2011-pengoperasian sistem tenaga listrik
TRANSCRIPT
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CAPACITY FACTOR
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LOAD FACTOR &
DEMAND FACTOR
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KONTRIBUSI SEKTOR ESDM TERHADAPPENERIMAAN NASIONAL
Kontribusi
Sektor Lain
63,7%
Kontribusi
Sektor ESDM
36,3%
T5,962.Rp+
Migas
31,6%
Pertambangan Umum 4,4%
Lain-lain 0,3%
1. PENERIMAAN MIGAS 108.205,64 137.675,75 191.681,82 186.639,57 304.378,68
2. PENERIMAAN PERTAMBANGAN UMUM 8.993,28 17.567,49 29.819,97 37.340,23 42.655,46a.Pajak Pertambangan Umum 6.419,62 12.875,24 23.155,16 28.636,95 30.080,26
b.PNBP Pertambangan Umum 2.573,66 4.692,25 6.664,81 8.703,28 12.575,20
3. PENERIMAAN LAIN-LAIN 178,01 304,10 617,95 1.233,12 2.443,16
PENERIMAAN TOTAL ESDM 117.376,93 155.547,34 222.119,74 225.212,92 349.477,30
PENERIMAAN TOTAL NON-ESDM 285.727,67 339.652,66 436.980,26 483.281,48 613.004,80
PENERIMAAN NEGARA TOTAL 403.104,60 495.200,00 659.100,00 708.494,40 962.482,10% KONTRIBUSI SEKTOR ESDM 29,1% 31,4% 33,7% 31,8% 36,3%
Kurs (Rupiah/US$) 8.884 9.657 9.119 9.093 9.691ICP (US$/barel) 37,17 51,84 63,86 69,69 101,31Lifting (ribu bph) 1.036 1.003 957 899 931
URAIAN 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Nilai %Ekspor 1.475 485 32,92%
Impor 1.418 312 21,98%
Pengeluaran Pemerintah 807 349 43,31%
Investasi 1.377 181 13,11%
Konsumsi 3.019 241 7,98%
PDB 5.349 945 17,66%
NasionalSektor ESDM
Catatan:Diolah dari laporan BPS dan Bank Indonesia
(Triliun)
2008
Miliar Rp.
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KONTRIBUSI SEKTOR ESDM
DALAM PEMBANGUNAN DAERAH
LISTRIK PEDESAANBIMBINGAN MASYARAKAT DALAM
PENGELOLAAN SUMUR TUA
KEAGAMAAN
KESEHATANPENDIDIKAN
COMDEV/CSR
DANA BAGI HASIL
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Triliun
Rp.
Minyak bumi Gas bumi Pertambangan umum
16,3
26,531,1 30,2
40,5
0
500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
TAHUN
MiliarRp.
615
9181.149
1.734
2.166
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DME Berbasis Energi non BBN
Berbasis Mikro Hydro Berbasis Tenaga Angin
Berbasis Tenaga Surya
Berbasis Biogas
Berbasis Biomassa
Berbasis jarak pagar
Berbasis kelapa
Berbasis sawit
Berbasis singkong
Berbasis tebu
DME Berbasis BBN
DESA MANDIRI ENERGI (KUMULATIF)
Program 2007 2008
Berbasis Energi SetempatNon BBN (Unit)
103 286
Berbasis BBN (Unit) 127 138
TOTAL 230 424
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PENGGERAK UTAMA PEMBANGUNAN
(EFEK BERANTAI)
SEKTO
R
ESDM
PROPOOR
PROJOB
PRO
GROWTH
Pembangunan daerah
Pembukaan lapangan
kerja
Meningkatkan nilaitambah
Comm uni ty Development
Meningkatkan kegiatan
ekonomi
FORWARDLINKAGE
BACKWARD
LINKAGE
INDUSTRIESDM
contoh: pabrik pupuk,petrokimia, dll
contoh: industri material& industri peralatan diBatam
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PROD.7.883 BSCFD
PERTAM
INA
0.9
26BS
CFD
DOMESTIK47.8 %
EKSPOR52.2 %
PRODUKSI DAN PEMANFAATAN GAS BUMIPRODUKSI DAN PEMANFAATAN GAS BUMITAHUN 2008
KPS6.957 BSCFD
MMSCFD (%)
PEMAKAIAN DOMESTIK
PUPUK 473.2 6.0KILANG 81.2 1.0
PET. KIMIA 140.3 1.8
KONDENSASI 10.5 0.1
LPG 36.1 0.5
PGN 1,098.5 13.9
PLN 604.5 7.7KRAKATAU STEEL 65.7 0.8
INDUSTRI LAIN 133.9 1.7
PEMAKAIAN SENDIRI 814.6 10.3
SUSUT + FLARE 310.7 3.9
SUB TOTAL DOMESTIK 3,769.2 47.8
LNG 3,472.3 44.0
LPG 0.0 0.0
GAS PIPA 642.0 8.1
SUB TOTAL EKSPOR 4,114.3 52.2
T O T A L 7,883.4 100
PRODUKSI DAN PEMANFAATAN GAS BUMI
TAHUN 2008
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DME Berbasis Energi non BBN
Berbasis Mikro Hydro Berbasis Tenaga Angin
Berbasis Tenaga Surya
Berbasis Biogas
Berbasis Biomassa
Berbasis jarak pagar
Berbasis kelapa
Berbasis sawit
Berbasis singkong
Berbasis tebu
DME Berbasis BBN
DESA MANDIRI ENERGI (KUMULATIF)
Program 2007 2008
Berbasis Energi SetempatNon BBN (Unit)
103 286
Berbasis BBN (Unit) 127 138
TOTAL 230 424
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PENGGERAK UTAMA PEMBANGUNAN
(EFEK BERANTAI)
SEKTO
R
ESDM
PROPOOR
PROJOB
PRO
GROWTH
Pembangunan daerah
Pembukaan lapangan
kerja
Meningkatkan nilaitambah
Comm uni ty Development
Meningkatkan kegiatan
ekonomi
FORWARDLINKAGE
BACKWARD
LINKAGE
INDUSTRIESDM
contoh: pabrik pupuk,petrokimia, dll
contoh: industri material& industri peralatan diBatam
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PROD.7.883 BSCFD
PERTAM
INA
0.9
26BS
CFD
DOMESTIK47.8 %
EKSPOR52.2 %
PRODUKSI DAN PEMANFAATAN GAS BUMIPRODUKSI DAN PEMANFAATAN GAS BUMITAHUN 2008
KPS6.957 BSCFD
MMSCFD (%)
PEMAKAIAN DOMESTIK
PUPUK 473.2 6.0KILANG 81.2 1.0
PET. KIMIA 140.3 1.8
KONDENSASI 10.5 0.1
LPG 36.1 0.5
PGN 1,098.5 13.9
PLN 604.5 7.7KRAKATAU STEEL 65.7 0.8
INDUSTRI LAIN 133.9 1.7
PEMAKAIAN SENDIRI 814.6 10.3
SUSUT + FLARE 310.7 3.9
SUB TOTAL DOMESTIK 3,769.2 47.8
LNG 3,472.3 44.0
LPG 0.0 0.0
GAS PIPA 642.0 8.1
SUB TOTAL EKSPOR 4,114.3 52.2
T O T A L 7,883.4 100
PRODUKSI DAN PEMANFAATAN GAS BUMI
TAHUN 2008
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II. POTENSI ENERGI DAN MINERAL
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113.34
852.48
596.81
414.03
765.75
60.83
913.09
PAPUA
CADANGAN MINYAK BUMI (MMSTB)
NATUNA
MALUKU
TERBUKTI = 3,747.50 MMSTB
POTENSIAL = 4,471.72 MMSTB
TOTAL = 8,219.22 MMSTB
136.71
58.02
144.42
NAD
SUMATERA UTARA
SUMATERA TENGAH
SUMATERA SELATAN
JAWA TIMUR
JAWA BARATSULAWESI
KALIMANTAN
4,163.75
CADANGAN MINYAK BUMI INDONESIA
(2008)
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-10
100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140
5
0
-5
CEKUNGAN MIGAS INDONESIA
5
Cekungan telah dibor, belum ditemukanhidrokarbon (14)
Cekungan belum dieksplorasi (22)
Cekungan sudah berporduksi (16)
Cekungan telah ditemukan hidrokarbon,
belum berproduksi (8)
17
8
6
318
21
510
4
14
3
5
Wilayah eksplorasi (119)
20 dilaporkan menemukan cadanganmigas
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CADANGAN GAS BUMI DAN CBM INDONESIA(2008)
CADANGAN GAS (TSCF)
1.27
3.18
8.15
4.16
52.59
24.96
24.21
NATUNA
5.72NORTH
SUMATRA
13.65
28.00
CENTRALSUMATRA
ACEH(NAD)
SOUTHSUMATRA
WEST JAVA
5.08
EAST JAVA
EAST BORNEO
CELEBES
MOLUCCAS
PAPUA
(Advan ce Resourc es Interation al, Inc., 2003
processed)
TERBUKTI = 112.47 TSCF
POTENSIAL = 57.60 TSCF
TOTAL = 170.07 TSCF
CBM RESOURCES (TCF)
TOTAL = 453,3 TSCF
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OMBILINBASIN
CENTRAL
SUMATRA BASIN
(52.50 TCF)
OMBILIN BASIN
(0.50 TCF)
SOUTHSUMATRA BASIN
(183.00 TCF)
BENGKULU
BASIN
(3.60 TCF)
JATIBARANG
BASIN(0.80 TCF)
PASIR AND ASEMASEM BASINS
(3.00 TCF)
BARITO BASIN
(101.60 TCF)
SOUTHWESTSULAWESI BASIN
(2.00 TCF)
KUTEI BASIN(80.40 TCF)
NORTH TARAKANBASIN
(17.50 TCF)
BERAU BASIN
(8.40 TCF)
= 7 Wilayah Kerja CBM yang telah ditandatangani, 2008
Total sumber daya = 453.30 TCF Total cekungan
CBM = 11 (Advan ce Resourc es Interational, Inc., 2003)
CEKUNGAN BATUBARA DAN CBM INDONESIA
IndragiriHulu
SekayuBaritoBanjar
I
Kutai
BentianBesar
Sangatta I
Barito
BanjarII
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POTENSI DAN INFRASTRUKTUR BATUBARA(2008)
Kapasitas maksimum terminal (DW
Grissik Palembang
Semarang
Pacifi c Ocean
AUSTRALIA
I ndian Ocean
Bangkok
Phnom
Penh
BanMabtapud
Ho ChiMinh City
CAMBODIA
VIETNAM
THAILAND LAOS
Khanon
Songkhla
Erawan
Bangkot
LawitJerneh
WEST
MALAYSIA
Penang
Kerteh
KualaLumpur
Manila
Philipines
South
China
Sea
NatunaAlpha
KotaKinibaluBRUNEI
Bandara Seri
BegawanBintulu
EASTMALAYSIA
Kuching
Banda Aceh
Lhokseumawe
Medan
Duri
Padang
Jambi
BintanSINGAPORE
Samarinda
Balikpapan
Bontang
KALIMANTAN
Banjarmasin
Manado
SULAWESI
UjungPandang
BURU SERAM
Ternate HALMAHERA
Sorong
IRIAN JAYA
JakartaJ A V A
Surabaya
Bangkalan
BALI SUMBAWA
Pagerungan
LOMBOK
FLORES
SUMBA
TIMOR
I N D O N E S I A
Duyong
WestNatuna
PortDickson
Port Klang
Mogpu
Dumai
Batam
Guntong
MADURA
TOTALCAPACITY
24,000 MW
Jayapura
MeraukTarahan 40.000
Pulau Baai 40.000
Kertapati 7.000
Teluk Bayur 35.000
Apar Bay 6.000Tanjung Pemancingan 8.000
North Pulau Laut 150.000Tanjung Peutang 8.000IBT 200.000Sembilang 7.500Air Tawar* 7.500Muara Satui 7.500S a t u i* 5.000Kelanis* 10.000Jorong 7.000Taboneo 15.000
Tarakan 7.500
Muara Pantai 150.000
Tanjung Redep 5.000Tanjung Bara 210.000Tanjung Meranggas 90.000
Muara Berau 8.000
B el o r o 8.000
Loa Tebu 8.000Balikpapan 65.000Tanah Merah 60.000
52.44
Sumber daya: 104,76 miliar ton
51.92
0.014
0.23
0.002 0.15
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Jumlah daerah panas bumi : 265
Total potensi : 28.1 GW
Kalimantan
Sulawesi
JawaBali Flores
Irian Jaya
Maluku
Alor
Panas bumi
non vulkanik
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NO MINERAL UNITSUMBER DAYA
(SD)CADANGAN
(CAD)
RATIOCAD/SD
(%)
PRODUKSI
(PROD)
RATIOCAD/PROD
(TAHUN)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 6 = (5/4) (7) 8 = (5/6)
1 Timah (metal) Ton 622.402 462.402 74 62.430 8
2 Bijih Nikel Ton 1.338.182.200 627.810.000 4721.415.085
*)29
3 Nikel FeNi Ton - - - 16.350 -
4 Nikel Matte Ton - - - 79.060 -
5 Tembaga (metal) Ton 66.206.347 41.473.267 63 843.460 49
6 Emas (metal) Ton 5.297 3.156 60 122.33 26
7 Perak (metal) Ton 36.013 11.417 32 280.33 41
8 Bijih Besi (konsentrat) Ton 47.169.416 9.557.846 20 89.644 107
9 Bauxite (metal) Ton 207.931.993 23.999.901 12 5.504.000 5
10 Manganese (metal) Ton 32.738.682 350.000 1 34.793 10
11 Intan Karat 539.800 93.565 17 5.761 16
12 Granit Ton 57.509.419 13.320.417 23 1.800.000 8
CADANGAN DAN PRODUKSI MINERAL INDONESIA(2008)
*) Bijih nikel ini berasal dari PT. Antam Tbk sebesar 7.105.330 ton dan 237.075 ton yang digunakan untuk memproduksi Nikel
-FeNi serta dari PT INCO Tbk sebesar 14.072.680 ton yang digunakan untuk memproduksi Nikel in Matte.
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III. KEBIJAKAN
ENERGI DAN
MINERAL
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KEBIJAKAN ENERGI DAN SUMBER DAYA MINERAL(Berdasarkan UU Energi No. 30 tahun 2007 & UU Minerba No. 4 tahun 2009)
KETAHANAN
ENERGI
DANMINERAL
EKSPLORASIPRODUKSI
KONSERVASI(OPTIMASIPRODUKSI)
SUBSIDI
LANGSUNG
DIVERSIFIKASI
KONSERVASI
(EFISIENSI)
SUPPLY SIDE
POLICY
DEMAND SIDE
POLICY
JAMINAN
PASOKAN
KESADARAN
MASYARAKAT
HARGA ENERGI
SHI
FTING
PARADIGM
22
BBM BERSUBSIDI
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_15/Rakor%20Mataram%20071109/090713--MESDM--Lemhannas--Ketahanan%20Energi--final.ppt -
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BBM BERSUBSIDI(KEBIJAKAN DAN VOLUME)
KEBIJAKAN SUBSIDI BBM
NoJENISBBM
TAHAP I TAHAP II TAHAP IIITAHAP IV
(?)
1 M. Tanah S S S S
2 Premium S S S NS
3 M. Solar S S S NS
4 M. Diesel S S NS NS
5 M. Bakar S S NS NS
6 Avtur S NS NS NS
7 Avgas S NS NS NS
S = SubsidiNS = Non Subsidi
2009
VOLUME BBM BERSUBSIDI
2006 2009 (?)
BBM Non-Subsidi
BBM Subsidi
BBMbersubsidi:100.000 kLM. Tanah
60
40
20
0
JutaK
L
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HARGA JUAL LISTRIK vs BPP TAHUN 2009
(Pelanggan Tegangan Rendah/TR)
Keterangan: Harga Jual realisasi bulan Nopember 2008
135
315
440
548603
669
416
601
665 668
746
1.174
450
550
667 726
1.019
459
581
707
572545
794
671
788 770 764
1.072
656
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1.000
1.100
1.200
1.300
1.400
1.500
S-1/TR
S-2=
450/TR
S-2=90
0/TR
S-2=
1300
/TR
S-2=
2200
S-2sisa
nya/TR
R-1=
450/TR
R-1=90
0/TR
R-1=
1300
/TR
R-1=
2200
R-2/TR
R-3/TR
B-1=
450/TR
B-1=90
0/TR
B-1=
1300
/TR
B-1=
2200
/TR
B-2/TR
I-1=450
/TR
I-1=9
00/TR
I-1=1
300/TR
I-1=2
200/TR
I-1sis
anya
/TR
I-2/TR
P-1=
450/TR
P-1=90
0/TR
P-1=
1300
/TR
P-1=
2200
/TR
P-1sisa
nya/TR
P-3/TR
Golongan Pelanggan
HargaJual[Rp/kWh]
BPP TR : Rp 1.069/kWh
923
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PROGRAM DIVERSIFIKASI ENERGI
Jenis Bahan Bakar Rumah Tangga Transportasi Industri Pembangkit
Gas
LPG
BBG
Coal
Coal
Briket batubara
Coal gasification
Coal liquefaction
Biofuel
Bio-ethanol Bio-diesel
Bio-oil
Panas Bumi
Energi lainnya
Biomass
Air Solar cell
Angin
CBM
Hydrogen / Fuel Cell
Oil Shale
Biogenic Gas
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OPTIMALISASIPENGELOLAAN
ENERGI
Tahun 2008
Tahun 2025(Skenario Optimal)
Minyak Bu mi
48%
G a s B u m i
19%
Batubara
30%
Pa nas B um i
1%
Ai r
2%Tahun 2025
(Skenario BaU)
MinyakBumi
41.7%
Gas Bumi20.6%
Batubara34.6%
PanasBumi1.1%
Air2.0%
MinyakBumi20.2%
GasBumi
21.1%
Batubara
34.4%
PanasBumi
6.3%
CBM3.3%
BBBC3.1%
BBN10.2%
EBTLainnya
(Air,Surya,Bayu,
Sampah)
1.4%
SASARAN BAURAN ENERGI PRIMER NASIONAL 2025
26
JALUR CEPAT
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JALUR CEPAT
PENGEMBANGAN BAHAN BAKAR NABATI
Jalur Cepat Setiap daerahmengembangkan BBNsesuai potensi
Kawasan Khusus
Pengembangan BBN
Penciptaan
lapangan kerja
Pengurangan
kemiskinan
Energi
JANGKA PENDEK JANGKA PANJANG
Desa Mandiri
Energi
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Kebutuhan Energi
Kelistrikan Indonesia di
masa depan
Data dan Proyeksi (2000-2050)
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Data dan Proyeksi (2000-2050)
Penduduk, Konsumsi Energy dan GDP/capita
TahunPopulasi (*)
(000)
kWh/person (**)
(kWh)
GDP/Cap (***)
(US$)
2000 211,693 400.4 7802005 226,063 509.3 1,269
2010 239,600 637.7 1,724
2015 251,567 798.5 2,197
2020 261,868 999.9 2,813
2025 271,227 1252.0 3,711
2030 279,666 1567.7 5,123
2035 286,767 1963.0 7,356
2040 292,061 2458.0 10,784
2045 295,398 3077.8 15,6422050 296,885 3853.9 22,395
(*) Sumber: World Resources Institute (2009)
(**) Data tahun 2000 & 2005 International Energy Agency (IEA) (2007); Proyeksi 2010 sd
2050 menggunakan asumsi pertumbuhan rata-rata sebesar 4.6% per tahun dari sumber
U.S. Energy Information Administration (2006)
(***) Data tahun 2000 & 2005 bersumber dari World Bank (2008); Proyeksi 2010 sd 2050
bersumber dari studi Next11 oleh Goldman Sachs (USA)
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Proyeksi Konsumsi Energy (%)
2010 100 %
2020 157 %
2030 246 %
2040 385 %
2045 483 % 2050 604 %
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0.000
5,000.000
10,000.000
15,000.000
20,000.000
25,000.000
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Pertumbuhan Konsumsi Energi, GDP/kapita dan Penduduk
Populasi (juta)
kWh/person
GDP/cap
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0.000
500.000
1,000.000
1,500.000
2,000.000
2,500.000
3,000.000
3,500.000
4,000.000
4,500.000
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Pertumbuhan Penduduk dan Konsumsi Energi
Populasi
kWh/person
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Jenis Pembangkit TenagaListrik
1. PEMBANGKIT HYDRO
2. PEMBANGKIT THERMAL
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Kebutuhan Air Indonesia Data Ditjen Sumber Daya Air menyebutkan jumlah total kebutuhan
air di Indonesia mencapai 175 juta m3/tahun. Terdiri atas
kebutuhan domestik 6,4 juta m3/tahun, pertanian 141 jutam3/tahun dan industri 27,7 juta m3/tahun yang pemenuhannyalebih dari 50% kebutuhan air berasal dari air tanah.
Direktorat Jenderal Cipta Karya Departemen Pekerjaan Umum membagilagi standar kebutuhan air minum berdasarkan lokasi wilayah sebagaiberikut:
a. Pedesaan dengan kebutuhan 60 liter/per kapita/hari b. Kota Kecil dengan kebutuhan 90 liter/per kapita/hari. c. Kota Sedang dengan kebutuhan 110 liter/per kapita/hari. d. Kota Besar dengan kebutuhan 130 liter/per kapita/hari. e. Kota Metropolitan dengan kebutuhan 150 liter/per kapita/hari Jumlah penduduk Indonesia menurut sensus 2010 telah mencapai
242,968,342 jiwa, dengan asumsi kebutuhan air yang ditetapkanUNESCO, maka kebutuhan air penduduk Indonesia saat ini berkisar14,5 miliar liter/hari atau 14,5 juta M3/hari yang dimana masih
jauh lebih tinggi dari data yang dikeluarkan oleh Ditjen SumberDaya Air yang hanya kebutuhan Air Domestik 6,4 Juta M3.
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36
Scale of Hydropower Projects
Large-hydro More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid
Medium-hydro 15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid
Small-hydro 1 - 15 MW - usually feeding into a grid
Mini-hydro Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW
Either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the grid
Micro-hydro From 5kW up to 100 kW Usually provided power for a small community or rural industry
in remote areas away from the grid.
Pico-hydro From a few hundred watts up to 5kW
Remote areas away from the grid.www.itdg.org/docs/technical_information_service/micro_hydro_power.pdf
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37
Pumped Storage Power Spectrum
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38
Pumped Storage Schematic
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39
Pumped Storage System
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
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40
Example
Cabin Creek Pumped Hydro (Colorado)
Completed 1967
Capacity 324 MW Two 162 MW units
Purpose
energy storage Water pumped uphill at night
Low usage excess base load capacity
Water flows downhill during day/peak periods
Helps Xcel to meet surge demand E.g., air conditioning demand on hot summer days
Typical efficiency of 70 85%
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HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
The sun heats the air, causing the air to rise in the atmosphere.
The air is colder higher up, so as the water vapor rises, it cools, condensing
into droplets.
As the sun heats liquid water, the water evaporates into vapor in the air.
When enough droplets accumulate in one area, the droplets may become
heavy enough to fall back to Earth as precipitation.
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Beaya Pembangkit per kWh
PLN rata-rata
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Jenis Konsumen dari PLN
T 30 Ri h t C t i b E ti t d 2009 GDP
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Top 30 Richest Countries by Estimated 2009 GDPBerdasarkan : (2010- International Monetary Fund Wealth )
1. United States US$14.003 trillion(down 1.8% from 2008)
2. Japan US$ 4.993 trillion(up 1.4%)
3. China US$ 4.833 trillion(up 9.8%)
4. Germany US$3.060 trillion (down 16.6%)
5. France US$2.499 trillion(down 12.8%)
6. United Kingdom US$2.007 trillion
(down 24.9%)7. Italy US$1.988 trillion(down 14.1%)
8. Spain US$1.397 trillion(down 13.3%)
9. Brazil US$1.269 trillion(down 19.3%)
10. Canada US$1.229 trillion(down 18.6%)
11. India US$1.186 trillion
(down 2%)12. Russia US$1.164 trillion
(down 30.6%)13. Mexico US$ 827.2 billion
(down 24%)14. Australia US$755.1 billion
(down 25.3%)15. Netherlands US$ 743 billion
(down 14.5%)
16. South Korea US$ 727.1 billion(down 23.2%)
17. Turkey US$ 552.2 billion(down 24.3%)
18. Indonesia US$ 468.4 billion(down 8.5%)
19. Switzerland US$ 452 billion(down 8.2%)
20. Belgium US$ 433.5 billion(down 14.4%)
21. Poland US$ 403 billion
(down 14.4%)22. Saudi Arabia US$ 374 billion(down 22.3%)
23. Austria . US$ 361.8 billion(down 12.9%)
24. Sweden US$ 359.1 billion(down 25.9%)
25. Iran US$ 343 billion(down 0.5%)
26. Norway US$ 340.7 billion
(down 25.3%)27. Taiwan US$ 333.9 billion
(down 14.9%)28. Greece US$3 25.2 billion
(down 9.1%)29. Argentina US$ 310.3 billion
(down 4.9%)30. Venezuela US$ 294.3 billion
(down 7.9%)
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ENERGI TERJUAL PER JENIS
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ENERGI TERJUAL PER JENISPELANGGAN PLN 2010
P d t PLN d i J i
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Pendapatan PLN dari JenisPelanggan Listrik 2010
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Daya Terpasang PLN Tahun 2010
P d k i E i Li t ik PLN
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Produksi Energi Listrik PLNTahun 2010
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Australia's power and gas lines could eitherintersect with the gas networks and electricitygrid of ASEAN or press on for bilateral tradewith China
Source: Desertec-Australia
www.desertec-australia.org/content/twf-5-conn..
http://www.desertec-australia.org/content/twf-5-connectingtoasia.htmlhttp://www.desertec-australia.org/content/twf-5-connectingtoasia.htmlhttp://www.desertec-australia.org/content/twf-5-connectingtoasia.htmlhttp://www.desertec-australia.org/content/twf-5-connectingtoasia.htmlhttp://www.desertec-australia.org/content/twf-5-connectingtoasia.htmlhttp://www.desertec-australia.org/content/twf-5-connectingtoasia.htmlhttp://www.desertec-australia.org/content/twf-5-connectingtoasia.htmlhttp://www.desertec-australia.org/content/twf-5-connectingtoasia.html -
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NEGARA Konsumsi Konsumsi GDP GNP
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NEGARA KonsumsiListrik(GWh
consumption)
KonsumsiBBM (barrel
consumption/day)
GDP(millions US$)
GNP(millions US )
AMERIKASERIKAT 3.920.613 20.680.000 14.256.275 12.970.000
JEPANG 1.031.262 5.007.000 5.068.059 4.988.000
SINGAPURA 36.643 834.600 177.132 120.000
MALAYSIA 78.804 501.000 191.463 126.000
CHINA 2.054.568 7.578.000 4.908.982 2.264.000
INDONESIA 104.050 1.219.000 539.377 282.000
Sumber: CIA World Factbook, 2009, diolah kembali.
Indonesia 1 kWh Listrik menghasilkan 0,005 US$ = Rp. 50,- pada GDP1 liter BBM menghasilkan 7,62 US$ = Rp. 76.242,- pada GDP
Jepang 1 kWh Listrik menghasilkan 0,005 US$ = Rp. 50,-1 liter BBM menghasilkan 17,44 US$ = Rp. 170.441,- (224%)
Hemat energi ini bahkan harus menjadi BUDAYA bukan hanya
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Hemat energi ini bahkan harus menjadi BUDAYA, bukan hanyaKEBIASAAN. Negara-negara maju seperti Jepang, negara-negara Eropa,maupun Amerika Serikat, selama ini sudah menjadikan hemat energisebagai BUDAYA MEREKA, sehingga biaya produksi berkurang dan dayasaing di pasaran internasional meningkat. Di INDONESIA, hal ini mautidak mau harus SEGERA DILAKUKAN bila tidak mau tersingkir dipasaran global, regional, atau bahkan lokal.
NEGARA KonsumsiListrik
(kWh) perKapita
KonsumsiBBM
(barrel/hari)
GDP perkapita
(US$/capita)
GNP perkapita
(US$/capta)
AMERIKASERIKAT
12.669 20.680.000 46.300 33.070
JEPANG 8.499 5.007.000 33.400 35.474
SINGAPURA
8.034 834.600 48.500 20.066
MALAYSIA 3.732 501.000 14.200 3.312
CHINA 2.444 7.578.000 4.900 865
INDONESIA 504 1.219.000 3.500 599Sumber: CIA World Factbook, 2009, diolah kembali.
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9/25/2011 360 Topic 3. Transmission Lines 62
TRANSMISSION LINE
Construction
The major components are:
Shield conductors for lightning
protection. (When necessary)
Tower (lattice or tubular)
Phase conductors
Insulators (V string shown)
Foundation and grounding
Typical Extra High Voltage Line
grounding grounding
Foundation
TRANSMISSION LINE
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9/25/2011 360 Topic 3. Transmission Lines 63
TRANSMISSION LINE220kV
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9/25/2011 360 Topic 3. Transmission Lines 64
TRANSMISSION LINE69 and 13.8kV
69kV
13.8kVkV
TRANSMISSION LINE
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9/25/2011 360 Topic 3. Transmission Lines 65
TRANSMISSION LINE
Cup and pin InsulatorInsulator chain
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Cup and pin Insulator
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9/25/2011 360 Topic 3. Transmission Lines 67
Phase Conductors Transmission lines use
stranded aluminum
conductors.
Typical type of conductors are:
Aluminum-Conductor-steel-Reinforced (ACSR)
All-Aluminum (AAC)
All-Aluminum Alloy
(AAAC)
Shield Conductors
Aluminum-clad-steel
(Alumoweld)
Extra-High-Strength-Steel
ACSR Conductors
Most frequently used is the
ACSR conductor. The steel
provides mechanical strength,
and the aluminum conducts the
current.Aluminum strands
2 layers,
24 conductors
Steel strands
7 conductors
TRANSMISSION LINE
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9/25/2011 360 Topic 3. Transmission Lines 68
Conductors
Extra high voltage lines use
bundle conductors:
to reduce corona discharge.
to increase current carrying
capacity.
Bundles with two, three and
four conductors are used.
The distance between the
conductors in the bundle is
maintained by steel or
aluminum bars (spacers) as
indicated in the figure.
Bundle conductors
d
d
r
d
r
d
r
TRANSMISSION LINE
A S SS O
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9/25/2011 360 Topic 3. Transmission Lines 69
Parameters
Series AC Resistance
Series Inductance
Shunt Capacitance
AC Resistance
The stranded conductor resistance is larger than the solid conductor
resistance because spiraling of the strands increases the actual length.
AC resistance is larger than the DC resistance because the skin effect forces
the current toward the conductor surface. Resistance increases with the temperature.
Resistance of most line conductors is determined from conductor tables.
TRANSMISSION LINE
TRANSMISSION LINE
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Typical conductor table from EPRI Red book (ACSR):
TRANSMISSION LINE
TRANSMISSION LINE
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Three Phase Line.
The conductors of a long transmission line are usually transposed.
The concept of transposition is shown in the figure below.
In an actual line, the difference of the flux linkage is relatively small.
This permits the calculation of an average distance GMD
(Geometrical Equivalent Distance) and uses the equation derived for
symmetrical (triangular) arrangement. This method is correct only if
the line is transposed. However, a good approximation is obtained
even if it is not transposed.
A
A
AB
B
B
C
C
C
TRANSMISSION LINE
3BCACABDDDGMD
TRANSMISSION LINE
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9/25/2011 360 Topic 3. Transmission Lines 72
Three Phase Line ParametersCalculate inductance and
capacitance:
TRANSMISSION LINE
m
Henry0
7-104
m
Farad
36
10-9
0
mHenry
0
bundle
A
GMR
GMDln
2
L
mFarad0
undleb
AG
r
GMDln
2C
TRANSMISSION LINE
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9/25/2011 360 Topic 3. Transmission Lines 73
Three Phase Line Parameters
1. Find the r, the GMRc and the resistance from the conductor tables.
2. Calculate the equivalent radius or GMR for bundle of two, three and four
conductors :.
One conductor (no bundle):
rbundle = rc GMRbundle = GMRc
Two conductor bundle
TRANSMISSION LINE
crdr bundle Cbundle GMRdGMR
TRANSMISSION LINE
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Three Phase Line Parameters
2. Calculate the equivalent radius or GMR for bundle of two, three and four
conductors :
. Three-conductor bundle:
Four-conductor bundle:
3. Calculate the equivalent distance GMD:
TRANSMISSION LINE
3BCACAB
DDDGMD
3
C
2
bundle GMRdGMR 3 c2bundle rdr 4
c
3
bundlerd1.09r 4 C3bundle GMRd1.09GMR
TRANSMISSION LINE
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9/25/2011 360 Topic 3. Transmission Lines 75
Three Phase Line Equivalent Circuit
Short line
The transmission line is considered short if the lengths is less than 50
miles.
The capacitance in a short line is negligible. Only the resistance andreactance are considered.
The equivalent circuit represents the A phase and is energized by the
line to neutral voltage.
The equivalent circuit is:
VS
IR
VR
IS RjX
TRANSMISSION LINE
TRANSMISSION LINE
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9/25/2011 360 Topic 3. Transmission Lines 76
Three Phase Line Equivalent Circuit
Medium line
The medium line length is between 50-150 miles.
The medium line is represented by a circuit.
The equivalent circuit represents the A phase and is energized by theline to neutral voltage.
The equivalent circuit is:
j X
VS VR
IS R
C/2C/2
Ics I ICR
Ir
TRANSMISSION LINE
TRANSMISSION LINE
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9/25/2011 360 Topic 3. Transmission Lines 77
Three Phase Line Equivalent Circuit
Long line
The long line has a length of more than 150 miles.
The long line is represented by a circuit with distributed parameters.
The voltage and current is described by a distance and time functions.
These functions are calculated by solving the line partial differential
equations.
TRANSMISSION LINE
TRANSMISSION LINE
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9/25/2011 360 Topic 3. Transmission Lines 78
Three-Phase Line. Numerical Exercise
A 220 kV transmission line serves a variable load with a pf = 0.9
(lagging). The maximum load is 200MW. The load voltage is maintained
at 220 kV. The line length is 85 miles.
The line is built with two bundle CARDINAL conductors arrangedhorizontally. The distance between the conductors in the bundle is 18.
The distance between the adjacent phases is 26 ft. The ground clearance
is 50 ft.
a) Draw the line arrangement.
b) Calculate the line parameters.c) Calculate and plot the required supply voltage, the input apparent
power, the regulation, and the efficiency of the line as a function of the
load.
TRANSMISSION LINE
TRANSMISSION LINE
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9/25/2011 360 Topic 3. Transmission Lines 79
Numerical Exercise. Solution steps
1. Draw the line arrangement.
TRANSMISSION LINE
26ft 26ft
50ft
18
TRANSMISSION LINE
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Numerical Exercise. Solution steps
2. Calculation of the line parameters
Find conductor: radius, GMRc and resistance from conductors
table
From the conductors table, the CARDINAL conductor has the following data: GMR =0.0404 ft
R =0.1191 ohm/mile at 75C
conductor diameter = 1.196
Line resistance
GMR of the bundle conductors
Equivalent phase distance or GMD
Line inductance
Line Capacitance
TRANSMISSION LINE
TRANSMISSION LINE
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9/25/2011 360 Topic 3. Transmission Lines 81
Numerical Exercise. Solution steps3) Calculation of supply voltage, and
input apparent power.
Order of calculation: Load current
Capacitive receiving
current (ICR)
Line current
Source voltage
Capacitive sending current (ICS )
Source current
Input apparent power
All of these quantities are calculated as a function of the load
VS
IR
VR
IS RjX
CAG/2CAG/2
Ics I ICR
Equivalent circuit.
TRANSMISSION LINE
TRANSMISSION LINE
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9/25/2011 360 Topic 3. Transmission Lines 82
Questions to ponder:
What has caused public discussions regarding transmission line
generated magnetic fields in recent years?
What is the reason that a 500 kV line in Arizona has two shield
conductors and most 15 kV line have none?
The insulators are in vertical position on most transmission line
towers. However, insulators are in a horizontal position on some
towers. Explain.
TRANSMISSION LINE
Distribution line and Transformer
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9/25/2011 360 Topic 3. Transmission Lines 83
Distribution line13.8 kV
Transformer
240/120V line
Fuse and disconnector
Telephone line
Distribution Cable13.8 kV
Distribution line and Transformer
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Pesan Moral yang Ingin disampaikan dalam Kampanye Anti Korupsi 0 Rupee dengan menyitir 7 Dosayang mematikan Dunia Dewasa Ini oleh Mahatma Gandhi yaitu :
1) KAYA TANPA KERJA,
2) SENANG TANPA HATI NURANI;
3) PENGETAHUAN TANPA KARAKTER;
4) BISNIS TANPA MORAL
5) SAINS TANPA PRIKEMANUSIAAN;