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11/10/07 Maswig for Mkom Univ-BL 1
Kebijakan Publik Sektor TIK
Mas Wigrantoro Roes Setiyadi
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The Origin of Public Policy• Kebijakan = Policy,
berasal dari bahasaYunani, Sansekerta danLatin
• Polis (negara kota),menjadi politia (negara),policie (menanganimasalah-masalahpublik) = administrasipemerintahan, politics,policy.
• Kode Hammurabi (abad 18SM)
• Arthashastra (Kautilya,300SM)
• Plato (427-327SM)• Aristoteles (384-322 SM),
Politics, dan Ethics• Machiavelli (1469-1527).• Max Weber• Dll.
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Kebijakan Publik???
• Aktivitas menciptakan pengetahuan tentangdan dalam proses pembuatan kebijakan(Bauer & Gergen, 1968).
• Meneliti sebab, akibat, dan kinerja kebijakandan program publik.
• Membuat perubahan, membentukmasyarakat (publik) yang berkualitas.
• Promote public interest
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Alternatif Kebijakan
• Dipengaruhi oleh konteks institusional, value,persepsi, perilaku, dan kepentingan mereka yangterlibat
• Pendekatan analisis:– Class Analytic, sumber kebijakan publik berasal dari power
dan dominasi di antara klas sosial (Marxist).– Pluralist, kebijakan publik dihasilkan dari konflik, tawar-
menawar, dan koalisi di antara kelompok sosial gunamelindungi kepentingan masing-masing.
– Public Choice, kebijakan publik dihasilkan dari pemahamanmasyarakat (rasional) atas kepentingan yang berbeda.
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Sasaran Umum
Antara Lain:• pertumbuhan ekonomi dan daya saing
(economic growth andcompetitiveness).
• peningkatan kualitas hidup (quality oflife).
• stabilitas pertahanan dan ketahanannasional (national defense).
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KebijakanPublik
StabilitasHankamnas
Investasi
Siklus pengaruh kebijakan publik
DemokratisasiPertumbuhanEkonomi Kualitas Hidup
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Strategi implementasi tingkatoperasional
• Meningkatkan manfaat dari TIK,• Membantu masyarakat dan organisasi untuk menyesuaikan
perkembangan terbaru dan memberikan perangkat serta modeluntuk merespon secara rasional tantangan yang muncul seiringdengan perkembangan TIK,
• Memfasilitasi tersedianya infrastruktur komunikasai dan informasiyang terjangkau oleh segenap anggota masyarakat,
• Meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan dan produk - produk telematika,• Mendorong inovasi dalam pembangunan dan penggunaan
teknologi,• Mendorong terjadinya penyebar-luasan informasi, transparansi,
dan akuntabilitas serta mengurangi birokrasi intra dan antarorganisasi,
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Strategi implementasi tingkatoperasional
• Identifikasi prioritas dalam pembangunan TIK,• Memberikan kesempatan kepada masyarakat
untuk lebih mudah mengakses informasi,• Menyediakan sumber daya TIK bagi institusi
pendidikan dan pemerintahan,• Mendukung konsep belajar seumur hidup,• Melatih individu dan organisasi agar memiliki
pengetahuan dan ketrampilan di bidang TIK.
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Elemen - elemen Kebijakan TIK
• Pembangunan Infrastruktur• Pengembangan pengetahuan dan
ketrampian (skills)• Legislasi dan regulasi• Koordinasi dan pengembangan institusi• Akses TIK• Pemantauan Kinerja
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Realitas versus Ideal
• kebijakan yang baru saja diterbitkan oleh pemerintahseringkali menjadi tidak sesuai dengan realita yangsedang terjadi di masyarakat
• ukuran keberhasilan kebijakan tetap saja ditentukanpada tahap implementasi yang disesuaikan dengankondisi nyata di lapangan
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Faktor - faktor yang mempengaruhikebijakan TIK nasional
• Infrastruktur• Produk dan pelayanan• Monopoli Telekomunikasi• Keberagaman kesiapan instansi pemerintah dalam
memanfaatkan TIK• Gaya dan Struktur Manajemen pemerintahan• Ketersediaan anggaran• Teledensity dan penetrasi Internet• Sumber daya manusia yang menguasai TIK
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Infrastructure
Application Content
FinancialLaws
& Regulation
HRD
Reformasi Pemerintahan
Perubahan Manajemen Publik
“USED of ICT” GOODGOV.
DIGITALDIVIDE
2004 2020
VISION
Facing NewEconomy
Environment
“Building up aknowledge-based
IndonesiaTelematika societyin the year 2020”
Visi Pemanfaatan Telematika
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The Nature of Government :Citizen as Stakeholder
The Business ofGovernment :
Citizen as Customer
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ICT for Education
E-Governm
ent forG
ood Governance
E-business to Support SMEs
E-Dem
ocracy
Com
munity-based IC
T
VISION“Building up a knowledge-based
Indonesia Telematika society in theyear 2020”
ICT Supporting StructureInfrastructure: ICT and Telecommunication (ICT) infrastructure, Human Resources, ICT industryInfrastructureRegulatory : Telematika LawOrganization : National ICT Coordinating AgencyFinancial : A new paradigm in funding mechanism
National Information Technology Framework
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E-Democracy
E-Government forGood Governance
E-BusinessTo Support
SMEs
ICT forEducation
Community-basedICT
BASICFRAMEWORK
INFRASTRUCTUREFRAMEWORK
REGULATORYFRAMEWORK
ORGANIZATIONFRAMEWORK
FINANCIALFRAMEWORK
National Information Technology Framework
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“Building up a knowledge-based Indonesia Telematikasociety in the year 2020”
VISION MISSION POLICYSTRATEGYOBJECTIVE
VISION
MISSION
• Providing universal information equally access to the entiresociety thoroughly
• Enhancing coordination and making optimal and efficient use ofinformation
• Enhancing efficiency and productivity• Enhancing quality and quantity of human resources• Enhancing the utilization of information technology infrastructure
including the implementation of the required regulations• Motivating the economic growth by the ICT development and
utilization.
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The achievement of 'E-Government for GoodGovernance'
The achievement of 'E-Business to Support Smalland Medium Enterprises (SME)'
The achievement of 'Community-based ICT' The achievement of 'ICT for Education' The achievement of 'E-Democracy'
OBJECTIVE
VISION MISSION POLICYSTRATEGYOBJECTIVE
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“E-Government for Good Governance” To apply transparency and accountability in public
resources management
To enhance efficiency, productivity, and effectivenessin governmental administration
To apply the on-line government
STRATEGY (1)
VISION MISSION POLICYOBJECTIVE
“E-Business to Support SME” To provide a virtual market for market players
To empower, elucidate, and train SMEs to enhancetheir capabilities in utilizing ICT and E-Businessparticularly
To develop a strong local ICT industry
STRATEGY
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'Community-based ICT' To provide information access infrastructure and
information application for public society at the entirecapital city of regency and at sub district area
To provide fund and government investment program tosupport the community empowerment in utilizing ICT
To facilitate the acculturation process to become asociety that able to utilize ICT
To promote and enhance the ICT research, which hasan orientation to the market needs and ICT activities.
STRATEGY (2)
VISION MISSION POLICYOBJECTIVE STRATEGY
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'ICT for Education' To provide access for distance learning dedicated to the entire
communities that need it
To utilize ICT on training process in both government andprivate sectors
To enhance teaching quality with ICT supported
VISION MISSION POLICYSTRATEGYOBJECTIVE
STRATEGY (3)
'E-Democracy' To apply a frictionless interaction between the society
and their representatives in the governmentadministration
To apply transparency in the legislative institutionactivities
To utilize ICT on democracy process
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VISION MISSION POLICYSTRATEGYOBJECTIVE
A. Applying the Funding Mechanismwith a New Paradigm
B. Strengthening the ICT Support andBase
C. Establish the Central CoordinatingAgency (CCA) for National ICTDevelopment
D. Motivate the ICT IndustryDevelopment
GENERAL POLICY
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Strategy of E-government for GoodGovernance (1)
The achievement of transparency and accountability in the public resourcesmanagement is reflected by :
The availability of information in the matter of resourcesmanagement in the government bureaucracy units for public(procurement, financial reports, assets, etc)
Access availability for public to perform social control
Availability of widely spread information (land use, governmentpolicy, statistics, etc)
The increment of efficiency, productivity, and effectiveness in thegovernment is reflected by :
Coordination that occurs among business units
Information and ICT resources sharing
Interoperable and secured inter organization systems
Information utilization as a commodity to increase thegovernment income
The achievement of on-line government is reflected by availability ofe-Public Service Infrastructure
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e- Public InfrastructureCommercial Services
(National Payment System Infrastructure, Credit Checking, Rating, Personnel/Company Credit Conduit, Credit/Loan Information, etc)
Value Added Public Service(e-government, e-procurement, e-employment,
e-fulfillment, access control)Basic Public Service
(National Identity (KTP), Passport, Health Information,Tax Number, Election Card, Student Card Identity)
Public Service InfrastructureNational ID + Public Key Infrastructure
Back-end system – application-front-ends smart-card
Existing Physical Network(PSTN - Mobile - Fixed Wireless
Private NetworkInternet - Cable TV)
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Indonesia Country Gateway
In the coming years Indonesia will initiate a number of actionprograms to accelerate the utilization of ICT in various sectors.In the initial stage, efforts will be given to set up informationlinks among institutional clusters (domestic and foreign)facilitate by an e-link network.
Present e-access to :• Various Government• Private Existing Homepage• E-Mail Contact
(Under Construction)
http://www.searchindonesia.com (mostly bahasa Indonesia)http://indonesia.elga.net.id (mostly English)
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Kebijakan TIK di Indonesia
• 1970-1986, tidak ada kebijakan yang dapat dijadikan acuan bagipengembangan teknologi informasi,
• 1985-1990, wacana kebijakan yang mengatur standar profesi TIdi instansi pemerintah,
• 1993-1994, Inpres 16, penggunaan Personal Komputer produkdalam negeri,
• 1994-1996, Badan Koordinasi Otomatisasi Administrasi Negara(Bakotan)
• 1997, Keppres Nomor 30 tentang pembentukan Tim KoordinasiTelematika Indonesia (TKTI)
• 1997, Undang - Undang Nomor 24/97, tentang Penyiaran
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Kebijakan TIK di Indonesia• 1998, Presiden Habibie melanjutkan TKTI dan memperbaharui
mandat yang diberikan kepada tim,• 1999, Undang – Undang 36/1999 tentang Telekomunikasi,• 1999, Undang – Undang 40/1999 tentang Pers• 2000, Presiden GusDur melalui Keppres Nomor 50/2000
menunjuk Wakil Presiden sebagai Ketua TKTI,• 2001, Inpres Nomor 1 tentang Kemayoran sebagai wilayah
pengembangan Telematika,• 2001, Inpres Nomor 2 tentang penggunaan Bahasa Indonesia
dalam aplikasi komputer,• 2001, Inpres Nomor 6, tentang Kerangka Kebijakan
Pengembangan dan Pendayagunaan Teknologi Telematika diIndonesia,
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Kebijakan TIK di Indonesia• PP 52/2000, penyelenggaraan telekomunikasi• PP 53/2000, spektrum frekuensi dan orbit satelit• KepmenHub 20/2001, jaringan telekomunikasi• KepmenHub 21/2001, jasa telekomunikasi• KepmenKominfo 2005, DetikNas• Dll.
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Inpres 6/2001
• Teknologi Telematika untuk mempersatukan bangsa danmemberdayakan masyarakat;
• Teknologi Telematika dalam masyarakat dan untuk masyarakat;• Pengembangan infrastruktur nasional;• Peran sektor swasta dan iklim usaha;• Peningkatan kapasitas dan teknologi Telematika;• Pengembangan E-Government atau Government On-line; dan• Peningkatan dan penguatan Tim Koordinasi Telematika
Indonesia (TKTI).
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Permasalahan di sekitar kebijakan TIK(Indonesia)
• kepemimpinan nasional dan daerah (e-leadership),• kebijakan pada setiap jenjang pemerintahan yang
dapat menjadi petunjuk operasional,• anggaran pembangunan yang mencukupi untuk
dialokasikan di sektor TIK,• kemampuan dan kesediaan koordinasi antar-instansi
pemerintah,• apresiasi terhadap profesi di bidang TIK.
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Hubungan TIK Dengan Sektor Lain
Ekonomi
Pendidikan Hukum
Pertanian
Teknologi InformasiDan Komunikasi
Kes
ehat
anSo
sial
Polit
ik
Aplikasi TIK Untuk BidangTerkait.
Contoh:Sistem Informasi PertanianSistem Informasi PendidikanSisminbakume-Healthe-Governmente-Commercee-EducationDll.
Kajian Bidang tertentu yang berhubungan dengan dampak TIK
Contoh:- Kajian Ekonomi TIK (Economic of ICT)- Hukum TIK
- Dampak Sosial TIK- Kebijakan Pendidikan TIK- Politik TIK
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Dampak kebijakan TIK
• Implikasi Ekonomi+ Kontribusi terhadap GNP,
• Implikasi Sosial– hubungan antara kebijakan di bidang TIK dengan pengurangan
angka kemiskinan,– kontribusi bagi peningkatan kesehatan masyarakat, yang sifatnya
phisik dan nonphisik,– dampak negatif dari Internet seperti penyimpangan perilaku
sosial,– munculnya kasus - kasus kriminal di bidang TIK.+ makin banyak tenaga kerja trampil di bidang TIK,+ pemerataan dan penyebaran informasi lebih efisien.
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Dampak kebijakan TIK
• Implikasi Budaya– mengubah sikap budaya menjadi masyarakat yang
bercirikan knowledge based economy,– proses perubahan budaya berjalan sangat pelan dan dalam
jangka panjang cenderung tidak dapat dirasakan bila sudahada pengaruhnya.
• Implikasi Pertahanan dan Keamanan– resiko gangguan pertahanan dan keamanan.
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How ICT Eradicate Poverty?1. Government intervention in the form of policy is needed to
facilitate business model.2. Facts show price of ICT services is above the affordability of
poor.3. Little needs/demands from poor to ICT services4. Need subsidy scheme, so that poor can afford price of ICT
services5. Given social condition of poor, the subsidy will be in the form of
cost recovery for supply side rather than direct subsidy to thepoor.
6. The subsidy should consider the sustainability of businessmodel, and eliminate dependency of the poor.
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ICT Regulation and Public Policy
Universal servicesPublic facilitiesPublic informationUnrestricted useTechnique to preventhackingAll channel open access
Service to target marketPrivate facilitiesPrivate, proprietaryCopy rightSecurity of recordsScreening information
User / consumer
CompetitionIncreasing bandwidthNo restrictionsLoosening restrictionsFree tradeOpen governmentFreedom of expressionSurveillanceOpen standard
MonopolySpectrum allocationCross-ownershipForeign OwnershipTrade quotasSecrecyCensorshipPrivacyProprietary Standard
Provider / producer
FacilitatingConstrainingFocus of policyand regulation
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Tools of Evaluation
• Outcome Parameters:– Common ICT performance
indicators– Government ICT investment– New ICT Patents– ICT contributions to GDP– Perceived benefits by
particular groups
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Key Elements of ICT Policy
• Good National ICT Policy shouldconsists of– Future Business Scope Definition– Future Positions– Objectives– Strategic Moves– Change Plan– Commitment Plan
Source: Boar, 1994
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ICT and GovernmentBusiness Alignment
Government Business Strategy• Business Scope• Distinctive Competencies• Business Governance
Government ICT Strategy• Technology Scope• Systemic Competencies• ICT Governance
Organizational Infrastructure& Processes• Infrastructure• Processes• Skills
ICT Infrastructure & Processes• Infrastructure• Processes• Skills
FunctionalIntegration
Strategic FitCross-DimensionalAlignments
Source: John Henderson, 1991
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ICT Indicators
Information from a wide variety of sources canhelp to measure and inform the impact anddirection of the strategy.
Copyright: Mad7986, http://www.sxc.hu
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Teledensity
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Telephones
Wartel• 2004: 313,027• 2005: 332,795
TUKK:• 2004: 101,664• 2005: 91,819
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Personal Computers and Internet
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Internet
Internet Kiosk?
Mobile Internet Users?
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ICT Investment By Public Sector
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ICT Investment by Private Sector
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ICT-products Export
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New ICT Patents
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ICT Human Resources
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12 Obstacles to Policy Execution
1. Inability to manage changeeffectively or to overcomeinternal resistance to change;
2. Trying to execute a policy thatconflict with the existing powerstructure;
3. Poor or inadequate informationsharing between individuals orgovernment institutionsresponsible for policy execution;
4. Unclear communication ofresponsibility and/oraccountability for executiondecisions or actions;
5. Poor or vague policy;6. Lack of feelings of “ownership”
of a policy or execution plansamong key stakeholders;
Source: Hrebiniak, 2005
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12 Obstacles to Policy Execution
7. Not having guidelines or a modelto guide policy-execution efforts;
8. Lack of understanding of the roleof organizational structure anddesign in the execution process;
9. Inability to generate “buy in” oragreement on critical executionsteps or actions;
10. Lack of incentives orinappropriate incentives tosupport execution objectives;
11. Insufficient financial resources toexecute the policy; and
12. Lack of upper-managementsupport of policy execution.
Source: Hrebiniak, 2005
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Recommendation
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Add Quantitative Objectives
• Process approach isgood, but not sufficient
• Numbers are easier tobe understood thanqualitative statement
• Easy for you to claimsuccess
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Consider Sustainability
• Policy is not planning,and promoting only, butimplementation as well
• When new regimeinstalled, it does notmean “the policy”become out of fashion
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People, not yourself
• What you give, it maybenot what they need
• Thing that mostvaluables to peoplemuch better than manyworth for you only
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