i

TUGAS AKHIR

DASAR PROGRAM PERENCANAAN DAN PERANCANGAN

ARSITEKTUR (DP3A)

TERMINAL BUS SEMARANG DENGAN KONSEP DESAIN

GREEN ARCHITECTURE

Diajukan sebagai Pelengkap dan Syarat

Guna Mencapai Gelar Sarjana Teknik Arsitektur

Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Disusun Oleh:

Muhammad Azmi

D300140016

PROGRAM STUDI ARSITEKTUR FAKULTAS TEKNIK

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA

2019

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ABSTRAK

Semarang merupakan salah satu kota paling berkembang di pulau Jawa dalam berbagai

aspek baik ekonomi, sosial budaya, pembangunan, dan teknologi. Jumlah penduduk kota

Semarang yang lebih dari 2 (dua) juta jiwa membuat kemacetan di Semarang semakin

parah. Kota Semarang juga termasuk kedalam jalur strategis pantai utara Jawa Tengah

karena menjadi akses vital bagi kendaraan dari Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur menuju ke

Jawa Barat dan DKI Jakarta maupun sebaliknya. Perkembangan transportasi jalan raya,

menyesuaikan dengan kebutuhan masyarakat dan perkembangan kota, terutama bagi

transportasi umum yang menjadi sarana penjangkau bagi masyarakat kota. Terlebih bagi

kota-kota besar yang memiliki mobilitas padat seperti ibukota Provinsi. Salah satunya

Semarang yang menjadi ibukota Provinsi Jawa Tengah.

Kebutuhan masyarakat akan tranportasi umum yang baik juga harus ditunjang dengan

prasarana yang baik pula diantaranya adalah Terminal bus. Saat ini kota semarang

memiliki dua terminal utama, Terminal Terboyo yang berada di sisi timur kota Semarang

dan terminal Mangkang yang berada disisi barat kota Semarang. Keberadaan terminal

yang terlalu jauh dari pusat kota semarang menjadi tidak diminati oleh masyarakat dan

berdampak pada bus yang enggan masuk kedalam terminal karena sepi penumpang.

Terminal Terboyo merupakan terminal tipe A menjadi terminal tersibuk di Kota

Semarang dengan aktivitas angkutan AKAP dan AKDP serta angkutan umum dalam kota.

Namun, saat ini kondisi Terminal Terboyo bisa dikatakan memprihatinkan dan tidak

ideal. Selain itu pada tanggal 1 Desember 2017 Terminal Terboyo ditutup dan akan

dijadikan terminal parkir truk dan angkutan barang. Dampak dari hal ini bus AKAP dan

AKDP akan dialihkan ke Terminal Mangkang. Pemindahan ini dinilai merugikan banyak

pihak karena letak terminal yang sangat jauh dari terminal Terboyo dan pusat kota.

Dengan ditutupnya Terminal Terboyo maka akan berdampak pada pola masyarakat dalam

memanfaatkan kendaraan umum jalan raya, hal ini dikawatirkan akan menimbulkan

terminal bayangan baru sebagai dampak dari ditutupnya Terminal Terboyo. Maka perlu

dilakukan perencanaan secara cepat untuk mengadakan terminal baru sebagai solusi dari

permasalahan prasarana tranportasi umum jalan raya di Kota Semarang. perencanaan

terminal baru tersebut harus memperhatikan beberapa faktor antara lain mudah dijangkau

oleh masyarakat umum, memberikan rasa aman dan nyaman, mudah dikangkau oleh

angkutan umum, dan memiliki akses yang mudah untuk kesegala wilayah. Sehingga

keberadaan terminal dapat memudahkan masyarakat dalam memanfaatkan transportasi

umum dan memberikan keuntungan kepada para pelaku jasa angkutan jalan raya dalam

mendapatkan penumpang.

Kata Kunci : Terminal Bus, Kota Semarang, Masyarakat, Transportasi Umum,

Terminal Terboyo, Bus

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ABSTRACT

Semarang is one of the most advanced city in java in various aspects of economic good,

social and cultural, development, and technology.The population of the city of semarang

more than 2 ( two ) million people making traffic jam in semarang getting worse.The city

of semarang also are part the strategic the northern coast of central java for being access

vital for vehicle from central java and east java to to west java and jakarta and vice

versa.The development of transportation the highway, accordance with peoples needs

and growth of the capital city, especially for public transport be a penjangkau for city

people.Moreover for big cities having mobility like solid the provincial capital.One of

them semarang who became the provincial capital of central java.

Needs for good public transport should also be supported with good infrastructure targets

are bus terminal .Currently has two main bus semarang city , terboyo terminal that is on

the east of semarang and terminal mangkang is with western town semarang .The

terminal is too far from the city center semarang experience to have an impact on the

community and reluctant bus into the station because quiet from passengers .Type a

terboyo terminal is a terminal to terminal busiest ports in semarang city with activity and

akdp for transport and public transport in the city .But , currently the terminal terboyo

can be apprehensive and not ideal .In addition the 2017 terboyo terminal 1 december will

be closed and terminal parking trucks and transport goods .The impact of this akdp and

buses will be diverted to terminal mangkang. Is considered lost many parties because the

terminal terboyo very far from terminal and downtown.

With the closing terminal terboyo it would impact in a pattern of the community in use

the common the highway, this dikawatirkan will cause shadow terminal new as a result

of the closing terboyo terminal.We need to done planning quickly to hold new terminal

as solution of problems infrastructure public transportation thoroughfare in the city of

semarang. Planning the new terminal have to take several factors among others easily

reached by the general public, provide safety and comfort, easy dikangkau by the public

buses, and having easy access to kesegala areas.Because of that terminal would facilitate

the public in making use public transportation and give an advantage to actors transport

service the highway in obtaining passengers.

Keywords: bus terminal, the city of semarang, the community, public transportation,

terboyo terminal, bus

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DAFTAR ISI

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN .................................................................................... ii

LEMBAR PENILAIAN ........................................................................................ iii

LEMBAR PENILAIAN ......................................................................................... iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN ..................................................................................... v

ABSTRAK .............................................................................................................. vi

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ vii

KATA PENGANTAR ......................................................................................... viii

DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................................................ x

DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................. xiv

DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................. xv

BAB I PENDAHULUAN ........................................................................................ 1

1.1. Pengertian Judul ........................................................................................ 1

1.2. Latar Belakang ........................................................................................... 2

1.2.1. Kota Semarang .......................................................................................... 2

1.2.2. Permasalahan Terminal Terboyo ............................................................... 3

1.2.3. Permasalahan Terminal Mangkang ........................................................... 6

1.2.5. Ide Gagasan ............................................................................................... 9

1.3. Rumusan Masalah ...................................................................................... 9

1.4. Tujuan dan Sasaran .................................................................................... 9

1.4.1. Tujuan ........................................................................................................ 9

1.4.2. Sasaran ....................................................................................................... 9

1.5. Lingkup pembahasan ............................................................................... 10

1.6. Luaran Desain .......................................................................................... 10

1.7. Metodelogi Pembahasan .......................................................................... 10

1.8. Sistematika Penulisan .............................................................................. 11

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ........................................................................... 12

xi

2.1. Terminal ................................................................................................... 12

2.1.1. Fungsi Terminal ....................................................................................... 12

2.1.2. Jenis Terminal .......................................................................................... 13

2.1.3. Tipe Terminal .......................................................................................... 13

2.2. Persyaratan Lokasi Terminal ................................................................... 13

2.2.1. Persyaratan Lokasi Terminal Tipe A ....................................................... 14

2.2.2. Persyaratan Lokasi Terminal Tipe B ....................................................... 14

2.2.3. Persyaratan Lokasi Terminal Tipe C ....................................................... 14

2.3. Kriteria Pembangunan Terminal ............................................................. 15

2.4. Pola Sirkulasi ........................................................................................... 15

2.4.1. Kegiatan Sirkulasi pada Terminal Bus .................................................... 15

2.4.2. Karakteristik Sirkulasi ............................................................................. 16

2.4.2.1. Sirkulasi inter-moda ......................................................................... 16

2.4.2.2. Sirkulasi intra-moda ......................................................................... 17

2.5. Sistem Transportasi ................................................................................. 17

2.5.1. Macam Subsistem Transportasi Jalan Raya ............................................ 17

2.5.1.1. Berdasarkan Jenis Angkutan ............................................................ 17

2.5.1.2. Berdasarkan Area Pelayanan ........................................................... 18

2.6. Fasilitas Terminal Penumpang ................................................................ 19

2.6.1. Fasilitas Utama Terminal ......................................................................... 19

2.6.2. Fasilitas Penunjang Terminal .................................................................. 20

2.7. Green Architecture .................................................................................. 21

2.7.1. Prinsip-Prinsip Green Architecture ......................................................... 22

2.7.1.1. Conserving Energy (Hemat Energi) ................................................ 22

2.7.1.2. Working with Climate (Memanfaatkan Energi Alami) .................... 22

2.7.1.3. Recpect for Site (Menanggapi Keadaan Tapak pada Bangunan) ..... 22

2.7.1.4. Respect for User (Memperhatikan Pengguna Bangunan)................ 23

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2.7.1.5. Limitting New Resources (Meminimalkan Sumber Daya Baru) ..... 23

2.7.1.6. Holistic ............................................................................................. 23

2.7.2. Standar Pengukuran Tingkat Hijau (Bangunan dan Kawasan) ............... 23

2.7.3. Aplikasi rancangan Standar Pengukuran Tingkat Hijau .......................... 24

2.8. Studi Komparasi ...................................................................................... 24

2.8.1. Port Authority Bus Terminal New York ................................................... 24

2.8.2. Terminal Bumgurasih Surabaya .............................................................. 29

BAB III GAMBARAN UMUM LOKASI PERENCANAAN .............................. 31

3.1. Tinjauan Kota Semarang ......................................................................... 31

3.1.1. Tinjauan Fisik .......................................................................................... 32

3.1.1.1. Geografi ........................................................................................... 32

3.1.1.2. Administrasi ..................................................................................... 32

3.1.1.3. Iklim ................................................................................................. 33

3.1.2. Tinjauan Non Fisik .................................................................................. 33

3.1.2.1. Kependudukan ................................................................................. 33

3.1.2.2. Perekonomian .................................................................................. 34

3.1.2.3. Transportasi ..................................................................................... 34

3.2. Tinjauan Jalan Siliwangi Semarang Barat ............................................... 37

3.2.1. Kelurahan Krapyak .................................................................................. 37

3.2.2. Existing Site ............................................................................................. 38

BAB IV ANALISA KONSEP PERENCANAAN DAN PERANCANGAN ....... 41

4.1. Gagasan Perancangan .............................................................................. 41

4.2. Analisa dan Konsep Makro ..................................................................... 42

4.2.1. Faktor Pendukung Pembangunan Terminal ............................................ 42

4.2.2 Sirkulasi Lalu Lintas ................................................................................ 44

4.2.3 Integrasi Bangunan dan Transportasi Umum .......................................... 45

4.2.4 Integrasi Antar Moda Transportasi .......................................................... 47

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4.2.5 Penerapan Green Architecture ................................................................. 49

4.3 Analisa dan Konsep Mikro (Site) ............................................................ 49

4.3.1. Analisa Sirkulasi dan Pencapaian Site ..................................................... 49

4.3.2 Analisa Orientasi Bangunan .................................................................... 50

4.3.3 Analisa Respon Matahari ......................................................................... 51

4.4 Analisa dan Konsep Ruang ...................................................................... 52

4.4.2 Program Ruang ........................................................................................ 52

4.4.3 Analisa Pola Hubungan dan Organisasi Ruang ....................................... 57

4.4.4 Analisa Besaran Ruang ............................................................................ 57

4.5 Analisa dan Konsep Arsitektur ................................................................ 63

4.5.2 Bentuk Bangunan .................................................................................... 63

4.5.3 Karakter dan Fasad Bangunan ................................................................. 64

4.6 Analisa dan Konsep Struktur ................................................................... 64

4.6.2 Sistem Struktur ........................................................................................ 64

4.6.2.1 Struktur pondasi (sub structure) ...................................................... 64

4.7 Analisa dan Konsep Utilitas .................................................................... 69

4.7.2 Jaringan Listrik ........................................................................................ 69

4.7.3 Jaringan Air Bersih dan Kotor ................................................................. 70

4.7.4 Sistem Pengelolaan Sampah .................................................................... 71

4.7.5 Jaringan Penerangan atau Pencahayaan .................................................. 72

4.8 Analisa dan Konsep Green Architecture ................................................. 74

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................................ 77

LAMPIRAN ........................................................................................................... 79

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DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 2.1. Kebutuhan dan luasan fasilitas dalam terminal penumpang .......................... 21

Tabel 3.1. Tabel Daftar Bangunan Pada Peta Existing Kawasan ................................... 39

Tabel 4.1. Tabel Daftar Bangunan Pada Peta Existing Kawasan ................................... 42

Tabel 4.4. Pola Hubungan Kelompok Ruang Luar ......................................................... 53

Tabel 4.5. Hubungan Kelompok ruang umum ............................................................... 54

Tabel 4.6. Hubungan Kelompok ruang pengelola .......................................................... 55

Tabel 4.7. Hubungan Kelompok ruang Kru/Awak bus .................................................. 55

Tabel 4.8. Hubungan Kelompok ruang penunjang ......................................................... 56

Tabel 4.9. Hubungan Kelompok ruang servis ................................................................ 57

Tabel 4.10 Besaran Ruang .............................................................................................. 57

Tabel 4.11 Total Besaran Ruang ..................................................................................... 61

xv

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 1.0.1 Peta Semarang dan lokasi terminal ............................................................ 3

Gambar 1.0.2 Peron terminal yang tidak tertata ............................................................... 4

Gambar 1.0.3 Sirkulasi penumpang dan kendaraan ......................................................... 4

Gambar 1.0.4 Tempat menaikkan dan menurunkan penumpang ..................................... 5

Gambar 1.0.5 Terminal Terboyo tergenang banjir ........................................................... 5

Gambar 1.0.6. Salah satu sudut terminal yang telah rusak parah ..................................... 5

Gambar 1.0.7. Terminal bayangan pada luar terminal Terboyo ....................................... 6

Gambar 1.0.8 Peta persebaran prasarana kota Semarang ................................................. 7

Gambar 2.0.1. Eksterior Port Authority bus terminal ..................................................... 24

Gambar 2.0.2 Denah Port Authority ............................................................................... 25

Gambar 2.0.3 Interior Port Authority bus terminal ........................................................ 25

Gambar 2.0.4 Denah lantai 1 Port Authority .................................................................. 26

Gambar 2.0.5 Lantai 2 Port Authority ............................................................................ 27

Gambar 2.0.6 Subway Level ........................................................................................... 28

Gambar 2.0.7. Sirkulasi kendaraan di Port Authority..................................................... 29

Gambar 2.0.8. Tempat menaik turunkan penumpang ..................................................... 29

Gambar 2.0.9. Interior terminal Bungurasih ................................................................... 29

Gambar 2.0.10. Eksterior terminal Bungurasih .............................................................. 30

Gambar 2.0.11. Siteplan terminal Bungurasih ................................................................ 30

Gambar 3.0.1. Peta pola ruang kota Semarang ............................................................... 31

Gambar 3.0.2 Peta sebaran prasarana kota Semarang .................................................... 37

Gambar 2.0.3. peta eksisting wilayah Semarang Barat .................................................. 38

Gambar 3.0.4. Peta eksisting site .................................................................................... 38

Gambar 4.0.1. Sirkulasi awal sekitar site ........................................................................ 44

Gambar 4.0.2. Rencana sirkulasi sekitar site .................................................................. 45

Gambar 4.0.3 Analisa Pedestrian di Jl. Siliwangi depat site .......................................... 45

Gambar 4.0.4 Konsep Pedestrian di sekitar site ............................................................. 46

Gambar 4.0.5 Lintasa kereta api yang melintasi bandara A. Yani Semarang ................ 47

Gambar 4.0.6 Pengaplikasian skytrain sebagai sarana integrasi .................................... 48

Gambar 4.0.7 Konsep jalur penghubung antar prasarana angkutan umum berbasis rel . 48

Gambar 4.0.8. Pencapain dan sirkulasi site .................................................................... 50

Gambar 4.0.9. Analisis orientasi bangunan .................................................................... 51

xvi

Gambar 4.0.10. Analisis Matahari .................................................................................. 51

Gambar 4.0.11. Hasil analisis matahari .......................................................................... 52

Gambar 4.0.12 bukaan maksimal ................................................................................... 63

Gambar 4.0.13 Sun Shading ........................................................................................... 63

Gambar 4.0.14 bangunan pipih ....................................................................................... 63

Gambar 4.0.15 void bangunan ........................................................................................ 63

Gambar 4.0.16 Isometri tampak samping ....................................................................... 63

Gambar 4.0.17 Isometri tampak depan ........................................................................... 63

Gambar 4.0.18 Void bangunan ....................................................................................... 64

Gambar 4.0.19 Bangunan pipih ...................................................................................... 64

Gambar 4.0.20. detail struktur tiang pancang ................................................................. 65

Gambar 4.0.21 Sistem struktur half slab ......................................................................... 66

Gambar 4.0.22 Pengaplikasian Filigree Facade Steel ..................................................... 67

Gambar 4.0.23 Pengaplikasian Struktur baja pada atap bangunan ................................. 69

Gambar 4.0.24 Jaringan listrik suatu gedung ................................................................. 69

Gambar 4.0.25 Sistem jaringan air bersih ....................................................................... 70

Gambar 4.0.26 Jaringan air kotor ................................................................................... 71

Gambar 4.0.27 Sistem pengolahan sampah .................................................................... 71

Gambar 4.0.28 Pengaplikasian pencahayaan alami ........................................................ 72

Gambar 4.0.29 Lampu down light merupakan pencahayaan buatan .............................. 72

Gambar 4.0.30 Jaringan penangkal petir ........................................................................ 73

Gambar 4.0.31 Jaringan telepon ..................................................................................... 74

Gambar 4.0.32 Sistem kerja solar window ..................................................................... 75

Gambar 4.0.33 Pengaplikasiaan filigree facade steel ..................................................... 75

Gambar 4.0.34 Bangunan dengan open space melimpah ............................................... 76

Gambar 4.0.1. Water recycling ....................................................................................... 76