, Penerjemahan . Berdasar Makna:

Pedoman untuk Pemadanan

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Antarbahasa Mildred L.Larson

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Penerjemahan Berdasar Makna: Pedoman untuk Pemadanan Antarbahasa

Penerjemahan Berdasar Makna:

PedolDan untuk PelDadanan Antarbahasa

Mildred L. Larson

Alihbahasa: Kencanawati Taniran

~ PENERBlT ARCAN

Meaning Based Translation, A Guide to Cross-language Equivalence

Copyright 1984 University Press of America

Copyright dalam bahasa Indonesia 1988 Summer Institute of Linguistics Reprinted by special arrangement with University Press of America, 420 Boston Way, Lanham, Maryland, U.S.A.

Diterbitkan pertama kali oleh Penerbit ARCAN P.O. Box 4276/Jakarta 10711 September 1989

PeneIjemah: Kencanawati Taniran, MA

Hak Cipta dilindungi oleh Undang-undang

Dilarang mengutip sebagian atau seluruh isi buku ini dalam bentuk apapun tanpa izin tertulis dari penerbit

DAFTARISI

Foreword vii

Preface ix Prakata xi

Kata Pengantar xiii

Kata Sambutan xv

1. Tinjauan Tugas Penerjemahan 1 1. Bentuk dan Makna 3 2. Jenis-jenis PeneIjemahan 16 3. Struktur Semantis Bahasa 27 4. Makna Implisit 38 5. Langkah-Iangkah dalam Proyek PeneIjemahan 49

11. Leksikon 57 6. Kata sebagai Gugus Makna 59 7. Beberapa Hubungan Antarunsur Leksikal 70 8. Menemukan Makna melalui Pengelompokan dan Kontras 83 9. Ketidakselarasan Sistem Leksikal Antarbahasa 93 10. Ragam Makna Unsur Leksikal 105 11. Makna FiguratifUnsur Leksikal 116 12. Rujukan Persona 125 13. Unsur Leksikal dan Konteks Situasional 136 14. Kolokasi Unsur-unsur Leksikal 147 15. Padanan Leksikal untuk Konsep yang Dikenal 159 16. Padanan Leksikal untuk Konsep yang Tidak Dikenal 169 17. Masalah KhUBUS dalam Menemukan Padanan Leksikal 184

111. Struktur Proposisi 195 18. Proposisi 197 19. Relasi dalam Proposisi Kejadian 208

v

20. Relasi dalam Proposisi Keadaan 224 21. Penyimpangan antara Struktur Proposisi dan Stroktur 234

Klausa 22. Penyimpangan antara Daya Ilokusi dan Bentuk 245

Gramatikal 23. Proposisi Figuratif: Metafora dan Simile 259 24. Analisis Proposisi: Penjelasan Tambahan 269

IV. Hubungan Komunikasi 283 25. Hubungan Penambahan dan Hubungan Pendukung 285 26. Hubungan Orientasi dan Hubungan Penjelasan 305 27. Hubungan Logis 323 28. Peran Stimulus-RESPONS 343

v. Teks 371 29. Pengelompokan 373 30. Jenis-jenis Wacana 391 31. Keutuhan 420 32. Prominensi 438 33. Situasi Komunikasi 457 34. Beban Informasi 477

VI. Proyek Penerjemahan 507 35. Memulai Proyek PeneIjemahan 509

Daftar Pustaka 553

Indeks 571

VI

FOREWORD

In the last thirty years a body of literature on translation theory, strongly influenced by modern linguistics, has appeared to support and give academic respectability to the new profession of the nonliterary translator. Some of these books, notably written by West or East Ger-mans, have been too philosophical and abstract to relate at all closely to the translator's mundane problems. Some have leaned towards contras-tive linguistics. Others have tended to tie translation too closely to a linguistic theory.

Nida's were the first to deal at all practically with the cultural as well as the manifold linguistic problems of translation. Dr. Mildred Larson has here produced the first textbook designed to be used in the classroom, as a basis for course work.

I am pleased and flattered to be invited to write a foreword for her textbook of translation method. The book's purpose is first to make the Summer Institute of Linguistics' translation principles and study proce-dures widely known beyond a Biblical context, and secondly, to offer a textbook which will be generally useful to translation courses in univer-sities and colleges of further and higher education throughout the world, particularly in the third world countries, where good English textbooks are much in demand

In a book which includes translation examples from a remarkably wide range of languages, particularly Asian, African, and Amerindien languages, ranging from the semantics of words, collocations and propositions to that of texts, ending each chapter with a useful set of practical exercises which are also a back-up for learning English. Her treatment of collocations is the most thorough and illuminating that I know. Metaphor ans simile have an important place in the book; the semantic distortions of literal translation are well handled.

Dr. Larson is continuously exercised to explain and illustrate the interplay of syntax, semantics and communicative force through stress

VII

and variations of word-order in the composition of a text. She makes good use of the still fairly recently established principles of text linguistics.

The emphasis of the book is on the value of idiomatic and uncon-strained language. The abundant and subtle resourses of the English language are described and exemplified here with a pervasive verve and enthusiasm. The book is exceptionally well planned, with a comprehen-sive index and bibliography, and I have no doubt that every teacher and self-teaching student of translation and of English will find much in it which they can use with profit.

Peter Newmark

VIII

PREFACE

More and more universities around the world are adding courses in translation to their curriculum; however, the textbooks available for such courses are few. This volume has been written with these courses in mind. The desire of the author is to make available the principles of translation which have been learned through personal experience in translation and consultation, and through interaction with colleagues involved in translation projects in many parts of the world.

A pedagogical style of presentation has been deliberately adopted. Repetition is regularly used; frequent use is made of examples; and each chapter concludes with exercises to be carried out by the student. Since it is assumed that many of the students will bf;) speakers of minority languages, many ofthese exercises involve translating from or into their mother-tongue. The material is presented in such a way that it can be used in a self-teaching situation or in a classroom. An attempt has been made to keep tecnical terms to a minimum. When technical vocabulary is used, every effort is made to clarify the meaning of such vocabulary. This has been done so that the book can be used by any translator, even though his exposure to linguistic and translation theory has been mini-mal. However, some of the theory is complex and no attempt has been made to oversimplify it. But the author has sought to use an uncompli-cated straight forward style in order to make it easy for the user to grasp the principles being presented. .

This is an introductory textbook. The first five chapters give an overview presenting the fundamental principles of translation and the rest of the book expands and illustrates these principles. The overriding principle is that translation is meaning-based rather than form-based. Once the translator has identified the meaning of the source text, his goal isoto express that same meaning in the receptor language with forms which may be very different from those of the source text. Many ex-

IX

amples of cross-language equivalence are used to illustrate this prin-ciple.

The author is deeply indebted to the late John Beekman from whom she learned much of what is included in this book. The material presented here borrows heavily from his writings and those of John Callow, Kathleen Callow, Katharine Barnwell, and Eugene Nida. This book simply takes the translation principles expounded by them and puts these principles into a new framework as textbook for prospective translators, especially speakers of the many minority languages of the world.

Many persons have helped in the preparation of this book. The author is especially grateful to her colleagues, members of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, who reviewed the manuscript, making many helpful suggestions, and to those who helped in many ways in the preparation of the manuscript. The list of those who contributed is very long and each is greatly appreciated.

MLL

March 1984

x

PRAKATA

Bukuini berisi prinsip penetjemahan dari yang paling dasar sampai dengan analisis yang mendaIam, sehingga baik calon penetjemah, peneJjemah baru, penetjemah profesional, maupun para awam linguis-tik yang berminat menjadi penerjemah, dapat menggunakannya. Tentu saja cakupan khalayak yang luas ini bukan tidak mengandung risiko bagi pemilihan bahasa dan gaya tetjemahan buku ini. Bagi penetjemah barn, bukuini mungkin sedikit agak sulit disebabkan banyaknya istilah yang digunakan. Akan tetapi, setiap istilah baru selalu disertakan definisi, penjelasan, atau padanannya dalam bahasa Indonesia ataupun bahasa Inggris.

Penulis buku ini sengaja mengulang-ulang bahan yang ingin disam-pajkannya sehingga mungkin dianggap sedikit mubazir oleh mereka yang sudah menguasai linguistik dengan baik. Pengulangan ini sebenarnya dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan keterbacaan teks bagi mereka yang awam dalam linguistik. Akan tetapi, informasi yang ter-lalu banyak diulang bisa juga membosankan, membingungkan, atau malah menyesatkan. Penetjemah buku ini, atas izin penulisnya, telah mengbilangkan penjelasan tertentu yang dianggap kurang membantu. Penghllangan itu, menurut prinsip dasar buku ini, tidak menyalahi prinsip penetjemahan, seperti yang dapat kita liha