tragedi 1965, ingatan dan rekonsiliasi

7/23/2019 Tragedi 1965, Ingatan Dan Rekonsiliasi

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oaofog sh~kxolmol bhfo}ol fxso

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aol shbxf`gol qoqolol polm bhfolaou` a`nolmxllpo ghmhbil` uhfolkxqlpo,

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Nh~uhlkoqo& Olmdoqol Nh~uhlkoqo& N~`mkhl Uxmolag`& bxlmd`l ahlmol qxkxol xlqxd



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uhfolkxqlpo odol a`sh~`lmoq` uhnomo` Go~` Sh~`lmoqol Soleou`fo Uodq`,

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uhnxog dobsolph polm uhlmoko a`qxkxdol xlqxd bhl`lmdoqdol `df`b dhqodxqol aol dh`lm`lol

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dgxuxulpo uhfobo nxfol Idqinh~ aol Lizhbnh~&polm nh~qxkxol xlqxd bhle`sqodol

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bhlmh~`dol polm aòbn`f ao~` shlmolmdoqol khlo{og dhhlob khla~of aol uoqx i~olm n`lqo~o

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bhlmofob` dhdh~ouol uhduxof aol aè`leolm ifhg so~o olmmiqo mh~odol }ol`qo SD@& Mh~}ol`,

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a`sxnf`dou`dol g`lmmo q`lmdoq polm sof`lm q~omù, Shbodolol dhlhmo~ool qh~goaos dhqxkxg

di~nol shbnolqoòl aol sxq~` khla~of Louxqìl `qx a`fodxdol ahlmol xsoeo~o dhnhuo~ol aol

bhlaosoq f`sxqol polm fxou ao~` bhaò, ôdpoq aài~ilm xlqxd qàod bhbnh~` obsxl dhsoao

so~o shfodx sh~ùq`}o Mh~odol 53 Uhsqhbnh~ polm qh~xqobo a`dhlof uhnomo` i~olm"i~olm

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bhlphno~ ahlmol ehsoq& bhlphnxqdol nog}o nolmuo `l` no~x uoko qh~g`lao~ ao~` shbnh~u`gol

bouuof qh~goaos i~olm"i~olm olq`dibxlù& polm a`~hleolodol ifhg SD@& aofob ~`qxu Mh~odol

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lobo i~olm polm go~xu a`nxlxg& polm aàxmo qhfog aùxuxl ifhg SD@ aofob sh~uòsol polm

a`fodxdollpo xlqxd bhbnh~u`gdol i~olm"i~olm olq`dibxlù& uheo~o qh~olm"qh~olmol a`

uhbxo aoh~og a` bolo shbnolqoòl dhbxaòl qh~koa`,

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Qhlmog aol Ko}o Q`bx~& polm dhnolpodol nh~ouof ao~` i~molùou`"i~molùou` @ufob aol

D~ùqhl& bxfo` bhfodxdol shbnolqoòl qh~goaos i~olm"i~olm polm aàxmo bhlkoa`

u`bsoqùol SD@, Soao uooq polm uobo& dhuoqxol"dhuoqxol ^SDOA bxfo` bhlpù`~ Ko}o

Qhlmog& ahlmol `luq~xdu` ao~` Kodo~qo xlqxd bhbxf`gdol dhqh~q`nol aol bhlmgolex~dol uùo"

uùo Mh~odol 53 Uhshqbnh~ `qx, Mh~odol `l` qàod fom` bhb`f`d` nhlqxd polm qh~i~molùou`&

qhqos` uùo"uùolpo a`àhlq`j`dou` uhnomo` olmmiqo"olmmiqo aol i~olm"i~olm polm aàxmo

bhlkoa` u`bsoqùol SD@, A` Ko}o& ^SDOA bhbsh~uhlkoqo` aol bhfoq`g dhfibsid"dhfibsid

shbxao olq`dibxlù ahlmol qxkxol dgxuxu xlqxd bhlmgolex~dol SD@, Dhmòqol uh~xso kxmo

nh~mh~od a` Uxboq~o Xqo~o a` bolo dhuoqxol"dhuoqxol dgxuxu Diuq~oa aol dhuoqxol"

dhuoqxol fo`llpo ao~` dibolai b`f qh~ ~hmìlof bhbs~ibiu`dol aol bhlaxdxlm

shbnolqoòl qh~goaos so~o u`bsoqùol SD@ ifhg shbxao"shbxao olq`dibxlù uhqhbsoq,



Shqh~ Douhlao



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a` Ko}o Qhlmog& Ko}o Q`bx~& Nof` aol Uxboq~o Xqo~o, Dhshlq`lmol"dhshlq`lmol dhfou&

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bhlaofob& uhbxolpo a`mh~odol aofob dhdh~ouol olq`"dibxlù, Aofob uhnxog µuhbolmoq

olq`dibxlù polm lpo~ù gùqh~ù±& ~`nxol dhfibsid shlkomo dhobolol& polm aàxdxlm ifhg

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uhnhfxblpo, Disdobq`n& uhnomo` `luq~xbhl dhfhbnomool xqobo polm bhfoduolodol

dhdxouool lhmo~o oqou lobo ~h{`b polm no~x `qx sxl nh~qodgqo, Dibolai q`lmm` b`f`qh~

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q`laodol"q`laodol bhlkomo dhobolol polm a`fodxdol ifhg dhfibsid"dhfibsid b`f`qol

olq`dibxlù, Disdobq`n& uhnomo` uhnxog ko~`lmol dibolai dhobolol aol `lqhfkhl polm

bhbnhlqolm ao~` Uihgo~qi& uhnomo` solmf`bo& qh~xu dh no}og g`lmmo dibolaol"dibolaol

b`f`qh~ fidof a` q`lmdoq ahuo& a`mxlodol xlqxd qxkxol `l`, Uhbxo solmf`bo b`f`qh~ a` aofob

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qxmou Disdobq`n aofob bhlolmol` bouofog `lqhfkhl aol dhobolol aofob lhmh~`, Uheo~o

dgxuxu Disdobq`n nh~qolmmxlm ko}on xlqxd bhbnh~u`gdol dofolmol u`s`f oso~oqx~

shbh~`lqogol ao~` i~olm"i~olm polm aàxmo qh~f`noq aofob Mh~odol 53 Uhsqhbnh~, Uihgo~qi&

uhfodx Solmf`bo Olmdoqol Ao~oq, Soao qolmmof : Ahuhbnh~ ?0:8& uhnxog dhsxqxuol S~huàhl

bhbsh~fxou dhmòqol"dhmòqol Disdobq`n xlqxd µ bhbxf`gdol dh}`noool Shbh~`lqog

ahlmol eo~o bhfodxdol ish~ou`¿ish~ou` bhlqof aol j u`d b`f`qh~, Uqoj xbxb Olmdoqol Ao~oq

a`koa`dol uqoj dibloai xlqxd Disdobq`n& ahlmol dh}hlolmol xlqxd bhlmdiisqou`

nolqxol ao~` Olmdoqol Foxq& Olmdoqol Xao~o& aol Dhsifùòl, Uhfo`l `qx& ish~ou`"ish~ou`

dgxuxu polm a`fodxdol ifhg Disdobq`n aosoq bhlo~`d uxbnh~"uxbnh~ aopo ao~` uhbxo



Shqh~ Douhlao



ahso~qhbhl"ahso~qhbhl shbh~`lqog& n`fobolo a`sh~fxdol, Odg`~lpo& uhbxo dhuoqxol b`f`qh~

a` lhmo~o `l`& bxfo` ao~` dibolai"dibolai olqo~aoh~og aol s~is`lu` g`lmmo dh q`lmdoq ahuo&

a`koa`dol dhuoqxol"dhuoqxol ish~ouìlof Disdobq`n,

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a`fodxdol ifhg lhmo~o nh~mhuh~ ao~` shbnolqoòl"shbnoqoòl polm aàxdxlm b`f`qh~ a`

q`lmdoq fidof dh o~og shlolmdosol aol shlogolol polm fhn`g qh~uhlq~ofùou` qh~goaos uùo"uùo

I~ah Fobo& polm a`fodxdol bhfofx` oso~oq"oso~oq Disdobq`n, Soao uooq polm uobo&

sh~of`gol dhdxouool lhmo~o sxl uhfhuo`, Soao nxfdol Bo~hq ?0::& S~huàhl Uihdo~li

qh~soduo bhlolaoqolmol` ux~oq polm uhdo~olm qh~dhlof ahlmol Ux~oq Sh~`lqog Uhnhfou Bo~hq&

oqox Uxsh~ Uhbo~& polm bhbnh~`dol dhdxouool dhsoao Uihgo~qi& Bhlqh~` Solmf`bo

Olmdoqol Ao~oq polm no~x uoko aòlmdoq& xlqxd µbhlmobn`f uhbxo q`laodol polm aòlmmos

sh~fx bhbouq`dol dhobolol aol dhqh~q`nol uh~qo uqon`f`qou kofollpo, ^hzifxu` ¤ahb`

dhshlq`lmol Nolmuo aol Lhmo~o ^hsxnf`d @lailhuò ¤,,±

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S~huàhl polm bhlpoqodol nog}o SD@ oaofog `ffhmof& aol bhbh~`lqogdol a`nxno~dollpo

so~qo` `qx nhuh~qo uhfx~xg i~molùou`¿i~molùou` polm nh~oj`fòu` a` no}oglpo,

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bhlqh~` a`mxux~ ao~` don`lhq S~huàhl Uihdo~li, Axo nhfou a` olqo~olpo& qh~bouxd axo aol

hbsoq }od`f sh~aolo bhlqh~`& a`qogol ifhg Disdobq`n, Aofob nhnh~oso b`lmmx uhfolkxqlpo&

shbnh~u`gol ¿shbnh~u`gol fhn`g folkxq sxl qh~xu nh~folmuxlm, Fhn`g nolpod bhlqh~` don`lhq

polm aèisiq, So~o u`bsoqùol SD@ aol Uihdo~li aofob n`~id~ou` dhlhmo~ool a`nh~u`gdol,

Fhn`g ao~` q`mo ~oqxu shkonoq Olmdoqol Xao~o a`qolmdos, Shbnh~u`gol"shbnh~u`gol bhfxou

ahlmol ehsoq dh dofolmol oso~oq olmdoqol nh~uhlkoqo fo`llpo aol kxmo dhsifùòl, Soao nxfol

Kxl` ?0:: dibolai b`f`qh~ polm no~x bhbnhlqxd Bokhfù Sh~bxupo}o~oqol ôdpoq



Shqh~ Douhlao

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Uhbhlqo~o& oqox BSÛ& polm nh~u`g ao~` olmmiqo"olmmiqolpo polm nh~ouof ao~` SD@ aol so~o

shlaxdxlmlpo , BSÛ I~ah No~x `l` bhlhmoudol fhmof`qou Uxsh~uhbo~ aol uheo~o a~oqù

bhlmx~olm` dhdxouol"dhdxouol Uihdo~li uhnomo` S~hu ahl qh~bouxd bhleonxq konoqollpo

uhnomo` s~huàhl uhxbx~ gàxs, ' Bègohf zol Folmhlnh~m >335 ; 71 ¿ 05 )

@ lmoqol aol ^hs~iaxdu` @ lmoqol

Dhlaoq` nh~lojou shlahd& M"53"U bhbsxlpo` aobsod uhko~og polm shlq`lm @o bhlolao`

o}of nh~odg`~lpo bouo dhs~huàhlol Uihdo~li& uhdof`mxu nh~bxfolpo dhdxouool Uihgo~qi,

Uobso` uooq `qx Uihdo~li bh~xsodol uoqx"uoqxlpo shb`bs`l louìlof polm sof`lm qh~dhbxdo

uhfobo axo aouo}o~uo fhn`g& po`qx ao~` uhkod ò nh~uobo shb`bs`l louìlof fo`l, Bigobboa

Goqqo& soao ?018 bhlmxbxbdol dhbh~ahdool @lailhuò, @o uoqx"uoqxlpo s~huàhl lhmo~o"

lhmo~o no~x `qx, Ahlmol dgo~ùbo& dhjou`gol fàog& aol soq~ìqùbhlpo polm bhlmmhfi~o& ò

qhqos uolmoq sisxfo~ a` qhlmog"qhlmog uhbxo dhdoeoxol sif`q`d aol uofog x~xu sh~hdilibòl

soueodhbh~ahdool, Uobso` ?0:8 dhaxaxdollpo uhnomo` s~huàhl qod qh~mipogdol, Uhnomo`

nxdq` sisxfh~`qoulpo& no`d M"53"U boxsxl Bopi~ Khla~of nh~aof`g nog}o uhmofo q`laodol

polm bh~hdo fodxdol bh~xsodol folmdog xlqxd bhbnhfo Uihdo~li, Qàod oao s`god bolo

sxl polm nh~ol` bhbsh~f`goqdol shbnodolmollpo qh~goaos Uihdo~li,

Uihgo~qi bhlmmxlodol M"53"U uhnomo` aof`g xlqxd bh~ilm~ilm fhm`q`bou` Uihdo~li& uobn`f

bhfobnxlmdol a`~`lpo dh dx~u` dhs~huàhlol Shlmobn`fof`gol dhdxouool lhmo~o ifhg

Uihgo~qi uheo~o nh~qogos& polm aosoq aùhnxq uhnomo` dxahqo bh~olmdod& a`fodxdollpo a`

no}og uhfxnxlm xuogo xlqxd bhlehmog dxahqo, Dhaxo nhfog s`god qàod nh~ol` bhlxlkxddol

dhqàoduhqòol qh~goaos s~huàhl, K`do nom` S~huàhl Uihdo~li odu` M"553"U `qx uhla`~`

aùhnxqlpo uhnomo` µ ~òd dhe`f a` qhlmog uobxa~o nhuo~ ^hzifxu` 'louìlof @lailhuò)&±

uhnxog sh~ùq`}o dhe`f polm aosoq aùhfhuo`dol ahlmol qhlolm qolso bhl`bnxfdol mxleolmol

nhuo~ qh~goaos uq~xdqx~ dhdxouool& nom` Uihgo~qi sh~ùq`}o `qx bh~xsodol quxlob`

shlmdgòloqol aol dhkogoqol& polm bhlp`lmdosdol oaolpo dhuofogol polm uolmoq nhuo~ soao

shbh~`lqogol Uihdo~li, Uihgo~qi bhlxaxg So~qo` Dibxlù @lailhò 'SD@) bhlaofolm` M"



Shqh~ Douhlao

=]hn; }}},shqh~douhlao,}i~as~huu,eib


53"U& aol uhfolkxqlpo bhlpxuxl ~hleolo shbnoubòl qh~goaos i~olm"i~olm polm qh~do`q

ahlmol so~qo` `qx, Qhlqo~o Uihgo~qi bhlolmdos` uoqx uhqhlmog kxqo i~olm fhn`g, Uhbxolpo

a`qxaxg qh~f`noq aofob M"53"U, Aofob uofog uoqx sh~qxbsogol ao~og qh~nx~xd a` onoa

dhaxosxfxg& ~oqxuol ~`nx i~olm a`nolqo` Olmdoqol Ao~oq aol b`fù` polm nh~oj`fòu`

ahlmollpo& qh~xqobo a` Ko}o Qhlmog& Ko}o Q`bx~& aol Nof`& ao~` odg`~ ?0:8 uobso`

sh~qhlmogol ?0::, Aofob uxouolo ao~x~oq louìlof qogos ahb` qogos Uihgo~qi bh~hnxq

dhdxouool Uihdo~li aol bhlhbsoqdol a`~`lpo uhnomo` s~huàhl j oeqi ah 'ahlmol }h}hlolm

bhbheoq aol bhlmolmdoq so~o bhlqh~` ) uobso` Bo~hq ?0::, Mh~odol 53 Uhsqhbnh~& uhnomo`

q`q`d nh~olmdoq ~olmdoòl dhkoaòl nh~do`qol dhf`laol polm nh~bxo~o soao shbnxlxgol

bouuof aol q`mo sxfxg axo qogxl dha`dqodqi~ol& bh~xsodol uofog uoqx a` olqo~o dhkoaòl"

dhkoaòl shlq`lm aofob uhko~og @lailhuò& uhqo~o ahlmol sh~molqòl dhdxouool lhmo~o& polm

qh~koa` uhnhfxb aol uhuxaoglpo s~idfobou` dhbh~ahdool Uihdo~li"Goqqo soao ?= Omxuqxu

?018& aol fhlmuh~lpo Uihgo~qi soao >? Bh` ?007,

Mh~odol 53 Uhsqhbnh~ oaofog uhnxog bùqh~` shbnxlxgol polm shbheogollpo odol

bhbno}o `bsf``dou` uolmoq fxou nom` uhko~og louìlof @lailhuò, Gof"gof polm a`sh~qo~xgdol

aofob µdilq~izh~u` qhlqolm aofolmµ uxlmmxg nhuo~, ^h{`b Uihgo~qi bhbnhlo~dol q`laodol

~hs~hu` nh~ao~oglpo qh~goaos SD@ ahlmol bhlhdoldol nog}o so~qo` `qxfog polm bhbxfo` aol

bhlmi~molùou` M"53"U, ]ofoxsxl odu`"odu` soao ? Idqinh~ qh~uhnxq qod fhn`g ao~`

shbnh~ilqodol nh~udofo dhe`f aol qh~noqou ifhg souxdol Olmdoqol Ao~oq aol ahbilq~ou` ifhg

dofolmol u`s`f& ~h{`b Uihgo~qi bhlmmobno~dollpo uhnomo` o}of ao~` uh~olmol polm bouu`j

aol dhk` qh~goaos uhbxo dhdxoqol lildibxlù, Mh~odol 53 Uhsqhbnh~ a`f`goqlpo uhnomo`

qhbnodol uofzi shbxdo ao~` SD@ xlqxd uhnxog ~hzifxu` uiuòf, Aofob bhbnolmxl àhifim`

shbnhlo~ol nom` dha`dqodqi~ollpo& Uihgo~qi bhlobs`fdol a`~` uhnomo` kx~x uhfoboq nolmuo

ahlmol bhlxbsou M"53"U, ^h{`b Uihgo~qi qh~xu"bhlh~xu bhlolobdol sh~`qùq`}o `qx

aofob s`d`~ol boupo~odoq bhfofx` uhbxo ofoq s~isomolao lhmo~o ; nxdx qhdu& bilxbhl&

lobo kofol& j`fb& bxuhxb& xsoeo~o sh~`lmoqol& aol go~` ~opo louìlof, ^h{`b Uihgo~qi

bhbnh~` aouo~ shbnhlo~ol dhnh~oaoollpo ahlmol bhlhbsoqdol M"53"U qhsoq soao kolqxlm

lo~ou` gùqi~ùlpo aol bhlmmobno~dol SD@ uhnomo` dhdxoqol kogoq qod qh~sh~`dol,



Shqh~ Douhlao



Sh~lpoqool nog}o SD@ bhlmi~molùou` M"53"U& nom` ~h{`b Uihgo~qi& nxdol uhdhao~ jodqo

nòuo& qhqos` uolm jodqo uhko~og bogonhuo~& polm bhlkoa` uxbnh~ sidid dhonuogol ~h{`blpo,

A` no}og Uihgo~qi olq`dibxlùbh bhlkoa` omobo lhmo~o fhlmdos ahlmol uhmofo u`qxu&

xsoeo~o& aol qolmmof"qolmoflpo polm uod~of, So~o sh~}`~o Uihgo~qi bhlmxnog u`qxu

shbnxlxgol qxkxg sh~}`~o Olmdoqol Ao~oq a` Kodo~qo soao ? Idqinh~ ?0:8& poq`qx Fxnolm

Nxopo& bhlkoa` qolog dh~oboq Uhnxog bilxbhl aà`~`dol ahlmol qxkxg soqxlm sh~xlmmx

so~o sh~}`~o q`lmm` polm qh}ou& uhbxo nh~a`~` uhq`lmm` bolxuò ahlmol u`dos momog aol

bhlolqolm, Soao a`la`lm nhfodolm ah~hqol soqxlm so~o sh~}`~o a`qhbsoqdol soqxlm mo~xao

~oduoduo ahlmol uopos bhlmhbnolmdol& nx~xlm dgopof` polm qhfog aòlmdoq @lailhuò

uhnomo` fobnolm dhnolmuoollpo,

Bilxbhl polm a`nxdo soao ?0:0 `l` Bilxbhl Soleou`fo Uodq`, Uhbouo shbh~`lqogol

Uihgo~qi& Soleou`fo, f`bo s~`lu`s louìlofùbh @lailhuò polm a`xeosdol Uihdo~li xlqxd

sh~qobo dof` soao ?018& aòlmdoq bhlkoa` àhifim` ~hub` lhmo~o, Soleou`fo a`nopolmdol

uhnomo` sh~kolkòl uxe` nolmuo aol Fxnolm Nxopo oaofog u`qxu shfolmmo~ol sof`lm

bhlmh~`dol qh~goaos sh~kolkòl `qx, Uhnomo` ~xolm uod~of& Bilxbhl Soleou`fo Uodq` bhlkoa`

fidou` shlphfhlmo~ool ~`qxof"~`qxof ~h{`b Uihgo~qi polm sof`lm shlq`lm, Uhqòs f`bo qogxl

uhbxo olmmiqo so~fhbhl nh~dxbsxf a` u`l`& uhnhfxb bhbxfo` uàolm sh~qobo& xlqxd

nh~uxbsog uhqò dhsoao Soleou`fo, Uhqòs qogxl soao ? Idqinh~& Uihgo~qi aol shkonoq

qh~oulpo bhlphfhlmmo~odol xsoeo~o a` goaosol bilxbhl qh~hunxq xlqxd bhlpoqodol kolk`

dhuhqòol bh~hdo polm onoa` dhsoao Soleou`fo bofob uhnhfxblpo uhbxo uqou`xl qhf`zù`

a`}ok`ndol bhlpò~dol j`fb nxoqol shbh~`lqog& Shlmdgòloqol Mh~odol 53 Uhsqhbnh~ SD @

'?071), J`fb uhsolkolm hbsoq kob polm bhfhfogdol `l` nh~eh~`qo bhlmhlo` shlexf`dol aol

shbnxlxgol qxkxg sh~}`~o Olmdoqol Ao~oq a` Kodo~qo& aol bhlkoa` qilqiqol }ok`n uhqòs

qogxl nom` olod"olod uhdifog, J`fb `l` a`bxfo` ahlmol ui~iqol nh~dhsolkolmol qh~goaos

bilxbhl `qx, a``~`lm` sxdxfol ~oqosol mhlah~olm polm bx~xlm, Fxnolm Nxopo a`qolobdol

aofob dhuoao~ol sxnf`d uhnomo` qhbsoq SD@ bhfodxdol dhkogoqol nhuo~,



Shqh~ Douhlao



Nom` ~h{`b Uihgo~qi& dhkoaòl ? Idqinh~ ?0:8 bhlp`lmdos dhnhlo~ol qhlqolm u`joq SD@ polm

dgòloq aol olq`louìlof, @o bhlahud~ha`qdol s~`lu`s polm a`mofoddol Uihdo~li& po`qx

Louodib ¿ od~il`b polm bhlpoqodol o{ou q~`qxlmmof louìlofùbh& omobo& aol dibxlùbh

¿ polm bhbnh~` dhonuogol nom` SD@ uhnomo` dibsilhl aouo~òg aofob sh~sif`q`dol

@lailhuò, ^xso"~xsolpo M"53"U bhlolao` oaolpo shbxqxuol `bolhl ahlmol shlmhqogxol

polm qhfog a`fhbnomodol aol bhpod`ldol i~olm"i~olm polm odol bhlkoa` uhqò dhsoao

dhnhlo~ol mh~odol qh~uhnxq, ^h{`b Uihgo~qi bhlobs`fdol a`~` uhnomo` }ogolo polm aosoq

a`mxlodol nolmuo @lailhuò omo~ qhqos uhqò dhsoao dhnhlo~ol sh~u`q`}o ? Idqinh~ ?0:8,

Dhnhlo~ol polm a`lpoqodol sh~ùq`}o `qx òfog nog}o SD@ kogoq aol shlmg`loqol polm qod

aosoq aùoao~dol fom`, ^h{`b Uihgo~qi odol qobsod uhnomo` uhboeob s~iuhu dhnhlo~ol k`do

dhnhlo~ol a`~xbxudol uhnomo` uxoqx s~iuhu lpoqo qhlqolm dhuhqòol dhsoao uxoqx sh~ùq`}o,

Bodo uhbxo shkonoq lhmo~o go~xu bhlmxeosdol uxbsog uhqò dhsoao Soleou`fo aol

nh~uxbsog nog}o bh~hdo 'uh~qo dhfxo~mo bou`lm"bou`lm) nh~u`g ao~` do`qol oso sxl ahlmol

SD@ aol M"53"U, Lobxl& k`do bhlmmxlodol dh~olmdo nh~s`d`~ polm bhlpoqodol nog}o

sh~ùq`}o `qx uha`d`q nolpod bh~xsodol gou`f ~hdopouo hw siuq j oeqi 'ao~` uhuxoqx polm uxaog

qh~koa`)& d qo odol bhlhbxdol nog}o M"53"U nxdolfog uxoqx sh~ùq`}o, Ahlmol ish~ou`"

ish~ou` sh~olm x~oq upo~oj ~h{`b Uihgo~qi nh~axuqo qhlqolm eo~o nomo`bolo hlob khla~of

qh~uhnxq a`nxlxg ' bhle`sqodol dùog"dùog qhlqolm shlp`duool aol bxq`fou`) aol qhlqolm

àhlq`qou so~o shfodx polm nh~qolmmxlm ko}on 'bhlxaxg uhqòs olmmiqo SD@ nh~uofog),

Mh~odol 53 Uhsqhbnh~ qàod uobo ahlmol ~hzifxu` @lailhuò ?018"?010& polm bh~xsodol

±sh~ùq`}o"dhnhlo~ol± nom` Uihdo~li, ^hzifxu` qx nh~u`joq qh~nxdo aol xbxb, Kxqool i~olm

bhlmobn`f nomòl a` aofoblpo 'uhnomo` mh~`fpo}ol& dx~`~& kx~x ~o}oq& ah~bo}ol& aff), Xlqxd

bhlmgolex~dol s~`lu`s ~ouòf polm bhlkoa` qxbsxol shbh~`lqog difilòf Nhfolao& ~hzifxu`

qobs`f bhbnhfo s~`lu`s"s~`lu`s xl`zh~uof shbnhnouol xboq bolxuò, Uhnof`dlpo& M"53"U

oaofog dhkoaòl polm nh~folmuxlm ehsoq& nh~udofo dhe`f& nh~u`joq qh~qxqxs& aol boupo~odoq

xbxb gobs`~ qàod bhbsxlpo` shlmhqogxol folmuxlm bhlmhlo`lpo, Golpo ~h{`b Uihgo~qi

uoko polm bhlmodx bobsx bhf`goq dhnhlo~ol sh~ùq`}o qh~uhnxq, Ahlmol ahb`dòl ~h{`b `qx

uhqò dhsoao uhuxoqx polm nxdol sh~`qù}o & dhsoao uxoqx jolqou` polm a`nxoqlpo uhla`~`, @o

golpo bhlmodx` uhdxbsxfol i~olm qh~qhlqx 'bùoflpo i~olm"i~olm lildibxlù) uhnomo`

shuh~qo aofob dhnhlo~ol uxoqx sh~ùq`}o aol bhle`sqodol µsh~olm aol shbnolqoòlµ uhnomo`

xsopo bhbnoub` uòso sxl polm nh~oao a` fxo~ dxbsxfol polm qhfog aòdx` qh~uhnxq,



Shqh~ Douhlao

?3]hn; }}},shqh~douhlao,}i~as~huu,eib


Uobso` shlmgxkxlm ~h{`b Uihgo~qi soao ?007 shbh~`lqog aol shkonoq b`f`qh~ @lailhuò

bhlmmxlodol golqx SD@ xlqxd bhlolmmos` uhqòs bouofog dh~xuxgol oqox mhkofo

shbnodolmol, Doqo"doqo dxle` aofob }oeolo ~h{`b `qx oaofog µnogopo foqhl dibxlùbh ±

Omhl"omhl qh~uhbnxlp` ao~` I~molùou` Qolso Nhlqxd 'IQN) uhlolqòuo bhlmhlaos& uòs

bh~ilm~ilm shbnolmxlol hdilib` aol qh~q`n sif`q`d, Shbnoubòl SD@ polm qod dxlkxlm

xuo`& uxlmmxg"uxlmmxg bh~xsodol ~ouìl a±hq~h 'ofouol dhnh~oaool) nom` ~h{`b Uihgo~qi,

Folaouol gxdxb ouof` polm a`sodo` ~h{`b `l` xlqxd bhlmxouo` @lailhuò uhfobo fhn`g ao~`

53 qogxl oaofog sh~`lqog S~huàhl Uihdo~li soao 5 Idqinh~ ?0:8& polm bhbnh~` }h}hlolm

Uihgo~qi xlqxd µbhbxf`gdol dhqh~q`nol±, Sh~`lqog `qx a`dhfxo~dol aofob u`qxou` ao~x~oq, Qos`

nom` Uihgo~qi u`qxou` ao~x~oq `qx qàod sh~log nh~odg`~, Disdobq`n 'Dibolai Ish~ou`

Shbxf`gol Dhobolol aol Dhqh~q`nol) polm a`nhlqxd soao bouo `qx qhqos a`sh~qqogoldol

uobso` odg`~ dhdxouool ' ahlmol shlmmolqòl lobo bhlkoa` Nodiuq~olou soao ?077),

Shlmobn`fof`gol dhdxouool ifhg Uihgo~qi uhkofol ahlmol sh~lpoqool nog}o uolm shlmxouo

oaofog aò polm bhlmobn`f dhsxqxuol odol oaolpo dhexofòl Nom` Uihgo~qi& M"53"U

oaofog uhnxog dhdhexofòl 4 uhnxog soqogol aofob qh~q`n gxdxb polm li~bof& polm

bhbh~fxdol dhdxoqol hduq~o fhmof xlqxd bhbnh~olqoulpo, Mh~odol 53 Uhsqhbnh~ nxdol

uhdoao~ µ ~òd dhe`f a` qhlmog uobxa~o fxou ^hzifxu` @lailhuò ±, Uihgo~qi bhbxqxudol

nog}o dhdhexofòl ao~` ? Idqinh~ ?0:8 nh~u`joq sh~bolhl, ^h{`blpo bhbsh~qogoldol

µnogopo foqhl dibxl`buhµ aol bhlpolah~o @lailhuò aofob dhoaool ao~x~oq qh~xu"bhlh~xu,

Dibxlùbh qàod sh~log boq` a` @lailhuò"lpo Uihgo~qi, ^h{`b Uihgo~qi qàod aosoq

bhbnò~dol dibxlùbh boq`& do~hlo ò bhlhqosdol a`~`lpo aofob gxnxlmol aòfhdqù

ahlmol dibxlùbh& oqox fhn`g qhsoq& ahlmol e`q~o dgopof` µ dibxlùbh µ, ' Kigl îuuo

>337 ; 1 ¿ ?8 )

Xuxfol Shleonxqol WWZ) QOS) BSÛ ::



Shqh~ Douhlao

??]hn; }}},shqh~douhlao,}i~as~huu,eib


Shlmxlax~ol a`~` Uihgo~qi soao ?007 nh~shlmo~xg nhuo~ aofob xsopo bhlhfoog dhbnof`

dilq~xdu` uhko~og ~hub` Sh~ùq`}o ?0:8, Lo~ou` Sh~ùq`}o ?0:8 bhlkoa` fhn`g nh~zo~òu`, N`fo

aogxfx sh~ùq`}o `l` golpo a`diluq~xdu` ao~` uxaxq solaolm ~hb` I~no& bodo d`l` uhnof`dlpo&

dilq~xdu` uhko~og Sh~ùq`}o ?0:8 ao~` sh~ushdq`j di~nol bxfo` bhlmhbxdo, Sh~xnogol `qx

olqo~o fo`l a`qolao` ahlmol nh~hao~lpo nxdx"nxdx polm nh~do`q ahlmol Sh~ùq`}o ?0:8 polm

a` bouo dhdxouool ~h{`b Uihgo~qi a`fo~olm& a`qobnog bhbio~& iqinìm~oj`& aol nìm~oj` no`d

polm a`qxfù ifhg hdu"hdu qosif ?0:8 boxsxl s`god fo`l, Uhfo`l nxdx"nxdx& qh~aosoq kxmo

nhlqxd fo`l uhsh~q` fosi~ol kx~lofùq`d& aùdxu` aol uhb`lo~ sxnf`d& shbhlqouol qhoqh~& aol

sobh~ol uhl` ~xso,

Sh~xnogol fo`l kxmo qobsod aofob dhn`kodol sif`q`d shbh~`lqog, Ao~` uhm` sif`q`d& uhbouo

axo s~huàhl uhqhfog Uihgo~qi& podl` NK Gon`n`h aol Onax~~oegbol ]ogà& }oeolo ~hub`

qhlqolm dibxlùbh qhfog bhlmofob` sh~xnogol, A` bouo Gon`n`h& bhud` bou`g uhqhlmog

goq`& qh~koa` hbsoq nh~do`qol ahlmol u`dos shbh~`lqog qh~goaos }oeolo dibxlùbh, Sh~qobo&

shbh~`lqog bhlmghlq`dol shlolpolmol j`fb µ Shlmdgòloqol M53USD@ µ polm ~xq`l

a`qopolmdol QZ^@ uhqòs qolmmof 53 Uhsqhbnh~, Dhaxo& shbh~`lqog bhbnhnoudol uhsxfxg

qosif ?0:8 polm bou`g qh~uùo, Dhq`mo& shbh~`lqog qàod bhlifod shbnhlqxdol PSDS

'Popouol Shlhf`qòl Di~nol Shbnxlxgol ?0:8 ¿ ?0:: ), Dhhbsoq& so~o oso~oq shbh~`lqog

bhlmghlq`dol shlmmxlool ~hqi~`do µ}ousoao qh~goaos oleobolnogopo foqhl dibxlùbh,± '

U`lmm`g Lxm~igi >337 ; 58 ¿ 1? )

Uhnhfxb a`s`f`g uhnomo` s~huàhl @lailhuò polm dhhbsoq soao Idqinh~ ?000& Onax~ogbol]ogà qhfog a`dhlof uhnomo` uiuid shb`bs`l Bxuf`b qh~solaolm aol biah~oq, @o nxdol

golpo uhi~olm qidig qh~dhbxdo aofob gof qifh~olu` nh~omobo& polm qhfog bhbnxoqlpoa`qh~`bo ifhg nh~nomo` dofolmol lil"Bxuf`b& bhfo`ldol kxmo shbnhfo mh~odol

ahbid~oqùou` aol god ouou` bolxuò, Uhqhfog ahlmol qh~xu qh~olm bhlpoqodoldhs~`goq`lollpo qh~goaos nh~nomo` diljf`d aol shfolmmo~ol god ouou` bolxuò a` @lailhuò

aofob qogxl"qogxl qh~odg`~ h~o shbh~`lqogol Uihgo~qi& ò bhlmolmdoq ùx ~hdilu`fòu`louìlof, Odol qhqos` uh~xollpo `qx qàod bhlaosoq qolmmosol& aol ò uhla`~` kxmo qàod

bhlmhfini~ou` momouollpo fhn`g koxg, @o golpo bhlhmoudol uiof shlq`lmlpo bhbnhlqxd uhnxog ji~xb louìlof& a` bolo so~o qidig sif`q`d qh~dhbxdo @lailhuò odol uof`lm

bh~xla`lmdol dhshlq`lmol aol omhlao bh~hdo uoqx uobo fo`l, Dhlaoq` ahb`dòl&Onax~ogbol ]ogà qàod nh~ghlq`, Uhqhfog qh~s`f`g uhnomo` s~huàhl& ò bhlmokxdol



Shqh~ Douhlao

?>]hn; }}},shqh~douhlao,}i~as~huu,eib


dhn`kodol polm a qxkxdol xlqxd bh}xkxadol momouol ~hdiluòfù` louìlof, Ofouol a` nof`d `lùòq`jlpo polm nh~dhlol ahlmol hdu"qosif aol dhfxo~mo bh~hdo `qx ,

Sh~qobo& bhlmhlo` dhsxqxuollpo bhbnh~` `{`l dhsoao so~o shlmou`lmol sif`q`d @lailhuò

xlqxd sxfolm dhbnof`& aol bhlaosoqdol dhbnof` dh}o~molhmo~ool oson`fo bh~hdo uhla`~`

bhlmghlaod`& do~hlo Onax~ogbol ]ogà bhlmgo~osdol qh~e`sqolpo boupo~odoq u`s`f aofob

uxouolo @lailhuò polm no~x, Uoqx eo~o xlqxd bh~hofùou`dol go~osol uhboeob `l` oaofog

ahlmol bhbnolmxl }oeolo ahbid~ou` aol sfx~ofùbh& a` bolo uhqòs }o~mo lhmo~o

bhb`f`d` god polm uobo aofob bhlmhbnolmdol aol bhlmgàxs` dhbolxuòl bh~hdo qod

shaxf` oso sxl omobo& hqlù& aol oj`fòu` sif`q`d bh~hdo,

Dhaxo& bhlmhlo` dhsxqxuollpo xlqxd bhbnxno~dol Nodiuq~olou aol bhlmghlq`dol s~odq`d"

s~odq`d µshlhf`qòl dgxuxu± 'f`quxu)& ò bhlmolmmos Nodiuq~olou uhnomo` uhboqo"boqo ofoq

sif`q`d polm bofog bhbsh~xb`q n`~id~ou`, Uhnomo` kx~x nèo~o s~huàhl& Bo~u`fob

U`bolkxqod& bhlpoqodol nog}o qxkxol a`dhfxo~dollpo dhn`kodol `l` òfog xlqxd bhbnolmxl

uhnxog ouxb` polm no`d qh~goaos uhqòs i~olm,

Dhq`mo& Onax~ogbol ]ogà uheo~o s~`noa` bhlo}o~dol sh~lpoqool sh~b`lqool booj dhsoao

so~o dhfxo~mo di~nol shbnolqoòl bouuof ?0:8"?0:: aol dhsoao bh~hdo polm qhfog

a`shlko~o qolso bhfofx` s~iuhu sh~oa`fol, @l` bh~xsodol sh~lpoqool polm bhlmomhqdol,

Nomo`bolosxl& ò uhnhlo~lpo qàod nh~boduxa bhbnxoq dhkxqol& uhnomo`bolo a`doqodollpo

nog}o ò kxmo sh~log bhlpobso`dol sh~b`lqool booj uhboeob `qx dhq`do bhlkonoq uhnomo`

dhqxo Logafoqxf Xfobo 'LX), Uhnomo` qobnogol ao~` sh~b`lqool boojlpo qh~goaos so~o

di~nol shbnolqoòl bouuof ?0:8":: `qx& ò bhlphqxkx` momouol qhlqolm shl`lkoxol xfolm

uhko~og uhsxqo~ µsh~ùq`}o ?0:8 µ, @o bhlmoqodol nog}o ahb` bh}xkxadol ~hdilu`fòu`

louìlof& bùqh~` dhfob µ sh~ùq`}o ?0:8 µ go~xu aù`lmdos dhbnof`,

Dhhbsoq& Onax~ogbol ]ogà bhbsxlpo` nhnh~oso ofouol ahlmol xuxfollpo xlqxd

bhleonxq Qos BSÛ Li >8?0:: qhlqolm shfo~olmol SD@ aol oko~ol

DibxlùbhBo~wùbhFhl`lùbh, O}oflpo& xuxfol `qx a`boduxadol uhnomo` qolmmosol



Shqh~ Douhlao



qh~goaos ùx polm qhlmog bxlexf uiof shleonxqol uhbxo dhqhlqxol gxdxb polm

bhb`lmm`~dol so~o hdu"qosif aol dhfxo~mo bh~hdo polm qhfog a`}o~ùdol ifhg ~h{`b I~ah

No~x, @ux qhlqolm shleonxqol Qos BSÛ qh~uhnxq bxlexf dh goaosol sxnf`d dhq`do uh~oqxu

hdu qosif polm a`s`bs`l U~` N`lqolm Sobxlmdou bhfodxdol ahbilq~ou` a` goaosol Ah}ol

Sh~}od`fol ôdpoq soao 5 Lizhbnh~ ?000, Bh~hdo bhlmokxdol shqù` dhsoao dibù` god

ouou` bolxuò aofob qxnxg fhmùfoq`j qh~uhnxq, Uofog uoqx nxq`~ ao~` shqù` polm bh~hdo

dhbxdodol bhlxlqxq shleonxqol Qos BSÛ `qx aol `luq~xbhl¿`luq~xbhl gxdxb fo`llpo,

Dhqhlqxol"dhqhlqxol gxdxb qh~uhnxq& bhlx~xq N`lqolm& bh~xsodol uhnhlqxd aùd~`b`lou`

uiuòf aol sif`q`d qh~goaos so~o hdu qosif aol dhqx~xlol bh~hdo, @o bhlmmobno~dol axo

eilqig aùd~`b`lou` aofob do`qol ahlmol gof `qx ; 'o) shleolqxbol fonhf µHQ± 'Hdu"Qosif)

soao do~qx ahlq`qou 'Do~qx Qolao Shlaxaxd) so~o hdu qosif& polm bh~xsodol uhnhlqxd

q`laodol uq`mboqùou` uheo~o sif`q`d& aol 'n) shfo~olmol dhqx~xlol dhfxo~mo aol i~olm"i~olm

qh~ahdoq ao~` so~o hdu qosif xlqxd bhlkoa` shmo}o` lhmh~` oqox xlqxd bhl`q` do~`h~ aofob

a`lou b`f`qh~ oqox dhsifùòl,

Onax~ogbol ]ogà bhlko}on shqù` qh~uhnxq soao odg`~ Kolxo~` >333, @o bhlmxbxbdol

nog}o ahb` ~hdilu`fòu` louìlof& ò bhlh~`bo aol uolmoq bhlphqxkx` momouol shleonxqol

Qos BSÛ Li >8?0::, @o bhlhmoudol nog}o SD@ qhfog a`gxdxb uhfobo nh~qogxl"qogxl, @o

bhlmokxdol sh~qolpool ~hqi~ù µ Osodog d`qo bou`g go~xu bhlmgxdxb bh~hdo 'µdoxb

dibxlù `qx µ ), Sh~lpoqool Onax~ogbol ]ogà bhl`bnxfdol s~iqhu ao~` sxnf`d& qh~xqobo

ao~` i~molùou`"i~molùou` @ufob, Bhud`sxl q`bnxf s~iqhu uhsh~q` `qx& ò qh~xu bhlmmxf`~dol

momouol qh~uhnxq, @o bhlpoqodol aol bhlph~xgdol momouollpo `qx aofob nh~nomo`

dhuhbsoqol, Uhnomo` eilqig& dhq`do ò oao a` Xl`zh~u`qou @ufob Bofolm& Ko}o Q`bx~& ò

bhlmxfolm nog}o Qos BSÛ qh~uhnxq uhgo~xulpo aèonxq, @o bhlhmoudol nog}o qhfog

nhm`qx nolpod i~olm polm lil"dibxlù qx~xq qh~nxlxg aol a`sh~lko~o 'qolso s~iuhu

sh~oa`fol) ahlmol oaolpo dhqhlqxol gxdxb qh~uhnxq, @o bhlmoqodol nog}o dofoxsxl

uhuhi~olm dibxlù& ò qàod nifhg a`sh~fodxdol uhnomo` i~olm polm qolso god"god u`s`f, Koa`&

ahb`dòl ò bhlhmoudol& momouol shleonxqol Qos BSÛ qh~uhnxq qh~do`q h~oq ahlmol ùx god

ouou` bolxuò,



Shqh~ Douhlao



Qolso bhbsh~axf`dol s~iqhu polm bxlexf& Onax~ogbol ]ogà dhbnof` bhfilqo~dol uheo~o

qh~xu"bhlh~xu momouol qh~uhnxq, Nogfdol uhnhfxb bhfodxdol ugofoq Kxbºoq a` Kodo~qo& ò

bhlmoqodol nog}o Qos BSÛ qh~uhnxq a`nxoq ifhg µuhuhi~olm polm qhlmog nh~hlaob aofob

lojux 'dhdxouool) aol qodxq a`qxaxg uhnomo` uofog uhi~olm olmmiqo SD@ `qx uhla`~` ,±

Xlqxd bhpod`ldol dgofopod nog}o ò nhlo~"nhlo~ `lm`l bhlhmoudol s~`lu`s"s~`lu`s god

ouou` bolxuò& Onax~ogbol ]ogà bhlmdo`qdollpo ahlmol uhshlmof dùog gàxslpo uhla`~`,

@o fog`~ a` aofob uhnxog dhfxo~mo lilYSD@, Odol qhqos`& ò bhlpodu`dol uhnxog gxnxlmol

s~`noa` polm uolmoq h~oq olqo~o opoglpo& ]ogà Goup`b& aol uhi~olm qidig qh~dhbxdo

dibxlù& Qol Bofodo& polm oeos bhlmxlkxlm` i~olm qxolpo aol a`qh~`bo ahlmol qolmol

qh~nxdo ,± Nomo`bolo bxlmd`l uhi~olm dò` aol uhi~olm dibxlù uof`lm nh~shfxdol9µ

Ahb`dòl Onax~ogbol ]ogà nh~qolpo xlqxd bhbnh~`dol shlhmouol& nog}o nh~sopxlm a`

no}og solaolmol sif`q`d aol àhifim` polm nh~nhao& oqox nogdol uof`lm nh~uhnh~olmol&

nxdol bh~xsodol uhnxog o~of qod qh~uhnh~olm` nom` qh~kof`llpo sh~uogonoqol s~`noa` polm

h~oq,

Onax~ogbol ]ogà bhlmoqodol nog}o i~olm ko~olm uhdof` nh~lòq xlqxd bhbogob` gxdxb

aol solaolmol sif`q`d uhuhi~olm oqox i~olm fo`l, @o bhlhmoudol nog}o bhlmgxdxb

uhuhi~olm olmmiqo SD@& nogdol uhi~olm polm nhlo~"nhlo~ qh~f`noq aofob µSh~ùq`}o ?0:8 µ&

qàod nh~o~q` nog}o olod"olodlpo go~xu kxmo a`gxdxb ifhg boupo~odoq, @o bhlmoqodol

nog}o olod"olod qh~uhnxq no~olmdof` nogdol qàod bhlmh~q` uobo uhdof` uiof sif`q`d oqox

solaolmol sif`q`d i~olm qxo bh~hdo, Ifhg do~hlo `qx& ò dhbnof` bhlhmoudol& Qos BSÛ

qh~uhnxq go~xu aèonxq,

Xlqxd bhlhdoldol lòq dxoqlpo oqou xuxf shleonxqol Qos BSÛ qh~uhnxq& Onax~ogbol

]ogà bhlmmxlodol o~mxbhl dhomobool ahlmol bhlpoqodol nog}o bhfolmmo~ god gxdxb

uhuhi~olm do~hlo ò qhfog bhlph~olm d`qo qàod bhleh~b`ldol solaolmol gàxs uhi~olm

Buxf`b polm no`d, Uhi~olm Bxuf`b polm no`d& bhlx~xq Onax~ogbol ]ogà& go~xu



Shqh~ Douhlao



bhlmoqodol nog}o oso polm uofog aol oso polm nhlo~& qh~fhsou ao~` d`qo bhlpxdo`lpo oqox

qàod

@o bhlpoao~` nog}o uhkxbfog dpo` qhfog bhlhlqolm aol bhlmh~`q`dlpo, Lobxl& ò qhqos

nh~shmolm qhmxg soao momouol qh~uhnxq, @o qàod bh~ouo nh~bxuxgol ahlmol ahlmol so~o dò`

`qx,

Onax~ogbol ]ogà qòao fhfoglpo bhfilqo~dol momouol `qx soao nh~nomo` dhuhbsoqol, Soao

uoxqx dhuhbsoqol aofob sh~qhbxol ahlmol boupo~odoq Dhaxlmibni& uhnomo` bùof& ò

bhlpoqodol nog}o Qos BSÛ qh~uhnxq nh~qhlqolmol ahlmol Dilu`qxu` 'XXA ?018), @o

bhlhmoudol nog}o dilu`qxu` qàod bhfo~olm àhifim` oso sxl, Nogdol dofoxsxl uhnxog

àhifim` a`lpoqodol uhnomo` àhifim` qh~fo~olm& àhifim` qh~uhnxq a`nxno~dol qhqos gàxs

aofob nhlod 'so~o shbhfxdlpo), Koa`& uò"uòfog bhfo~olm àhifim` oso sxl, Qobnogol sxfo&

bhlx~xq Onax~ogbol ]ogà& nogdol dofoxsxl SD@ qhfog nh~dof`"dof` bhleino

bhlmgolex~dol lhmo~o aol nolmuo& qig bh~hdo uhfofx momof, Bh~hdo momof qiqof, Koa`& d`qo

qod sh~fx sol`d aofob bhlmgoaos` dibxlùbh,

Bhlolmmos` mhfibnolm ahbilq~ou` bhlhlqolm xuxfollpo xlqxd bhleonxq Qos BSÛ

qh~uhnxq& Onax~ogbol ]ogà nh~kolk` xlqxd bhlmdfo~`j`dou`lpo soao >3 Bh` >333& aol

uhqhfog qolmmof qx ò odol nh~ghlq`& bhlmdobsolphdol momouol `qx, Lobxl dhbnof` fom`& ò

qhqos bh~ouo sh~fx bhlmoqodol nog}o nog}o s~iuhu sh~xbxuol Qos BSÛ qh~uhnxq

uolmoqfog uh}hlolm"}hlolm, Qos qh~uhnxq qàod nùo bhbnhaodol olqo~o god gxdxb aol god

sif`q`d }o~mo lhmo~o, God gxdxb uhuhi~olm qod aosoq a`hlpogdol nhm`qx uoko& nogdol

k`dosxl ò uheo~o sif q`d nh~uofog, A` uobs`lm qx& bhlx~xq Onax~ogbol ]ogà& Qos

qh~uhnxq bhlmonx~dol sh~nhaool olqo~o so~qo` aol àhifim`, D`qo nùo uoko bhleonxq uhnxog so~qo`& qhqos` d`qo qod nùo bhfo~olm uhnxog àhifim`,

S~iqhu"s~iqhu `qx dhbxaòl bh~hao do~hlo oaolpo kolk` qh~uhnxq, Soao >3 Bh` >333& aofob

uò~ol polm a`qopolmdol ifhg QZ^@, Onax~ogbol ]ogà sh~qobo"qobo bhlmxfolm`



Shqh~ Douhlao

?:]hn; }}},shqh~douhlao,}i~as~huu,eib


ofouollpo, Dhbxaòl ò bhlobnogdol nhnh~oso si`l no~x nh~dhlol ahlmol uqoqxu gxdxb

Qos BSÛ qh~uhnxq aol qxmoulpo uhnomo` s~huàhl, Bhud`sxl uqoqxu gxdxb uhnxog Qos

BS^ fhn`g q`lmm` ao~`soao uhnxog xlaolm"xlaolm& bhlx~xq Onax~ogbol ]ogà& d`qo qàod

aosoq bhbolaolmlpo uhnomo` uhuxoqx polm dh~oboq, S~iaxd gxdxb uhsh~q` Qos BS^ qàod

uhfofx ~hfhzol uhsolkolm bouuo, Onax~~ogbol ]ogà bhbnh~` eilqig, Bùoflpo& Qos BS^

polm nh~do`qol ahlmol konoqol uhxbx~ gàxs s~huàhl, Qos BS^ polm nh~dhlol ahlmol

Shaibol Shlmgopoqol aol Shlmofobol Soleou`fo 'S1), Qos BS^ qhlqolm `lqhm~ou` Q`bi~&

uhbxolpo qhfog a`molq` aol aùhuxo`dol 'ahlmol u`qxou` no~x), Uhuxoqx polm d`qo nxqxgdol

soao uoqx bouo& bxlmd`l uoko a`nxqxgdol soao }odqx fo`l,

Nh~do`qol ahlmol qxmoulpo uhnomo` s~huàhl& Onax~ogbol ]ogà bhlhmoudol nog}o

bhlkoa` dh}ok`nollpo xlqxd bhlhmoudol s~`lu`s"s~`lu`s god ouou` bolxuò& uhnomo`

a`lpoqodol uheo~o qhmou aofob Dilu`qxu` 'XXA ?018), Ahlmol ahb`dòl& bhlmokxdol

momouol bhleonxq Qos BSÛ Li >8??0::& polm bhlx~xqlpo nh~qhlqolmol ahlmol god ouou`

bolxuò qx kxuq~x uolmoq uhuxo` ahlmol oboloq Dilu qxu`, A` uobs`lm qx& qobnog

Onax~~ogbol ]ogà& uopo golpo bhlmokxdol 'dhsoao BS^) BS^"fog polm nh~god xlqxd

bhbsh~q`bnolmdol osodog bhlh~`bo oqox bhlifodlpo, K`do BS^ bhlifodlpo& bodo `qx

oaofog qolmmxlm ko}on BS^ `qx uhla`~`, Qàod fom` bhlkoa` qolmmxlm ko}on uopo, Uhqhfog

dfo~`j`dou`& uopo odol nh~ghlq` nh~nèo~o qhlqolm momouol `l`,

Uhqhfog bhbnh~`dol dfo~`j`dou`& Onax~ogbol ]ogà nhlo~"nhlo~ nh~ghlq` nh~nèo~o

bhlmhlo` ùx ùx `qx, Soao >0 Bh`& Dib`qh oa gie Noaol Shdh~ko BS^ bhlifod xuxfol

shleonxqol Qos BSÛ qh~uhnxq, O~mxbhl xqobo bh~hdo oaofog nog}o µ Qos BSÛ `qx

go~xu a`sh~qogoldol& do~hlo ò kxuq~x bhf`laxlm` god ouou` bolxuò ,±

O~mxbhl `l` uheo~o `bsfù`q bhbsh~uofogdol SD@ uhnomo` shfolmmo~ god ouou` bolxuò so~

hwehffhleh& aol k`do Qos BSÛ qh~uhnxq aèonxq& SD@ odol 'dhbxlmd`lol nhuo~) gàxs

dhbnof` aol bhlmxfolm` µaiuo"aiuo µ fobolpo, @l` bhlmmobno~dol uxo~o aib`lol ao~` isl`



Shqh~ Douhlao

?=]hn; }}},shqh~douhlao,}i~as~huu,eib


sxnf`d aofob mhfibnolm ahbilq~ou` bhlhlqolm momouol shleonxqol Qos qh~uhnxq, '

Nxaò}ol >331 ; 1: ¿ 8= )

@ah Onax~ogbol ]ogà bhleonxq BSÛWWZ::& uhuxlmmxglpo bhlmolaxlm nh~u`q"nh~u`q

os~huòu` polm q`lmm` qh~goaos dhbolxuòl aol god"god ouou` bolxuò, Ahlmol ahb`dòl&

uxnqolu` momouol qh~uhnxq bh~olmdxb l`fo`"l`fo` e`lqo dou`g polm xl`zh~uof lilaùd~`b`loq`j,

O~q`lpo& Onax~ogbol ]ogà `lm`l bhlkoa` S~huàhl nom` uhbxo i~olm @lailhuò qolso s`f`g

dou`g, Onax~ogbol ]ogà `lm`l uhqòs i~olm a`sh~fodxdol uhqo~o aofob gxdxb& qolso

bhbnhao"nhaodol ao~` bolo bh~hdo nh~ouof aol oso }o~lo àhifim`lpo,

Aofob dilqhdu `l`& Onax~~ogbol ]ogà uhnomo` s~huàhl& qobsodlpo& qod ghlaod

bhbsh~fodxdol uhnomoòl }o~molpo uhnomo` µuobsogµ& bhfo`ldol bhlmgo~mo` bh~hdo

uhnomo` uhuobo bolxuò aol uhuobo }o~mo @lailhuò, Fhn`g koxg fom`& Onax~ogbol ]ogà

bhbnxdo uhnxog eod~o}ofo no~x omo~ i~olm @lailhuò nùo bhlkoa` qifh~ol qh~goaos oko~ol

oqox sogob sif`q`d xlqxd bhlxlkxddol u`doslpo polm qh~nxdo oqou dhnhnouol nh~s`d`~ aol

nh~àhifim`& ahlmol xuxfol bhleonxq Qos BSÛWWZ?0::,

Onax~ogbol ]ogà bhlkoa` S~huàhl polm bhlmgi~boq` god ouou` bolxuò& god uhbxo

}o~mo polm oao a` @lailhuò& qh~bouxd k do oao i~olm polm nh~sogob dibxlù, Dhuhqo~ool

aofob gxdxb aol sh~fodxol bhlkoa` shlq`lm, Onax~ogbol ]ogà ghlaod bhbnxdo

eod~o}ofo no~x nom` nolmuo @lailhuò& nxdol oqou m`~`lmol sif`q`d aol àhifim` I~ah No~x,

A` u`l`& qobsod Onax~~ogbol `lm`l bhlxlkxddol sh~uogonoqollpo dhsoao uhbxo i~olm,

Uxoqx u dos polm qod sh~log a`qxlkxddol shlaogxfxlpo& dhexof` Uihdo~li, Onax~ogbol

]ogà kxmo qàod uhmol"uhmol bhlxlkxddol u`dos qh~nxdolpo oqou bouo fofx polm dhfob aol

dhkob& a` bolo nolpod i~olm polm bhlkoa` di~nol, Onax~ogbol ]ogà qobsod nhm`qx

usi~q`j aol nh~uhaò bhlmhlolm so~o di~nol dhdh~ouol sif`q`d bouo fofx, Xuxfollpo xlqxd



Shqh~ Douhlao



bhleonxq Qos BSÛWWZ?0:: fhn`g soqxq a`f`goq uhnomo` xuogo bhbnxdo uhko~og g`qob

?0:8 ¿ ?0::& polm uhfobo `l` qh~qxqxs ~osoq& aol bhlmmof` dhnhlo~ol oqou uhko~og qh~uhnxq

uheo~o oa`f, Gof `l` shlq`lm xlqxd xuogo bhlmghlq`dol s~huhahl nofou ahlaob polm nodof

qh~xu qh~koa`& bhlm`~`lm` sh~molqòl ~h{`b"~h{`b sif`q`d a` @lailhuò soao bouo bhlaoqolm

@ah bhbnolmxl @lailhuò polm qifh~ol go~xu a`noeo uhnomo` xsopo bhbxqxu bouo fofx ¿

bouo polm shlxg ahlmol `lqifh~hlou`, I~ah No~x oaofog i~ah polm dhfob aol dhkob& polm

qàod qifh~ol qh~goaos god ouou` bolxuò, Bhbnolmxl @lailhuò polm qifh~ol& kxuq~x uhbxo

i~olm a`go~mo` qolso shaxf` ouof aol }o~lo àhifim`lpo, @lu`qxu`"`lu`qxu` ahbid~oqù& bhuq`

a`nolmxl ahlmol eo~o bhlmxlaolm so~qù`sou` uhbxo i~olm& a` bolo polm fhbog qàod

a`q`lmmofdol, Ao~` so~qù`sou` fxou `l`fog& dhfod uhnxog @lailhuò polm dxoq aol uhqò do}ol

aosoq a`}xkxadol,

Ao~` sh~ushdq`j polm siu`q`j& Onax~ogbol ]ogà nh~aobo` ahlmol uofog uoqx s~infhb bouo

fofx aol dibxl`qou polm aàxmo qh~xu µqh~q`laou±& no`d ahlmol eo~o uq`mboqùou` boxsxl

d~`b`lofùou`& polm g`lmmo d`l` bou`g qh~xu bhlkoa` sh~goqòl nolpod dofolmol, A` bouo

bhlaoqolm& uhfx~xg xlux~ aol hfhbhl boupo~odoq go~xu aài~ilm xlqxd bhlmoqou` uhfx~xg

bouofog uheo~o nh~uobo, Qhlqx uoko ao~` u`dos `qx& Onax~ogbol ]ogà `lm`l bhlxlkxddol

a`~`lpo uhnomo` uofog uoqx lhmo~o}ol polm no`d& `lm`l bhbxfo` nonod no~x dhgàxsol

boupo~odoq,

Uhnomo` uhi~olm ahbid~oq& Onax~ogbol ]ogà qobsodlpo diluùqhl aofob bhlkofoldfol

oko~ol ahbid~ou`, Shlhmodol ahbid~ou` aofob dilqhdu shleonxqol Qos BSÛWWZ::

oaofog bhlmhbnof`dol sh~uobool god }o~mo nolmuo omo~ qh~e`sqo ~hdiluòfù` louìlof,

Qh~e`sqolpo ~hdiluòfù` louìlof uolmoq qh~molqxlm soao dhboxol uhbxo s`god,

Sh~qolpoollpo uhfo~olm oaofog a`bxfo` ao~` bolo ~hdiluòfòu` `qx 9



Shqh~ Douhlao



Xlqxd bhlhlqxdol s~ì~`qou ~hdiluòfòu`& qobsodlpo d`qo go~xu bhfodxdol ~hdilq~xdu`

q`bnxflpo sh~uiofol polm bhbnhf`q nolmuo @lailhuò uhsolkolm uoqx ahdoah qh~odg`~ ahlmol

kh~l`g& kxkx~& aol dhsofo a`lm`l, S~iuhulpo go~xu a`kofoldol ahlmol bhf`noqdol uhmofo xlux~

polm nh~q`do`& qolso soduool aol shlxg dh~hfool, Hjhdq`z`qou s~iuhu ~hdilu`fòu` uolmoq

qh~molqxlm soao u`dos aol ~ouo qolmmxlm ko}on qh~goaos dhgàxsol nh~nolmuo aol nh~lhmo~o,

Qolmmxlm ko}on bi~of uolmoq shlq`lm aofob s~iuhu ~hdilu`fòu`,

D`qo nùo bxfo` ahlmol nomo`bolo d`qo go~xu nh~u`dos qh~goaos uxo~o i~olm"i~olm polm

sof`lm bhlkoa` di~nol ao~` s~odq`d"s~odq`d shfolmmo~ol GOB, Uhfobo d`qo bou`g bhb`f`d`

s~ouolmdo¿s~ouolmdo àhifimù& sif`qù& hqlù& oqox omobo qh~goaos uxo~o"uxo~o so~o di~nol

bodo lùeopo d`qo odol momof bhlhmoddol GOB dh aofob s~odqhd"s~odqhd uiuòf& aol gof `l`

nùo bhlkoa` dhlaofo uh~`xu aofob xsopo a` o~ou fhmof"`luq`qxuìlof, Bùoflpo& `l` d`qo bou`g

bhbs~ouolmdo` uxo~o"uxo~o so~o hdu"qosif µsh~ùq`}o ?0:8± uhnomo` xsopo µexe` qolmolµ aol

µbhbnolmd`qdol dhbnof` dibxlùbhµ& aol uhah~hq eilqig fo`llpo& bodo d`qo qàod odol

sh~log bobsx bhlhmoddol GOB uhnomo` biaof xlqxd bhfhqoddol jilaou` ~hdilu`fòu`,

Ahlmol doqo fo`l& aofob sif`q`d b`d~i GOB& gof polm sh~qobo"qobo go~xu a`dh~kodol oaofog

bhlahlmo~dol aol bhlmgo~mo` uxo~o so~o di~nol,

No~olmdof` bhlx~xq Onax~ogbol ]ogà xlqxd aosoq bhlahlmo~dol aol bhlmgo~mo` uxo~o

di~nol 'hdu olmmiqo SD@) d`qo go~xu bhbsiuù`dol hdu olmmiqo SD@ uheo~o uobo a` goaosol

}o~mo nolmuo fo`l& aol xlqxd aosoq bhfhqoddol uheo~o uobo hdu SD@ uhnomo` }o~mo nolmuo

sh~fx a`fodxdol shlmgosxuol Qos BSÛWWZ:: qh~fhn`g aogxfx, ' Dou`polqi Dou`bhl

>335 ; == ¿ 7? )

Hdu Qosif :8 aol Eofil Fhmùfoq`j

Sh~xnogol shlq`lm bhlaouo~ polm sh~koa` soueo dhkoqxgol s~huàhl Uihgo~qi& oaofog

a`nhlqxdlpo oso polm aùhnxq ahlmol Bogdobog Dilu`qxu` 'BD), BD bh~xsodol uhnxog



Shqh~ Douhlao

>3]hn; }}},shqh~douhlao,}i~as~huu,eib


fhbnomo oboq shlq`lm polm bhb`f`d` }h}hlolm uolmoq bhlhlqxdol aofob s~iuhu dhgàxsol

nh~lhmo~o aol sif`q`d h~o soueo Uihgo~qi, Qàod fobo uhqhfog Bogdobog Dilu`qxu` nh~a`~`&

uhnxog dhsxqxuol shlq`lm fog`~4 po`qx dhsxqxuol nog}o so~o bolqol qogolol oqox hdu qogolol

aol lo~osàolo sif`q`d So~qo` Dibxlù @lailhuò 'SD@) a`sh~nifhgdol xlqxd bhlkoa` eofil

olmmiqo fhmùfoq`j 'Eofhm) aofob shb`fx qogxl >330,

Bogdobog Dilu`qxu` 'BD) aofob sxqxuollpo& bhlpoqodol souof :3 gx~xj 'm) Xlaolm"

Xlaolm 'XX) Libi~ ?>>335 qhlqolm Shb`f`gol Xbxb Olmmiqo AS^& ASA& aol ASÂ

qàod nh~fodx fom`, Ahlmol ahb`dòl& so~o bolqol hdu i~molùou` qh~fo~olm So~qo` Dibxlù

@lailhuò 'SD@) nùo bhlmmxlodol god xlqxd bhlkoa` eofil olmmiqo fhmùfoq`j 'eofhm), Dhqxo

BD S~ij A~ K`bfp Ougàa``h polm bhb`bs`l uàolm bhlmoqodol, sxqxuol `qx uxaog j`lof,

Uhuxo` ahlmol oqx~ol polm nh~fodx& so~o shkonoq sxnf`d a`b`lqo xlqxd qàod fom`

bhlmibhlqo~` sxqxuol BD qh~uhnxq,

Souof :3 gx~xj 'm) bhlphnxqdol& µ eofil olmmiqo AS^&ASA& ASÂ S~iz`lu`& aol ASÂ

Donxsoqhl Diqo go~xu bhbhlxg` upo~oq4 nxdol nhdou olmmiqo i~molùou` qh~fo~olm SD@&

qh~bouxd i~molùou` bouuolpo& oqox nxdol i~molùou` qh~f`noq folmuxlm oqoxsxl qàod

folmuxlm aofob M 53 U SD@ oqox i~molùou` qh~fo~olm fo`llpo ,± Oqou souof `qx& uhkxbfog

qidig bhlmokxdol kxaèòf ~hz`h} 'xk` boqh~``f), Bh~hdo aòlqo~olpo oaofog Ahfò~ Lih~& Of`

Uoa`d`l& aol U~` N`lqolm Sobxlmdou, Sxqxuol BD `qx a`}o~lo` ahlmol shlaosoq nh~nhao

'aùuhlq`lm is`lìl) ao~` uhi~olm god`b dilu`qxu`& Ogboa îhuqola` ,

Aofob sxqxuollpo& kxmo& BD bhl`fo` souof :3 gx~xj 'm) `qx nh~qhlqolmol ahlmol XXA ?018&

uhkxbfog souof aofob Xlaolm"Xlaolm qàod bhbnhlo~dol oaolpo aùd~`b`lou` qh~goaos

uhfx~xg }o~mo lhmo~o @lailhuò, Bokhfù God`b BD kxmo bhlpoqodol& souof :3 gx~xj 'm) `qxXX Libi~ ?>>335 `qx qàod bhbsxlpo` gxdxb qhqos, Sxqxuol BD `qx bxfo` nh~fodx uhkod

soao qolmmof >5 Jhn~xo~` >331 'uhqhfog shlhqosol eofhm soao shb`fx >331) lobxl qàod

nh~fodx ux~xq, O~q`lpo& bolqol olmmiqo SD@ no~x aosoq bhlmokxdol a`~` bhlkoa` eofhm soao

shb`fx >330,



Shqh~ Douhlao

>?]hn; }}},shqh~douhlao,}i~as~huu,eib


Nolpod s`god bhl`fo` sxqxuol Bogdobog Dilu`qxu` `qx bh~xsodol qh~iniuol uhdof`mxu

uo~olo nom` shlmhbnolmol ~hdilu`fòu` louìlof, Uhnon aofob dhgàxsol uiuòf&sif`q`d

nogdol hdilib` uhfobo uhd`qo~ 57 qogxl& i~olm"i~olm nhdou SD@ aol polm qàod qh~f`noq

folmuxlm oqox qàod folmuxlm ahlmol M 53 U bhlmofob` shbnoqouol bhfofx` q`laodol

aùd~`b`loq`j, Do~hlo `l`fog bolqol S~huàhl ^@ DG Onax~ogbol ]ogà soao h~o

shbh~`lqogollpo bhlmxuxfdol uxsopo uàolm Qogxlol BS^ qogxl >333 polm fofx bhleonxq

Qos Li WWZ BS^ ?0:: polm bhfo~olm SD@, Lobxl xuxf qx qàod bhlaosoq uobnxqol

ao~` hf`q sif`q`d a` BS^ nogdol bhlxaxg bolqol Dhqxo Xbxb SNLX `l` bhlmdgòloq`

ous`~ou` boupo~odoq

Oso nhlo~ sxqxuol Bogdobog Dilu`qxu` `qx nùo a`dxof`j`dou`dol uhnomo` qh~iniuol polm

uolmoq nh~ol` aol xsopo ~hdilu`fòu` louìlof 9 Ko}onlpo& olqo~o µpo± aol µ qàod µ& µ po µ

do~hlo uheo~o sif`qù sxqxuol `qx uhdof`mxu bhlmg`folmdol q`laodol aùd~`b`loq`j polm

uhfobo `l` a`nh~fodxdol qh~goaos bh~hdo nhdou olmmiqo SD@ aol polm qh~f`goq M53U, God"

god sif`q`d aol god"god dhsh~aoqool bh~hdo polm uheo~o shlxg qh~dhlo shbnoqouol uhfobo

sxfxgol qogxl& d`l` a`sxf`gdol uhnomo` dhaxaxdol aàhsol gxdxb uobo ahlmol }o~mo

lhmo~o fo`llpo, Qos` sxqxuol `qx nùo a`doqodol µqàod± bh~xsodol qh~iniuol aol xsopo

~hdilu`fòu` do~hlo uheo~o dilu`qxuìlof aol uheo~o px~àù ji~bof& fo~olmol qh~goaos SD@

uhnomo` i~molùou` aol àhifim` polm aòlxqlpo bou`g nh~fodx nh~aouo~dol Qos BS^ Li

WWZBSÛ?0::, Nogdol uheo~o px~àù ji~bof fo~olmol nom` olmmiqo SD@ bhlkoa` eofhm

bou`g nh~fodx do~hlo dhqhlqxol souof :3 gx~x`j 'm) XX Li ?> Qogxl >335 qhlqolm shb`fx

nhfxb aèonxq fom` sxfo sxqxuol Bogdobog Dilu`qxu` `qx qàod nh~fodx ux~xq& ahlmol doqo

fo`l& sxqxuol `qx& no~x odol nh~fodx lolq` soao Shb`fx >330,

Kxmo dhqhlqxol souof >= opoq '?)& Souof >7 a Opoq '?) aol Souof >7 @ Opoq '>) XXA ?018 polm

bhlkoa` aouo~ sh~q`bnolmol Bogdobog Dilu`qxu` bhlmhbnof`dol god"god dilu`qxuìlof hdu

olmmiqo SD@& bou`g bhl`bnxfdol bxfq` qoju`~, Uhnon& oao polm nh~shlaosoq& souof¿souof

XXA ?018 polm a`koa`dol aouo~ sh~q`bnolmol Bogdobog& nùo a`soqogdol ifhg dhqhlqxol



Shqh~ Douhlao

>>]hn; }}},shqh~douhlao,}i~as~huu,eib


souof >0 K Opoq '>) XXA ?018, Uhnon souof `qx bhlmoqodol& aofob bhlkofoldol god aol

dhnhnouol &± uhqòs i~olm }ok`n xlqxd qxlaxd soao shbnoqouol polm a`qhqosdol ahlmol

xlaolm"xlaolm ahlmol boduxa uhboqo"boqo xlqxd bhlkob`l shlmodxol uh~qo shlmgi~boqol

oqox god aol dhnhnouol i~olm fo`l aol xlqxd bhbhlxg` qxlqxqol polm oa`f uhuxo` ahlmol

sh~q`bnolmol bi~of& l`fo`"l`fo` omobo& dhobolol& aol dhqh~q`nol xbxb aofob uxoqx

boupo~odoq ahbid~oqù,

Sh~q`bnolmol bi~of dhobolol aol dhqh~q`nol xbxb uhsh~q` qh~qh~o aofob souof >7 K Opoq '>)

XXA ?018 a`boduxadol a`do`qdol ahlmol sxqxuol bogdobog polm bh~hgon`f`qou` god"god

sif`q`d hdu"SD@& kxuq~x sh~fx a`mo~ù no}og`, Uhnon souof >0 K Opoq '>) XXA ?018 `l`fog kxmo

polm bhlkoa` aouo~ sh~q`bnolmol d`qo bhlmoqodol nog}o sxqxuol `qx nhfxb uhshlxglpo

uheo~o dibs~hghlu`j bobsx bh~okxq ~hdilu`fòu` louìlof& osofom` no~x odol nh~fodx lolq`

soao Shb`fx >330& uhbhlqo~o Qos Li, WWZBSÛ?0:: aol souof :3 gx~xj 'm) XX Li ?>

qogxl >335 qhlqolm shb`fx polm bhfo~olm hdu"SD@ bhlkoa` eofhm& bou`g nh~fodx,

^hodu` qhlqolm dhsxqxuol Bogdobog Dilu`qxu` 'BD) polm bhleonxq fo~olmol nom` nhdou

olmmiqo SD@ aol i~molùou` bouuo polm nh~oj`fòu` ahlmollpo uh~qo soao bh~hdo polm bouo

fofx aàxmo qh~f`noq M 53 U xlqxd bhb`f`d` god a`s`f`g uhnomo` olmmiqo ah}ol& exdxs

nh~omob, Ao~` polm bhlmolmmos dhsxqxuol `qx uhnomo` uhnxog qh~iniuol uobso` polm domhq

aol dheh}o, Qàod bxaog bhbhqogdol dhehlah~xlmol s~i"dilq~o oqou dhsxqxuol `qx

nh~aouo~dol mo~ù àhifimù polm khfou, Axo i~molùou` bouuo @ufob qh~shlq`lm `l`& Logafoqxf

Xfobo aol Bxgoboa`pog& bhlpobnxq dhsxqxuol `qx ahlmol bhlhdoldol shbnhfoollpo

soao xuogo xlqxd bhlmodg`~` s~odq`d aùd~`b`lou`,

]ofoxsxl qàod aùhnxq uheo~o hdusfù`q& shlmxqobool soao ouou dhuobolol dhaxaxdol

}o~mo lhmo~o a`sodo` uhnomo` s`kodol xlqxd bhlmhbnolmdol o~mxbhlqou` nog}o qàod

uhsoqxqlpo uhnxog sh~oqx~ol gxdxb uhq`lmdoq xlaolm"xlaolm a`nxoq ahlmol bhlmono`dol

ouou polm a`kxlkxlm q`lmm` ifhg uhbxo dilu`qxu` lhmo~o biah~l `l`, Uhnomòl ao~` polm



Shqh~ Douhlao



bhlmobn`f siuù` `l` bhlobnogdol o~mxbhlqou`lpo soao dhlpoqool nog}o dibxlùbh

nxdol fom` bh~xsodol oleobol& dgxuxulpo uhqhfog ~xlqxglpo dibxlùbh a` Xl` Uiz`hq aol

lhmo~o Nfid Q`bx~, Uhbhlqo~o `qx bh~hdo polm domhq aol dheh}o& ao~` polm uobo~"uobo~

g`lmmo polm khfou& bhbnhfo siuù`lpo ahlmol& bhlmhbnolmdol o~mxbhlqou` nh~aouo~dol

soao uhko~og polm bhlmolmmos SD@ uhnomo` shlmgòloqol nolmuo, Uhnomo` qobnogol bh~hdo

polm nh~solaolmol nog}o dhsxqxuol `qx aosoq bhl`bnxfdol bouofog no~x a` boupo~odoq,

Qhqos` dx~olm ao~` shq`lmm` QL@& So~qo` Mifdo~& aol So~qo` Nxfol N`lqolm polm bhlpxo~odol

siuù` uhsh~q` `qx,

Bhlx~xq Aol`hf Uso~`lmmo& uhnomo` uhnxog dhsxqxuol gxdxb shleonxqol fo~olmol `qx

bhb`f`d` o~q` sif`q`d polm uolmoq uxnqoluòf do~hlo nhnh~oso ofouol, Sh~qobo& aol bxlmd`l

polm qh~shlq`lm uheo~o s~odq`d dhlhmo~ool& dhsxqxuol `qx bhlhmxgdol dhsh~eopool no~x

nog}o Bogdobog Dilu`qxu` oaofog fhbnomo polm bhb`f`d` dib`qbhl polm dxoq xlqxd

bhlkomo dilu`qxu`, Dhaxo& dhsxqxuol `qx uheo~o u`bnif`d kxmo bhbs~huhlqou`dol goa`~lpo

h~o dilu`qxuìlofùbh polm soao `lq`lpo bhlhdoldol dh}ok`nol xlqxd bhlmgi~boq`

dilu`qxu` uhnomo` uhnxog dilq~od uiuòf polm bhlm`doq }o~mo lhmo~o aol fhbnomo"fhbnomo

shlphfhlmmo~ool lhmo~o qolso dhexof`, Dhq`mo& dhsxqxuol `l` bhbnh~` folaouol gxdxb aol

uhdof`mxu shuol bi~of polm dxoq xlqxd bhlai~ilm xuogo difhdq`j aol bobsx bhbnh~`dol

kob`lol nog}o s~odq`d polm bhlmono`dol oko~ol gxbolùbh& gxdxb aol GOB qoddol

sh~log qh~koa` fom`,

Dhhbsoq& dhsxqxuol `l` kxmo bhbnxdo kofol nom` xuogo polm fhn`g kxkx~ bhlmgàxsdol

dhbnof` qhlqolm momouol qhlqolm ~hdilu`fòu` bhfofx` shlmxlmdosol dhnhlo~ol bhlmhlo`

nh~nomo` shfolmmo~ol GOB a` bouo fofx xlqxd qxkxol bhlphfoboqdol bouo ahsol polm fhn`g

no`d, Dhf`bo& dhsxqxuol `l` bh~xsodol xlaolmol nom` bh~hdo polm a`~xm`dol ifhg s~odq`d

shlphfhlmmo~ool shlh~osol s~`lu`s sh~oqx~ol bopi~`qou aofob aofob so~fhbhl 'bopi~`qp

~xfh) xlqxd bhlaosoqdol dhbnof` dhoa`fol aol sh~f`laxlmol ao~` dilu`qxu` aol gxdxb

nh~aouo~dol shlmodxol aol shlmgi~boqol soao ouou dhuhqo~ool a` ahsol gxdxb 'hxof`qp



Shqh~ Douhlao



nh j i~h fo}) aol dhuhqo~ool nh~aouo~dol s~`lu`s dh}o~molhmo~ool 'hxof`qp np e`q`{hlug`s )

qolso bhbolaolm foqo~ nhfodolm omobo& ~ou& hql`d & aol mifilmol,

Oushd aol `bsf`dou` polm aèodxs aofob dhsxqxuol Bogdobog Dilu`qxu` nùo koa` fhn`g fxou

ao~` polm nùo a`mobno~dol uooq `l`, ^husil ao~` soao uhdhao~ ~hodu` boupo~odoq fxou nùo

koa` kxmo fhn`g dibsfhdu ao~` polm bobsx a`mobno~dol ifhg bhaò bouuo oqox so~o olofù,

Bhud` ahb`dòl& dhq`do d`qo uhaolm bhbnogou uhnxog s~`lu`s polm bhb`f`d` `bsf`dou`

uolmoq bhlaouo~ aofob dilu`qxu` aol dilu`qxuìlofùbh, Kxbfog qàod bhlkoa` ~hfhzol

nogdol qàod ~hfhzol uhdof`& s~`lu`s qàod nùo a`goaosdol soao libi~ ofòu kxbfog,

Dhsxqxuol Bogdobog Dilu`qxu` qhlqolm shbnhnouol hdu qosif SD@ xlqxd nùo bhb`f`g aol

a`s`f`g aofob shb`fx >330&qh~lpoqo s~iuhaxof, Gof `l` a`doqodol bolqol olmmiqo Soluxu XX

Shb`fx Li ?>>335 Fxdbol God`b Upo~`jxaa`l, Shbigil kxaèòf ~h}`} qh~goaos souof :3

gx~xj 'm) Li ?>>335 nxdol s`god polm god dilu`qxu`lpo qh~molmmx &± ahlmol nhm`qx

dhsxqxuol BD eoeoq uheo~o s~iuhaxof &± xko~lpo, Uhnhfxblpo oao nolpod kxaèòf ~hz`h}

polm a`qifod BD, Nhnh~oso ao~` shlifodol `qx& do~hlo shbigil qàod nh~ouof ao~` bh~hdo

polm god dilu`qxu`lpo qh~molmmx, Ofouol `l` sxfo polm uhgo~xulpo a`koa`dol nhuo~

sh~q`bnolmol BD xlqxd bhbxqxudol sh~do~o hdu qosif `l`, K`do BD qàod bhlmmxlodol

dhqhlqxol `l`& nh~o~q` fhbnomo qh~uhnxq uxaog qàod fom` diluùqhl ahlmol dhn`kodol

uhnhfxblpo,

Sh~bouofogol `qx uhgo~xulpo aòkxdol ifhg so~o eofhm polm aòkxdol ifhg so~o eofhm polm

mxmx~ do~hlo qh~f`noq SD@, Dhlpoqollpo& DSX kxmo nhfxb sh~log bhlmmxmx~dol eofhm polm

aòkxdol so~qo` golpo do~hlo ofouol qh~f`noq i~molùou` qh~fo~olm uhnomo` aùhnxqdol aofob

souof :3 gx~xj 'm) XX Li ?>>335 qhlqolm shb`fx, Dhnolpodol so~o eofhm polm momof bouxd

aojqo~& do~hlo `ko{oglpo sofux& ofouol xuò& aol fo`llpo, Gof `l` BD qàod bhbsh~goq`dol

s~iuhax~ sh~bigilol kxaèòf ~hz`h} polm nhlo~, K`do `l` qhqos nh~folkxq& dhsxqxuol BD `l`

nùo bhlkoa` s~huhahl nx~xd,



Shqh~ Douhlao



Uhaolmdol& Bogdobog Dilu`qxu` bou`g nh~u`dxdxg ahlmol sxqxuollpo polm

bhbsh~nifhgdol hdu olmmiqo SD@ bhlkoa` eofhm, Olmmiqo bokhfù BD& Ogboa Foèo

Bo~{xd` bhlpoqodol qàod oao polm uofog ahlmol s~iuhax~ shbogobol, Aò bhbnhlo~dol

oaolpo dhlpoqool so~o shbigil nxdol i~olm"i~olm polm sh~log bhleofildol a`~` uhnomo`

olmmiqo fhmùfoq`j polm dhbxaòl a`qifod Dibù` Shb`f`gol Xbxb 'DSX) do~hlo qh~do`q

SD@, Bhlx~xq Foèo& bokhfù qogx sh~uù jodqo `qx lobxl fhn`g bhf`goq soao dhshlq`lmol polm

fhn`g fxou xlqxd i~olm"i~olm polm qh~do`q ahlmol SD@, Uhi~olm bolqol olmmiqo Soluxu XX

Li ?>>335& Fxdbol God`b Upo~`jxaa`l& uhbsoq bhlmolmmos sxqxuol BD eoeoq s~iuhax~,

Bhlx~xqlpo& so~o shbigil shlmxkòl dhbnof` souof :3 gx~xj 'm) dhqhlqxol qhlqolm shb`fx

`qx nxdol s`god polm god dilu`qxuìloflpo qh~molmmx ,

Nxaopo}ol Bxak` Uxq~ùli bhbnh~`dol eoqoqol"eoqoqol polm a`n`lmdo` xlqxd s~iuhu

@lailhuò dhahsol polm fhn`g nh~oaon& oa`f& bhlmgi~boq` dhbokhbxdol& aol fhn`g

ahbid~oqù bhlpolmdxq dhsxqxuol Bogdobog Dilu`qxu` polm bhbnoqofdol souof souof :3

gx~xj 'm) XX Shb`fx >335 qhlqolm fo~olmol eofil fhmùfoq`j 'eofhm) nhdou olmmiqo So~qo`

Dibxlù @lailhuò 'SD@), Eoqoqol polm sh~qobo& nogouo gxdxb dhsxqxuol Bogdobog

Dilu`qxu` `l` siuùq`j qhfog bhlmg`folmdol uofog"uoqx souof sh~xlaolmol polm aùd~`b`loq`j&

uhg`lmmo bhbnh~` ~xolm '}ofoxsxl bou`g dhe`f) xlqxd s~iuhu ~hdilu`fòu` dh @lailhuò bouo

ahsol polm fhn`g oa`f aol nh~oaon ,

Eoqoqol dhaxo& dxfqx~of bi~of shbnò~ol shbnxlxgol ahlmol uxbnh~ Qos BSÛ `l`

bh~xsodol dhkogoqol, Do~hlo bh~hdo bhbolaolm uog bhbnx~x aol bhlmxe`fdol bh~hdo

polm aòlmmos qh~f`noq SD@ uobso` olod exex, Dhq`do `qx oao uhd`qo~ f`bo kxqo }o~moboupo~odoq bhlkoa` olmmiqo SD@, Oao sxfxgol ~`nx i~olm aòlqo~o bh~hdo polm aòlmmos

qh~f`noq M53U qàod aosoq qàod aosoq a`nxdq`dol uheo~o gxdxb, Qhqos` bh~hdo polm a`gxdxb

uobso` soao ?0=0& `l` kxmo dhkogoqol , Bhlmoso 9 do~hlo µaiuo± bh~hdo no~olmdof` golpo

do~hlo bhlkoa` olmmiqo i~molùou` sif`q`d SD@ polm uobso` soao ?> Bo~hq ?0::

dhnh~oaoollpo fhmof, Koa`& nogouo gxdxb go~xu qh~xu nh~kxolm xlqxd s~iaxd"s~iaxd gxdxb



Shqh~ Douhlao

>:]hn; }}},shqh~douhlao,}i~as~huu,eib


polm bou`g aùd~`b`loq`j, Uhaolmdol nogouo dxfqx~of ~hf`m`xu uiuòf oaofog s~iuhu

~hdilu`fòu` aol ji~boq ji~boflpo dibù` dhnhlo~ol aol ~hdilu`fòu ,

Eoqoqol dhq`mo& @ahifim` Dibxlùbh& bou`g odol dhbnof` aol nh~nogopodog 9 Polm bhlkoa`

foaolm uxnx~ Dibxlùbh oaofog shlpod`q uiuòf boupo~odoq Bxak` Uxq~ùli bhlmobn`f

shb`d`~òl polm bhlmh~`q`d omobo polm qàod bobsx bhlphfhuo`dol uiof dhbùd`lol,

Of`lòu` bodlo gàxs ao~` hfxu` ao~` dhsog`qol axlò lpoqo a`fo~`dol dh ux~mo, Uhsh~q` a`d~`q`d

Do~f Bo~w nog}o omobo bhlkoa` eolax polm bhbnxoq bolxuò sou~og qh~goaos lou`n aol

qàod nh~kxolm bh~ibnod uq~xdqx~ boupo~odoq polm qàod oa`f aofob dos`qofùbh, Koa`

dhsxqxuol Bogdobog Dilu`qxu` polm uheo~o gxdxb bou`g dhe`f aobsodlpo& lobxl `qx

uxaog bhlxlkxddol dhuoao~ol nolmuo xlqxd fhn`g bhbnxoq ~xolm"~xolm @lailhuò

~hdilu`fòu` dh ahsol, Uhko~og sh~molqòl d`qo bou`g shlxg ahlmol fxdo aol ahlaob

nh~ao~og, Uòso fom` polm go~xu bhlkoa` shfodx @lailhuò ~hdilu`fòu` oaofog bh~hqod"

~hqodol& qhqos` qoju`~ dxfqx~of ~hdilu`fòq`j oaofog bh~okxq aol bhlphbnxgdol dhbnof` fxdo,

Shbh~`lqog nhfxb lhlhlqxdol u`dos nh~do`qol sxqxuol Bogdobog Dilu`qxu` polm

bhbnifhgdol bolqol olmmiqo So~qo` Dibxlù @lailhuò 'SD@) bhlkoa` eofil olmmiqo

fhmùfoq`j 'eofhm), Nh~gxnxlmol nhfxb khfoulpo uqoqxu gxdxb qh~uhnxq& osodog bou`g

bhbsxlpo` dhdxoqol bhlm`doq aòqou XX uhnomo` bolo aòqx~ aofob qoqo x~xqol sh~xlaolm"

xlaolmol& shbnh~fodxol lil"aùd~`b`lou` qh~goaos hdu olmmiqo SD@ qhqos bhlkoa` uxoqx

sh~qolpool, ' Ogboa Uxghfb` >33= ; >>? ¿ >>0 )

Bhlmxlmdos Bouo Fofx



Shqh~ Douhlao

>=]hn; }}},shqh~douhlao,}i~as~huu,eib


Uhqòs nolmuo polm no~x uoko dhfxo~ ao~` dhdxouool iqi~`qh~ oqox sh~olmuoxao~o

a`goaosdol soao bouofog bhlmx~xu` bouo fofxlpo polm nhfodolmol& polm a`qolao` ifhg

sh~fodxol uh}hlolm"}hlolm qh~goaos god"god ouou` aol dhkogoqol qh~goaos dhbolxuòl,

Bouo fofx `l`fog polm bh}o~ùdol eo~xq bo~xq fxdo, Do~hlo `qx shlolmolol qh~goaos bouo

fofx òfog shlolmolol qh~goaos eo~xq bo~xq polm qhfog bh}xkxa a` aofob bhbi~` difhdq`j,

Nomo`bolo bhbi~` difhdq`j `l` a`qolmol` oqox nh~aobsod shlq`lm& oqox nogdol bhlhlqxdol&

o~og s~iuhu q~oluù`, Ifhg do~hlolpo nomo`bolo bouo fofx ahlmol a`qolmol` bh~xsodol

bouofog polm uolmoq d~xuòf aofob boupo~odoq soueo"iqi~`qh~ oqox soueo sh~olm uoxao~o,

Qhqos` qàod uhqòs boupo~odoq q~oluù` bhlmgoaos` bouofog `l` uhnomo` sh~goqòllpo polmxqobo, Uhkxbfog lhmo~o nogdol qàod bhbouxddollpo a` aofob omhlao louìlof bh~hdo,

Qhlqx uoko bou`lm"bou`lm bhbsxlpo` ofouollpo uhba`~`"uhla`~`, Lobxl gof polm sof`lm shlq`lm a`sh~q`bnolmdol nh~do`qol ahlmol od`noq"od`noq polm bxlmd`l q`bnxf ao~`

shlololmol bouo fofx golpo odol bhbsx~xd dhoaool& bodo dilus`~ou` qxqxs bxfxq qhlqolm

bouo fofx ehlah~xlm nh~dhbnolm, Fofx q`bnxf µdiluhluxuµ louìlof xlqxd qàod nèo~oqhlqolm bouo fofx, Bi{obn`d bh~xsodol eilqig polm qh~no`d aofob douxu `l`,

Uhuxaog bhlmodg`~` sh~olm uoxao~o uhfobo axo sxfxg qogxl soao sh~qhlmogol ?003"ol&Bi{obn`d bhlmofob` dilus`~ou` qxqxs bxfxq, Qàod oao b`loq xlqxd bhf`goq bouo fofx&

do~hlo bouo fofx qh~fofx bhlmh~`dol nhfodo, Bi{obn`d qh~dxle` a` aofob uxoqx dhoaoluhko~og polm uxf`q, @o sh~fx bhlp`lmdos bouo fofx omo~ nùo bhlphbnxgdol fxdo"fxdolpo,

Qhqos` bhlp`lmdos bouo fofx golpo odol bhlmgàxsdol sh~bxuxgol polm sh~log oao& qhqos` kxmo nùo bhlkhnodlpo dh aofob oso polm aùhnxq µ go~` dhbo~`l polm qolso uxaog ;& a` bolo

bouo fofx aol bouo d`l` uh~hlqod nh~u`lobnxlm A`sh~fxdol }odqx polm qhsoq xlqxd nh~lhmiùou` ahlmol bouo fofx,

Qàod uhsh~q` Bi{obn`d& qhqolmmolpo& Oj~`do Uhfoqol& qàod bhlxlmmx }odqx polm qhsoq&

qhqos` mòq nhdh~ko uxsopo nùo bhlolmol` bouo fofx uhuhmh~o bxlmd`l, Ah~okoq dh~x}hqolbouo fofx a` olqo~o dhaxolpo bhbolm uolmoq nh~nhao, A` Oj~`do Uhfoqol mo~ù olqo~o shfodx

aol di~nol q`laod uh}hlolm"}hlolm ol qh~goaos god"god ouou` a` bouo fofx ~hfoq`j bxaoga`qo~`d& }ofoxsxl dhlpoqoollpo qàod uhuhah~golo uhsh~q` polm bxlmd`l aàxmo i~olm,

Nolpod ehla`dò}ol aol odq`zù god ouou` nh~shlaosoq nog}o axlò bhlkoa` domxb soao

Oj~`do Uhfoqol polm nh~odg`~ ahlmol q~oluù` aobo` aol dhdxouool b`li~`qou ~ouòf dhahbid~ou` lil"~ouòf, Qh~nhlqxdlpo Dibù` Dhnhlo~ol aol ^hdilu`fòu` 'DD^) uhmh~o

uhuxaog ~h{`b oso~qghà nh~odg`~ bhlmgoaos` dhmhlq`lmol polm fxo~ nòuo aofob sif`q`d mfinof, DD^ Oj~`do Uhfoqol polm qh~nhlqxd a` no}og shbh~`lqogol no~x go~xu bhlolmol`

bouofog polm nh~do`qol ahlmol dhdhkobol qh~goaos god"god ouou` uhfobo bouo shbh~`lqogol oso~qghà, Qxmou dibù` `l` bhbnilmdo~ dhnhlo~ol qhlqolm dhdhkobol bouo

fofx& bhbnh~` oblhuq` soao shfodx"shfodx uheo~o sh~uhi~olmol& aol bhbnh~`dol ji~xb nom`di~nol xlqxd bhlmùogdol shlmofobol bh~hdo, Shlahd doqo DD^ bhbo`ldol sh~olol

sidid aofob µ bhlmxnog ~hs~hu` bhlkoa` hdus~hu`,±



Shqh~ Douhlao



Bi{obn`d aol Oj~`do Uhfoqol bh~xsodol axo douxu polm uof`lm nh~fo}olol& no`d a`f`goq ao~ùxaxq bouo fofx bou`lm"bou`lm boxsxl ao~` uxaxq eo~o bou`lm"bou`lm bhloqos aol

bhlmx~xu bouo fofx `qx, Bh~hdo bhlmobn`f kofol polm nh~nhao aofob bhlolmol` bouo fofxbh~hdo, A` Bi{obn`d dhpod`lol polm a`qh~`bo& }ofoxsxl qolso a`lpoqodol& òfog µ uhbod`l

dx~olm d`qo bhb`d`~dol qhlqolm bouo fofx& uhbod`l bxlmd`l ~hdilu`fòu` odol qh~koa` µ,

Uhbhlqo~o `qx a` Oj~`do Uhfoqol shlaosoq polm a`qh~`bo xbxb òfog nog}o µ uhbod`l nolpod dhnhlo~ol& uhbod`l nolpod d`qo nèo~o qhlqolm bouo fofx& bodo uhbod`l qh~nxdo~hdilu`fòu`, Dhaxo eo~o shlolmolol bouo fofx qh~uhnxq bhbsxlpo` qxkxol polm uobo& po`qx

bhfhsoudol a`~` ao~` nhnol bouo fofx ,±

Oso polm qh~koa` a` @lailhuò soueo"Uihgo~qi soao q`lmdoqol louìlof oao a` fxo~ axo douxupolm nh~nhao `qx, A` @lailhuò polm qh~koa` nxdollpo nh~xuogo bhfhsoudol a`~` ao~` nhnol

bouo fofx& qhqos` nolpod dhfibsid uiuòf polm bofog bhlxqxs a`~` uhla`~` a` aofob bouofofx, @l` dhlqo~o uhdof` a` aofob shlifodol uheo~o qh~nxdo xlqxd nh~lhmiùou` ahlmol }o~ùol

shbnolqoòl ?0:8"::, Dd`qo go~xu bhlmdok` bouo fofx aol eo~o"eo~o polm aib`lol aofobbhf`goqlpo omo~ nùo bhlmh~q`& qos` qàod nh~o~q` go~xu bhlh~`bo mhkofo polm µ qàod fo{`b µ

`l`,

Uxaog bhlkoa` shlmhqogxol xbxb& nog}o bouo fofx @lailhuò polm nhfodolmol `l`& po`qxbouo q`mo sxfxg axo qogxl shbh~`lqogol Uihgo~qi '?0::"?007)& bh~xsodol uhnxog ~h{`b

iqi~`qh~, ^h{`b `qx uhla`~` a`nolmxl a` oqou shbnoubòl SD@ aol shbnxlxgol"shbnxlxgoluh~qo shbhlko~ool qolso s~iuhu shlmoa`fol qh~goaos fhn`g ao~` uoqx kxqo doxb dibxlù oqox

polm a`qxaxg uhnomo` dibxlù, Bhud`sxl ahb`dòl dùog aib`lol qhlqolm bouo fofxdibxlù nxlmdob qh~goaos nomòl bouo fofx polm q~omù `l`, Oso polm a`dhbxdodol aol

a`xo~dol kxuq~x qhlqolm nomòl"nomòl fo`l ao~` bouo fofx& po`qx qhlqolm oso polm ifhgdhfibsid"dhfibsid olq` dibxlù aùhnxq uhnomo` µdhdhkobolµ aol µshlmkgòloqolµ doxb

dibxlù, @l` bhlxkxd soao sif`q`d ijhlu`j SD@ soao so~i sh~qobo qogxl ?0:3"ol& polmbhbxleod soao Sh~ùq`}o 53 Uhsqhbnh~, Nxdol golpo Uihgo~qi aol b`f`qh~& qhqos` kxmo

dhfibsid"dhfibsid olq`"dibxlù qh~xqobo so~qo`"so~qo` 'sif`q`d) @ufob& polm bhlo~xg sob~`g aofob bhle`sqodol aol bhbnòdol lo~ou` qhlqolm bouo fofx dibxlù polm nh~oq

uhnhfog `qx, @qxfog uhnonlpo bhlmoso lo~ou` ahb`dòl `qx qhqos fhuqo~` }ofoxsxl Uihgo~qiqhfog koqxg,

Ahlmol bhbsh~qogoldol dùog bouo fofx dibxlù `l`& dhfibsid"dhfibsid olq`"dibxlù

bhlkxuq`j`dou` dfo`b bh~hdo uhnomo` s`god polm qàod nh~uofog aol polm bhlkoa` di~nol,Bh~hdo nh~dùog qhlqolm bhbi~` bh~hdo qoqdofo a`q`laou& a`g`lo& aol a``lq`bàou` SD@ dhq`do

so~qo` `l` bou`g aib`lol aol bhlaib`lou` dhgàxsol sif`q`d, Bhfofx` shlmodxol polmahb`dòl `qx& bh~hdo bhlhbsoqdol a`~` soao dhaxaxdol polm bhlxlqxq sh~bigilol booj

ao~`& of`g"of`g bhb`lqo booj soao& s`god hdu"dibxlù, ' Dhaxaxdol `l` nh~fo}olol ahlmoloso polm a`s~odo~uo` Onax~ogbol ]ogà), Uhfo`l shlmh~qòl dibxlùbh a` aofob }oeolo

olq`"dibxlùbh a`~haxdu` uhnomo` oqhùbh& polm nh~fodx uhnomo` aouo~ polm hjhdq`j xlqxd µbhbsh~uhqol µ dibxlù& dfo`b uhnomo` s`god polm qàod nh~uofog aol bhlkoa` di~nol `qx

bhbnh~` bh~hdo sh~ouool xlmmxf uheo~o bi~of,

Lo~ou` bouo fofx dibxlù nh~u`joq nh~oq uhnhfog, Lo~ou` `qx golpo nxdol qhlqolm oso polmdoxb µdibxlùµ fodxdol& aol oso polm doxb olq`"dibxlù ah~`qo uhnhfxb sheoglpo



Shqh~ Douhlao



Sh~ùq`}o ?0:8, Lo~ou` `qx nxlmdob qhlqolm oso polm doxb dibxlù ah~`qo& aol oso polmpolm doxb olq`"dibxlù fodxdol uhuxaog sh~ùq`}o qh~uhnxq qh~koa`, Bhfofx` lo~ou` nh~oq

uhnhfog bouo fofx dibxlù `l`& mifilmol olq`"dibxlù bhlmodx"lmodx a`~` uhnomo` s`god polm bhlkoa` di~nol, Bh~hdo bhlphbnxlp`dol sh~ol uh~qo bh~hdo& oqox uhqàod"qàodlpo

dhqh~f`noqol bh~hdo & a` aofob shlmhko~ol aol shlphbnhf`gol bouuof qh~goaos so~o olmmiqo

aol u`bsoqùol SD@ aofob qogxl ?0:8"?0::,

Lobxl uhkoq`lpo axo nhfog s`god bhlxlkxd soao sh~ìah bouo fofx polm nh~nhao, Oson`fo

dhdhkobol polm aùhnxq dhfibsid olq`"dibxlù òfog oso polm a`fodxdol SD@ soao }odqxuhnhfxb Sh~ùq`}o ?0:8 qh~koa`& so~o hdu"qosif bhlxlkxd soao oso polm a`fodxdol ifhg

fo}ol"fo}ol SD@ qh~goaos so~o olmmiqo aol u`bsoqùol SD@ soao }odqx uhuxaog Sh~ùq`}o?0:8 qh~koa`, Polm aùhnxq sh~qobo bhlm`lmoq oso polm a`fxsodol ifhg polm aùhnxq

dhbxaòl& aol polm aùhnxq dhbxaòl bhlm`lmoq oso polm a`fxsodol polm aùhnxq sh~qobo,Bou`lm"bou`lm nèo~o bhlmhlo` nèo~o solkolm fhno~ qhlqolm µ}`fopoglpoµ uhla`~` ao~` bouo

fofx, Bou`lm"bou`lm bhbsh~f`goqdol qàod oaolpo dh`lm`lol xlqxd nh~qhbx& oqox uhqàod"qàodlpo xlqxd bhf`goq soao µ}`fopogµ b`f`d polm fo`l, Bou`lm"bou`lm nh~qogol soao

µinuhu` uhbs`q soao a`~` oqox dhfibsid uhbs`q µ& uhg`lmmo bou`lm"bou`lm bhlkoa` µ qxqxsboqo qh~goaos dhqàodoa`fol oqou polm fo`l µ, A` u`l`fog qh~fhqod sh~nhaool aofob bhlolmol`

bouo fofx a` @lailhuò soueo"Uihgo~qi k`do a`nola`lmdol ahlmol polm qh~koa` a` axo lhmo~oqh~uhnxq a` oqou, Qàod uhsh~q` Bi{obn`d& @lailhuò soueo¿Uihgo~qi qàod bhlmofob`

dils`~ou` qxqxs bxfxq qh~goaos bouo fofx, Lobxl qàod uhsh~q` Oj~`do Uhfoqol& @lailhuò soueo"Uihgo~qi kxmo qàod bhbsh~f`goqdol dhghlaod polm nh~uhbolmoq xlqxd bhlmodx` aol

nh~lhmiuou` ahlmol bouo fofx, Qàod uhsh~q` axo lhmh~` `qx& @lailhuò soueo"Uihgo~qibhbsh~f`goqdol dhhlmmolol xlqxd bhbnhnoudol a`~` ao~` nhlol bouo fofx, ' Nxaò}ol

>331 ; >5> ¿ >1> )

^hdilu`fòu` Odo~ ^xbsxq

Bhkoa` bouofog shlq`lm polm a`goaos` nolmuo @lailhuò uhdo~olm oaofog nomo`bolobhlphfhuo`dol douxu"douxu shfolmmo~ol nh~oq god ouou` bolxuò bouo fofx uheo~o qhsoq aol

bhbhlxg` ~ouo dhoa`fol boupo~odoq, Uhfobo 5> qogxl nolmuo @lailhuò gàxs a` no}ogdhdxouool shbh~`lqog polm iqi~`qh~& aol bhlxkx lho~ dhqh~nxdool& ~hji~bou` aol ahbid~ou`&

uhsh~q`lpo qàod shaxf` ahlmol oso polm qh~koa` soao bouo fofx,

Shl`laouol aol dhdhkobob polm a`~ouodol di~nol nh~nomo` shfolmmo~ol god ouou` bolxuòehlah~xlm a`fxsodol nhm`qx uoko & uhbhlqo~o uùqhb polm bhlaouo~` shfolmmo~ol"shfolmmo~ol

god ouou` bolxuò qh~uhnxq qàod sh~log a`nhaog aol a`~hdilq~xdu` dhbnof` xlqxd bhlhbxdol odo~ shlphnonlpo aol bh~xbxudol fom` uùqhb no~x polm fhn`g bhlmgi~boq`

god ouou` bolxuò , Uobso` uhdo~olm nhfxb oao shlkhfouol polm bhboao` aol aosoqa`sh~qolmmxlmko}ondol bhlmhlo` oso polm qh~koa` soao sh~ùq`}o shbnxlxgol a` qogxl

?0:8"?0::,

D`qo sxl nhfxb bhb`f`d` sh~olmdoq polm bhboao` xlqxd bhlolmol` nh~nomo` aobsod q~oxboq`d ao~` od`noq shfolmmo~ol god ouou` bolxuò bouo fofx, Uheo~o sif`qù qhfog qh~filqo~

uxoqx qo}o~ol shlphfhuoòl po`qx ~hdiluòfòu`, ^hdilu`fòu` polm dx~olm fhn`g aò~q`doluhnomo` sh~xdxlol oqox sh~aoboòl dhbnof`& aol aofob a`bhlu` }odqx ~hdiluòfòu`



Shqh~ Douhlao



aò~q`dol uhnomo` nh~aobo`lpo dhbnof` uhuhi~olm oqox uhdhfibsid i~olm ahlmol uxoqxq~omhap a` bouo fobsox, Sh~aoboòl polm a`boduxadol oaofog bhlpolmdxq shlphnon

q~omha` aol kxmo di~nol q~omha`,

Diluhs shlphfhuoòl `qx lobsodlpo nh~olmdoq ao~` uhnxog ~hjfhdu` nog}o uheo~o

jhlibhlifimù uhuhi~olm polm bhfodxdol dhkogoqol odol nh~goaosol ahlmol nhnh~osoqogosol shlmofobol& uhnomo`bolo diluhs uhi~olm j`fuij jhlibhfim` Kh~bol& Bow Ueghfh~ '?7=1 ¿ ?0>7), A` bolo soao qogos sh~qobo& uhi~olm odol bhlmofob` uxoqx aùgo~bil`

nh~xso sh~ouool mofox dhq`do uhuhi~olm qhfog bhfodxdol shbnxlxgol& aol bhbh~fxdolqh~os` bhfofx` diluxfxqou` su`difimù, Qogos dhaxo& odol bxlexf ~ouo uhuof po`qx uhnxog

go~osol uò"uò do~hlo sh~ùq`}olpo bxaog nh~fofx, Sh~ouool uhuof uhboqo"boqo qàod odol nolpod nh~boljooq do~hlo golpo qh~qxkx soao bouo fobsox, Soao qogos dhq`mo& bxlexf qinoq

nh~xso dhsxqxuol polm a`nxoq ifhg shfodx dhkogoqol xlqxd qàod box bhlmxfolm fom`dhkogoqol polm uobo a` bouo bhlaoqolm, Qinoq bh~xsodol jouh qh~shlq`lm odol

bhlmgou`fdol sh~xnogol u`dos a` bouo ahsol,

Aofob do`qol `qx di~nol q~omha` lobsodlpo `lm`l a`goaosdol ahlmol nhnh~oso s`f`gol,Sh~qobo& qàod bhfxsodol aol kxmo qàod bhlmobsxl` shfodx dhkogoqol & polm nh~o~q` µ oa`f`

aol gxdxb µ, Dhaxo& qàod bhfxsodol qhqos` dhbxaòl bhlmobsxl`& polm nh~o~q` µoa`f` aoldhbxaòl obsxl` µ, Dhq`mo& bhfxsodol aol qàod sh~log bhlmobsxl`& polm nh~o~q` µ qàod

aòa`f` qhqos` odol a`dxqxd uhfobolpo µ, Dhbxaòl dhhbsoq& bhfxsodol aol bhboojdol &polm nh~o~q` µ qàod aòa`f` aol a`fxsodol nhm`qx uoko ,± ' O~`hj S~`poa` >33> ; >17 ¿ >10 )

^hdilu`fòu` bhlmolaofdol oao axo oqox fhn`g dhfibsid nh~diljf`d aol a`sh~qhbxdol&

do~hlo `qx ò bhlxlkxd oao di~nol aol shfodx, Shlxlkxdol `l` oaofog lùeopo, Uhnon& `l`bhlhlqxdol folmdog polm qod aosoq bxlax~, Shlmh~qòl di~nol bh~xkxd dhsoao i~olm polm

sh~uhi~olmol oqox dhfibsid bhlah~`qo dh~xmòl& qh~bouxd ehah~o jù`d oqox bhlqof& shlah~`qool hbiuìlof& dh~xmòl hdilib` oqox sh~obsouol lpoqo qh~goaos god aouo~ bh~hdo,

Qh~bouxd aofob ùq`fog di~nol ¿ uhkoxg polm a`solaolm qhsoq ¿ dhfxo~mo oqox i~olm polmuheo~o folmuxlm oqox qàod nh~oao a` no}og ~ilm~ilmol so~o di~nol polm qhfog bhlmofob`

shlah~`qool, Di~nol nh~god bhlaosoqdol shbxf`gol '~hso~ou`)& ~huùqxu` oqox shlmmolqòldh~xmòl& dibshluou` & g`lmmo ~hgon`f`qou`, Gof `l` qh~xqobo nh~fodx soao so~o di~nol

q`laodol shfolmmo~ol nh~oq God Ouou` Bolxuò,

Ao~` diluhs ahb`dòl& ~hdilu`fòu` bhlxlqxq ~xolm sxnf`d polm bh~ahdo xlqxd axaxd nh~uobo olqo~o di~nol aol shfodx, Ahlmol eo~o ahb`dòl& `lmoqol¿`lmoqol `la`zàx polm

uhfobo `l` a`no`dol& a`fxsodol& aol aù`lmd`~dol odol bhbouxd` ~xolm sxnf`d uhg`lmmobhlhbxdol shlmodxollpo aol bhbxlmd`ldol di~nol aol dhfxo~molpo bhbsh~ifhg

dhbnof` axlò bh~hdo, Ahlmol ahb`dòl ~hdilu`fòu` odol bhlhbxdol a`bhlu` qh~aofoblpouhnomo` shlmgi~boqol qh~goaos uhuobo bolxuò& shlmodxol oqou god"god aouo~lpo& aol

shlmgo~mool qh~goaos gxnxlmol a` olqo~o bolxuò& podl` bhfofx` shbxf`gol ~hfou`"~hfou`polm a`dipoddol ifhg dhshlq`lmol dhdxouool polm {of`b, Soao qogos `l` shfodx }ok`n

bhlpoqodol shlphuofol ofòu bh~ouo nh~uofog, Soao douxu polm bhf`noqdol shfodxlpo oaofoglhmo~o& bodo lhmo~o a`qxlqxq bhlxlkxddol qolmmxlm"ko}onlpo, Ahlmol oaolpo qxlqxqol

qolmmxlm ko}on lhmo~o `l` a`~xbxudol uobo uhdof` qàod fh}oq kofx~ gxdxb, uhnhlo~lpo~hdilu`fòu` a`~xbxudol uobo uhdof` qàod bhlmg`folmdol shlphfhuoòl diljf`d fh}oq kofx~



Shqh~ Douhlao

5?]hn; }}},shqh~douhlao,}i~as~huu,eib


gxdxb, Do~hlo `qx uhnhfxb aol oqox nh~no~hlmol ahlmol xsopo"xsopo ~hdilu`fòu` oaobhaòu` oqox shlphfhuoòl nh~aouo~ gxdxb, Khfou uhdof` aofob uhbolmoq ~hdilu`fòu`&

dhuhsodoqol nh~aobo` olqo~o dhaxo nhfog s`god qod nifhg µbhbnhf`± oqox µ bhlpxaog` µ s~iuhu gxdxb,

Gof shlq`lm nh~do`qol ahlmol shlphfhuoòl fh}oq kofx~ gxdxb boxsxl ~hdilu`fòu` aofob nhlqxd sh~qxdo~ol `lmoqol `qx& oaofog nog}o s~iuhu qh~uhnxq soao s~`lu`slpo bhbnh~`dolqhbsoq soao sh~ushdq`j oqox uxo~o di~nol D`qo kxmo a``lmoqdol ifhg sifhb`dlpo Mihlo}ol

Bigoboa ahlmol S~obxapo Ololqo Qih~& a` bolo shlmo~olm `l` uheo~o u`lù bhlifod a`fodxdol ~hdilu`fòu` bhlpolmdxq sh~ùq`}o ?0:8, Nom` shlmo~olm Nxb` Bolxuò `qx&

~hdilu`fòu` uhdoao~ nouo"nou` dofox kxuq~x bhlh~kolm dhoa`fol aol gxdxb polm uhbhuq`lpoa`qhmoddol, S~obxapo bhlahuod omo~ uhbxo shfolmmo~ol qh~goaos dhbolxuòl aòa`f` aol u`

shfodx a`gxdxb uhuxo` ahlmol s~`lu`s bi~of a` bolo uhqòs i~olm go~xu bobsxbhbsh~qolmmxlmko}ondol sh~nxoqollpo, S~`lu`s ~hdilu`f ou` lhbolm bhlpolmdxq noqou a`

bolo oao kob`lol uxo~o di~nol qhqoqos a`nh~` qhbsoq,

^hdilu`fòu` bhlkoa` bxlmd`l golpo aofob dilqhdu sh~qxdo~ol `lmoqol fobo xlqxd bhfog`~dol bhbi~` nh~uobo 'no~x) oqou bouo fofx, @lmoqol nh~uobo qàod a`boduxadol

bhlph~omobdol shb`d`~ol& lobxl polm fog`~ ao~` sh~ahnoqol polm kxkx~ aol qhlolmuhg`lmmo bhfog`~dol sh~qolmmxlmko}onol uhko~og, @lmoqol nh~uobo kxmo qàod a`boduxadol

xlqxd sif`qùou` uhg`lmmo bhlkoa` s`kodol xlqxd shlmxfolmol dhdhkobol aol dhdh~ouol a`bouo polm aoqolm, Qhqos`& uhnof`dlpo& xlqxd bhlmg`lao~` qh~xfolmlpo shlmofobol nx~xd a`

bouo fofx, Ahlmol ~hdilu`fòu` soao uxoqx nolmuo a`go~osdol diljf`d bouo fofx `qx oao kob`lol qod qh~xfolm, Dhqodqh~xfolmol `l` oaofog qolmmxlm ko}on nh~uobo qh~xqobo shfodx&

dgxuxulpo polm qh~do`q ahlmol diljf`d zh~q`dof lhmo~o aol boupo~odoq, @l`fog nouù bi~of"hq`d xqobo ~hdilu`fòu`,

Aofob dilqhdu ~hdilu`fòu` oqou dhkogoqol GOB bouo fofx qh~xqobo bhlpolmdxq q~omha`

?0:8& s~`lu`s"s~`lu`s polm uxaog a`x~o` a` oqou bhlkoa` uolmoq shlq`lm aol sh~fx diluùqhlu`,Sh~fx a``lmoq soao douxu Q~omha` ?0:8 `l`& shbnxlxgol bouuof `qx aùh~qo` ahlmol

uq`mobqùou` soueo sh~ùq`}o polm qàod golpo a`qxlkxdol qh~goaos di~nol& qhqos` kxmodhfxo~molpo, Nogdol uq`boqùou` `qx nh~kofol fobo ahlmol ei~odlpo polm qàod golpo uhboqo"

boqo àhifimù qos` kxmo qhifimù ahlmol bhf`noqdol shfodx ao~` dhfibsid omobo'}ol)4 aoluq`mboqùou` `qx kxmo a``dxq` ahlmol shlmg`folmol god u`s`f aol sif`q`d uheo~o bouu`j aol

nh~molao,

K`do diluhs ~hdilu`fòu` bhbh~fxdol sh~upo~oqol aol eodxsol uhsh~q` a` oqou& bododhlxqxgol shlxfùol dhbnof` gùqi~ìm~oj` kxmo go~xu a`fodxdol uh~hlqod, A` u`l` ~hdilu`fòu`

kxmo bhlpolmdxq xuogo"xuogo bhbnxdo ~xolm diluq~xdu no~x oqou bhbi~` difhdq`j q~omha`?0:8 polm a`qoju ~dol uheo~o qxlmmof uhfobo `l`,

Uhfo`l bhlpolmdxq sh~upo~oqol aol s~`lu`s uhsh~q` a`x~o` aòqou& ~hdilu`fòu` a` @lailhuò

qobsodlpo bou`g bhlp`bsol nolpod s~infhb, Gof `qx bhlpolmdxq sh~qobo& so~o shfodxpolm aàxmo bhfodxdol shfolmmo~ol GOB nh~u`dxdxg bhlpoqodol qàjod qh~f`noq osofom`

bh~ouo nh~uofog oqou nhnh~oso sh~ùq`}o polm bhlei~hlm uhko~og nolmuo,



Shqh~ Douhlao

5>]hn; }}},shqh~douhlao,}i~as~huu,eib


Dhaxo& qobsod kxmo nog}o ahuodol xlqxd shlp`lmdosol bhfofx` ~hdilu`fòu` qh~uhnxqqh~fobsox nh~qxbsx soao lhmo~o, Shfnomo` s`god qh~dhuol bhlmolmmos sh~ol `lu`qxu` uhsh~q`

Dibù` Dhnhlo~ol aol ^hdilu`fòu` 'DD^) uolmoq uhlq~of aol qàod qh~molq`dol, Soaogof&DD^ golpo uofog uoqx bha`xb xlqxd bhfoduolodol ~hdiluòfù` louìlof, Bhbolm aofob

DD^& shlphfhuoòl gxdxb aosoq aùhfhuo`dol uheo~o omod uùq`boqù aol qh~i~molùou` ahlmol

no`d, Koa`& dhaxo nhfog s`god polm nh~diljf`d nùo uobo"uobo sxou oqou dhsxqxuol polma`qhqosdol fhbnomo qh~uhnxq, Lobxl ahb`dòl& dhnh~oaool DD^ kxmo nùo koqxg soaoji~bofùbh nogdol uhdoao~ fhm`q`bou` oaolpo sh~goqòl ao~` lhmo~o xlqxd dhkogoqol GOB

lhmo~o qolso nh~o~q` nom` shbxf`gol nom` di~nol,

Nhnh~oso odq`zù uoao~ odol gof `l` aol bhfodxdol hdus~`bhlqou` d~hoq`j xlqxd bhfodxdol~hdilu`fòu` polm aosoq a`bhaòu` ifhg sh~i~olmol& dhfibsid oqox e`z`f uie`hqp& ahlmol qhqos

nh~shmolm oqou s~`lu`s aol qxkxol xlqxd shbxf`gol di~nol aol dfo~`j`dou` gùqi~ù, A` olqo~obh~hdo oaofog dibxlùqou Upo~`doq 'dxbsxfol olod bxao LX) polm bhleino nh~`l uòq`j

bhfodxdol ~hdilu`fòu` a` q`lmdoq odo~ ~xbsxq, Biahf ~hdilu`fòu` `l` a`fodxdol ahlmol shlahdoqol uiuì"dxfqx~of, Nhlqxdlpo olqo~o fo`l axaxd nh~uobo aol bhaòu` olqo~ di~nol

aol shfodx uhsh~q` polm sh~log a`fodxdol a` Nf`qo~, Bh~hdo `l`& polm qh~a`~` oqou dofolmol LX Nf`qo~ aol dhfxo~mo di~nol polm aèos SD@& bhfodxdol odq`z`qou diish~oq`j"`lqh~odq`j

dhsol`qòol aofob shbhlqouol dhqis~od oeo~o dobsxlm, Bh~hdo kxmo bhfodxdol sh~qhbxolu`foqx~ob` xlqxd uof`lm bhboojdol aol aòfim sh~qxdo~ol `lmoqol, Dhmòqol polm gobs`~

uobo kxmo a`fodxdol uhkxbfog diqo fo`llpo, Qhlqx uoko a`no~hlm` ahlmol bhbsh~nhuo~ uifà`qou xlqxd bhlahuod lhmo~o omo~ uhmh~o bh~hgon`f`qou` so~o di~nol dhkogoqol GOB

bouo fofx, Polm dhbxaòl a`folkxqdol sh~qhbxol sh~ ~hmìl polm a`boduxadol bhbsh~dxoqdhuoao~ol nh~uobo fhn`g fxou xlqxd qàod qh~xfolmlpo sh~ùq`}o q~omù qh~uhnxq , ' Onaxf

Bxl±`b A[ aol OU Nxgol >335 ; >3 ¿ >? )

Shlxqxs

Q~omha` nh~ao~og polm qh~koa` soao ?0:8 bh~xsodol uofog fhbno~ sof`lm g`qob aofob uhko~og

biah~l @lailhuò, Uhfo`l do~hlo nhm`qx nolpodlpo }o~mo nolmuo `l` polm qhfog bhlkoa`

di~nollpo& kxmo do~hlo aougpoqlpo aobsod kolmdo shlahd boxsxl kolmdo solkolm polm

a`q`bnxfdollpo @~ilùlpo& bhud`sxl q~omha` qx oaofog uhnxog sh~ùq`}o qh~nxdo polm nhuo~"

nhuo~ol aol nh~folmuxlm aofob dx~xl }odqx uhqàodlpo nhnh~oso nxfol& ò bou`g

bhlp`bsol nhm`qx nolpod ;bùqh~`;, Aol do~hlo oaolpo xlux~ bùqh~` `l`& q~omha` ?0:8

bhlai~ilm fog`~lpo nolpod ushdxfou`& a` uobs`lm qhlqx uoko bol`sxfou` aol aùqi~u ,

Dhq`do i~olm nh~nèo~o bhlmhlo` sh~ùq`}o M53U ?0:8 nòuolpo zh~u` polm uheo~o ~hub` aol

xbxb nh~fodx oaofog uhnomo` nh~`dxq, Soao 53 Uhsqhbnh~ ?0:8 bhfofx` Souxdol



Shqh~ Douhlao



Eod~on`~o}o& SD@ qhfog bhfoleo~dol dxahqo ahlmol kofol bhbnxlxg qidig"qidig qh~q`lmm`

b`f`qh~ @lailhuò a` Kodo~qo, Nhm`qx dhkoblpo i~olm"i~olm SD@ `qx uhg`lmmo hlob i~olm

khla~of sfxu uhi~olm fhqlol qhfog bhlkoa` di~nol, Dhdhkobol SD@ nh~folkxq a` Fxnolm

Nxopo& ahlmol kofol bhlpopoq"lpopoq qxnxg so~o khla~of, Uhdhfibsid sh~hbsxol polm

qh~monxlm aofob i~molùou` Mh~}ol` 'Mh~odol ]ol`qo @lailhuò) nogdol bhbiqilm ofoq"ofoq

z`qof so~o khla~of `qx uobn`f bhlo~`"lo~` a` qhlmog i~m` polm aùhnxq µshuqo go~xb nxlmoµ,

Boqo ao~` uhnomòl di~nol kxmo aèxlmd`f ahlmol ofoq dgxuxu,

Bh~lx~xq zh~u` ~hub` `l`& do~hlo SD@ a`solaolm uhnomo` uoqx"uoqxlpo µaofolm± ao~` sh~ùq`}o

dhk` qh~uhnxq& bodo µuxaog uhfopodlpo µ nog}o ~oqxuol ~`nx olmmiqo SD@ a` bolo sxl

bh~hdo nh~oao a`dhko~ aol a`nxlxg uheo~o nh~obo`"~obo`, Solqou sxfo sh~`q`}o polm qh~koa`

soao qolmmof 53 Uhsqhbnh~ ?0:8 `qx aùhnxq µM53USD@± ahlmol qhdolol soao µSD@±lpo

do~hlo SD@ bh~xsodol shfodx xqobo, Kxmo& qhsoq dofox ùq`fog polm a`sodo` oaofog ùq`fog µ

Mhuqosx± ' Mh~odol Uhsqhbnh~ Q`mosxfxg ), SD@ kxmo fopod a`qxbsou do~hlo uhnhfxblpo

qhfog axo dof` µbhbnh~ilqodµ 'qogxl ?0>:?0>= aol ?017)& aol `lm`l bhlmmolq` àhifim`

Soleou`fo ahlmol àhifim` Dibxlù polm oqhù,

Qod aosoq a`sxlmd`~` nog}o qobsodlpo bhbolm qh~aosoq xlux~ dhuhlmokool xlqxd

bhlmo~ogdol oqox nogdol bhbs~iaxdu` is`l` sxnf`d aol `lmoqol odol oso polm qh~koa` soao

?0:8 `qx bhlx~xq zh~u` qh~qhlqx ahb` qxkxol"qxkxol qh~qhlqx sxfo, Bùoflpo uoko shlmmxlool

ùq`fog µ M53USD@±, Bhud`sxl uhnhlo~lpo aofolm polm uhuxlmmxglpo ao~` shbnxlxgol so~o

khla~of `qx nhfxb khfou ¿ oqox nogdol uhqhfog a`dhqogx` nog}o qidig"qidig dxle` ao~` M53U

`qx oaofog kxuq~x olmmiqo b`f`qh~ ¿ qhqos uoko a`mxlodol ùq`fog qh~uhnxq ahlmol boduxa xlqxd

bhbikidol SD@, Nogdol shlmmxlool ùq`fog µMhuqosx± qobsod uhdof` uhlmoko a`fodxdol

xlqxd bhlmouiuòu`dol ish~ou` b`f`qh~ polm dilil aàofolm` ifhg SD@ `qx ahlmol sifù`

~ogouò Kh~bol Mhuqosi 'Mhgh`bh Uqoq Sif`{h` ) polm qh~dhlof dhkoblpo, ' Noudo~o Q]o~aopo >33: ; ?:5 ¿ ?=: )

Shbnolqoòl ?0:8"?0:: bhlxlkxddol nhqoso ~h{`b I~ah No~x qhfog nh~fxbx~ol ao~og aol

bhli~hg fxdo polm bhlpod`qdol nom` ~odpoq @lailhuò, Sh~qolpool oaofog go~xudog uhko~og



Shqh~ Douhlao



nx~ob `qx d`qo fxsodol ahlmol bhlpinhdlpo nhm`qx uoko ao~` fhbno~ nxdx uhko~og nolmuo

d`qo 9 Fofx& nomo`bolo eo~o bhlphbnxgdol fxdo `qx& uhg`lmmo qxbnxg u`dos uof`lm

bhbooojdol aol bhfhmodol uhbxo s`god 9

Bhlmxq`s ]huegfh~ Fo}~hleh& soao uhqòs shbnogouol bhlmhlo` ùx shfolmmo~ol GOB&

polm qh~koa` uhnhlo~lpo oaofog uhnxog dilaù` polm bhlxlkxddol nog}o uhqòs i~olm qogxbhlmhlo` dhnhlo~ol aol oqox oso polm qh~koa` uhuxlmmxglpo, Qogx uòso shfodx dhdh~ouol

aol gof"gof polm a`fodxdol, Shfodx dhdh~ouol kxmo qogx nog}o uhqòs i~olm bhlmhqogx` uòso shfodxlpo, Nogdol uhqòs i~olm kxmo qogx nog}o shfodx dhdh~ouool qogx uhqòs i~olm qogx

bh~hdo shfodxlpo, Lobxl& bouofoglpo nxdol qh~fhqod soao siuù` µuof`lm qogx µ qh~uhnxq &qhqos` soao q`laodol µbhlmodx` µ nog}o oao q`laodol shfolmmo~ol aol bhfodxdol

shfolmmo~ol ,

D`qo bhuq` nhfoko~ soao uhko~og nolmuo d`qo uhla`~` xlqxd bhbnolmxl `lmoqol uiuòf µ

qh~goaos uh~olmdoòl sh~ùq`}o, U`dos `l` shlq`lm& omo~ d`qo qàod fxso odol uhko~og nolmuo

d`qo uhla`~`, Ahb` dhoa`fol aol dhaoboòl& doqo ]ofqh~ Nhlpob`l& qxmou sh~oaonol òfog

bhlmmxbxf` bhbi~ò souuìlù bh~hdo polm a`q`laou aol a`sh~nxaod& aol fofx bhbnolmxl

nxaopo& bhlm`lmoq bouo fofx bh~hdo polm bhlkoa` di~nol shl`laouol oqox sh~nxaodol

bh~xsodol xsopo xlqxd bhlphfoboqdol µbouo fofx µ aol bouo ahsol nolmuo d`qo , ' @ufog

Mxubòl >33= ; >=> ¿ >=1 )

Qolso nhnol bouo fofxlpo& uhfx~xg nolmuo nùo µ bhbnolmxl oqox bhbnolmxl dhbnof`

gxnxlmol go~` `l`& polm qàod a`nopolm` ifhg diljf`d"diljf`d aol dhnhleòl go~` dhbo~`l ,±

@l` uxoqx dilaù` a` bolo qh~koa` ~ouo uof`lm sh~eopo& no`d uheo~o gi~`{ilqof boxsxl zh~q`dof,

@l` uxoqx dilaù` a` bolo uhbxo s`god sh~eopo nog}o qod uhi~olm sxl odol bhlmxu`d di"

hduùqhlu` aobo` polm aèoso`, @l` kxmo uxoqx uxoqx dilaù` a` bolo uhbxo s`god uhsodoq

xlqxd bhlxqxs µ nxdx qhlqolm bouo fofx,± A` oqou nxdx bouo fofx polm qh~qxqxs `l`fog& bouo

d`l` a`n`lmdo` dhbnof`& aol bouo ahsol nh~uobo a`nopolmdol,



Shqh~ Douhlao



So~o hdu"qosif polm a`qxaxg qh~f`noq& oqox a`do`qodol ahlmol µsh~ùq`}o ?0:8 µ & polm qhfog

bhlmofob` dhqàodoa`fol aol polm bxlmd`l qhfog bhfhn`g` dhqàod"oa`fol polm bxlmd`l

sh~log bh~hdo sh~nxoq qh~goaos fo}ol"fo}ol sif`q`d bh~hdo a` bouo fofx, Go~xu kxmo a``dxq"

uh~qodol aofob mh~odol ~hdilu`fòu`, Oso polm hdu"qosif nùo aol go~xu fodxdol µòfog µ

bhf`lqou dh nhfodolm µ so~o s~o µ sh~ùq`}o ?0:8 µ & po`qx xlqxd bhlmodx` oso polm bxlmd`l

qhfog bh~hdo fodxdol qh~goaos fo}ol"fo}ol bh~hdo& soao uooq bh~hdo oao a` no}og loxlmol

sif`q`d Uihdo~li, Soao s`god fo`l uhbxo dibxl`qou olq` dibxlù go~xu bhl`lmmofdol

sh~ìah s~o± sh~ùq`}o ?0:8 µ bh~hdo & xlqxd bhf`lqou dh ahsol soao sh~ìah uhuxaog

µsh~ùq`}o ?0:8 µ & soao uooq bh~hdo bxlmd`l qhfog `dxq obn`f nomòl oqox qx~xq qh~no}o

aofob shbnolqoòl qh~goaos doxb dibxlù oqox polm a`qxaxg uhnomo` dibxlù, ' Nxaò}ol

>331 & >8> " >81 )

Oaolpo dhboxol no`d xlqxd bhlxkx ~hdilu`fòu` louìlof `qx sh~fx a`bol`jhuqou`dol aofob

nhlqxd polm lpoqo uhsh~q` bhlmg`folmdol ahlaob uhko~og bouo fobsox µ ao~` dhaxo nhfog

s`god polm sh~log nh~q`do` a` bouo fobsox, Ahlaob Uhko~og `qx ghlaodlpo qàod a`}o~ùdol

dh olod exex bh~hdo, A`dhqogx` oao xsopo bhlmgosxu ahlaob uhko~og qhfog a`bxfo` a`bxfo`

ahlmol a`nhlqxdlpo Ji~xb U`foqx~ogb` olqo~ Olod Nolmuo, A` aofob ji~xb `l` olod"olod

so~o qidig polm sh~log nh~q`do` a` bouo fobsox nh~uoqx , ' Ogboa Uxghfb` >33= ; >:1 )

Qh~do`q ahlmol bxlexflpo uhkxbfog hdu"qosif xlqxd bhleo~` dhoa`fol oqou dilaù` polmbh~hdo ofob`& qàod nùo a`fxsodol sh~ol mh~odol boupo~odoq u`s`f a` uhkxbfog aoh~og a`

@lailhuò polm bh}xkxadol aofob L il Mizh~bhlq I~mol`{oqìl 'LMI)& i~molùou`di~nol& mh~odol"mh~odol uiuòf a` q`lmdoq odo~ ~xbsxq& sxuoq shlhf`qòl uh~qo `lu`qxu`

dhomobool polm bhbsxlpo` sh~goqòl nhuo~ soao xsopo shleo~òl dhoa`fol oqou shfolmmo~ol god"god ouou` a` bouo fofx& qh~xqobo Sh~u`q`}o ?0:8& polm nhfxb aùhfhuo`dol,

Dhqh~f`noqol bh~hdo ahlmol nh~omob khlù dhmòqol shlq`lm xlqxd aèoqoq do~hlo bh~hdoqhfog bhbnh~` shlmo~xg u`ml`j`dol nom` diluifàou` mh~odol oazidou` qh~goaos di~nol

Sh~ùq`}o ?0:8 aol bhlai~ilm sh~xnogol dhn`kodol sif`q`d lhmo~o xlqxd bhbnxoq uhkxbfog sopxlm gxdxb polm bhbxlmd`ldol shlmxuxqol dhbnof` s~odqhd dhdh~ouol lhmo~o a` bouo

fobsox ,

Uofog uoqx nhlqxd µdhnh~gou`folµ sh~xnogol a` oqou dhn`kodol sif`q`d `qx olqo~o fo`l a`qolao`

ahlmol ~hleolo shbnhlqxdol Dibù` Dhnhlo~ol aol ^hdilu`fòu` 'DD^), Bhlx~x`q



Shqh~ Douhlao

5:]hn; }}},shqh~douhlao,}i~as~huu,eib


dhqhlqxol ji~bof& Dibù` `l` a`nhlqxd nh~aouo~dol Xlaolm"Xlaolm ^hsxnf`d @lailhuò Li

>= Qogxl >331 qhlqolm Dibù` Dhnhlo~ol aol ^hdilu`fòu`, Lobxl aofob sh~dhbnolmolpo

XX Li >= >331 `qx a`noqofdol aol a`lpoqodol qàod bhbsxlpo` dhdxoqol gxdxb polm

bhlm`doq ifhg Dhsxqxuol Bogdobog Dilu`qxu` Li 33:^XX"@Z>33:& do~hlo a`l`fo`

nh~qhlqolmol ahlmol XXA ?018,

Bhud` lo~ou` qhlqolm Sh~ùq`}o ?0:8 uhbod`l nh~omob aol sh~xnogol uhkxbfog dhn`kodol

sif`q`d lhmo~o qhfog qh~koa` uh~qo bxlexf uhkxbfog s`god polm bhfodxdol oazidou` qh~goaos

di~nol Sh~ùq`}o ?0:8& lobxl }oeolo olq`"dibxlù bou`g qhqos a`folmmhlmdol, Eilqig

bou`g dxoqlpo }oeolo olq` dibxlùbh& olqo~o fo`l kxmo qh~f`goq ao~` ~husil qh~goaos hdu"

qosif polm bhfodxdol s~iuhu mxmoqol gxdxb 'efouu oeqìl) dhsoao f`bo S~huàhl ^hsxnf`d

@lailhuò, Dhfibsid boupo~odoq polm bhlobodol a`~` uhnomo` J~ilq Olq` Dibxlù

Louìlof 'JDOL) polm bhlmdfo`b uhnomo` monxlmol nhnh~oso i~molùou` @ufob uhsh~q`

Mh~odol Shbxao @ufob 'MS@)& S@LQO^& Shfoko~ @ufob @lailhuò 'S@@)& G`bsxlol Bogouù}o

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qxlqxqol efouu oeqìl hdu"qosif a` Shlmoa`fol Lhmh~` Kodo~qo nhnh~oso }odqx polm fofx,

Nogdol& dibxlù sginò dhbnof` a`bxlexfdol ifhg Qhlqo~o Louìlof @lailhuò 'QL@) aol

Noaol @lqhfkhl Lhmo~o 'N@L)& bhfofx` sh~lpoqool Solmaob Kopo Bopkhl QL@ Omxuqoa`

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so~qo` sif`q`d aol i~molùou` bouuo 'i~bou), ]ofoxsxl sh~lpoqool `qx a`nolqog ifhg uhnomòl

dofolmol shb`bs`l aol olmmiqo fhmùfoq`j& lobxl qod x~xlm gof `qx qhfog bhl`bnxfdol

sifhb`d olqo~o QL@ ahlmol AS^ a` uoqx uù` aol aol a` olqo~o olmmiqo AS^ uhla`~` a` uù`

fo`l ' U`lmm`g Lxm~igi >337 4 58 ¿ 1? )



Shqh~ Douhlao

N`nfìm~oj`

Nxaò}ol , >331, Bhboqogdol Sh}o~ùol @ lmoqol , ]oeolo Olq` Dibxlù aol Sif`q`d ^hdilu`fòu` Soueo Uihgo~qi , Kodo~qo ; Hfuob ,

Mxubòl&@ufog µ Uhko~og Bhfo}ol Fxso, &± aofob Noudo~o Q ]o~aopo hq of, Bhlmxod Bùqh~` Dhdxouool Uihgo~qi , Pimpodo~qo ; Mofolms~huu, Gfb, >1? ¿ >7> ,

Ghjlh~ & înh~q ], ?000, Mhmh~ Qhlmmh~ , Sh~xnogol Uiuòf aol Sh~dhfogòl Sif`q`d, Pimpodo~qo ; FD@U,

Douhb`l& Dou`polqi,> 335, Bhlaobo`dol Uhko~og , Olofùù ]oeolo Shleonxqol QOS

BSÛ)WWZ)?0:: , Pimpodo~qo ; FD@U,

Bxl±`b A[& Onaxf aol OU Nx~gol, ± S~infhb Gùqi~ìm~ojù aofob ^hdilu`fòu` a`@lailhuò ; Xsopo Bhbnh~` Bodlo No~x qh~goaos Q~omhaò Dhbolxuòl ?0:8, µ

qoug}`~xf O j do~ & Haù` Li ? Qogxl >335& Gfb, 7 ¿ >5,

Lxm~igi& U`lmm`g, >337, Bhlp`lqou aol Bhlphnh~olm, Sh~s`laogol Bouuof Dhomobool Soueo ?0:8 a` Shahuool Ko}o, Pimpodo~qo ; Upo~`doq ,

îiuo& Kigl , >337, Aof`g Shbnxlxgol Bouuof , Mh~odol 53 Uhsqhbnh~ aol Dxahqo Uxgo~qi

, Kodo~qo ; @UU@ aol Gouqo B q~o,

Uxghfb`& Ogboa , >33=, @ ufob aol D`~`, ^husil Hf`qh Sif`q`d @ ufob Qh~goaos Dhnolmd`qol Dibxlù Soueo "Uihgo~qi, Kodo~qo ; Popouol UOA Uoq~ò Ngodq`,

Zol Folmhlnh~m & Bègohf,± Mhuqosx aol Dhdxouool Lhmo~o a` @lailhuò& µ aofob înh~q

E~`nn 'ha), >335, Shbnolqoòl SD @ A` Ko}o aol Nof` ?0:8 "?0:: , Pimpodo~qo ; BoqoNolmuo ,

]o~aopo Q& Noudo~o >33: , Nxlm Do~li Bhlmmxmoq , Ao~` Bo~gohl& E @ O& Shbnolqoòl

Bouuof±:8 g`lmmo M53U , P`mpodo~qo ; Mofolms~huu,

tragedi 1965, ingatan dan rekonsiliasi

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