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Peran Akademisi dan Praktisi dalam Pembangunan Gedung dan Infrastruktur Tahan Gempa di Indonesia,
Lessons Learned dari Pembuatan Peta Gempa Indonesia 2010
Masyhur Irsyam* dkk. *Ketua - Tim Revisi Peta Gempa Indonesia *Ketua - Pusat Penelitian Mitigasi Bencana ITB *Ketua - Himpunan Ahli Teknik Tanah Indonesia *Koordinator - Tim Mikrozonasi Gempa kota-kota Besar Indonesia *Anggota - Tim Penasehat Konstruksi Bangunan DKI Jakarta
Konferensi Nasional Teknik Sipil 7 , UNS Solo, 25 Oktober 2013
Cakupan:
• Alasan Mengapa Perlu Melakukan Revisi Peta Gempa
• Kondisi Tektonik dan Kegempaan Indonesia
• Peta Hazard dan Peta Resiko Gempa
• Pemakaian untuk Standard Perencanaan di Indonesia
Peta tektonik kepulauan Indonesia dan sekitarnya (Bock et al., 2003)
PENDAHULUAN Indonesia menempati zona tektonik yang sangat aktif karena tiga lempeng
besar dunia dan beberapa lempeng kecil lainnya saling bertemu di Indonesia
6 cm/year
12 cm/year
EURASIA PLATE
INDO AUSTRALIA PLATE
PASIFIC PLATE
PHILIPINE PLATE
Overview Seismicity of Indonesia
Main shocks
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Arsitektur
Geologi
Seismologi
Sosiologi Psikologi
Ekonomi dll
Teknik Sipil
Urban Planning
Geofisika
Bidang Keilmuan yang terlibat Mitigasi Bencana Gempabumi:
Bidang kajian ilmu-ilmu dasar/sains
Bidang-bidang aplikasi, rekayasa, dan analisis resiko
Bidang-bidang sosial
“Earthquakes don’t kill people…. buildings kill people” (Prof. Chris Scholz Columbia University)
Strategi Mitigasi Gempa
Efek Gempa Strategi
Fault rupture Hindari
Tsunami Hindari
Kelongsoran (besar) Hindari
Likuifaksi Hindari/ Ditanggulangi
Goncangan/ Gerakan Tanah
Ditanggulangi
(FEMA 451b, 2007)
Fenomena Alam Gempa
Sangat potensial mengakibatkan kerugian besar
Kejadian alam yang belum dapat diperkirakan secara akurat: kapan, dimana, magnituda
Gempa tidak dapat dicegah
Infrastruktur perlu didisain tahan gempa
Manusia memiliki kebutuhan dasar untuk terlindungi dari implikasi buruk adanya gempa
Bangunan Tahan Gempa
Contoh kesiapan menghadapi gempa:
Chile Februari 2010
Haiti Januari 2010
Kekuatan Gempa 8.8 7
Energi yang dilepaskan 500 kali-nya
Jumlah Getaran 512 kali-nya
Korban Meninggal Ratusan jiwa Ratusan Ribu jiwa
Kehilangan Rumah Sedikit Banyak
Pemulihan Jaringan Komunikasi Cepat Lama
Chile relatif sangat siap dalam menghadapi gempa.
Undang-undang di Chile mengharuskan setiap bangunan untuk memiliki konstruksi tahan gempa.
Perbandingan Efek Gempa Chile dan Gempa Haiti
Pembangunan gedung dan infrastruktur tahan gempa: Peran penting Akademisi – Praktisi yang didukung oleh Pemerintah/Lembaga
Newton’s 2nd Law: H = m x a
Spectral Acceleration at Bedrock
H
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Earthquake Zone - 3
Earthquake Zone - 4
Earthquake Zone - 5
Earthquake Zone - 6 Earthquake Zone - 2
Earthquake Zone - 1
1
2
2
4 5 6
6
6
5
4
4
3
3
4 6
5
3
5 3
5
The 1st Seismic Hazard Map in Indonesian Standard for Earthquake Resistance Building Design 1983
The 2nd Seismic Hazard Map Indonesian Standard for Earthquake Resistance Building Design (SNI-03-1726-2002)
Horizontal Peak Ground Acceleration at bedrock SB for 10% in 50 years (+500 years)
Rata-rata hasil perhitungan dari: -Praktisi (Konsultan) -Akademisi (ITB) -Kementerian (PU) -Lembaga (PSG)
Why does the current code require improvements ?
1. To considers recent great earthquakes in Indonesia
USGS
Aceh Earthquake Mw=9.2 (December, 2004)
Yogya Earthquake Mw=6.3 (May, 2006)
Tasik Earthquake Mw=7.4 (Sept, 2009)
Padang Earthquake Mw=7.6 (Sept, 2009)
Jambi Earthquake Mw=6.6 (Oct, 2009)
Nias Earthquake Mw=8.6 (March, 2005)
Mentawai Earthquake Mw=7.2 (Oct, 2010)
Earthquake events since the release of SNI-2002
Simeuleu Earthquake Mw=8.5 (11 April, 2012)
Simeuleu Earthquake Mw=8.1 (11 April, 2012)
Lam Paseh
Lhok Nga after Aceh Earthquake 2004
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Mall Pantee Pirak, Banda Aceh 2004
Rapat di PU Pusat tgl 30 November 2009
- Rapat dihadiri oleh 70 undangan mewakili: Akademisi, Asosiasi Profesi, Kementerian/
Lembaga
- Keputusan rapat: Menteri PU perlu membentuk Tim Revisi Peta Gempa SNI-2002
- Diharapkan Revisi Peta sudah dapat dihasilkan dalam 3 bulan (akhir Februari 2010)
Ketua: Prof. Masyhur Irsyam (Rekayasa Geoteknik Kegempaam – Akademisi ITB + HATTI)
Wakil: Dr. Wayan Sengara (Rekayasa Geoteknik Kegempaam – Akademisi ITB)
Sekertaris: Fahmi Almadiar, MT (Seismic Hazard – Praktisi PU)
Anggota: M Asrurifak, MT (Seismic Hazard – Mahasiswa S3 ITB)
Dr. Danny Hilman (Geologi - Praktisi LIPI)
Ir. Engkon Kertapati (Geologi – Praktisi Pusat Penelitian Geologi)
M. Ridwan, MT (Geologi – Praktisi PU)
Dr. Irwan Meilano (Geodesi, Crustal Deformation – Akademisi ITB)
Prof. Sri Widiantoro (Geofisika – Akademisi ITB)
Dr. Wahyu Trioso (Geofisika – Akademisi ITB)
Drs. Suhardjono (Geofisika – Praktisi BMKG)
Team for Revision of Seismic Hazard Map of Indonesia 2010
Peta Hazard: Prof. Phil Cummins - Akademisi Geo Science Australia Dr. Mark Petersen - Praktisi USGS
Dr. Indra Djati Sidi – Akademisi ITB Dr. Nicholas Luco – Praktisi USGS Prof. Widiadnyana Merati – Akademisi ITB Daniel Hutabarat, MT – Mahasiswa S2 ITB
Peta Resiko:
)
Didukung oleh:
Supported by:
Ministry of Public Works
Bureau of Meteorology, Climatology, Geophysics
ITB Ministry of Energy+ Mineral Resources
National Disaster Management Agency
Ministry of Research and Technology
Indonesia Research Institute
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Estimated maximum magnitude of seismic sources for development of
seismic hazard map 2002
Sumatra Subduction
8.5
Jawa Subduction
8.2
Semangko 7.6
Sukabumi
7.6
Baribis
7.0 Lasem
6.8
Bumiayu
6.1
Palawan Sulu
Tarakan
Kutai
Walanae
Palu-Koro
7.6
Banda
8.5
Seram
8.4
Halmahera
8.4
North Sulawesi
8.0
Sangihe
8.5
Tarera-Aiduna
6.5
Aru
6.0
Sorong 7.6
Ransiki
6.5
Mamberamo
7.6
Flores Back-arc
6.1
Reasons for Updating
Previous Estimation Mw=7.2 – 8.0
Actual Mw=9.0
3.0 g
To update earthquake records and earthquake source data including active faults that have not been considered in the 2002 map
SNI-03-1726-2002
Eartquake Data up to1999
1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2010
To account for New Data and Technology Development Other Reasons for Updating:
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1. Identification of Earthquake Sources Location : coord of sources Geometry : direction 0f strike, dip angle, maximum depth Mechanism : subduction, normal fault, reverse
1. Identifikasi sumber gempa Lokasi : koord. sumber gempa Geometri : arah strike, sudut dip, kedalaman maksimum Mekanisme : subduksi, patahan normal, reverse
2. Characterization of Sources Frequency distribution Slip rate Maximum Magnitude
Information on geologi, seimology Earthquake cataloque
2. Karakterisasi sumber gempa Frekuensi kejadian Slip rate Magnitude maksimum
Informasi Geologi, seimologi Katalog data gempa
3. Selection of Atenuation Function
Available strong motion accelerogram data
3. Pemilihan fungsi atenuasi
Data strong motion accelerogram yang ada
4. Seismic hazard Calculation Calculating seismic hazard based on input in the Step (1) + (2) + (3) by considering epistemic uncertainties
Expert judgement Seismic design criteria
4. Perhitungan hazard gempa
Menghitung hazard dengan input dari Tahap (1) + (2) + (3) dengan memperhitungkan ketidakpastian epistemic.
Expert judgement Seismic design criteria
Development of Maps of PGA & Response Spectra
Probability Density Function
1. Procedure for Developing Probabilistic Hazard Map
Seismic Hazard Analysis Probabilistic analysis Deterministic analysis
PENGEMBANGAN PROGRAM
Total Probability Theorem
Site location
Semarang
Sem
ara
ng F
ault S
outh
0.11 g
Selecting the worst scenario with maximum magnitude (Mmax) and closest distance (Rmin) for each source
Determining the ground motions based on Mmax and Rmin with 84 percentile
Identification of subduction and active faults surrounding the site location
M=7.3
M=7.3
2. Procedure for Developing Deterministic Seismic Hazard Map
Tectonic Setting and Earthquake Sources for Indonesia
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Tectonic Setting for Indonesia Source Type I: Subduction Megathrust
Megarthrust Andaman-Sumatera Mw=9.2 , a=4.70, b=0.83
Megarthrust Middle1 Sumatera Mw=8.6 , a=4.71, b=0.88
Megarthrust Jawa Mw=8.1 , a=6.14, b=1.10
Megarthrust Sumba Mw=7.8 , a=6.81, b=1.20
Megarthrust Timor Mw=7.9 , a=9.09 b=1.60
Megarthrust South Banda Sea Mw=7.4 , a=7.56 b=1.34
Megarthrust North Banda Sea Mw=7.9 , a=6.86 b=1.20
Megarthrust North Sulawesi Mw=8.2 , a=4.28 b=0.91
Megarthrust Philipine Mw=8.2 , a=4.64 b=0.87
North Papua Thrust Mw=8.2
East Molucca Sea Mw=8.1
West Molucca Sea Mw=7.9
Sulu Thrust Mw=8.5
Indian-Australian Plate
Eurasian Plate
Pasific Plate
Philipine Plate
Megarthrust Middle 2 Sumatera Mw=8.5 , a=5.35, b=0.97
Megarthrust S Sumatera Mw=8.2 , a=5.76, b=1.05
Seismic tomography to obtain the geometry for subduction zones
Seismic tomography to obtain the geometry for subduction zones (Widiyantoro, 2009 and Tim Revisi Peta Gempa Indonesia, 2010)
Sumatran fault Zone
INDIAN-AUSTRALIANPLATE
EURASIAN PLATE
Jakarta
1881 (7.9)
1941 (7.9)
1797 (M8.4)
1861 (M~8.5) 1907 (~M7.8)
1935 (M7.7)
2000 (M7.8)
2002
1833 (8.9)
2004 (M9.15)
2005 (M 8.7)
Currently locked, end of typical cycle
Unknown section, no large eartquakes in historical records
2007 (M 8.4)
Natawidjaja, 2010
Compilation of historical earthquake events due to megathrust
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Beginning of the new earthquake cycle
Perlu merekonstruksi kejadian-kejadian masa lalu Dikerjakan oleh Dr. Danny Hilman (Praktisdi LIPI)
Inter-seismic period (slow strain accumulation)
Slow uplift
Slow Submergence
(Natawidjaja, 2005)
During recent giant earthquakes
the islands RISE suddenly!
The Sumatran Coasts SINK!
(Natawidjaja, 2005)
Rising island creating new land in Simelue during Aceh-Andaman earthquake
Old beach New coast line
(Natawidjaja, 2005)
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Banda Aceh and East part of the islands SINKS
(Natawidjaja, 2005)
Haloban in Banyak Island Sinked about 30 cm
(Natawidjaja, 2005)
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Desa HALOBAN, P. Tuanku, Kep. Banyak
(Natawidjaja, 2005) (Natawijaya, 2004)
Corals tell about how the islands move up and down
Penelitian Coral untuk studi Kejadian Gempa dan Deformasi (Natawijaya, 2005)
(Natawijaya, 2004)
1833 1816
1808 1797
(Natawijaya, 2004)
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July 2006 (Mw 7.8) 1994 (Mw 7.8)
Java Megathrust Earthquakes
Natawijaya, 2010 Kegempaanhasilrelokasi (Engdahl, 2009)
Kegempaanhasilrelokasi <50km (Engdahl, 2009)
Irwan Meilano, 2011
5. Toru
6. Angkola
8. Sumpur
1.Seulimeum
13. Dikit 14. Ketaun
11. Suliti
15. Musi
16. Manna 17. Kumering
18.Semangko
19.Sunda
9. Sianok
7. Barumun
4. Renun
2. Aceh 3. Tripa
10. Sumani
12. Siulak
50. Palu-Koro
53. Poso
58. Lawanopo
57. Gorontalo
52. Walanae
55. Tolo thrust
51. Matano
54. Batui thrust
73. Sorong-Maluku
72. Sula-Sorong
71. Tarera-Aidun
70. Yapen
75. Ransiki
74. Sorong
79 Highland thrust belt
77. Manokwari trench
76. Membrano thrust tbelt
78. Lowland
34. Wetar back arc
36. Flores back arc
33. Semarang
34. Jogja
30. Bumiayu
32. Cimandiri
31. Baribis
Tectonic Setting for Indonesia
Source Type II: Active faults have been well identified
1822
1926 (~7)
1984 (6.4)
1987 (6.6)
1921 1916 1984
1987
1892
1822
1943
1909 1995
1952
1926
1942
1893
1900
1933 1994 1908
1990
1997
1936
1964 1967
1893
1892 (7.7)
1900
1908
1916
1933 (7.5)
1942 (7.3)
1936 (7.2)
1952 (6.8)
1979 (6.6)
1943 (7.3)
1990 (6.5)
1997 (6.5)
1964 (6.5)
1921 ( >7)
1994 (6.9)
1995 (7.0)
1909 (7.6)
1967 (6.8)
Historical Earthquakes along The Sumatran Fault Zone (Natawijaya, 2010)
2000
Seismic Gap?
23 destructive events in the past 200 years or 1-2 large earthquakes occur every decade
6 March 2007 (M6.3 & 6.1)
1 Oct 2009 (M 6.7)
Compilation of Historical Earthquake Events due to Faults
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Tracing Coordinates of Faults, Subduction, and Relocated Epicenters on SRTM
Collect GPS data Velocity Movement Based Slip Rate
Velocity Movement and Slip-rateBased on GPS
Spatially smoothed-gridded seismicity
Seismic Sources:
Source Type III: Shallow and Deep Background
It is very suitable for unmapped faults, but have historical earthquake records It is used o account for epicenters that do not belong to well identified active faults
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All shocks Main Shocks 1897-2009
Megatrust Fault
Shallow backgound
Benioff 2
Benioff 1
Benioff 3
Benioff 4
Benioff Zone/ Deep BG
Classification of Main Shocks Based on Type of Source
(conducted by S3 Student)
Subduksi Megathrust
Subduksi Benioff
Fault
Background
Subduction Megathrust
Subduction Benioff
Fault/ Shallow Crustal Background
Selection of Attenuation Functions
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Content:
• Reasons for Revision of Seismic Hazard Map
• Tectonic Setting and Seismic Sources
• New Seismic Hazard and Risk Maps
• Applications for the Indonesian codes
SNI 2002
SNI 1983
SEAOC Vision 2000 Committee dan FEMA 273
ccccccc
Design Live
Probability of Exceedance
Earthquake Level
50 tahun
20%
10%
Immediate Occupancy
Live Safety (Rare Earthquake)
225 years
500 years
Deterministic maps 84%: •Subductions
•Faults
• 50 • 100 • 200 • 500
• 1,000 • 2,500 •5,000
• 10,000
Probabilistic maps:
years
Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) at Bedrock SB
(for 50 years Earthquake)
Didukung oleh:
Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) at Bedrock SB
(for 100 years Earthquake)
Didukung oleh:
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Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) at Bedrock SB
(for 200 years Earthquake)
Didukung oleh:
Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) at Bedrock SB
Probability of exceedence 10% in 50 years (500 years EQ)
Didukung oleh:
Didukung oleh:
Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) at Bedrock SB
Probability of exceedence 10% in 100 years (1,000 years EQ)
Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) at Bedrock SB
Probability of exceedence 2% in 50 years (2500 years EQ)
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Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) at Bedrock SB
Probability of exceedence 0.5% in 50 years (10,000 years EQ)
Deterministic Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) for Faults at Bedrock SB
with 84% percentile (150% Median)
Deterministic Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) for Subduction at Bedrock SB
with 84% percentile (150% Median)
PGA
0.2 sec
1.0 sec
Spectral Acceleration at Ss and S1 for 50, 200, 500, 1000, 2500, 10000 years
and Deterministic approach
S0.2 S1
PGA
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Content:
• Reasons for Revision of Seismic Hazard Map
• Tectonic Setting and Seismic Sources
• New Seismic Hazard and Risk Maps
• Applications for the Indonesian codes
Struktur Bangunan Bawah: Dr. F.X. Toha (Ketua ITB) Dr. Wijoyo Prakoso (UI) Prof. Paulus Rahardjo (Unpar) Dr. Wayan Sengara (ITB) Sindhu Rudianto, MSc (HAKI) Dr. Sylvia Herina (Puskim) Dr. Bigman Hutapea (HATTI) Prof. Masyhur Irsyam (ITB)
Tim Revisi SNI 1726 2012
Struktur Bangunan Atas:
Prof.Bambang Budiono (Ketua - ITB) Prof. Iswandi Imran (ITB) Dr. Muslinang M. (ITB) Dr. Dyah Kusumastuti (ITB) Ir. Teddy Boen (HAKI) MaryokoHadi, DipI.E.Eng (Puskim) Dr. Dradjad H. (HAKI) Ir. Stefy Tumilar (HAKI)
Ketua: Prof. Gde Widiadnyana Merati (Akademisi ITB)
Buildings
SNI-03-1726-2002
Eartquake Data up to1999
1997 2000 2003 2006 2009
Process of Development of Hazard Map
2010
(National Concencus March 2010): IBC 2009 is adopted for SNI-2010
July 2010: ProbabilisticHazard Maps signed by Ministry of PW
Continuous Updating: to account for New Data and Technology
SNI-03-1726-2002
Eartquake Data up to1999
1997 2000 2003 2006 2009
Seismic Hazard: - Probablistic: 10% PE in 50 yrs (500 yrs eq.)
Process of Development of Hazard Map
follows the concept of UBC
2010
(March 2010): adopted for SNI-2010
Pleno meeting November 2010: adopted for SNI-2010
IBC 2009 ASCE 2010
Pleno meeting January 2011: Risk-Targeted Ground Motion
map
Continuous Updating: to account for New Data and Technology
MCER(Risk-Adjusted Maximum Considered Eq.) Risk of Collapse 1% in 50 yrs: Seismic Hazard:
- Probabilistic
- Deterministic Approach Fragility of Buildings
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Application of Hazard Maps: depends on the type of infrastructure
Adapt ASCE 2010; combines
•Probabilistic + •Deterministic +
•Building Fragility
Buildings
National Consensus:
Coordinated by: Research Institute for Human Settlements Ministry of Public Works
SNI 2002
SNI 1983
SEAOC Vision 2000 Committee dan FEMA 273
ccccccc
Design Live
Probability of Exceedance
Earthquake Level
50 tahun
20%
10%
2%
Immediate Occupancy
Live Safety (Rare Earthquake)
Near Collapse (Very Rare Earthquake)
225 years
500 years
MCE*: - Prb 2,500 years + - Deterministic
Risk of Colapse: 1%
Near Collapse (Very Rare Earthquake)
MCEG + MCER**: - Probabilistic + - Deterministic + - Fragility
IBC 2009
SNI 2013 ASCE 2010
Deterministic maps
MCEG map
• 50 • 100 • 200 • 500
• 1,000 • 2,500
• 10,000
years Probabilistic maps:
years Building Fragility
MCER
maps
*MCE: Maximum Considered Eq. (Gempa Maksimum Dipertimbangkan Rata-rata Geometric) **MCER: Risk-Adjusted Maximum Considered Eq. (Gempa Maksimum Dipertimbangkan Resiko-Tersesuaikan)
Jepit
Liquefaction potential
sactive/passive
PGA
Ss
S1
MCER
MCEG
Upper Structure
Sub Structure
Seismic Base Shear
Maximum Considered Earthquake Geometric mean
Risk-Adjusted Maximum Considered Earthquake
Maximum Considered Earthquake Geometric mean (MCEG) PGA
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Pf = ʃ 0
∞
H(a) dPf(a)
da da
Risk/probability of collapse
Hazard
Fragility Curve (Conditional probability of failure)
Capacity
RTGM
Risk-Targeted Ground Motion
Luco, 2009
MCER: Risk-Adjusted Maximum Considered Earthquake ASCE-2010: Risk of Collapse is 1% in 50 yrs
=1/5000
Ss Risk-Adjusted Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCER) Ground Motion Parameter for Indonesia for 0.2 s Spectral Response Acceleration (5% of Critical
Damping), Site Class B
(Prepared by Team on Indonesian Risk-Targeted Ground Motions)
(Prepared by Team on Indonesian Risk-Targeted Ground Motions)
Ss Risk-Adjusted Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCER) Ground Motion Parameter for Indonesia for 1.0 s Spectral Response Acceleration (5% of Critical
Damping), Site Class B
Ground Surface
Bedrock SB
SS
(Gambar 9) S1
(Gambar 10)
Soil Type
Fa (Tabel 4)
Fv (Tabel 5)
SMS = Fa SS SM1 = Fv S1
0.2 T
Sp
ect
ral A
cce
lera
tio
n
1.0
SS
S1
0.2 T
Sp
ect
ral A
cce
lera
tio
n
SMS = Fa SS
SDS = (2/3) SMS
SD1 = (2/3) SM1
T0= 0.2 Ts
0.4 SDS
SM1 = Fv S1
1.0
Spectra at BedrockSB
Spectra at ground surface
Site Effect and Amplifcation Factor
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Sp
ek
tral
acc
ele
rati
on
(g
)
Perioda (sec)
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 0.0
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Medium
Soft
Soft SNI-2002
Soft SNI-2013
Medium SNI-2013
Medium SNI-2002
Comparison SNI 2002 with SNI 2013 for Jakarta
1993 2004 2008 2013 2014
Puslitbang Jalan + Jembatan PU +Akademisi
+Praktisi
• Revisiin of SNI 2833-2008 is on going by the Bureau of Bridge
• Internal consensus for RO has been agreed by the Research Center for Highway and Bridge
• Consept of RO refer to AASHTO, 2010.
Guideline
Seismic Load Design for Bridge
Design Standard for Seismic Resistance Bridge
Standar Nasional Indonesia
500 years earthquake
Earthquake Level= 1,000 years earthqauke
Design live= 70 years
Probability of Exceedance=7% Highway Bridges
Hydraulic Structures
Refer to USBR: Probabilitic: 50, 100, 200, 500 1000, 2.500, 5.000, 10.000 yrs
+ Deterministic 84%
For checking the safety of existing large dams: 5,000 and 10,000 years earthquake
Hydraulic Structures
Puslitbang Air PU +Akademisi
+Praktisi
Design Earthquake: 500 yrs ?
Railway bridges
Ports and harbours
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National Electric Company
Concrete Dam for Electricity?
Recommendation from PRP (Project Review panel):
-The Operating Basis Earthquake (OBE): 145 yr
-The Maximum Credible Earthquake (MCE): Probabilistic return period of 2475-yr + Deterministic 84th percentile level
Concrete Dam in West Java, 2013 Aceh
Padang
Manado
Jakarta Kendari
Ambon
Denpasar
Bengkulu
Jogjakarta
Kupang
Lampung Jayapura
Mikrozonasi untuk kota-kota di indonesia (kota besar dan dekat sumber gempa)
PENELITIAN-PENELITIAN KEDEPAN
Surabaya Bandung
Semarang Makassar
Example of Microzonation Study for Istanbul City (Ansal, 2010)
Development of Micozonation Maps for: •DKI Jakarta (2011 - 2014)
•Denpasar, Manado, Jayapura, Padang (2012 - 2014)
National Disaster Management Agency
Coordination Ministry of Public Walfare
Ministry of Public Works
Berau of Meteorology, Climatology,
Geophysics Government
of Jakarta ITB
Ministry of Energy+ Mineral Resiurces
Ministry of Research and Technology
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Master Plan Penelitian Pengurangan Resiko Bencana
Perlunya: - Mata kuliah wajib Rekayasa Gempa di Prodi Teknik Sipil - Perlu mengantisipasi pasar bebas 2015 dng bebas masuknya konsultan asing
Non Engineering Building
Conclusions
The role of academicians and practicions are very important in mitigating seismic hazard Revision of seismic hazard maps for Indonesia has been developed based upon updated available seismotectonic data, new fault models, and recent ground-motion prediction equations. Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis and Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis has been conducted. For buildings: Mpas of Maximum Considered Earthquakes (MCEG and MCER) have been developed based on Probabilistic +Determintic + Fragility. For highway bridge, dam, port, etc: Revisions for seismic resistance design (including the maps) are still on going.
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Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge:
- The Ministry of Public Works
-The Ministry of Research and Technology
-National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) through AIFDR (Australia-Indonesia Facility for Disaster Reduction )
-USGS
for their supports and assistances during this asigment
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