university of pembangunan nasional pokok bahasan perangkat keras komputer perangkat lunak komputer...

Introduction to

Information Technology

University of Pembangunan Nasional

Pokok Bahasan

Perangkat Keras Komputer Perangkat Lunak Komputer Program Aplikasi

Word processing Presentation Spreadsheets

Pengelolaan Data dan Informasi Jaringan Komputer Aplikasi jaringan: Internet, Intranet

Detail Pokok Bahasan

1. Teknologi Infomarasi Dasar Teknologi Informasi Konsep-Konsep Sejarah Komputer Komponen Dasar Sistem Komputer Bagaimana Sistem Komputer

Bekerja

2. Fungsi Utama Perangkat Keras Komputer Konfigurasi dan Klasifikasi

Komputer CPU (Central Processing Unit) Peralatan Input-Output dan

Pendukung Penyimpan Skunder

3. Dasar penggunaan Aplikasi Perangkat Lunak dan OS OS (Operating System) dan

Fungsinya

Disk Operating System (DOS) Bahasa tingkat tinggi dan Tingkat Rendah

Assembler, Compiler dan Interpreter

WINDOWS dan Dasar MS Office 4. Keamanan Data

Pentingnya Backup Krisis Virus Komputer

5. Komputer dan Jaringan Local Area Network (LAN) Metropolitan Area Network

(MAN) Wide Area Network (WAN) LAN Components, Topologies and

Types Transmission Media

Tujuan :

Menggambarkan tiga ciri-ciri dasar Komputer menjelaskan setidaknya empat bidang

masyarakat di mana komputer digunakan Indentifikasi komponen-komponen dasar

sistem komputer: input, processing, output, dan penyimpan

Mendaftar beberapa input, output umum dan Media Penyimpan

Membedakan data dari Informasi Menjelaskan petingnya Jaringan Menjelaskan Arti Internet Menjelaskan Jenis klasifikasi komputer

PENILAIAN:

Quiz 10%

Tugas 10%

Assignment 20%

Final Exam 60%

Total = 100%

Introduction to Computers

Computer hardware Input, Output & peripheral devices History of computers

Basic Components of a Computer System

What is computer?

An electronic device that can accept data (input), process the input to useful information (process) according to a set of instructions, store the instructions and the results of processing (storage), and produce the information (output).

Other definition:-

A machine that can be programmed to accept data (input), process it into useful information (output), and store it away (in secondary storage device) for safekeeping or later reuse

Process is directed by software but performed by the hardware

Basic Components of a Computer System

Pengantar Komputer

Berkembang lebih cepat dari Era Industri Akan berkembang terus sampai ke abad ini

Jika kita mengorbankan sedikit kemewahan seperti pakaian makanan, dan tempat tinggal, kita dapat menghasilkan kebutuhan seperti sebuah komputer lebih cepat dan

monitor yang lebih besar

Pilar Ekonomi Kita

Tempa masyarakat berbasis komputer

Land Labor Capital Information

Jobs

Tempa masyarakat berbasis komputer

From physical to mental

From muscle-power to brain-power

Komputer di Masa Depan Anda

Where used? Bank withdrawal Supermarket Drive the car

Do I need a Personal Computer? Campaign: One Home, One PC Many more use at work

Will I use a computer in my future career? Almost every job will involve use of a computer

Video: Future of Information Technology

Computer Literacy

Awareness/Kesadaran Importance/Kepenringan Versatility/Multifungsi Pervasiveness in our society/Menjalar di

masyarakat kita

Knowledge What are computers How do computers work Terminology/Istilah

Interaction Menggunkan beberapa aplikasi komputer

sederhana

Computer Literacy

Perlu melek komputer untuk memanipulasi komputer

Membutuhkan komputer untuk memperlancar konsep komputer sebagai dasar membangun ilmu pengetahunan yang lebih dalam

Lancar komputer membuat seseorang mampu secara terus menerus mengikuti perkembangan evolusi komputer

Konsep Dasar TI

Tek. Informasi menggunakan tek. Modern untuk membantu menangkap, menyimpan, memanggil, menganalisis dan mengkomuni-kasikan informasi.

Metode pengiriman informasi menggu-nakan data, text, gambar, dan suara untuk kebutuhan perseorangan atau organisasi.

Sejarah Komputer

Manusia dari abat yang lalu menggunakan satuan fisik atau seperangkat satuan untuk menggambarkan angka atau jumlah.

Sebuah angka atau jumlah dapat digam-barkan dengan sesuatu secara fisik, apakah itu:a pebble

a transistora bead of wirea mark on a bit of paper

a mechanical gear wheel

an electrical relay

a vacuum tube

Sifat Komputer

Characteristics Speed Reliability/Kehandalan Storage capability

Results Productivity Decision making Cost reduction

Dimana Komputer Digunakan:

Grafik:

Graphs and charts

Animated graphics

Visual walk-through


Education: Teaching and testing aid

Learning by doing

Computer-based instruction


Retailing: Bar codes for pricing and

inventory

Shipping


Energy: Locate oil, coal, natural gas,

and uranium Monitor the power network Meter reading


Law Enforcement: National fingerprint files

National files on criminal

Computer modeling of DNA


Transportation: Kendaraan

Sistem transdit jalan cepat

Beban Muatan Kapal

Melacak lintasan kendaraan

Monitor lalu lintas udara


Money:

Record keeping/Pencatatan

Perbankan via telepon

Credit cards


Agriculture: Billing

Crop information Kombinasi Pakan ternak

Peternakan dan Kinerja


Government: Forecast weather

E-government

Process immigrants

Taxes

Registration: birth, identity, car

etc.


The Home: Alat Pendidikan Pencatatan Menulis Surat Merencana Anggaran Membuat dan edit Gambar Surat Kabar Berhubungan dng yang lain


Health and Medicine : Monitor Pasien

Pencitraan Elektronik

Diagnose Penyakit

Tele-Kesehatan


Robotics: Melakukan

pekerjaan yg berbahaya bagi manusia

Kerja pabrik


The Human Connection : Membantu Orang cacat

Membantu atlet dengan memonitor gerakan mereka


The Sciences Research Simulation Connectivity

• Communication• Telecommuting


Training Airline pilots Insinyur Jl. KA. Paperwork

• Junk mail• Term paper• Record keeping

Computers are all around!

Grocery store Schools Libraries Bank Mail Malls

We interact with computers everyday!

We interact with computers everyday!

Apa yang komputer tidak dapat lakukan hingga kini?

Complex human activitiesWhat else?

Can you think of others?

Computer System

People

Software

Hardware

People

Computer programmer – person who writes programs

Users or End-users – make use of the computer’s capabilities

Software

Programs

Set instruksi yang mengarahkan hardware untuk melakukan tugas yang diperlukan dan menghasilkan hasil yang diinginkan

Hardware:Basic Components of a Computer

Computer Components

1. Input Devices- examples: keyboard and the mouse- data entered on the keyboard and temporarily

stored in the computer’s memory and displayed on the monitor

2. System Unit- contains the electronic circuits that cause the

processing of data to occur- consists of central processing unit, memory, (RAM

and ROM) and other electronic components- CPU has a control unit and arithmetic/logic unit- RAM temporarily stores data and program

instructions when they are processed

4. Output Devices- most commonly used output devices are

monitor and printer - Monitor :commonly as CRT or Flat Panel

Display- Printer: Dot-Matrix, Ink-Jet etc.

5. Secondary Storage Devices- also known as auxiliary storage devices- stores instructions and data when they are

not being used by the system unit- Examples : floppy disk and hard disk drive

Computer Components – cont.

Input Process Output

DataInformation

Storage

How a Computer System Works

How a Computer System Works – cont.

Software- The instructions needed to direct the computer to

complete specific tasks.

• The CPU follows the step-by-step instructions in a program to complete the tasks from user.

• Operating system is the system software that controls the basic, low-level hardware operations and file management.

Microcomputers- Also known as personal computers- Physical sizes : palmtop, desktop and tower case

- Cheaper/murah and smaller in size

Minicomputer- Also known as departmental computers- Physical sizes : small to large cabinets- Support business application

Computer Configuration and Classification

Mainframe- Large computers with the capability to process

data at millions of instructions per second. - Physical size : partial to full room of equipment

Supercomputer- Most powerful and expensive computers- Vast quantities of data manipulation - Physical size : full room of equipment- No. of users : hundreds of users

Computer Configuration and Classification – cont.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

- It is the heart of the computer, that is the microprocessor chip.

- A highly complex, extensive set of electronic circuitry that executes stored program instructions.

- CPU perform three main tasks :-• Perform arithmetic operations• Perform logic operations• Retrieval and storage of data

- CPU consists of two main units :-

1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)- arithmetic operations e.g. +, -, x, /- logic operations e.g. >, >=, ==, <, <=

CPU – cont.

2. Control unit - fetches instructions from memory- decode/translate instructions- executes the processing tasks - stores result in memory

CPU – cont.

- CU fetches instructions from memory - CU decodes/translates instructions, directs necessary data to ALU

- ALU executes arithmetic/logic instruction- ALU stores results into

memory

What happens in a CPU?

Memory - also known as primary storage, primary

memory, main storage, internal storage, and main memory

- Consists of RAM and ROM 1. RAM (Random Access Memory)

- volatile; means the data exists only when power is ON

- two types of RAM, dynamic and static

2. ROM (Read Only Memory)- non-volatile; means data permanently stored in

and cannot be changed

CPU – cont.

Function of Computer System

Data handling

I InputP ProcessO OutputS Storage

Processing: Batch vs. Interactive

2 types of information processing Batch processing Interactive processing : Real time

Input devices

Accept data or commands and convert them to electronic form

Getting data into the computer Typing on a keyboard Pointing with a mouse Scanning with a wand reader or bar-code

reader Terminal

Output devices

Monitor or screen Text Numbers Symbols Art Photographs Video

• Convert from electronic form to some other form• May display the processed results• Usable information

Printer Black and white Color

Input and Output Devices

1. Input devices

- Common type of devices used are the keyboard and the mouse

- Standard type of keyboard is the QWERTY which has 86 keys (basic) and 101-102 keys (enhanced).

- Mouse is a pointing device for effective use of computer interface. Trackball and touch pad are also considered as pointing devices.

Input and Output Devices – cont.

Digitizer- A pad with a pen-like stylus. - The tablet sends electronic signals to the

computer, displaying the image drawn.


the use of special equipment to collect data at the source and send it directly to the computer.

Source data automation

MICR Images OCR

Bar code Hand Written


2. Output devices

- most common devices are monitor displays and printers

- Two types of display; flat panel display and CRT display (Cathode Ray Tube)

- Two categories of printers; impact and non-impact printers

Displays

1. Flat Panel- commonly used in laptop, notebook- examples of flat panel; LCD, Gas Plasma

2. CRT- produce best images for computers- two types of display; monochrome and color- monochrome; displays one color (green or

amber)- color; four types:


Standard Graphic Add-on-BoardsResolution (by pixels)

CGA (Color Graphic Adapter) 640 x 200

EGA (Enhanced Graphic Adapter) 640 x 350

VGA (Video Graphic Array) 640 x 480

SVGA (Super Video Graphic Array) 1024 x 768


Two types of printers (according to printing methods)

Impact printers - use a physical contact with the paper to

produce an image- e.g. dot matrix printer and line printer

Non-impact printers- Place images on a paper without physically

touching it- e.g. thermal, inkjet, laser printer


Printers

The Processor

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Converts data to useful information

Interpret and execute instructions

Communicate with input, output and storage

Two Types of Storage

Secondary storagelong-term storage

Primary storage or memory temporary storage

Memory / Primary Storage

Temporary storage

Holds input to be processed

Holds results of processing

Contains the programs to control the computer and manipulate input into output

Volatile

Secondary Storage

Long-term storage Non-volatile

Secondary Storage Examples

Magnetic disks – read and written by magnetic disk drive Hard disk Diskette

Optical disks – read and written by optical disk drives CD-ROM DVD-ROM

Magnetic tape – read and written by magnetic tape drives Primarily used for back-up

Magnetic Disk

Secondary Storage It is needed because

Main memory stores data temporarily Main memory space is limited

Benefits of secondary storage Space Reliability Convenience Economic

Computer System

Computer CPU Memory

Peripheral equipment Connected to the computer by a cable Input, output, storage

Computer Network

Definition A system that uses communications equipment

to connect computers and their resources.

Types Local area network (LAN) – connects computers in

close proximity Metropolitan are network (MAN) – connect

computers between buildings in the same geographic area

Wide are network (WAN) – connects computers over great distances

Home Connectivity

Connect home PC to other computers

Use modem to convert signals between electronic (computer) and analog (voice) formats

Internet

Collection of networks No ownership No central source for services available No comprehensive index of what information is

available

IndividualsBusinessesOrganizations

Libraries Research labsGovernment

Connects Everyone!

Getting Connected

User’s computer must connect to a server

Server must communicate using TCP/IP

The user can purchase access to a server from an ISP (Internet Service Provider)

Internet – What Can You Do?

WWW – World Wide Web

FTP – File Transfer Protocol

E-mail

UseNet

IRC – Internet Relay Chat

Bulletin Boards

World Wide Web

• Browser – program that allows the user to move around and explore the Internet

• Use the mouse to point and click on text and graphics

• Web page• Web site• Home page

Classifications of Computers

Use the computer that fits your needs Based upon

Size Speed Cost Portability Number of simultaneous users supported Available software Typical use

Personal Computers

Other names PC Microcomputer Home computer

Categories Low-end functional Fully powered Workstations Net computer or net box (Web TV)

Desktop Models

Notebook Computers

Portable Lightweight Fits in a briefcase Battery operated

Laptop Larger Heavier

More expensive that desktop models

Handheld Computers

Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) Scheduling Addresses Handwritten input May offer wireless e-mail and fax

PDA Phone More power than PDA Cellphone, GPS, MP3/MP4, Camera,

Video, TV, Radio etc. Runs various type softwares, serving various

applications

Other Types of Computers

Mainframes High speed More expensive Used to process large amounts of data

quickly Support multiple users Does server tasks

Supercomputers Fastest speed Most expensive

What is a software?

- The instructions needed to direct the computer to

complete specific tasks.

- Software can be categorized into two types :-

Operating System and Its Function

Application Software

- program that tells a computer how to produce information

- examples of application software : Business, scientific, educational programs and etc.

System Software

- program controlling the actual operations of the computer equipments

- the operating system tells computer how to perform functions such as load, store, execute application program, transfer data between I/O devices and main memory

Operating System and Its Function – cont.

Definition of OS :-A set of programs that control and supervise a computer system’s hardware

Purposes of OS :-• To manage the hardware for efficient utilization

of computer resources

• To interface between a user/an application program with the hardware



OS is made up of 2 programs;

Control Program

Service Program

1. Control program - three main functions

Operating System and Its Function–cont.

Resource allocation

allocate processor time, primary storage, input and output devices

Job management

to monitor, schedule and control programs for its efficient processing

Data management

- managing access to data for input of information to printers, disks/displays

- all hardware components activities are controlled by the supervisor program

2. Service programs- provides services to the user/programmer- services include language-translator programs

and utility programs- language-translator program converts

instructions from english-like language to machine-language to be executed by the computer

- utility program performs loading, saving, copying, keeping track of files stored on a disk, preparing a formatted disk



Language

Translator

Utility

Pro

gram

Other Services

Data Mgmt.Job

Mgm

t.

Resource

Allocation

Supervisor

What an Operating System does?

1. Checks the functionality of the computer’s hardware. It generates an error message (by messages or beeps) if any components are found faulty.

2. Then the OS control programs will load the supervisor program into the computer’s memory – booting

3. Once the supervisor control program in memory, the system displays the prompt sign (C:\>), indicating that it is ready to work

MS-DOS

DOS is the supervisor program of the computer It does all the followings

• Interface to peripherals – How to interpret input, how to process data, and how to produce output

• Application launcher – Most programming software, games etc. use DOS prompt to run application

• Utility provider – Manage disks and files, prepare disks for storage, copy files to a disk, to move or rename files, and to delete files

MS-DOS – cont.

Using DOS prompt to get command from user Examples for DOS operation

DOS version/prompt type Modify date/time File and directory contents Clearing a DOS screen Going to subdirectory and back to root

directory Searching for specific files Copy files from A drive / C drive

TYPES OF OS

Microsoft Windows (98, 2000, XP, Vista)

Mac OS (X) Linux OS (Hundreds of

even thousands of distros ex: Red Hat, Ubuntu, Mandrake etc. Visit http://distrowatch.com/ for listing of Linux OS)

Unix OS etc.

http://distrowatch.com/

TYPES OF BROWSERS

Mozilla Firefox Internet Explorer Opera Safari Konqueror Flock

Firefox is gaining Popularity over IE

Flock

Low and High Level Languages

Programming Language- a set of written symbols that instruct the computer

hardware to perform certain tasks- can be categorized as Low level Language and

High Level Language

Low Level Language- Language that has the tendency towards specific,

delicate machine syntax - Machine Language and Assembly Language

Low and High Level Languages – cont.

- consists of entirely 1’s and 0’s that only the computer understands

- depends on different, specific hardware designs

- it executes very fast, but is time consuming and difficult to understand

- only programmer who has the knowledge of the computer architecture is able to understand the language

Machine Language

- also considered as Low Level Language because it still needs specific knowledge of hardware

- it differs from machine language because of it uses mnemonic in spite of 1’s and 0’s to represent the operation codes

- mnemonic code is an alphabetic abbreviation that is easy to remember

- it produce programs very efficient, less storage usage and the execution is much faster

Assembly Language


- instructions resemble human language and mathematical notation

- no detail knowledge of computer hardware and internal operation of a computer

- easier to learn because of the English-like language rather than understanding machine codes and instructions

- E.g. FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, Pascal, C/C++


High Level Language

Assembler, Compiler and Interpreter

Assembler

Compiler/Interpreter

(Source code) (Object code)

- the source code will remain unchanged after the conversion but can be updated and changed, then compiled again

- after it is compiled, then the object code can be executed- example of HLL program uses compiler is the C and C++

- the interpreter will translate a program one line at a time, executing each line of the program after it is translated

- if an error should occur during execution, the error must be rectified or solved before it can proceed to the next line

- example of HLL program uses interpreter is the BASIC

Assembler, Compiler and Interpreter – cont.

Compiler

Interpreter

Importance of Backup – cont.

Data is exposed to several threats.

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

How does UPS works?

- it is connected in series with the computer system

- when power is interrupted, this result the UPS to function as a backup supply of power to the computer system

- depends on the type of UPS, it will operate in 20 minutes or more

- it is advisable to backup important data within the time limit to prevent any lost of data


Components of UPS

- one rectifier (charger) to convert AC to DC and to fully charge the battery- one battery to supply DC power to the inverter and the supported time are based on the number and size of batteries- one inverter to convert DC to AC- one static bypass switch to control the load from/to the power source to/from the battery and allows certain load to transfer tolerances needed by the computer and its peripherals


The Computer Virus Crisis

The elements of a computer virus :

1. A set of instructions - a program being made to disrupt or interfere other programs

2. Deliberately created - purposely created by humans or by itself3. Actively propagates - reproducing itself4. Infects other programs - contaminate or polluting different types

of programs5. Able to do harm - can cause damage to others6. Able to evolve - developing, growing and changing in

programs or systems

The Computer Virus Crisis – cont.

What are the damages of the virus to a computer system :

1. Creates garbage in your computer system that takes up space in the memory and into your diskettes

2. Messing up files in their normal standard and altering some of the files

3. Messing up the FAT (File Allocation Table) which contains information of where are the other data's stored on your disk

4. Messing up the boot sector that can restrict your computer from being able to execute at all

The Computer Virus Crisis– cont.

Types of anti-virus software The Computer Virus Industry Association (CVIA) in the USA has developed three basic categories of anti-virus software.

To prevent initial infection

To detectinfection

To identify and remove viruses

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network : Computers connected together to communicate among themselves.

Resource Sharing File Sharing Communication PCs’ Administration and Security

- Computer network technology can be classified by the distance the network technology is designed to span

- There are three types of networking :

Local Area Network (LAN)

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

Wide Area Network (WAN)

COMPUTER NETWORKING –cont.

Local Area Network (LAN)

- Relatively small refers to the transmission media and computer hardware- The area is not exceeding 10 KM- It only uses one type of transmission medium- It share resources within building or campus


Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

- The network is larger compared to LAN

- The area covers a city of 10 to 100KM

- It requires efficient hardware and transmission media

to cover these areas


Wide Area Network (WAN)

- The network is larger than MAN and LAN

- It interconnect LAN of opposite sides of country or around

the world

- It covers huge geographical area in the world


Local Area Network

Local Area Network

Router Multiplexer

Multiplexer

Modem

Modem

Front endProcessor

Host Computer

LAN COMPONENTS

Every LAN is made up of a standard set of components:

Topology: The physical connection among computers within a network

- the topology is the configuration of the hardware and shows which pairs of nodes can communicate-there are three common types of topologies :-

LAN TOPOLOGIES

Star topology

Ring topology

Bus topology

Star

Ring

Bus

LAN PROTOCOLS

Protocol : A set of rules to access the network to send data.

Two common LAN protocols

TRANSMISSION MEDIA

Transmission Media : The physical medium used for transmission.

Types of TM

CoaxialCable

TwistedPair Cable

Fiber OpticCable

SatelliteTransmission

MicrowaveTransmission

TRANSMISSION MEDIA - Twisted Pair Cable

Colour-coded insulation

Jacket

Copper wire conductor

Inner conductor

Insulation

Outer plastic covering

TRANSMISSION MEDIA – Coaxial Cable

TRANSMISSION MEDIA – Fiber Optic Cable

Optical fiber

Protective outer sheath

Glass covering

Strength wires

TRANSMISSION MEDIA – Microwave

TRANSMISSION MEDIA – Satellite

ANY QUESTIONS OR ADDITIONS?

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