trat &!a!%* ra"-* >

NH 2 O2H NO/ H2O

S)a#$"a# #*tr,$# )a!a& a&&,#*%& :NH= )a+at tr*"at "%at +a)a

ta#a( ata% tr*"at +a)a !a+*-a# "r*-ta! &*#ra! !*at )a# )a+at 4%$a

)*+rt%"ar"a# &!a!%* ra"-* +rt%"ara# *,#.

Pa)a ",#)*-* 'a-a ,-,r )a!a& ta#a( )a+at 'ra"-* )#$a# "a!-*%&

"ar',#at &&'#t%" (*)r,"-* a+at*t a#$ t*)a" !ar%t &!a!%* ra"-* >

HPO22/ 10 CaCO H2O Ca10 :PO=:OH=2 10 HCO/ 2 OH/

Ta#a( )a+at a)* a-a& ,!( +r,--/+r,-- r)%"-* )a# ,"-*)a-* -%!%r

-+rt* ra"-* >

O"-*)a-* S )a+at )*!a"%"a# ,!( &*"r,,r$a#*-& a%t,tr,+ &a%+%#

(tr,tr,+ a#$

(*)%+ )a!a& ta#a( +a)a +H a#tara 1? @ ; -)a#$"a# +a)a ta#a(/ta#a(

a#$ #tra!

)a# 'a-a ,"-*)a-* S )*!a"%"a# ,!( &*"r,,r$a#*-& (tr,tr,+. Fa"t,r/

a"t,r a#$ &&+#$ar%(* ,"-*)a-* S a)a!a( t*+ ta#a( +H t&+rat%r

)a# "!&'a+a# ta#a( -rta 'a(a# ,r$a#*" ta#a(. A"t*9*ta-

&*"r,,r$a#*-& )a!a& ta#a( )a+at 'a'"a# +r%'a(a# S ,r$a#*"

a)* a#,r$a#*" (a! *#* +#t*#$ %#t%" +#)*aa# S 'a$* +rt%&'%(a#

ta#a&a#. Ra"-* @ ra"-* )a!a& ta#a(

1. Ra"-* a-a& 'a-a -+rt* ra"-* +r*t :FS2= )a!a& ta#a( &&'#t%"

a-a& -%!at -(*#$$a &&'#t%" ta#a(/ta#a( 3at 3!a- a#$"&%#$"*#a# &&+%#a* +H !'*( "3*! )ar* :ta#a( -a#$at a-a&=.


15/31

Ta#a(/ta#a( a-a& *#* ta" 'a*" %#t%" +rt%&'%(a# ta#a&a# -(*#$$a

+r!% )*#tra!*-*r &*-a!#a )#$a# $$%#a"a# "a!-*%& "ar',#at

:+#$a+%ra#=.

Prt%&'%(a# ta#a&a# %&%a tr4a)* +a)a +H a#$ )"at* #tra!.

2. Ra"-* +rt%"ara# "at*,# -+rt* +a)a +#a&'a(a# CaCO )*&a#a *,#

H a#$

tr-ra+ +a)a ta#a( a-a& a"a# )*+rt%"ar"a# ,!( *,# Ca

. Ra"-* (*)r,!*-*- '*a-a#a tr4a)* +a)a ta#a(/ta#a( a#$ 3#)r%#$

'a-a -+rt* )* )ara( a#$ 4ara#$ t%r%# (%4a# -(*#$$a +r!% )*'r*

+r!a"%a# -+rt* +#a&'a(a# a!%&*#*%& -%!at ata% '-* -%!at ata%

)#$a# +#a&'a(a# S a#$ )*,"-*)a-* ,!( 'a"tr* a#$ $(a-*!"a#

a-a& -%!at -(*#$$a +H #a )"at* #tra!

Tr-)*a#a %#-%r (ara 'a$* ta#a&a# *#$"at#a a"t*9*ta-

&*"r,,r$a#*-& )a# ra"-*/ra"-* "*&*a !a*##a )* )a!a& ta#a( -a#$at

)*+#$ar%(* ,!( ra"-* ta#a( a#$ -3ara t*)a" !a#$-%#$ 'r+#$ar%(

tr(a)a+ +rt%&'%(a# ta#a&a#.

U#-%r @U#-%r Hara P#%-%# Ta#a&a#

Ha-*! +#!*t*a# +ara a(!* t!a( %#4%""a# 'a(5a ta#a&a# *t% tr)*r*

)ar* a*r :;0J= )a# 'a(a# "r*#$ ata% )r &attr :10J=. Ba(a# "r*#$

tr)*r* )ar* 'a(a#/'a(a# ,r$a#*" )a# a#/,r$a#*". M#%r%t a#a!*-a "*&*a

tr#ata +%!a 'a(5a 'a(a# ,r$a#*" tr)*r* )ar* >

/ Kar',# :C=

> -"*tar J / H*)r,$# :H=

> -"*tar J / O"-*$# :O=

> -"*tar J / N*tr,$#

> -"*tar 02J / 2J

S)a#$"a# 'a(a# a#,r$a#*" :+r-#a5aa# a#,r$a#*"= a)a!a(

&r%+a"a# 'a$*a#/'a$*a# &*#ra! ata% a'%. Br)a-ar"a# a#a!*-a

tr#ata ta#a&a# *t% tr)*r* )ar* -"*tar ?0 ! ata% %#-%r. S)a#$

a#$ )*'%t%("a# ,!( ta#a&a# -!a&a &a-a +rt%&'%(a# )a#

+r"&'a#$a##a a)a 1 %#-%r a#$ &r%+a"a# %#-%r (ara -#-*a!

a#$ )a+at )*'a$* a)* %#-%r (ara &a"r, )a# &*"r,. U#-%r (ara

&a"r, r!at* 'a#a" )*+r!%"a# ,!( ta#a&a# -)a#$"a# %#-%r (ara

&*"r, 4%$a -a&a +#t*#$#a )#$a# %#-%r (ara &a"r, (a#a )a!a& (a!*#* "'%t%(a# ta#a&a# tr(a)a+ 7at/7at *#* (a#a -)*"*t.


16/31

T*)a" !#$"a+#a %#-%r (ara &a"r, )a# &*"r, )a+at $a"*'at"a#

(a&'ata# 'a$* +rt%&'%(a#8+r"&'a#$a# ta#a&a# )a#

+r,)%"t*9*ta-#a. Kt*)a"!#$"a+a# -a!a( -at% ata% ''ra+a 7at (ara

ta#a&a# &a"r, )a# &*"r, )a+at )*",r"-* ata% )*+r'a*"* )#$a# +%+%"

trt#t% +a)a ta#a(#a.

S'a$a*&a#a "*ta t!a( "ta(%* )ar* +!a4ara# a#at,&* ta#a&a# 'a(5a

+a)a %&%a ta#a&a# *t% &&+%#a* 4ar*#$a#/4ar*#$a# )a#

&&r!%"a# #7*&/#7*&. ar*#$a#/4ar*#$a# )*'a#$%# )ar* "ar',(*)rat/

"ar',(*)rat !&a"/!&a" +r,t*#/+r,t*# )a# #%"!,+r,t*# -)a#$"a#

#7*&/#7*& *a!a( %#t%" &&%#$"*#"a# 4ar*#$a#/4ar*#$a# tr-'%t

'r%#$-*.

U#-%r (ara a#$ 'a#a" )*+r!%"a# 'a$* +&'#t%"a# 4ar*#$a#/4ar*#$a#

-+rt* &*-a!#a )#$a# > "ar',# ,"-*$# (*)r,$# #*tr,$# ,-,r )a#'!ra#$.

U#t%" +&'#t%"a# #7*&/#7*& )*+r!%"a# :5a!a%+%# -a#$at &*#*&=

%#-%r/%#-%r > '-* &a#$a# -#$ t&'a$a ',r,# &,!*')#%& -rta

"a)a#$/"a)a#$ +%!a ",'a!t :C,=. S)a#$ %#t%" "+r!%a#/"+r!%a#

!a*##a )*+r!%"a# ,!( ta#a&a# %#-%r/%#-%r > "a!*%& &a$#-*%&

"a!-*%& -rta "a)a#$/"a)a#$ #atr*%& "!,r )a# %#-%r/%#-%r !"tr,!*t

!a*##a. %#-%r/%#-%r -+rt* > -*!*"a )a# a!%&*#*%& "&%#$"*#a# '-ar

)*+r!%"a# ,!( 4ar*#$a# ta#a&a#. Da!a& (a! *#* %#$-*#a t*)a" '$*t%

4!a- "3%a!* %#-%r/%#-%r "ar',# (*)r,$# )a# ,"-*$# :CHO=.

U#-%r/%#-%r a#$ )*+r!%"a# ta#a&a# )*-ra+ )ar* ta#a( 'r%+a *,#/*,#

,r$a#*- a#$ -)r(a#a -)a#$"a# C H )a# O )*+r,!( ta#a&a# )ar*

%)ara )a# a*r.

U#-%r #*tr,$# 'ra-a! )ar* *,#/*,# a&&,#*%& )a# #*trat tr%ta&a )ar*

+&%+%"a# -!a*# )ar* "-a-* N*tr,$# %)ara. U#-%r/%#-%r (ara a#$

)*-ra+ a"ar/a"ar ta#a&a# )ar* )a!a& ta#a( 'a#a"#a 'r')a/')a.

Ha! *#* -a#$at tr$a#t%#$ )ar* 4#*- ata% -+3*- ta#a&a#/ta#a&a##a

:M%! M%!a#* 1;;;=.

2.. U#-%r Hara Ma"r, Kar',# :C=

Ta#a&a# $a&'*! %#-%r "ar',# 'r%+a CO2 )ar* %)ara ''a-

:at&,-r=.K$*ata# *#* )*!a"%"a# ,!( ,r$a# ta#a&a# a#$ &&*!*"*

"!,r,! %&%a 'a$*a# ta#a&a# a#$ 'r5ar#a (*4a% )a# tr)a+at )*

ata- ta#a(. K!,r,! &a&+% ra+ #r$* 3a(aa :tr%ta&a -*#ar

&ata(ar*= )a# $%'a(#a a)* #r$* "*&*a. E#r$* tr-'%t

)*$%#a"a# %#t%" $(a-*!"a# CO2 a)* -#a5a ,r$a#*" tr&a-%"

"ar',(*)rat. Ka)ar CO2 )a!a& at&,-r r!at* -ta'*! a"#* 00J 9,!%&


17/31

ata% 0? &$8!*tr %)ara. Ta#+a a)a#a CO2 )* %)ara &a"a "(*)%+a#

ta#a&a# a"a# tr(#t*.

Ka!a% "(*)%+a# ta#a&a# tr(#t* &a"a "(*)%+a# &a"(!%" !a*#

tr&a-%" &a#%-*a )a# (5a# &%#$"*# 4%$a tr(#t*.

M#%r%t K,#,#,9a :1;= -%&'r %ta&a CO2 )* a!a& 'ra-a! )ar*

)",&+,-*-* 'a(a# ,r$a#*" 'r%+a -*-a/-*-a ta#a&a# ata%+%# (5a# )a#

)ar* r-+*ra-* *#9rt'rata 'a"tr* -rta %#$*. Br)a-ar"a# +r(*t%#$a#

U-+#"** 3*t. K,#,#,9a :1;= 4%&!a( CO2 a#$ )*(a-*!"a# ,!( (a-*!

+r#aa-a# +,+%!a-* (tr,tr, +r ta(%# )*+r"*ra"a# -'a$a* 'r*"%t >

B*#ata#$ *#9rt'rata> 10;t,#

Ba"tr* > ?1 10;t,#

F%#$*84a&%r >

/+a)a +r&%"aa# ta#a( tr)a+at -"*tar 00? @02


18/31

N*tr,$# a)a!a( %#-%r (ara &a"r, %ta&a a#$ )*'%t%("a# ta#a&a#

)a!a& 4%&!a( a#$ 'a#a" )*-ra+ ta#a&a# )a!a& '#t%" a&,#*%&

: NH = )a# #*trat :NO=.

S%&'r N t*)a" )*+r,!( )ar* 'at%a# )a# &*#ra! ta+* 'ra-a! )ar* (a-*!

+!a+%"a# 'a(a# ,r$a#*- )ar* %)ara &!a!%* "-a-* N ,!(

&*"r,,r$a#*-& 'a*" a#$ 'r-*&'*,-a )#$a# a"ar ta#a&a# !$%&*#,-a

-+rt* 'a"tr* r(*7,'*%& ata% t*)a" -+rt* 'a"tr* A7,t,'a3tr )a#

C!,-tr,)*%&. S%&'r !a*# )ar* #*tr,$# )* )a!a& ta#a( &!a!%* a*r (%4a#

)a# &!a!%* +#a&'a(a# +%+%" '%ata# -+rt* %ra ata% ZA.

N*tr,$# 'r+ra# +#t*#$ )a!a& &ra#$-a#$ +rt%&'%(a# 9$tat*+

)ar* ta#a&a#. M&'%at )a%# ta#a&a# 'r5ar#a (*4a% $!a+. S!a*# *t% N

&r%+a"a# +#%-%# +!a-&a -! )a# 'r+ra# )a!a& +&'#t%"a#

+r,t*#.

B*!a ta#a&a# "a(at :)-*#-*= %#-%r (ara N %#4%""a# $4a!a +a)a

ta#a&a# -+rt* +rt%&'%(a# a#$ "r)*! +rt%&'%(a# a"ar tr'ata-

)a# )a%# a)* 5ar#a "%#*#$ +%3at. K%#*#$#a 5ar#a )a%# )*&%!a*

)ar* )a%# t%a 'ar% "&%)*a# +a)a )a%# &%)a.

B*!a "!'*(a# %#-%r (ara N &a"a a"a# $a"*'at"a#

&&+r!a&'at#a "&ata#$a# ta#a&a# 'ata#$ !'*( &%)a( r,',( )a#

&%)a( )*-ra#$ ,!( (a&a +#a"*t.

B#t%"/'#t%" N )* )a!a& ta#a( > N*tr,$# )*)a!a& ta#a( tr)a+at )a!a&

''ra+a '#t%" a)a a#$ )a!a& '#t%" -#a5a ,r$a#*" -+rt*

+r,t*# ata% -#a5a/-#a5a a&*#, )a# a)a a#$ )a!a& '#t%"

a#,r$a#*" -+rt* A&,#*%& :NH= )a# N*trat :NO=.

M*#ra!*-a-* N*tr,$# )ar* Ba(a# Or$a#*"

Pa)a 'a$*a# tr)a(%!% t!a( )*#ata"a# 'a(5a -%&'r %ta&a N 'ra-a!

)ar* +#$%ra*a# 'a(a#/'a(a# ,r$a#*". Pr%ra*a# *#* &!a!%* ''ra+a

+r,-- -'a$a* 'r*"%t >

A&*#*-a-*> Pr,-- a&*#*-a-* a)a!a( +r,-- +!a+%"a# +r,t*# )ar* 'a(a#

,r$a#*" ,!(

'r&a3a&/&a3a& &*"r,,r$a#*-& -(*#$$a tr'#t%" -#a5a/-#a5a

a&*#, Pr,t*#

P#$*"ata# N*tr,$# Da!a& Ta#a(

Pr-)*aa# ata% "a#)%#$a# #*tr,$# )* %)ara &&a#$ t*#$$* a*t%

-"*tar ?J 4a)* +#$*"ata##a a#$ tr%- r%- )a+at )*"ata"a#!!%a-a 'r')a )#$a# -%++! #*tr,$# trt#t% )* )a!a& ta#a( a)a!a(


19/31

-a#$at tr'atar a#$ %&%a 'rt*#$"ata# )ar* -"*tar 01J " 02J

)a# !'*( t*#$$* +a)a "a)aa#/"a)aa# a#$ "-+-*,#a!.

C%ra( (%4a# %r%#"a# "%a#t*ta- "3*! #*tr,$# a#$ )**"at )#$a#

)aa !"tr* )* at&,-r. Ya#$ +#t*#$ )*)a!a& (a! *#* a*t% )a!a&

(%'%#$a# ,"-*)a #*tr,$#. F*"-a-* "(&*- )a# +-*","(&*- ata- #*tr,$#

&!a!%* +ra#taraa# -*#ar &ata(ar* &*-a!#a )a+at 4%$a )*+*"*r"a# ata-

+#t*#$#a "a)aa# a#$ -a#$at tr'ata- *t%. Ba*"!a( "*ta +r(at*"a#

tr!'*( )a(%!% 'ata-a# "-a-* #*tr,$# )a!a& ta#a( a*t% 'a(5a "-a-*

#*tr,$# *a!a( +r,-- +rt%"ara# #*tr,$# %)ara a)* #*tr,$# )a!a&

ta#a( ,!( 4a-a) r#*" ta#a( a#$ -*&'*,t*" )a# #,# -*&'*,t*". S!a*# "

)%a $,!,#$a# 4a-a) r#*" *t% :#,# -*&'*,t*" )a# -*&'*,t*"= a#$

&r%+a"a# 4a-a)/4a-a) r#*" %ta&a a#$ tr!*'at )a!a& +r,-- tr)a+at

4%$a ''ra+a 'a"tr* a#$ -3ara tr'ata- &!a"%"a# "-a-* #*tr,$#

a#tara !a*# ''ra+a 'a"tr*a )a# 3#)a5a# tr%ta&a &*-a!#a ,!($a#$$a#$ '*r%/(*4a% :M%! M%!a#* 1;;1=.

Da%r N*tr,$# S%&'r %ta&a N 'ra-a! $a- N2 )ar* at&,-r. Ka)ar $a-

N*tr,$# )* at&,-r '%&* 'r"*-ar ;J. Wa!a%+%# 4%&!a(#a -a#$at

'-ar tta+* #*tr,$# tr-'%t '!%& )a+at )*&a#aat"a# ,!( ta#a&a#

t*#$"at t*#$$* "3%a!* t!a( a)* '#t%" a#$ tr-)*a. Pr,--

+r%'a(a# tr-'%t a)a!a( >

1.P#a&'ata# ,!( &*"r,'*a )a# 4a-a) r#*" !a*#. a-a) r#*" a)a a#$

(*)%+ -*&'*,t*- )#$a# ta#a&a# !$%& :"a3a#$/"a3a#$a#= ata%+%#ta#a&a# #,#/!$%&.

2. P#a&'ata# ,!( 4a-a)/4a-a) r#*" a#$ (*)%+ ''a- )* )a!a& ta#a(

ata% a#$ (*)%+ +a)a +r&%"aa# ,r$a# ta#a&a# -+rt* )a%#

.P#a&'ata# -'a$a* ,"-*)a "ar#a tr4a)* +!+a-a# &%ata# !*-tr*" )*

at&,-r. P#a&'ata# -'a$a* a&,#*a NO/ ata% CN2 +a)a +r,-- /

+r,-- a#$ tr4a)* )* *#)%-tr* +a'r*" +%+%" -*#t-*-.

Da+at )*"ata"a# 'a(5a +r-)*aa# #*tr,$# )* a!a& +a)a )a-ar#a t*)a"(a'*- / (a'*-#a. N*tr,$# )*ta&'at )#$a# +r,-- )a# 3ara a#$

'r')a / ')a )&*"*a# 4%$a -'a!*"#a tr4a)* +!+a-a# N " at&,-r

:Aa#)* 2002=.

2.?. A#a!*-a N*tr,$# D#$a# M#$$%#a"a# Mt,) K4!)a(!

P#ra+a# 4%&!a( +r,t*# -3ara &+*r*- a#$ %&%& )*!a"%"a# a)a!a(

)#$a# #t%"a# 4%&!a( N a#$ )*"a#)%#$ ,!( -%at% 'a(a#.

P##t%a# r,t*# 'r)a-ar"a# 4%&!a( N %#4%""a# +r,t*# "a-ar

"ar#a -!a*# +r,t*# 4%$a tr*"%t -#a5aa# N '%"a# +r,t*# &*-a!#a%ra a-a& #%"!at a&&,#*a #*trat #*tr*t a-a& a&*#, a&*)a +%r*# )a#


20/31

+*r*&*)*#. P##t%a# 3ara *#* a#$ +a!*#$ tr"#a! a)a!a( 3ara "4!)a(!

a#$ )a!a& +r"&'a#$a##a tr4a)* 'r'a$a* &,)*"a-* &*-a!#a ,!(

$%##*#$ )a# -'a$a*#a. A#a!*-a +r,t*# 3ara "4!)a(! +a)a )a-ar#a

)a+at )*'a$* a)* t*$a ta(a+a# a*t% +r,-- )-tr%"-* +r,-- )-t*!a-*

)a# ta(a+ t*tra-*.

1. Ta(a+ D-tr%"-*

Pa)a ta(a+ *#* -a&+! )*+a#a-"a# )a!a& a-a& -%!at +"at -(*#$$a

tr4a)* )-tr%"-* a)* %#-%r/%#-%r#a. E! "ar',# (*)r,$#

tr,"-*)a-* a)* CO CO2 )a# H2O. S)a#$"a# #*tr,$##a a"a#

'r%'a( a)* :NH=2SO. A-a& -%!at a#$ )*+r$%#a"a# %#t%"

)-tr%"-* )*+r(*t%#$"a# a)a#a 'a(a# +r,t*# !&a" )a# "ar',(*)rat.

Sa&+! a#$ )*a#a!*-a -'a#a" 0 @ ? $ ata% $a#)%#$ #*tr,$#

-'a#a" 002 @ 00 $. U#t%" 3ara &*"r, "4!)a(! 'a(a# tr-'%t !'*("3*! -)*"*t !a$* a*t% 10 @ 0 &$. U#t%" &&+r3+at +r,-- )-tr%"-*

-r*#$ )*ta&'a("a# "ata!*-at,r a*t% -!#*%&. S!#*%& )a+at

&&+r3+at +r,-- ,"-*)a-* "ar#a 7at tr-'%t -!a*# a*""a# t*t*"

)*)*( 4%$a &%)a( $a)a"a# +r%'a(a# )ar* 9a!#-* t*#$$* " 9a!#-*

r#)a( ata% -'a!*"#a. P#$$%#aa# -!#*%& !'*( ra"t* )*'a#)*#$"a#

&r"%r* )a# "%+r* -%!at tta+* -!#*%& &&+%#a* "!&a(a# a*t%

"ar#a -a#$at 3+at#a ,"-*)a-* &a"a #*tr,$##a 4%-tr% &%#$"*# *"%t

(*!a#$. Ha! *#* )a+at )*ata-* )#$a# +&a"a*a# -!#*%& a#$ -a#$at

-)*"*t a*t% "%ra#$ )ar* 02? $. Pr,-- )-tr%"-* -%)a( -!-a* a+a'*!a

!ar%ta# a)* 4r#*( ata% t*)a" 'r5ar#a.

2.Ta(a+ )-t*!a-*

Pa)a ta(a+ )-t*!a-* a&,#*%& -%!at )*+3a( a)* a&&,#*a )#$a#

+#a&'a(a# NaOH -a&+a* a!"a!*- )a# )*+a#a-"a#. A$ar -%+aa -!a&a

)-t*!a-* t*)a" tr4a)* -%+r(at*#$ ata%+%# +&r3*"a# 3a*ra# ata%

t*&'%!#a $!&'%#$ $a- a#$ '-ar &a"a )a+at )*ta&'a("a# !,$a&

7*#". A&&,#*%& a#$ )*''a-"a# -!a#4%t#a a"a# )*ta#$"a+ ,!(

!ar%ta# a-a& -ta#)ar. A-a& -ta#)ar a#$ )a+at )*+a"a* a)a!a( a-a&

"!,r*)a ata% a-a& ',rat J )a!a& 4%&!a( a#$ 'r!'*(a#. A$ar -%+aa

",#ta" a#tara a-a& )#$a# a&&,#*a !'*( 'a*" &a"a )*%-a(a"a# %4%#$

ta'%#$ tr3!%+ -)a!a& &%#$"*# )a!a& a-a&. U#t%" $ta(%* a-a&

)a!a& "a)aa# 'r!'*(a# &a"a )*'r* *#)*"at,r &*-a!#a BCG MR ata%

PP. D-t*!a-* )*a"(*r* '*!a -&%a a&&,#*a" t!a( tr)-t*!a-* -&+%r#a

)#$a# )*ta#)a* )-t*!at t*)a" 'ra"-* 'a-a.

. Ta(a+ T*tra-*

A+a'*!a +#a&+%#$ )-t*!a-* )*$%#a"a# a-a& ',rat &a"a 'a#a"#a

a-a& ',rat a#$ 'ra"-* )#$a# a&&,#*a )a+at )*"ta(%* )#$a# t*tra-*


21/31

)#$a# $$%#a"a# a-a& "!,r*)a 01 N )#$a# *#)*"at,r BCG MR

a"(*r t*tra-* )*ta#)a* )#$a# +r%'a(a# 5ar#a !ar%ta# )ar* '*r% a)*

&ra( &%)a. S!*-*( 4%&!a( t*tra-* -a&+! )a# '!a#", &r%+a"a# 4%&!a(

"%*9a!# #*tr,$# :S%)ar&a)4*1; 1 )*&a-%""a# " )a!a& ta#a( &a"a 'a(a# ,r$a#*" *#* a"a# )*-ra#$


22/31

ata% )*%ra*"a# ,!( 4a-a) 4a-a) r#*" ta#a( -+rt* 'a"tr* %#$* )a#

a"t*#,&*-t- -3ara *#t#-*. Ba(a# ,r$a#*" tr-'%t ,!( 4a-a) r#*"

)*$%#a"a# -'a$a* -%&'r #r$*. U#t%" +&'#t%"a# t%'%(#a *a

&&'%t%("a# #*trat. N*trat )*+r,!(#a )ar* )a!a& ta#a( -(*#$$a !a&a

" !a&aa# #*trat ta#a( (a'*- )a# -!a#4%t#a t%&'%(a# a#$ t%&'%( )*ata- ta#a( tr-'%t a"a# ""%ra#$a# #*tr,$# :tr4a)* ",&+t*-* a#tara

4a-a) r#*" )ar* ta#a( )#$a# ta#a&a#=.

Pa)a -aat a"t*ta- +!a+%"a# 'a(a# ,r$a#*" %r%# +r-)*aa# "ar',#

*+*- )a# 4%&!a( 4a-a) r#*" 'r"%ra#$ )a# -!a#4%t#a #*tr,$# t*)a"

)*+r!%"a# !a$*. S!a#4%t#a #*tr*"a-* &%!a* 'r4a!a# )a# tr'#t%"!a(

#*trat a#$ 4%&!a(#a 'rta&'a( !'*( '-ar )ar* +a)a -'!%&

+#a&'a(a# 'a(a# ,r$a#*" :Ba3(t*ar 200=.

BAHAN DAN METODE

PERCOBAAN

.1. Pr-*a+a# C,#t,( Ta#a(

.1.1. M#$r*#$"a# 3,#t,( ta#a(

/ C,#t,( ta#a( a#$ )*tr*&a )*'r* #,&,r !a',rat,r*%& -3ara trat%r

"&%)*a# )*-ra""a# )* ata- ta&+a( 'a&'% )#$a# ta#$a# )a#

)*+*-a("a# 'a(a#/'a(a# !a*# a#$ tr)a+at )* )a!a& ta#a( -rta a"ar/a"ar

a#$ "a-ar )*'%a#$/

Ta&+a( a#$ 'r*-* 3,#t,( ta#a( )*-%-%# -3ara trat%r )* ata- ra"

+#$r*#$ a#$ tr'%at )ar* "a% )* )a!a& r%a#$ +#$r*#$a#.

/ St*a+ (ar* 3,#t,( ta#a( )*r&a-/r&a- a$ar 3+at "r*#$. St!a(

3,#t,( ta#a( "r*#$ )a+at -$ra )*t%&'%" ata% )*(a!%-"a#.

.1.2. M#$(a!%-"a# 3,#t,( ta#a(

/ C,#t,( ta#a( a#$ -%)a( "r*#$ )*t%&'%" +r!a(a#

/!a(a# )#$a# $$%#a"a# a!% "a% )a# !%&+a#$ +,r-!*#.


23/31

/ Ta#a( a#$ -%)a( )*t%&'%" -'a$*a# )* aa" )#$a# aa"a# 'r%"%ra#

2 && )a# )*&a-%""a# ")a!a& &a#$"%" +!a-t*" 'rt%t%+ %"%ra# 100 &!

-'a(a$*a# !a$* )* aa" )#$a# aa"a# 'r%"%ra# 0? && )a#

)*&a-%""a# ")a!a& &a#$"%" +!a-t*" 'rt%t%+ %"%ra# 0 &!.

/ C,#t,( ta#a( )a!a& &a#$"%" +!a-t*" )*!#$"a+* )#$a# #,&,r

!a',rat,r*%& %#t%" -!a#4%t#a )*!a"%"a# a#a!*-*-.

/ S*-a 3,#t,( ta#a( )*&a-%""a# "&'a!* " )a!a& t&+at#a -&%!a

)*!#$"a+* )#$a# !a'! a-!*#a )a# )*3atat"a# #,&,r !a',rat,r*%& !a!%

)*-*&+a# )#$a# trat%r )* ata- ra"

/ra" +#*&+a#a# 3,#t,( ta#a( )#$a# t%4%a# a+a'*!a a)a %!a#$a#

3,#t,( ta#a( tr-'%t )a+at )*$%#a"a# "&'a!*.

.2. Pr,-- A#a!*-*- C,#t,( Ta#a(

.2.1. P#ta+a# C @ Or$a#*" Cara Wa!"! A#) B!a3"

Pr*#-*+ Kar',# a#$ tr)a+at -'a$a* 'a(a# ,r$a#*" )* )a!a& ta#a(

tr)%"-* )#$a# !ar%ta# "a!*%& )*"r,&at :K2Cr2O= 1 N )a!a& -%a-a#a

a-a&. K&%)*a# )*"r,&at a#$ t!a( 'ra"-* )* t*tra-* )#$a# !ar%ta#

rr, -%!at $$%#a"a# )*#*!a&a*# -'a$a* *#)*"at,r.

A!at @ a!at

/ B%rt &*"r, 10 &!

/ St,+5at3(

/Er!#&r ?00 &!

Ba(a# @ 'a(a#

/ Lar%ta# a-a& -%!at :H2SO= +"at +.a

/Lar%ta# a-a& ,-at :HPO= +"at +.a

/ Lar%ta# Ka!*%& )*"r,&at :K2Cr2O= 1 N/Lar%ta# )*#*!a&*#.

P&'%ata# !ar%ta# >

/Lar%ta# "a!*%& )*"r,&at :K2Cr2O= 1 N D*t*&'a#$ ;0 $ra& K2Cr2O

+.a " )a!a& $!a- +*a!a 1 !*tr. D* !ar%t"a# )#$a# a*r )-t*!a-*

)*&a-%""a# " )a!a& !a'% %"%r 1 !*tr+#%("a# )#$a# a*r )-t*!a-*

(*#$$a ta#)a $ar*- )a# )*",3," (*#$$a &rata.


24/31

/ Lar%ta# )*#*!a&*#. D*t*&'a#$ 2

/

D* t*&'a#$ 1 $ra& 3,#t,( ta#a( (a!%- 0? && "r*#$ %)ara )*&a-%""a#

")a!a& r!#&r ?00 &! )a# )*-)*a"a# 4%$a %#t%" +#ta+a# '!a#",.

/ D*ta&'a( 10 &! !ar%ta# "a!*%& )*"r,&at 1 N )a# -3ara +r!a(a#/!a(a#

)*ta&'a("a# 20 &! H2SO +"at r!#&r )*$,a#$

/ $,a#$ )#$a# ta#$a# -!a&a 1 *t. D*)*a&"a# )* ata- a-'- -!a&a

0 *t.

/D*ta&'a("a# &a-*#$/&a-*#$ r!#&r 200 &! a*r )-t*!a-* ? &! a-a&+,-at

+"at :


25/31

/P#a#$a- !*-tr*" "(%-%- %#t%" %"%ra# ta'%#$ ra"-* 20 &! 'r"a+a-*ta-

ta'%#$ ra"-*

/ K4!t3 --t&

/ K4!t3 A%t, D-t*!at*,#

/B%rt ,t,&at*-

/Er!#&r 2?0 &!

Ba(a# @ 'a(a#

/Lar%ta# a-a& -%!at :H2SO= +"at +.a

/ Ca&+%ra# -!#*%&

/Lar%ta# *#)*"at,r 3a&+%ra#

/Lar%ta# a-a& ',ra"- :HBO= J

/ Lar%ta# HC! 001N

/ Lar%ta# NaOH ?0J

P&'%ata# !ar%ta# >

/ Ca&+%ra# -!#*%&

D*t*&'a#$ ;?0 $ra& Na2SO"r*#$ 1? $ra& C%SO.?H2O )a# 20 $ra&

-!#*%&. D*$*!*#$ )a!a& !%&+a#$ +,r-!*# (*#$$a tr3a&+%r -&+%r#a.

/Lar%ta# *#)*"at,r 3a&+%ra#

D*t*&'a#$ 02 $ra& &t(! r) "&%)*a# )*!ar%t"a# )#$a# a!",(,! ;?J

)a!a& !a'% %"%r 100 &! )a# 01 $ra& 'r,&3r-,! $r# )*!ar%t"a# )#$a#

a!",(,! ;?J )a!a& !a'% %"%r 100&!. D*3a&+%r"a# 100 &! 'r,&3r-,!

$r# 01J )#$a# &! &t(! r) 02J.

/ Lar%ta# a-a& ',ra"- :HBO= J

D*t*&'a#$ 0 $ra& HBO )a# )*&a-%""a# " )a!a& $!a- +*a!a 2 !*tr.

D*ta&'a("a# ?00 &! a*r )-t*!a-* a#$ +a#a- )*a)%" (*#$$a HBO !ar%t

-&+%r#a. St!a( )*#$*# )*&a-%""a# ")a!a& !a'% %"%r 1000 &!.

D*ta&'a("a# 10 &! *#)*"at,r 3a&+%ra# )a# )*+#%("a# )#$a# a*r

)-t*!a-* (*#$$a ta#)a $ar*- )*",3," (*#$$a rata "&%)*a# )*-*&+a# "

)a!a& ',t,! a#$ 'r5ar#a $!a+.

/Lar%ta# HC! 001N D* +*+t


26/31

D* +*+t 100 &! HC! 01 N "&%)*a# )*#3r"a# )#$a# a*r )-t*!a-*

(*#$$a 1 !*tr : HC! 001N=

Cara P#ta+a# N,r&a!*ta- :N= HC! 001 N

D*t*&'a#$ 0? $ra& Na2BO.10H2O )a!a& $!a- +*a!a 2?0 &!.D*!ar%t"a# )#$a# 1?0&! a*r )-t*!a-* +a#a- ''a- CO2: a*r )-t*!a-* )*

)*)*("a# %#t%" &&''a-"a# CO2=.

D*)*#$*#"a# )a# )*&a-%""a# " )a!a& !a'% %"%r 2?0 &! )*+#%("a#

)#$a# a*r )-t*!a-* (*#$$a ta#)a $ar*-. D*",3," (*#$$a (,&,$# &a"a

!ar%ta# ',ra" a)a!a( 00100 N. D*+*+t 10 &! !ar%ta# ',ra" " )a!a&

r!#&r 100 &! )*#3r"a# )#$a# a*r )-t*!a-* (*#$$a 0 &!

)*ta&'a("a# tt- *#)*"at,r &t*! r) 02J. D*t*tra-* )#$a# HC! 001 N.

T%r%t )*-rta"a# '!a#",.:+#t*tr= N 001 HC!&!00100 10 HC! :N=

N,r&a!*ta- D*(*t%#$ )-*&a!

/ Lar%ta# NaOH ?0J

D*t*&'a#$ ?00 $ra& NaOH "r*-ta! "&%)*a# )*!ar%t"a# )#$a# a*r

)-t*!a-* (*#$$a 1 !*tr.

Pr,-)%r +r3,'aa# >

Ta(a+ D-tr%"-* >

/D*t*&'a#$ 0? $ra& 3,#t,( ta#a( (a!%- 0? && "r*#$ %)ara ")a!a&ta'%#$ ra"-* 20 &! )*-rta* '!a#",. D*!a"%"a# 4%$a +#ta+a# "a)ar a*r

%#t%" ",r"-* 'rat 3,#t,( "r*#$ 10?,C.

/C,#t,( )a# '!a#", )*ta&'a( 0? $ra& 3a&+%ra# -!#*%& 2? &!

H2SO +"at +.a.

/D*+a#a-"a# )*ata- +#a#$a- !*-tr*" "(%-%- %#t%" %"%ra# ta'%#$ ra"-*

&%!a

/&%!a +a)a -%(% r#)a( +r!a(a#

/!a(a# -%(% )*#a*""a# -a&+a* 0,C -t!a( -%-+#-* 'r5ar#a +%t*(

ta'%#$ )*a#$"at )a# )*)*#$*#"a#.Ta(a+ D-t*!a-* >

/S%-+#-* 3,#t,( )*&a-%""a# ")a!a& ta'%#$ )-t*!a-* -3ara "%a#t*tat*

-a&'*! )*'*!a- )#$a# a*r )-t*!a-* -3%"%+#a )a# )*!ta""a# +a)a a!at

)-t*!a-*. A!at tr-'%t -3ara ,t,&at*- a"a# a&'a("a# 10 &! !ar%ta#

NaOH ?0J ")a!a& ta'%#$ )-t*!a-*.

/D-t*!at )*ta&+%#$ ")a!a& r!#&r 2?0 &! a#$ 'r*-* ? &! a-a&

',ra"- -rta !ar%ta# *#)*"at,r 3a&+%ra#.


27/31

/D-t*!a-* )*!a"%"a# -!a&a *t.

Ta(a+ T*tra-* >

/ D-t*!at (a-*! )-t*!a-* )*t*tra-* )#$a# HC! 001 N (*#$$a 5ar#a !ar%ta#

a)* &ra( 4a&'%.

/ D*!a"%"a# 4%$a +#ta+a# '!a#",.

.. P&'a(a-a#

N*tr,$# :N= &r%+a"a# (ara &a"r, %ta&a a#$ -a#$at +#t*#$ %#t%"

+rt%&'%(a# ta#a&a#. N*tr,$# )*-ra+ ,!( ta#a&a# )a!a& '#t%" *,#

NO/ ata% NH )ar* ta#a(. Ka)ar N*tr,$# rata/rata )a!a& 4ar*#$a#

ta#a&a# a)a!a( 2J / J 'rat "r*#$. Da!a& ta#a( "a)ar N*tr,$#

-a#$at 'r9ar*a-* tr$a#t%#$ +a)a +#$,!a(a# )a# +#$$%#aa# ta#a(

tr-'%t :aa#)* 2002=

Pa)a +#ta+a# "a)ar N*tr,$# )*+r,!( "a)ar N*tr,$# a#$ -a#$at

r#)a( a*t% 010J)*&a#a "a)ar N*tr,$# #,r&a! a*t% -"*tar 021 @

00J (a! *#* )a+at )*"ata"a# 'a(5a ta#a( a#$ )*a#a!*-a &r%+a"a#

4#*- ta#a( !at,-,! a#$ $a#)%#$ #%tr*-* )a# "a#)%#$a# 'a(a#

,r$a#*" a#$ r#)a( a#$ 'a'"a# t*#$"at "-%'%ra# "*&*a5*

ta#a(#a r#)a(.

N*tr,$# 'r+ra# +#t*#$ )a!a& &ra#$-a#$ +rt%&'%(a# 9$tat*

)ar* ta#a&a# &&'%at )a%# ta#a&a# 'r5ar#a (*4a% $!a+ -!a*# *t% N

&r%+a"a# +#%-%# +!a-&a -! )a# 'r+ra# +#t*#$ )a!a&

+&'#t%"a# +r,t*#. B*!a ta#a&a# "a(at :)-*#-*= %#-%r (ara N

%#4%""a# $4a!a +a)a ta#a&a# -+rt* +rt%&'%(a# a#$ "r)*!

+rt%&'%(a# a"ar tr'ata- )a# )a%# a)* 5ar#a "%#*#$ +%3at.

K%#*#$#a 5ar#a )a%# t%a 'ar% "&%)*a# +a)a )a%# &%)a.

Cara $ata-* ""%ra#$a# N*tr,$# )a+at )*$%#a"a# +%+%" (*4a% P%+%"

(*4a% a)a!a( ta#a&a# ata% 'a$*a# ta#a&a# a#$ &a-*( (*4a% a#$

)*'#a&"a# ")a!a& ta#a( )#$a# &a"-%) %#t%" a&'a( 'a(a#,r$a#*" )a# %#-%r (ara #*tr,$# )* )a!a& ta#a(. B*a-a#a ta#a&a# a#$

)*'#a&"a# *#* a)a!a( 4#*- ta#a&a# "a3a#$a# "ar#a 4#*- ta#a&a# *#*

&%)a( )* )",&+,-*-*"a# )a# &&+%#a* "a#)%#$a# (ara N a#$ t*#$$*

)*'a#)*#$a# )#$a# 4#*- ta#a&a# !a*##a. S!a*# *t% "ar#a N )a+at

&ra#$-a#$ +rt%&'%(a# 9$tat* ta#a&a# &a"a +%+%" a#$ (ar%-

)*$%#a"a# a)a!a( +%+%" a#$ $a#)%#$ Hara N -+rt* Ura ZA )a#

+%+%" N !a*##a :Ba3(t*ar 200=


28/31

Pa)a a#a!*-a C ,r$a#*" 4%$a )*)a+at"a# (a-*! a#$ -a#$at r#)a( a*t%

10J )*&a#a "a)ar C ,r$a#*" a#$ #,r&a! --%a* "r*tr*a (ara ta#a( a*t%

21 @ 0J. Kar',# )* )a!a& ta#a( tr)a+at -'a$a* 'a(a# ,r$a#*".

Kar',# +#t*#$ -'a$a* 'a(a# +&'a#$%# 'a(a# ,r$a#*" "ar#a

-'a(a$*a# '-ar 'a(a# "r*#$ ta#a&a# tr)*r* )ar* 'a(a# ,r$a#*"

-%&'r "ar',# )a+at )*"ata"a# 'a#a" )a!a& r%a#$a# trt%t%+ a#$

'r*-* > CO2@ ,t,-*#t-a tr%- a"t*. Ka#)%#$a# "ar',# 'r9ar*a-* )* ata-

ta#a( )* ata- )a%# )a!a& (a! *#* -at% &tr )* ata- ta#a( a"a#

'r')a.D* %)ara tr'%"a tr)a+at 00J CO2 -)a#$"a# )* t&+at a#$

'a#a" ta#a&a##a tr)a+at CO2 a#$ !'*( '-ar )ar* 00J.

La#)$ar)( :1;2= ata"a# 'a(5a CO2>

/Pa)a +r&%"aa# ta#a( tr)a+at -"*tar 00? @ 02


29/31

ta( )*'r*"a# " )a!a& ta#a( &a"*# t*#$$* +,+%!a-* a#$

ra#$#a &a"*# 'a#a" (ara a#$ $a!a&* *&&,'*!*-a-*.

Wa!a%+%# )&*"*a# #a#t*#a '*!a &*"r,'*a &at* a"a# $a!a&*

)",&+,-*-* (ara a#$ *&&,'*! tr-'%t 'r%'a( a)* tr-)*a !a$*.

a)* *&&,'*!a-a-* &r%+a"a# +#$*"ata# (ara tr-)*a a)* t*)a"tr-)*a )a!a& 4a#$"a 5a"t% r!at* t*)a" tr!a!% !a&a.

BAB ?

KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

?.2. K-*&+%!a#

Dar* (a-*! +&'a(a-a# )a+at )*-*&+%!"a# 'a(5a ta#a( a#$ )*$%#a"a#

%#t%" !a(a# +r"'%#a# "!a+a -a5*t )* B#$"a!*- R*a% a#$ )* a#a!*-a )*

P%-at P#!*t*a# K!a+a Sa5*t :PPKS= M)a# a)a!a( "a)ar Kar',# :C=

Or$a#*" ta#a( a#$ )*a#a!*-a a*t% 10J )*&a#a 'r)a-ar"a# "r*tr*a

ta#a( #*!a*#a tr$,!,#$ r#)a(. S)a#$"a# "a)ar N*tr,$# :N= ta#a(

a#$ )*a#a!*-a a*t% 010J )*&a#a 'r)a-ar"a# "r*tr*a ta#a( #*!a* *#*

4%$a tr$,!,#$ r#)a(. Dar* (a-*! a#a!*-a Kar',# )a# N*tr,$# &a"a

)*)a+at"a# #*!a* rata/rata +r'a#)*#$a# Kar',#/N*tr,$# :C8N= a*t%

12; )*&a#a 'r)a-ar"a# "r*tr*a ta#a( #*!a* *#* tr$,!,#$ t*#$$*.

?.2. Sara#

Pr!% )*!a"%"a# a#a!*-a tr(a)a+ ''ra+a %#-%r (ara &*"r, +#t*#$

!a*##a )* )a!a& ta#a( -+rt* %#-%r (ara +,-,r "a!*%& Natr*%& )a#

!a*##a %#t%" !'*( $ta(%* t*#$"at "-%'%ra# ta#a( tr-'%t


30/31

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Aa#)* R. 2002. I!&% K-%'%ra# Ta#a(. Y,$a"arta> P#r'*t Ka#*-%-.

Ba3(t*ar E. 200. I!&% Ta#a(. M)a#> Fa"%!ta- Prta#*a# USU.

Ba(ar%))*# AR 200?. Pr,-)%r A#a!*-*- P#$%4*a# K*&*a Ta#a(

La',rat,r*%& Ta#a( )a# Da%#. M)a#> P%-at P#!*t*a# K!a+a Sa5*t

M)a#.

Fa%7* Y. 200. K!a+a Sa5*t B%)*)aa P&a#aata# Ha-*! )a# L*&'a(

A#a!*-*- U-a(a )a# P&a-ara#. E)*-* R9*-*. a"arta> P#r'*t P#'ar

S5a)aa.

F,t( D.H. 1;;. Da-ar @ Da-ar I!&% Ta#a(. E)*-* K#a&. a"arta>

Er!a#$$a.

(tt+>88#a-*(.-ta.%$&.a3.*)8+800J20+J20,.(t&

M%!a#* M. 1;;1. M*"r,'*,!,$* Ta#a( a"arta> P#r'*t R*#"a C*+ta.

M%!a#* M. 1;;;. P%+%" )a# Cara P&%+%"a#. a"arta> P#r'*t R*#"a

C*+ta.


31/31

S%)ar&a)4* S. 1;

P#r'*t L*'rt.

T4,%5,#, N. 1;; D*r"t,rat #)ra!

P#)*)*"a# T*#$$* D+art P#)*)*"a# )a# K'%)aaa#

analisa kadar unsur hara karbon organik dan nitrogen di dalam tanah perkebunan kelapa sawit...

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