kematian prematur
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From:
Health at a Glance 2011OECD Indicators
Access the complete publication at:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/health_glance-2011-en
Premature mortality
Please cite this chapter as:
OECD (2011), Premature mortality, in Health at a Glance 2011:
OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/health_glance-2011-5-en
http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/health_glance-2011-5-enhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1787/health_glance-2011-en -
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This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of orsovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to
the name of any territory, city or area.
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1. HEALTH STATUS
HEALTH AT A GLANCE 2011: OECD INDICATORS OECD 201126
1.2. Premature mortality
Premature mortality, measured in terms of potential years
of life lost (PYLL) before the age of 70 years, focuses on
deaths among younger age groups of the population. PYLL
values are heavily influenced by infant mortality and
deaths from diseases and injuries affecting children and
younger adults: a death at five years of age represents
65 PYLL; one at 60 years of age only ten. Premature mortal-ity can be influenced by advances in medical technology,
especially in relation to infant mortality and deaths due to
heart disease, and in prevention and control measures,
reducing untimely or avoidable deaths from injuries and
communicable diseases. A number of other variables, such
as GDP per capita, occupational status, numbers of doctors
and alcohol and tobacco consumption have also been
associated with reduced premature mortality (Or, 2000;
Joumard et al., 2008).
Rates of premature mortality are higher among males in all
countries, with the OECD average in 2009 (4 689 years lost
per 100 000 males) almost twice that of females (2 419). The
main causes of potential years of life lost before age 70among men are external causes including accidents and
violence (29%), followed by cancer (20%) and circulatory
diseases (17%). For women, the principal causes are cancer
(31%), external causes (17%), and circulatory diseases (12%).
Among males, Iceland and Sweden had the lowest levels of
premature mortality in 2009, and for females levels were
lowest in Iceland and Luxembourg (Figure 1.2.1). In the
OECD, Estonia and Mexico reported the highest premature
mortality rates for males, and Mexico and Hungary for
females, with levels more than double those of the country
with the lowest PYLL. The rates for the United States were
also high almost 50% above the OECD average in the case
of females, and 30% for males. Among US males, more thanone-third (and in females, one-fifth) of these premature
mortality rates can be attributed to deaths resulting from
external causes, including accidents, suicide and homicide.
Premature death from homicide for men in the United
States is more than five times the OECD average. Rates of
premature mortality are also extremely high in the Russian
Federation, at over four times the OECD average for males,
and three times for females.
Across OECD countries, premature mortality has been cut
by more than half since 1970 (Figure 1.2.2). The decline in
premature mortality was more rapid for females than for
males between 1970 and the early 1990s, but since then the
average rate of PYLL has been declining at the same rate for
both men and women. The downward trend in infant
mortality was a major factor contributing to the decline
in earlier years (see Indicator 1.7 Infant mortality). More
recently, the decline in deaths from heart disease among
adults has contributed significantly to the overall reductionin premature mortality in many countries (see Indicator 1.3
Mortality from heart disease and stroke).
Portugal, Luxembourg and Italy have seen premature
mortality rates decline rapidly among both males and
females, so that they are currently less than one-third
of 1970 levels. Although the rate is still high, Mexico has also
seen a dramatic decline. In each case, the sharp reduction in
infant mortality rates has been an important contributing
factor. In contrast, premature mortality has declined more
slowly in Hungary, particularly among males. This is largely
attributed to persistently high levels of mortality from circu-
latory disease (currently twice the OECD average) and from
liver disease (over three times the OECD average). The slowdecline in PYLL in part reflects unhealthy lifestyles, in
particular high alcohol and tobacco consumption among
males in Hungary, together with Hungarys high suicide
rates. Declines in premature mortality have also been slow
in Poland and the United States.
Definition and comparability
Potential years of life lost (PYLL) is a summary
measure of premature mortality, providing an explicitmethod of weighting deaths which occur at younger
ages. The calculation of PYLL involves adding age-
specific deaths occurring at each age and weighting
them by the number of remaining unlived years up
to a selected age limit, defined here as age 70. For
example, a death occurring at five years of age is
counted as 65 years of PYLL. The indicator is
expressed per 100 000 females and males.
Information on data for Israel: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/
888932315602.
http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932315602http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932315602http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932315602http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932315602 -
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1. HEALTH STATUS
HEALTH AT A GLANCE 2011: OECD INDICATORS OECD 2011 27
1.2. Premature mortality
1.2.1 Potential years of life lost (PYLL), females and males, 2009 (or nearest year)
Source: OECD Health Data 2011; IS-GBE (2011).
1 2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932523310
1.2.2 Reduction in potential years of life lost (PYLL), 1970-2009 (or nearest year)
Source: OECD Health Data 2011; IS-GBE (2011).
1 2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932523329
02 0004 0006 0008 00010 000 0 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000
1 492
1 704
1 763
1 872
1 882
1 916
1 935
1 949
1 998
2 024
2 063
2 077
2 123
2 148
2 171
2 202
2 208
2 235
2 246
2 302
2 412
2 419
2 479
2 493
2 500
2 554
2 775
2 990
3 004
3 049
3 127
3 555
3 629
4 946
7 056
2 995
3 613
3 287
3 857
3 518
3 081
4 367
3 601
4 508
3 295
3 518
3 561
3 824
4 068
4 171
4 459
4 696
3 114
4 708
4 239
5 046
4 689
3 988
4 311
4 585
4 168
4 365
8 872
5 622
7 025
7 801
6 133
7 863
8 481
20 161
Females Males
PYLL per 100 000 females PYLL per 100 000 males
Czech Republic
Russian Federation
ChileSlovak Republic
PolandUnited States
HungaryMexico
United KingdomDenmark
BelgiumCanada
New ZealandEstonia
OECD
NetherlandsPortugal
Ireland
GreeceIsrael
SloveniaSwitzerland
NorwayAustralia
Finland
AustriaKoreaFrance
SpainItaly
Sweden
Germany
Iceland
LuxembourgJapan
1970 2009
25 000
20 000
15 000
10 000
5 000
0
6
707
5
777
7
239
6
911
9
923
6
294
8
810
6
108
8
616
7
480
8
932
9
420
7
704
7
454
7
782
7
631
7
744
6
692
14
505
8
289
8
727
8
350
8
344
9
243
1
0
280
1
0
406
20
257
2
262
2
507
2
528
2
661
2
669
2
678
2
699
2
767
2
804
2
823
2
866
2
974
3
104
3
162
3
177
3
233
3
272
3
282
3
316
3
365
3
410
3
457
3
463
3
544
3
546
3
559
3
726
4
306
4
847
49
98
5
419
5
657
5
763
6
670
13
277
PYLL per 100 000 population
OEC
D
Icelan
d
Sweden
Japan
Switz
erlan
d
Luxe
mbou
rg
Neth
erlan
ds Italy
Israel
Norw
ay
Austr
aliaSp
ain
Germ
any
Austria
Greece
Korea
Unite
dKing
dom
Irelan
d
Slovenia
France
Canada
Denm
ark
Portu
gal
Finlan
d
Belgi
um
NewZe
aland
CzechR
epublic
Chile
Unite
dStat
es
SlovakR
epublic
Polan
d
Hung
ary
Esto
nia
Mexico
Russian
Federatio
n
http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932523310http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932523329http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932523329http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932523310
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