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From:

Health at a Glance 2011OECD Indicators

Access the complete publication at:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/health_glance-2011-en

Premature mortality

Please cite this chapter as:

OECD (2011), Premature mortality, in Health at a Glance 2011:

OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/health_glance-2011-5-en
http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/health_glance-2011-5-enhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1787/health_glance-2011-en


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This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of orsovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to

the name of any territory, city or area.


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1. HEALTH STATUS

HEALTH AT A GLANCE 2011: OECD INDICATORS OECD 201126

1.2. Premature mortality

Premature mortality, measured in terms of potential years

of life lost (PYLL) before the age of 70 years, focuses on

deaths among younger age groups of the population. PYLL

values are heavily influenced by infant mortality and

deaths from diseases and injuries affecting children and

younger adults: a death at five years of age represents

65 PYLL; one at 60 years of age only ten. Premature mortal-ity can be influenced by advances in medical technology,

especially in relation to infant mortality and deaths due to

heart disease, and in prevention and control measures,

reducing untimely or avoidable deaths from injuries and

communicable diseases. A number of other variables, such

as GDP per capita, occupational status, numbers of doctors

and alcohol and tobacco consumption have also been

associated with reduced premature mortality (Or, 2000;

Joumard et al., 2008).

Rates of premature mortality are higher among males in all

countries, with the OECD average in 2009 (4 689 years lost

per 100 000 males) almost twice that of females (2 419). The

main causes of potential years of life lost before age 70among men are external causes including accidents and

violence (29%), followed by cancer (20%) and circulatory

diseases (17%). For women, the principal causes are cancer

(31%), external causes (17%), and circulatory diseases (12%).

Among males, Iceland and Sweden had the lowest levels of

premature mortality in 2009, and for females levels were

lowest in Iceland and Luxembourg (Figure 1.2.1). In the

OECD, Estonia and Mexico reported the highest premature

mortality rates for males, and Mexico and Hungary for

females, with levels more than double those of the country

with the lowest PYLL. The rates for the United States were

also high almost 50% above the OECD average in the case

of females, and 30% for males. Among US males, more thanone-third (and in females, one-fifth) of these premature

mortality rates can be attributed to deaths resulting from

external causes, including accidents, suicide and homicide.

Premature death from homicide for men in the United

States is more than five times the OECD average. Rates of

premature mortality are also extremely high in the Russian

Federation, at over four times the OECD average for males,

and three times for females.

Across OECD countries, premature mortality has been cut

by more than half since 1970 (Figure 1.2.2). The decline in

premature mortality was more rapid for females than for

males between 1970 and the early 1990s, but since then the

average rate of PYLL has been declining at the same rate for

both men and women. The downward trend in infant

mortality was a major factor contributing to the decline

in earlier years (see Indicator 1.7 Infant mortality). More

recently, the decline in deaths from heart disease among

adults has contributed significantly to the overall reductionin premature mortality in many countries (see Indicator 1.3

Mortality from heart disease and stroke).

Portugal, Luxembourg and Italy have seen premature

mortality rates decline rapidly among both males and

females, so that they are currently less than one-third

of 1970 levels. Although the rate is still high, Mexico has also

seen a dramatic decline. In each case, the sharp reduction in

infant mortality rates has been an important contributing

factor. In contrast, premature mortality has declined more

slowly in Hungary, particularly among males. This is largely

attributed to persistently high levels of mortality from circu-

latory disease (currently twice the OECD average) and from

liver disease (over three times the OECD average). The slowdecline in PYLL in part reflects unhealthy lifestyles, in

particular high alcohol and tobacco consumption among

males in Hungary, together with Hungarys high suicide

rates. Declines in premature mortality have also been slow

in Poland and the United States.

Definition and comparability

Potential years of life lost (PYLL) is a summary

measure of premature mortality, providing an explicitmethod of weighting deaths which occur at younger

ages. The calculation of PYLL involves adding age-

specific deaths occurring at each age and weighting

them by the number of remaining unlived years up

to a selected age limit, defined here as age 70. For

example, a death occurring at five years of age is

counted as 65 years of PYLL. The indicator is

expressed per 100 000 females and males.

Information on data for Israel: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/

888932315602.
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1. HEALTH STATUS

HEALTH AT A GLANCE 2011: OECD INDICATORS OECD 2011 27

1.2. Premature mortality

1.2.1 Potential years of life lost (PYLL), females and males, 2009 (or nearest year)

Source: OECD Health Data 2011; IS-GBE (2011).

1 2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932523310

1.2.2 Reduction in potential years of life lost (PYLL), 1970-2009 (or nearest year)

Source: OECD Health Data 2011; IS-GBE (2011).

1 2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932523329

02 0004 0006 0008 00010 000 0 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000

1 492

1 704

1 763

1 872

1 882

1 916

1 935

1 949

1 998

2 024

2 063

2 077

2 123

2 148

2 171

2 202

2 208

2 235

2 246

2 302

2 412

2 419

2 479

2 493

2 500

2 554

2 775

2 990

3 004

3 049

3 127

3 555

3 629

4 946

7 056

2 995

3 613

3 287

3 857

3 518

3 081

4 367

3 601

4 508

3 295

3 518

3 561

3 824

4 068

4 171

4 459

4 696

3 114

4 708

4 239

5 046

4 689

3 988

4 311

4 585

4 168

4 365

8 872

5 622

7 025

7 801

6 133

7 863

8 481

20 161

Females Males

PYLL per 100 000 females PYLL per 100 000 males

Czech Republic

Russian Federation

ChileSlovak Republic

PolandUnited States

HungaryMexico

United KingdomDenmark

BelgiumCanada

New ZealandEstonia

OECD

NetherlandsPortugal

Ireland

GreeceIsrael

SloveniaSwitzerland

NorwayAustralia

Finland

AustriaKoreaFrance

SpainItaly

Sweden

Germany

Iceland

LuxembourgJapan

1970 2009

25 000

20 000

15 000

10 000

5 000

0

6

707

5

777

7

239

6

911

9

923

6

294

8

810

6

108

8

616

7

480

8

932

9

420

7

704

7

454

7

782

7

631

7

744

6

692

14

505

8

289

8

727

8

350

8

344

9

243

1

0

280

1

0

406

20

257

2

262

2

507

2

528

2

661

2

669

2

678

2

699

2

767

2

804

2

823

2

866

2

974

3

104

3

162

3

177

3

233

3

272

3

282

3

316

3

365

3

410

3

457

3

463

3

544

3

546

3

559

3

726

4

306

4

847

49

98

5

419

5

657

5

763

6

670

13

277

PYLL per 100 000 population

OEC

D

Icelan

d

Sweden

Japan

Switz

erlan

d

Luxe

mbou

rg

Neth

erlan

ds Italy

Israel

Norw

ay

Austr

aliaSp

ain

Germ

any

Austria

Greece

Korea

Unite

dKing

dom

Irelan

d

Slovenia

France

Canada

Denm

ark

Portu

gal

Finlan

d

Belgi

um

NewZe

aland

CzechR

epublic

Chile

Unite

dStat

es

SlovakR

epublic

Polan

d

Hung

ary

Esto

nia

Mexico

Russian

Federatio

n
http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932523310http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932523329http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932523329http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932523310

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