04 electromagnetical waves

Upload: made-tamara

Post on 25-Feb-2018

217 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 7/25/2019 04 Electromagnetical Waves

    1/22

    www.themegallery.com

    1. Interferencea.Double slit Interference

    sinar matahari

    S1

    S2

    So

    A B C

    The narrow slits, S1and S2 act

    as sources of waves

    The waves emerging from theslits originate from the same

    wave front and therefore are

    always in phase

    Sun ray

  • 7/25/2019 04 Electromagnetical Waves

    2/22

    www.themegallery.com

    Ray come from S1dan S2construc at P. Wave front come to

    screen B is reputed parallel

    L

    S1

    S2

    a

    b

    )

    r1

    r2

    y

    P

    dO

    !

  • 7/25/2019 04 Electromagnetical Waves

    3/22

    "or a bright fringe, produced by constructive

    interference, the path difference must be either

    #ero or some integral multiple of of the

    wavelength$ % d sin &bright% m '

    m % (, )1, )2, *

    m is called the order number

    +hen m % (, it is the #eroth order maimum

    +hen m % )1, it is called the first order maimum

  • 7/25/2019 04 Electromagnetical Waves

    4/22

    +hen destructive interference occurs, a dar-

    fringe is observed

    This needs a path difference of an odd half

    wavelength

    $ % d sin &dar-% m / 0 '

    m % (, )1, )2, *

  • 7/25/2019 04 Electromagnetical Waves

    5/22

    "or bright fringes

    "or dar- fringes

    2,1,(mmd

    ybright =

    =

    2,1,(m21m

    dydar- =

    +=

  • 7/25/2019 04 Electromagnetical Waves

    6/22

    Pber3ara- r1dari S1dan r2dari S2.

    Tari-lah garis dari S2-e bsehingga 4S2%4b

    5i-a d 66D, ma-a S2b hampir r1dan r2.

    7-ibatnya S1S2b 4a8 %

    7gar di titi- 4 ter3adi ma-simum, ma-a

    S1b %d sin harus -elipatan bilangan bulat

    S1b=m , dengan m= (, 1, 2,......5adi,

    d sin % m , dengan m % (,1,2, . ... ma-simum

    d sin % m/192 , dengan m % (,1, 2, ..... minimum

    Dengan:d % 3ara- -edua celah% 4an3ang gelombang cahaya

  • 7/25/2019 04 Electromagnetical Waves

    7/22

    Gambar 1.3

    Interferensi ole refle!si pada selaputtipis den"an sumber caaya dian""ap

    lebar

    udara

    udara

    selaput n

    a#

    P # P

    sumber cahayaS S

    mata

    a

    Interference

    in Thin "ilms

    air

    air

    film

    ight source

    eye

  • 7/25/2019 04 Electromagnetical Waves

    8/22

    ;ay 2 also travels an additional distanceof 2t before the waves recombine

    "or constructive interference

    2nt % m / 0 ' m % (, 1, 2 *

    This ta-es into account both the difference inoptical path length for the two rays and the 1

  • 7/25/2019 04 Electromagnetical Waves

    9/22

    Bila !edua sinar dian""ap datan"nya normal$ ma!a syarat a"ar

    diperoleintensitasmaksimumadala%

    2 d & 'm(12 )n den"an n& n $

    sein""a diperole%2 d n & 'm ( 12) den"an m &*$ 1$ 2$ ..... 'ma!simum)

    Syarat untu! intensitas minimum adala%

    2 d & m n den"an n& n $

    sein""a diperole%

    2 d n & m den"an m &1$ 2$ ..... '+inimum)

    ,en"an

    n& Pan-an" "elomban" caaya dalam at cair

    & Pan-an" "elomban" caaya di udara

    n & inde!s bias at cair 'lapisan tipis)

    d & tebal at cair 'lapisan tipis)

  • 7/25/2019 04 Electromagnetical Waves

    10/22

    Contoh soal 1

    Sebuah selaput air n%1,>> di udara tebalnya >2( nm. 5i-a

    selaput disinari oleh cahaya putih dalam arah normal, warna

    apa-ah yang a-an muncul pada cahaya yang direfle-si-an?

    Jawab: &(

    &

    (

    &(

    2 dn

    m

    m

    mnm ma!simum

    12

    1

    2

    12

    2 /2* 1 //

    0*

    ' )' )' $ )

    ' )

    3adi pan3ang gelombang yang memberi-an ma-simum dan

    minimum adalah

    @anya ma-simum pada m % 1 sa3a yang terleta- pada daerah

    cahaya tampa- A((BC(( nm dan berwarna hi3au -e-uningan.

    )'min01*

    imumnmm

    =

    m 0(maks) 1 (min) 1(maks) 2(Min) 2(maks)

    (nm) 1700 850 570 425 340

    Warna (nm)

    ungu 425

    nila

    biru 475

    hijau 525kuning 575

    0ranye 625

    merah 675

  • 7/25/2019 04 Electromagnetical Waves

    11/22

    2.2. DifraDifractionction

    First Dark

    Incident

    ave

    P1

    Po

    (

    B

    r1r2

    ) bab

    12

  • 7/25/2019 04 Electromagnetical Waves

    12/22

    Single Slit i!!ra"ti#nSingle Slit i!!ra"ti#n$ %he light !r#m #ne

    rti#n #! the slit "aninter!ere 'ith light

    !r#m an#ther rti#n$ %he resultant

    intensity #n thes"reen e&ens #nthe ire"ti#n

  • 7/25/2019 04 Electromagnetical Waves

    13/22

    $ *ll the 'a+es that #riginate at the slit are in&hase

    $ Wa+e 1 tra+els !arther than 'a+e 3 by anam#unt e,ual t# the &ath i!!eren"e (a-2) sin

    $ .! this &ath i!!eren"e is e/a"tly hal! #! a'a+elength the t'# 'a+es "an"el ea"h #theran estru"ti+e inter!eren"e results

    $ .n general destructive interference#""urs !#r asingle slit #! 'ith a 'hen sin (ark m - a

    m 1 2 3

  • 7/25/2019 04 Electromagnetical Waves

    14/22

    Titi- 41, minimum pola pertama pola difra-si, memili-i

    intensitas nol.

    bb % a92 sin % 92

    atau,

    a sin =

    Dengan:a % lebar celah

    % pan3ang gelombang cahaya

  • 7/25/2019 04 Electromagnetical Waves

    15/22

    elah ibagi atas 4 'ilayah yang samaelah ibagi atas 4 'ilayah yang sama

    Keadaan pada minimum kedua pola difraksi

  • 7/25/2019 04 Electromagnetical Waves

    16/22

    Eeadaan digambar-an di atas mengharus-an bahwa:

    atau

    Dengan perluasan cara di atas, rumus umum titi-

    minimumdalam pola difra-si pada layar , yaitu:

    F dengan m % 1, 2, >, ...

    a

    3 2sin =

    = 2sina

    ma =sin

    Di se-itar titi- tengah antara dua minimum yangberdampingan terdapat titi- ma-simum.

    )4'sin += ma F dengan m % (, 1, 2, >, ...

    S

  • 7/25/2019 04 Electromagnetical Waves

    17/22

    4olari#ation by Selective 7bsorption

    The most common techniGue for polari#ing light

    Hses a material that transmits waves whose electricfield vectors in the plane parallel to a certain directionand absorbs waves whose electric field vectors areperpendicular to that direction

  • 7/25/2019 04 Electromagnetical Waves

    18/22

    The intensity of the polari#ed beamtransmitted through the second polari#ingsheet the analy#er varies as

    I % Iocos2& Iois the intensity of the polari#ed wave incident on

    the analy#er

    This is -nown as Malus Lawand applies to anytwo polari#ing materials whose transmission aesare at an angle of & to each other DJ8 withpolari#er

  • 7/25/2019 04 Electromagnetical Waves

    19/22

    >. 4olarisasi

    Cahaya yang tak terpolarisasi tidakditrasmisikan oleh pelat-pelat polarisator yangbersilangan

    Pengutub

    Penganalisa

    P1

    P2

  • 7/25/2019 04 Electromagnetical Waves

    20/22

    I = Imcos2

    I % Intensitas setelah melewati plat

    Im % Intensitas ma-simum

    % Sudut antara -edua plat

    Contoh soal 1Dua lembar pengutub mempunyai arahBarah

    pemolarisasi yang se3a3ar sehingga intensitas Imdari

    cahaya yang ditransmisi-an adalah ma-simum. Jelalui

    sudut berapa-ah salah satu lembar tersebut harus

    diputar agar supaya intensitasnya turun sebanya-

    setengah?

    5 b

  • 7/25/2019 04 Electromagnetical Waves

    21/22

    5awab:

    8leh -arena I % (,K Im,

    ma-a :

    (,K Im% Im cos2

    % ) AK(

    F 1>K(

    fe- yang sama a-an didapat-an ta- peduli lembarmana-ah yang diputar-an atau di dalam arah mana

    pun lembar tersebut diputar-an.

  • 7/25/2019 04 Electromagnetical Waves

    22/22