Apa yang menyebabkan angin?Angin terjadi karena perbedaan temperatur dari sisi dingin ke sisi panas.*

Bagaimana Angin Terbentuk?*

Angin Darat dan Angin LautAngin terjadi karena perbedaan pemanasan permukaan bumi oleh matahari.Daratan dan lautan mempunyai perbedaan kemampuan menyerap panas.Secondary Infobook, The Need Project, 2007*

Wind Power EquationP = * air density * Area Swept by Rotor * Wind Speed3

P = * * A * V3

Power in the wind is correlated 1:1 with area and is extremely sensitive to wind speed (the cubic amplifies the power significantly)

If the wind speed is twice as high, it contains 23 = 2 x 2 x 2 = 8 times as much energy

A site with 16 mph average wind speed will generate nearly 50% more electricity and be more cost effective than one with 14 mph average wind speed (16*16*16) / (14*14*14) = 1.4927

Therefore, it pay$ to hunt for good wind sites with better wind speeds

*Turbin Angin

Value of Wind EnergyThe value of a wind turbine or wind farm depends upon many factors

locationterrainwind speed = f(location, terrain)cost of competing energy sourcerate structure of competing energy source

Jenis Turbin Angin Berdasarkan Posisi SumbuSumbu VertikalDarrieus Wind TurbineGiromillSavonius Wind TurbineHelix Wind Turbinewww.wikipedia.org/helixwww.wikipedia.org/savoniuswww.wikipedia.org/VAWT*

Turbin Angin VertikalKeuntunganTidak memerlukan yaw mechanismPendek.Mudah dirawat karena generator, transmisi dekat permukaan tanah.Mudah ditransportasi (untuk ukuran kecil).Tidak memerlukan menara.

KerugianEfisiensi rendah.Ketinggian terbatas.Perlu permukaan yang datar.

www.wikipedia.org/windturbine*

Sumbu Horizontal

1-blade Wind Turbine2-blade Wind Turbine3-blade Wind Turbinewww.wikipedia.org/HAWT *

Turbin Angin HorizontalKeuntunganPitch sudu turbin dapat diubah-ubah.Menara yang tinggi dapat memperileh angin yang lebih kencang.Penggunaan menara menyebabkan turbin dapat ditempatkan di dataran yang tidak rata, atau bahkan di atas laut.Dapat ditempatkan di atas garis pepohonan di hutan.KerugianSulit beroperasi di dekat permukaan tanah.Sulit mentransportasikan bilah sudu yang panjang.Pemasangan sulit.Mengganggu sinyal radar.Bila dipasang di laut, sebaiknya di laut yang dangkal.

www.wikipedia.org/windturbine*

Wind Power Classifications and utilization *

ClassWindspeed ( m/s)Power Density (W/m^2)Capacity ( kW )Small Scale2.5 4.0< 75Up to 10 MediumScale 4.0 5.075 15010-100 LargeScale > 5.0 > 150>100

Wind Energy BenefitsNo air emissions No fuel to mine, transport, or store No cooling water No water pollution No wastes

Turbines: Different Sizes and ApplicationsSmall (10 kW) Homes (Grid-connected) Farms Remote Applications (e.g. battery changing, water pumping, telecom sites)Intermediate (10-500 kW) Village Power Hybrid Systems Distributed PowerLarge (500 kW 5 MW) Central Station Wind Farms Distributed Power Offshore Wind

Large Wind SystemsRange in size from 100 kW to 5 MW

Provide wholesale bulk power

Require 13-mph average wind sites

Typical Turbine Size1.3 to 1.8 MW rated capacityRotor diameter 60 to 80 metersTower height 60 to 80 metersTurbine footprint 10 m x 10 mLowest ground clearance is at least 100 ft.165-220 ft TOWER245-330 ft. TIPApx. 100 ft.

Next Generation Wind Turbines

Cross section of blade for 1.65-MW turbine

Power Curves

Wind Power CostsWind Speed

Wind Power CostsProject Size

Wind Power Isnt PerfectWind Power output varies over time; it isnt dispatchable

Wind Power is location-dependent (rural vs. urban where it is needed most)

Wind Power is transmission-dependent for tie-in to the grid

Wind Power has environmental impacts (pro / con)

Wind Power can only meet part of the electrical load

Proyeksi Energi Angin Sumber: Susandi, 2006

Chart2

1.4862745098

2.1058823529

2.7098039216

3.4470588235

4.3333333333

Biodiesel

Year

MW

Data_prod

OilSolarBiodiesel

TahunProduksiImporKonsumsiTahunProduksiImporKonsumsiTahunGDP%Solar%BiodieselBiodieselSolar

20002.7001.2003.90020001.0800.4801.56020000.153100%0%0.0001.560

20102.6001.4674.06720101.0400.5871.62720100.37998%2%0.0331.594

20202.3001.7894.08920200.9200.7161.63620200.53795%5%0.0821.554

20302.2002.0194.21920300.8800.8081.68820300.69194%6%0.1091.579

20401.8002.3674.16720400.7200.9471.66720400.87992%8%0.1361.530

20501.6002.5394.13920500.6401.0161.65620501.10590%10%0.1701.485

20600.4001.5211.92120600.1600.6080.76820601.37287%13%0.0980.670

20700.2001.4241.62420700.0800.5700.65020701.69684%16%0.1030.547

20800.1001.4921.59220800.0400.5970.63720802.08581%19%0.1240.513

20900.0001.1001.10020900.0000.4400.44020902.53676%24%0.1040.336

21000.0000.8110.81121000.0000.3240.32421003.07971%29%0.0930.231

Konsentrasi SO2Case PMCost PMCase LRICost LRICase CDACost CDA

TahunOilSolar20%biodiesel100%BiodieselPM Solar%PM SolarPM 20Bio%PM 20BioPM Solar%PM SolarPM 20Bio%PM 20BioLRI Solar%LRI SolarLRI 20Bio%LRI 20BioLRI Solar%LRI SolarPM 20Bio%PM 20BioCDA Solar%CDA SolarCDA 20Bio%CDA 20BioCDA Solar%CDA SolarCDA 20Bio%CDA 20Bio

200070.07378.39278.3920.7844340.0002%4340.0002%630.001%62.640.001%7,7360.0036%7,7360.0036%10,4430.00%10,443.250.00%7740.057%7740.06%1,0450.000%1,045.00.000%

2010141.96481.74981.4220.8175280.0002%5230.0002%1680.002%166.460.002%8,9330.0038%8,8410.0037%18,2240.00%18,036.120.00%1,0150.063%1,0040.06%2,0700.000%2,049.20.000%

2020389.82482.19181.3690.8225700.0002%5560.0002%2350.002%228.660.002%9,1410.0035%8,9070.0034%25,1360.01%24,494.660.01%1,1730.064%1,1430.06%3,2250.001%3,142.20.001%

2030740.01384.80483.7130.8486830.0002%6610.0002%3330.003%322.930.003%9,8570.0035%9,5480.0034%34,1070.01%33,037.290.01%1,4220.070%1,3780.07%4,9210.001%4,766.80.001%

20401623.58283.75982.3880.8387220.0002%6930.0002%4200.004%403.390.004%9,3890.0031%9,0070.0030%39,2440.01%37,650.200.01%1,5170.068%1,4560.06%6,3430.002%6,085.30.002%

20502452.66883.19681.4840.8327690.0002%7290.0002%5310.005%503.650.005%8,9980.0028%8,5340.0027%44,2720.02%41,988.450.01%1,6250.066%1,5410.06%7,9930.003%7,581.00.003%

20603170.67838.61337.6270.386(283)-0.0001%(307)-0.0001%(231)-0.002%(250.98)-0.003%(2,982)-0.0009%(3,240)-0.0010%(16,878)-0.01%(18,340.35)-0.01%(600)-0.0%(651)-0.0%(3,393)-0.001%(3,687.4)-0.002%

20703164.58732.64331.6120.326(459)-0.0001%(486)-0.0001%(445)-0.004%(471.23)-0.005%(4,356)-0.0012%(4,615)-0.0013%(27,968)-0.01%(29,629.44)-0.01%(973)-0.0%(1,031)-0.0%(6,246)-0.003%(6,617.4)-0.003%

20802929.85732.00030.7580.320(503)-0.0001%(538)-0.0001%(579)-0.006%(619.33)-0.006%(4,297)-0.0012%(4,594)-0.0013%(30,899)-0.02%(33,031.32)-0.02%(1,064)-0.0%(1,138)-0.0%(7,653)-0.004%(8,181.7)-0.005%

20902633.84122.11121.0660.221(823)-0.0002%(854)-0.0002%(1,116)-0.011%(1,158.04)-0.012%(6,331)-0.0017%(6,568)-0.0018%(50,458)-0.03%(52,347.13)-0.04%(1,734)-0.1%(1,799)-0.1%(13,823)-0.009%(14,340.8)-0.010%

21002660.27816.30215.3670.163(1,043)-0.0003%(1,072)-0.0003%(1,673)-0.017%(1,719.82)-0.017%(7,225)-0.0019%(7,426)-0.0019%(63,294)-0.05%(65,049.19)-0.05%(2,187)-0.1%(2,247)-0.1%(19,155)-0.015%(19,686.2)-0.016%

TahunPopuplasiGDPCM%ChildrenCost LRI%adults

20002120.1530.0075135.70%1.3564.300%

20102380.3790.0072832.84%2.0467.160%

20202610.5370.0070730.22%2.7569.780%

20302830.6910.0072227.80%3.4672.200%

20403020.8790.0073825.58%4.1874.420%

20503201.1050.0075423.53%4.9276.470%

20603361.3720.0077021.65%5.6678.350%

20703501.6960.0078719.92%6.4280.080%

20803622.0850.0080418.32%7.1981.680%

20903742.5360.0082216.86%7.9783.140%

21003843.0790.0084015.51%8.7684.490%

TahunCoalOilGasCarbon-Free

20002.003.201.800.10

20102.501.901.900.10

20202.700.803.100.10

20303.000.603.700.10

20403.200.402.900.30

20503.200.301.901.00

20603.300.201.301.52

20703.300.200.902.56

20803.300.100.604.10

20903.30-0.405.38

21003.30-0.306.92

BiodieselOilCarbonSerap CarbonTahunPopuplasiGDPEnergi angin

20100.0331.9751.320002120.153

20200.0820.8767.820102380.3791.486

20300.1090.69016.320202610.5372.106

20400.1360.412341.920302830.6912.710

20500.1700.314180.120403020.8793.447

20503201.1054.333

Data_prod

111

NET Eksport

Produksi

Konsumsi

Tahun

Exajoule

Skenario Mitigasi

111

NET Ekspor

Produksi

Konsumsi

Tahun

Exajoule

Skenario Mitigasi

111

NET Eksport

Produksi

Konsumsi

Tahun

Exajoule

Skenario Dasar

111

NET Ekspor

Produksi

Konsumsi

Tahun

Exajoule

Skenario Dasar

111

NET Ekspor

Produksi

Konsumsi

Tahun

Exajoule

Skenario Mitigasi

111

NET Ekspor

Produksi

Konsumsi

Tahun

Exajoule

Skenario Dasar

111

NET Ekspor

Produksi

Konsumsi

Tahun

Exajoule

Skenario Mitigasi

111

Produksi

Konsumsi

Net Ekspor

0.880.880.2

1.1811.1810.53

1.4211.420.86

1.6711.6691.15

1.8571.8491.43

1.981.961.7

2.0111.9692.2

2.0892.0212.6

2.3842.2782.85

2.6562.4953.2

2.8812.6833.6

Dasar

Mitigasi

IPCC

Tahun

0C

Temperatur Potensial

1.080.481.56

1.040.58681.6268

0.920.71561.6356

0.880.80761.6876

0.720.94681.6668

0.641.01561.6556

Produksi

Impor

Konsumsi

Tahun

Exajoule

1.560

1.5942640.032536

1.553820.08178

1.57902163870.1085783613

1.53038312850.1364168715

1.48526126630.1703387337

Diesel

Biodiesel

Year

Exajoule

01

0.020.98

0.050.95

0.06433891990.9356610801

0.08184357540.9181564246

0.1028864060.897113594

Biodiesel

Diesel

Year

0.00000204690.0000020469

0.00000221890.000002196

0.00000218490.0000021291

0.00000241230.0000023367

0.00000239170.0000022946

0.00000240290.0000022789

Solar

B20

Tahun

Prosentase dari Populasi

0.00000626370.0000062637

0.00001681890.0000166457

0.00002346540.0000228663

0.00003333850.0000322932

0.00004204680.0000403392

0.00005310320.0000503646

Solar

B20

Tahun

Prosentase dari GDP

0.00003648930.0000364893

0.00003753460.000037148

0.00003502120.000034127

0.00003483190.0000337398

0.00003108780.0000298252

0.00002811970.0000266695

Solar

B20

Tahun

Prosentase dari Populasi

0.00000753690.0000075369

0.00002902030.0000287214

0.00005171750.0000503971

0.00008327810.000080667

0.00011422340.0001095845

0.00015287530.0001449914

Solar

B20

Tahun

Prosentase dari GDP

0.00056783920.0005678392

0.00063497490.000628435

0.00064381910.0006273809

0.00069608040.0006742556

0.00067517590.0006477554

0.00066391960.0006296807

Solar

B20

Tahun

Prosentase dari Populasi

0.00000075420.0000007542

0.00000329710.0000032632

0.00000663440.000006465

0.00001201570.000011639

0.00001846170.0000177119

0.00002760160.0000261781

Solar

B20

Tahun

Prosentase dari GDP

23.21.80.1

2.51.91.90.1

2.70.83.10.1

30.63.70.1

3.20.42.90.3

3.20.31.91

3.30.21.31.52

3.30.20.92.56

3.30.10.64.1

3.300.45.38

3.300.36.92

coal

oil

gas

carbon-free

coal

oil

gas

carbon-free

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

coal

oil

gas

carbon-free

coal

oil

gas

carbon-free

Year

Exajoules

0

0

0

0

0

Biodiesel

Year

Mt CO2 per Year

0

0

0

0

0

Biodiesel

Year

MW

Potensi Energi Angin di Indonesia

Tantangan Implementasi Energi Angin di Indonesia

Peluang Meningkatkan Implementasi Energi Angin

Kendala Implementasi Energi Angin di Indonesia

**********. . . And second, a blade.***