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Mobile and Wireless Networks

Advanced Networks Set coordinated by

Guy Pujolle

Volume 2


Khaldoun Al Agha Guy Pujolle

Tara Ali-Yahiya

First published 2016 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley amp Sons Inc

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study or criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 this publication may only be reproduced stored or transmitted in any form or by any means with the prior permission in writing of the publishers or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address

ISTE Ltd John Wiley amp Sons Inc 27-37 St Georgersquos Road 111 River Street London SW19 4EU Hoboken NJ 07030 UK USA

wwwistecouk wwwwileycom

copy ISTE Ltd 2016 The rights of Khaldoun Al Agha Guy Pujolle and Tara Ali-Yahiya to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988

Library of Congress Control Number 2016943882 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-84821-714-0

Contents

Preface xiii

List of Acronyms xvii

Chapter 1 Introduction to Mobile and Networks 1 11 Mobile and wireless generation networks 2

111 First generation mobile technology 1G 2 112 Second generation mobile technology 2G 3 113 Third generation mobile technology 3G 4 114 Fourth generation mobile technology 4G 5 115 Fifth generation mobile technology 5G 7

12 IEEE technologies 7 121 IEEE 80215 WPAN 8 122 IEEE 80211 WLAN 8 123 IEEE 80216 WMAN 9 124 IEEE 80221 MIHS 10 125 IEEE 80222 WRAN 10

13 Conclusion 11 14 Bibliography 11

141 Standards 11 142 Selected bibliography 12 143 Websites 13

Chapter 2 Mobile Networks 15

21 Cellular network 16 211 Radio interface 17

vi Mobile and Wireless Networks

212 Cell design 19 213 Traffic engineering 20

22 Principles of cellular network functionalities 21 23 1G networks 23 24 2G networks 23 25 3G networks 25 26 4G networks 27 27 5G networks 29 28 Bibliography 30

Chapter 3 Long-Term Evolution 35

31 Relevant features of LTE 36 32 Network architecture and protocols 39

321 Architecture reference model 40 322 Functional description of a LTE network 41 323 System architecture evolution 44 324 Reference points 46

33 Control and user planes 48 331 User plane 48 332 GPRS tunneling protocol 50 333 Control plane 52

34 Multimedia broadcast and multicast service 53 35 Stream Control Transmission Protocol 54 36 Network discovery and selection 55 37 Radio resource management 56 38 Authentication and authorization 58

381 User authentication key agreement and key generation 59 382 Signaling and user-plane security 61

39 Fundamentals of the MAC layer in LTE 61 391 Traffic classes and quality of service 61 392 Mobility 62 393 Resource scheduling algorithms 63

310 Fundamentals of the LTE physical layer 64 3101 Slot and frame structure in LTE OFDMA 64 3102 Reference signals 68


3121 Standards 70 3122 Selected bibliography 70

Contents vii

Chapter 4 Long-Term Evolution Advanced 73

41 HetNet in LTE Advanced 75 42 Small cell concepts 77

421 Picocell 77 422 Femtocells 78 423 Relays 78

43 Femtocell and macrocell integration architecture 79 44 Picocell and macrocell integration architecture 80 45 Interference mitigation in heterogeneous networks 81

451 Interference mitigation in the context of two-tier macrofemtocells 82 452 Frequency spectral assignment 82

46 Interference mitigation in the context of two-tier macropicocells 83 47 Coordinated multi-point transmissionreception 84 48 Carrier aggregation 85 49 LTE Advanced evolution toward 5G 86 410 Bibliography 87


Chapter 5 5G 89

51 From LTE Advanced to 5G the big transition 90 511 D2D communication 91 512 Green activities saving energy 92 513 LTEndashWiFi integration for traffic offloading 92 514 Vehicular communication 93

52 Some characteristics envisioned for 5G 94 521 Massive capacity support 94 522 Ubiquitous communication support 94 523 Improvement in radio characteristics 94

53 5G frequencies 95 54 High and low platforms 96 55 Cloud-RAN 98 56 Bibliography 101

561 Standard 101 562 Selected bibliography 101 563 Website 101

viii Mobile and Wireless Networks

Chapter 6 Small Cells 103

61 Femtocell technology 105 62 LTE femtocell architecture 108

621 Home eNB or FAP 108 622 HeNB gateway or FAP-GW 109 623 HeNB management system or ACS 109 624 Security gateway 110

63 LTE femtocell deployment scenarios 110 64 Femtocell access control strategy 112

641 Closed subscriber group 112 642 Femtocell access control modes 113 643 Physical cell identity 113

65 LTE femtocell challenges and technical issues 114 651 Interference 114 652 Spectrum allocation 115 653 Access mode impact 117

66 Security and privacy challenges 117 67 Synchronization 120 68 Mobility 121 69 Passpoint 123 610 The backhaul network 126 611 Software radio and cognitive radio 128 612 Custom cells 129 613 Conclusion 130 614 Bibliography 131


Chapter 7 WPAN and WiGig 135

71 Wireless Personal Area Network 135 72 IEEE 80215 136 73 Bluetooth 138 74 UWB 142 75 WiGig 147 76 WirelesssHD 150 77 Conclusion 151 78 Bibliography 151

Contents ix

Chapter 8 WLAN and WiFi 153

81 IEEE 80211 154 82 WiFi architecture 156

821 Physical layer 156 822 Data link layer 157 823 Access techniques 158 824 The CSMACA protocol 159 825 Handovers 162 826 Security 163 827 Wired Equivalent Privacy 164 828 WPA and IEEE 80211i 167

83 Security and authentication 168 831 Scalability and flexibility 168 832 IEEE 80211i 170 833 Trading security policy 170

84 Saving energy 172 85 IEEE 80211a b and g 174

851 IEEE 80211b 175 852 IEEE 80211a 176 853 IEEE 80211n 176 854 IEEE 80211ac 179 855 IEEE 80211ad 182 856 IEEE 80211af 183 857 IEEE 80211ah 185


Chapter 9 WMAN and WiMAX 191

91 Background on IEEE 80216e 192 911 The medium access control layer 192 912 Channel access mechanism 193 913 Quality of service 194 914 Mobility support 195

92 The physical layer 195 921 Subchannelization in mobile WiMAX OFDMA 195 922 Slot and frame structure in OFDMA-based mobile WiMAX 196 923 OFDMA slot structure in AMC permutation mode 198

x Mobile and Wireless Networks

93 An example of WiMAX and WiFi integration 200 931 QoS management 202 932 Qos support and classes 202

94 Mechanisms of channel access 203 941 WiFi access methods 204 942 Mobile WiMAX access method 205 943 Handover support 206

95 IEEE 80216m or mesh for WiMAX 206 96 IEEE 80216h or cognitive radio for WiMAX 207

961 Uncoordinated coexistence mechanism 208 962 Coordinated coexistence mechanism 209

97 Bibliography 210 971 Standards 210 972 Selected bibliography 210

Chapter 10 WRAN and Interconnection 213

101 IEEE 80222 213 102 Interconnection between IEEE standards 216

1021 IEEE 80221 framework 217 1022 IEEE 80221 core architecture 218


Chapter 11 Internet of Things 223

111 Sensor networks 224 112 RFID 226

1121 Using RFID 228 1122 EPC global 229 1123 RFID security 231 1124 Mifare 231

113 Near-field communication 232 1131 Mobile key 233 1132 NFC payment 234 1133 The Internet of Things in a medical environment 236

114 The Internet of Things in the home 237 115 Fog networking 238 116 Connection of things 240

Contents xi

1161 Specific proprietary solution SIGFOX example 241 1162 LoRa 242


Chapter 12 Ad Hoc and Mesh Networks 247

121 Ad hoc networks 248 122 Routing 250

1221 Ad hoc in the link layer 253 1222 Ad hoc mode in WiFi 253 1223 Bluetooth link layer 256

123 Ad hoc routing protocols 258 1231 Reactive protocols 261 1232 Ad hoc on-demand distance vector 261 1233 Dynamic source routing 262

124 Proactive protocols 263 1241 Optimized link state routing protocol 263 1242 Topology dissemination based on reverse-path forwarding 264

125 Quality of service in ad hoc networks 265 126 Models for QoS in MANET 266 127 Mesh networks 270 128 VANET networks 273 129 Green PI wearable Device2Device networks 274

1291 Observation of traffic 276 1292 Embedded Internet and 5G 277 1293 Green PI wearable and embedded Internet 278 1294 Distributed TCPIP 279 1295 Wearable YOI 280

1210 Bibligraphy 281

Chapter 13 Mobile-Edge Computing 283

131 Network virtualization 283 132 Network virtualization technology 285

1321 Xen 286 1322 OpenFlow 288

133 Using network virtualization 292 1331 Isolation 293

xii Mobile and Wireless Networks

1332 Extensive network virtualization 294 1333 The Cloud 296

134 Mobile-edge computing 298 1341 Use case 1 active device location tracking 299 1342 Use case 2 augmented reality content delivery 300 1343 Use case 3 video analytics 301 1344 Use case 4 RAN-aware content optimization 301 1345 Use case 5 distributed content and DNS caching 302 1346 Use case 6 application-aware performance optimization 302 1347 MEC server placement 303


Conclusion 307

Index 309

Preface

The world of mobile and wireless networks is only 10 years old but is still expanding and evolving Instead of settling in to a steady state the changes are accelerating The upcoming 3 to 5 years will expand on the current developments under 5G This book aims to present the state-of-the-art in the field of mobile and wireless networks and to anticipate the arrival of new standards and architectures

After a description of the existing standards mainly 2G 3G and LTE this book addresses LTE-A which is the first 4G release and provides a first indication of 5G as seen through the normalizing bodies

4G technology is described in detail with the different LTE extensions related to the arrival of femtocells the increase to 1 Gbps capacity and relay techniques 5G is also discussed to show what can be expected in the near future and more precisely A chapter is devoted to ldquosmall cellsrdquo that allow offloading techniques for discharging large antennas and enable heterogeneous networks through integration with the normal macrocell

Subsequently the book focuses on wireless networks starting with small personal area networks and progressing to very large

xiv Mobile and Wireless Networks

wireless regional area networks via local area networks dominated by WiFi technology and finally metropolitan networks Current personal area networks are described through Bluetooth and new types of wireless networks such as WiGig The WiFi family continues to expand and all new members are described

The Internet of Things is explained in a specific chapter due to its omnipresence in the literature The forecast anticipates 100 billion connected devices by 2020 But standardized architectures and protocols are limited which makes this field a very dense area with numerous proprietary networks This book provides a simplified vision that ultimately makes the Internet of Things easy to understand

Ad hoc and mesh networks are important as they have made a comeback after a long period of near hibernation New and significant progress has been made in the field of algorithms that allows such networks to run smoothly while providing high quality service

The last chapter discusses mobile edge computing (MEC) servers These servers placed close to users at the edge of the network provide a cloud signifying decentralization towards data centers which are much smaller than the leading cloud providers These servers should be used to support all the associated algorithms for accessing networks user data management virtual machine storage and secure communication access MEC is becoming more and more important with the massive scale of Internet traffic Concentration of data and computing in a global cloud is becoming impractical the world of connectivity is moving towards distributed data centers and MEC servers

This book describes the development of wireless and mobile networks and how they will evolve in the future The book is not exhaustive because the field is vast and still expanding

Preface xv

but we hope it will be useful to the reader who wants to understand wireless networks major innovations in the field and current by manufacturer operator and cloud provider actions

Khaldoun AL AGHA Guy PUJOLLE

Tara ALI-YAHIYA June 2016

Acronyms

1G first generation

2G second generation

3G third generation

3GPP third-generation partnership project

4G fourth generation

5G fifth generation

AAA authorization authentication and accounting

ACK acknowledgment

ACS access categories

ACS adaptive channel selection

ACS auto configuration server

AMC adaptive modulation and code

AMPS advanced mobile phone system

AP access point

ARQ automatic retransmission request

ARU average revenue per user

ASN access service network

BE best effort

BS base stations

xviii Mobile and Wireless Networks

CA capital expenditure

CBR constant bit rate

CDMA code division multiple access

CF cyclic prefix

CI connection identifier

CMC connection mobility control

CN core network

CQI channel quality information

CQICH channel quality indicator channel

CSG closed subscriber group

CS circuit switched

CSMA carrier sense multiple access

CSN connectivity service network

D2D device- to-device

DCF distributed coordination function

DCS dynamic channel selection

DHCP Dynamic Host Control Protocol

DL downlink

DRA dynamic resource allocation

DSAR dynamic service addition request

EPC evolved packet core

EDGE enhanced data rates for global evolution

EPS evolved packet system

ERT-VR extended real-time variable rate

ETP encapsulating tunnel payload

ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute


E-UTRAN Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network

Acronyms xix

EX-PF exponential proportional fair

FA foreign agents

FAP femto access point

FBSS fast base station switching

FCH frame control header

FDD frequency division duplex

FDMA frequency division multiple access

FEC forward error correction

FMC fixed mobile convergence

GBR guaranteed bit rate

GERAN GSMEdge Radio Access Network

GSM global system for mobile communications

GTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol

HA home agent

HCCA HCF-controlled channel access

HPU high-priority users

HRPD high-rate packet data

HSCSD high-speed circuit-switched data

HSS home subscriber server

ICIC intercell interference coordination

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IETF Internet Engineering Task Force

IKE Internet key exchange

IMS IP multimedia subsystem

IMT International Mobile Telecommunications

IP Internet Protocol

IPSec IP Security Protocol

ISI intersymbol interference

xx Mobile and Wireless Networks

LAN local area networking

LB load balancing

LDPC low-density parity check

LPU low priority users

LTE long-term evolution

LTESAE long-term evolutionsystem architecture evolution

MAC medium access control

MAN Metropolitan Area Network

MEC mobile edge computing

MBMS Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service

MCS modulation and coding scheme

MDH macro diversity handover

MICS Media Independent Command Service

MIES Media Independent Events Service

MIFS Media Independent Information Service

MIH media-independent handover

MIMO multiple inputmultiple output

MLWDF modified largest weighted delay first

MME mobility management entity

MS mobile stations

MTC machine-type communication

MTSO Mobile Telephone Switching Office

NAP network access provider

NAS non-access stratum

NGMN next-generation mobile network

NMTS Nordic Mobile Telephone System

nrtPS non-real-time polling service

OAMP operation administration maintenance and provisioning

Acronyms xxi

OFDMA orthogonal frequency-division multiple access

OPEX operational expenditure

PAR peak-to-average power ratio

PAN Personal Area Network

PCEF policy and charging enforcement function

PCI physical cell identity

PCRF policy and charging rules function

PDA personal data assistants

PDU Protocol Data Units

PHY physical layer

PLMN public land mobile network

PMP point-to-multipoint

PRN pseudo-random numerical

PS packet scheduling

PS packet switched

QoS quality of service

RAN Regional Area Network

RBC radio bearer control

RNC radio network controller

RRC radio resource control

RRM radio resource management

RSSI received signal strength indicator

rtPS real-time polling services

SAP service access point

SC-FDMA single-carrier frequency-division multiple access

SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol

SF service flow

SG serving gateway

SIM subscriber identity module

xxii Mobile and Wireless Networks

SINR signal-to-interference noise ratio

SMG special mobile group

SOHO small office home office

SPID subscriber profile ID for RATfrequency priority

SS subscriber station

TACS total access communications system

TCP Transmission Control Protocol

TDD time division duplexing

TDMA time division multiple access

TS traffic streams

TTI transmission time interval

TXOP traffic opportunity

UDP User Datagram Protocol

UE user equipment

UGS unsolicited grant services

UL uplink

UMB ultra mobile broadband

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

UMTS AKA UMTS Authentication and Key Agreement

UPT universal personal telecommunication

UTRA universal terrestrial radio access

UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network

VLR visitor location register

WAG WIFI access gateway

WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

WiFi wireless fidelity

WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

1

Introduction to Mobile and Networks

The development of mobile and wireless communications was traditionally viewed as a sequence of successive generations The first generation of analog mobile telephony was followed by the second or digital generation The third generation enables full multimedia data transmission as well as voice communications The fourth generation is completely Internet Protocol (IP)-based including voice communications and increases the throughput in parallel to these activities related to the evolution of current fourth-generation (4G) wireless technologies There is also increased research effort on future radio access referred to as fifth-generation (5G) radio access Such future radio access is anticipated to take the performance and service provisioning of wireless systems a step further providing data rates of up to 200 Mbps with wide-area coverage and up to 1 Gbps with local-area coverage 5G technologies are being focused on as it is expected to eventually deliver approximately 10 Gbps This can be considered as a normal evolution in response to increased user behavior demand and quality of service (QoS) expectations

In this chapter we provide a brief overview of mobile and wireless networks (MWN) The objective is to present the background and context necessary for understanding subsequent chapters We review the history of MWN enumerate their applications and compare

copy ISTE Ltd 2016 Published by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley amp Sons IncMobile and Wireless Networks First Edition Khaldoun Al Agha Guy Pujolle and Tara Ali-Yahiya

2 Mobile and Wireless Networks

them in order to see the effect of such technology not only on the market drivers but also on research domain areas

11 Mobile and wireless generation networks

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) launched International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT-2000) as an initiative to cover high-speed broadband and IP-based mobile systems featuring network-to-network interconnection featureservice transparency global roaming and seamless services independent of location IMT-2000 aims to bring high-quality mobile multimedia telecommunications to a worldwide mass market by increasing the speed and ease of wireless communications responding to problems due to increased demand to pass data via telecommunications and providing ldquoanytime anywhererdquo services

Two partnership organizations were born out from the ITUndashIMT-2000 initiative the Third Generation Partnership Project (www3gpporg) and the Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (www3gpp2org) The 3GPP and 3GPP2 developed their own version of 2G 3G and later mobile systems In parallel the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) was developing proper versions of the wireless networks that can be compared functionally with those of 3GPP and 3GPPP2 and their technology-based generations can be crossed with those of 3GPP and 3GPP2 Their terminologies are different but the goal is the same which is to develop new technologies that make use of advances in the area of wireless and mobile technologies This is why we will summarize all the generations developed by these organizations as a path of evolution in the world of mobile and wireless networking

111 First generation mobile technology 1G

First-generation cellular networks (1G) were analog-based and limited to voice services and capabilities Compared to todayrsquos

Introduction to Mobile and Networks 3

technology 1G technology was vastly inferior In the late 1970s and early 1980s various 1G cellular mobile communication systems were introduced the first such system the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) was introduced in the United States in the late 1970s Other 1G systems include the Nordic Mobile Telephone System (NMTs) and the Total Access Communications System (TACS) While these systems offer reasonably good voice quality they provide limited spectral efficiency The evolution toward 2G was thus necessary to overcome the drawback of such technology

112 Second generation mobile technology 2G

The second-generation (2G) digital systems promised higher capacity and better voice quality than their analog counterparts The two widely deployed 2G cellular systems are Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) that was originally known as American Interim Standard 95 or IS-95 and is now called cdmaOne Both the GSM and CDMA camps formed separate 3G partnership projects (3GPP and 3GPP2 respectively) to develop IMT-2000-compliant standards based on the CDMA technology GSM differs from 1G by using digital cellular technology Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) transmission methods and slow-frequency hopping for voice communication In the United States 2G cellular standardization process utilized direct-sequence CDMA with phase-shift keyed modulation and coding

There was an evolution of main air interface-related enhancements to GSM (1) higher data-rates for circuit-switched services through aggregation of several time-slots per TDMA frame with high-speed circuit-switched data (HSCSD) (2) general packet radio service (GPRS) which had efficient non-real-time packet-data traffic support GPRS reached peak data rates of up to 140 Kbps when a user aggregated all timeslots and (3) enhanced data rates for global evolution (EDGE) increased data rates up to 384 Kbps with high-level


modulation and coding within the existing carrier bandwidth of 200 kHz

113 Third generation mobile technology 3G

Further evolution of the GSM-based systems is handled under 3GPP to define a global 3G Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) The main component of this system is the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) based on Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) radio technology since it uses 5 MHz bandwidth and GSMEDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN) based on (GSM) enhanced data rates

3GPP2 implemented CDMA2000 in the 125 MHz bandwidth which increased voice and data services and supported a multitude of enhanced broadband data applications such as broadband Internet access and multimedia downloads This technology also doubled user capacity over cdmaOne and with the advent of 1xRTT packet data was available for the first time

The 3GPP2 first introduced high-rate packet data (HRPD) termed CDMA20001xEV-DO This standard enables high-speed packet-switched techniques designed for high-speed data transmissions enabling peak data rates beyond 2 Mbps 1xEV-DO expanded the types of services and applications available to end users enabling carriers to broadcast more media-rich content

The 3GPP enhanced the WCDMA system providing high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) that brought spectral efficiency for higher speed data services in 2001 Then High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) was introduced in 2005 The combination of HSDPA and HSUPA is called HSPA The latest HSPA is HSPA+ which resulted from adding multiple inputmultiple output (MIMO) antenna capability and 16QAM (Uplink)64QAM (Downlink) modulation Coupled with improvements in the radio access network for continuous packet connectivity HSPA+ allows uplink speeds of 11 Mbps and downlink speeds of 42 Mbps


As the successor of CDMA2000 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Release 0 provides peak speeds of up to 24 Mbps with an average user throughput of between 400 and 700 Kbps The average uplink data rate is between 60 and 80 Kbps Rel 0 makes use of existing Internet protocols enabling it to support IP-based connectivity and software applications In addition Release 0 allows users to expand their mobile experience by enjoying broadband Internet access music and video downloads gaming and television broadcasts

1xEV-DO Release 0 has been revised to produce Revision A (Rev-A) which increases peak rates on reverse and forward links to support a wide-variety of symmetric delay-sensitive real-time and concurrent voice and broadband data applications It also incorporates orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) technology to enable multicasting (one-to-many) for multimedia content delivery As the successor of Rev-A 1xEV-DO Revision B (Rev-B) introduces dynamic bandwidth allocation to provide higher performance by aggregating multiple 125 MHz Rev-A channels

114 Fourth generation mobile technology 4G

Fourth-generation or 4G technologies allow wireless carriers to take advantage of greater download and upload speeds to increase the amount and types of content made available through mobile devices 4G networks are using full IP solutions that deliver voice data and multimedia content to mobile users anytime and almost anywhere They offer greatly improved data rates over previous generations of wireless technology Faster wireless broadband connections enable wireless carriers to support higher-level data services including business applications streamed audio and video video messaging video telephony mobile TV and gaming

As a step toward 4G mobile broadband wireless 3GPP began its initial investigation of the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) standard as a


viable technology in 2004 LTE offers a number of distinct advantages over other wireless technologies including increased performance attributes such as

ndash high spectral efficiency

ndash very low latency

ndash it supports variable bandwidths

ndash simple protocol architecture

ndash compatibility and interworking with earlier 3GPP releases

ndash interworking with other systems eg cdma2000

ndash Frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD) within a single radio access technology

ndash efficient multicastbroadcast

Ultra-Mobile Broadband (UMB) for the cdma2000 cellular telecommunications system is run under the auspices of 3GPP2 The UMB cellular telecommunications system offers many new features and techniques that enable it to fulfill high expectations and compete with other new and emerging technologies

ndash data rates of over 275 Mbps in the downlink (base station to mobile) and over 75 Mbps in the uplink (mobile to base station)

ndash uses an OFDM OFDMA air interface

ndash uses FDD

ndash possesses an IP network architecture

ndash has a scalable bandwidth between 125 and 20 MHz (OFDMOFDMA systems are well suited for wide and scalable bandwidths)

ndash supports flat mixed and distributed network architectures



Guy Pujolle

Volume 2



Tara Ali-Yahiya







Contents

Preface xiii






















Contents vii








Chapter 5 5G 89
















Contents ix


























Contents xi













1321 Xen 286 1322 OpenFlow 288






Conclusion 307

Index 309

Preface











Preface xv




Acronyms

1G first generation


3G third generation



5G fifth generation


ACK acknowledgment






AP access point




BE best effort

BS base stations





CF cyclic prefix



CN core network




CS circuit switched







DL downlink











Acronyms xix


FA foreign agents












HA home agent

















LB load balancing


















MS mobile stations









Acronyms xxi










PHY physical layer





PS packet switched












SF service flow

SG serving gateway












TS traffic streams




UE user equipment


UL uplink












1











































ndash uses FDD










Contents

Preface xiii






















Contents vii








Chapter 5 5G 89
















Contents ix


























Contents xi













1321 Xen 286 1322 OpenFlow 288






Conclusion 307

Index 309

Preface











Preface xv




Acronyms

1G first generation


3G third generation



5G fifth generation


ACK acknowledgment






AP access point




BE best effort

BS base stations





CF cyclic prefix



CN core network




CS circuit switched







DL downlink











Acronyms xix


FA foreign agents












HA home agent

















LB load balancing


















MS mobile stations









Acronyms xxi










PHY physical layer





PS packet switched












SF service flow

SG serving gateway












TS traffic streams




UE user equipment


UL uplink












1











































ndash uses FDD

















Contents vii








Chapter 5 5G 89
















Contents ix


























Contents xi













1321 Xen 286 1322 OpenFlow 288






Conclusion 307

Index 309

Preface











Preface xv




Acronyms

1G first generation


3G third generation



5G fifth generation


ACK acknowledgment






AP access point




BE best effort

BS base stations





CF cyclic prefix



CN core network




CS circuit switched







DL downlink











Acronyms xix


FA foreign agents












HA home agent

















LB load balancing


















MS mobile stations









Acronyms xxi










PHY physical layer





PS packet switched












SF service flow

SG serving gateway












TS traffic streams




UE user equipment


UL uplink












1











































ndash uses FDD















Contents ix


























Contents xi













1321 Xen 286 1322 OpenFlow 288






Conclusion 307

Index 309

Preface











Preface xv




Acronyms

1G first generation


3G third generation



5G fifth generation


ACK acknowledgment






AP access point




BE best effort

BS base stations





CF cyclic prefix



CN core network




CS circuit switched







DL downlink











Acronyms xix


FA foreign agents












HA home agent

















LB load balancing


















MS mobile stations









Acronyms xxi










PHY physical layer





PS packet switched












SF service flow

SG serving gateway












TS traffic streams




UE user equipment


UL uplink












1











































ndash uses FDD



















Contents xi













1321 Xen 286 1322 OpenFlow 288






Conclusion 307

Index 309

Preface











Preface xv




Acronyms

1G first generation


3G third generation



5G fifth generation


ACK acknowledgment






AP access point




BE best effort

BS base stations





CF cyclic prefix



CN core network




CS circuit switched







DL downlink











Acronyms xix


FA foreign agents












HA home agent

















LB load balancing


















MS mobile stations









Acronyms xxi










PHY physical layer





PS packet switched












SF service flow

SG serving gateway












TS traffic streams




UE user equipment


UL uplink












1











































ndash uses FDD








Conclusion 307

Index 309

Preface











Preface xv




Acronyms

1G first generation


3G third generation



5G fifth generation


ACK acknowledgment






AP access point




BE best effort

BS base stations





CF cyclic prefix



CN core network




CS circuit switched







DL downlink











Acronyms xix


FA foreign agents












HA home agent

















LB load balancing


















MS mobile stations









Acronyms xxi










PHY physical layer





PS packet switched












SF service flow

SG serving gateway












TS traffic streams




UE user equipment


UL uplink












1











































ndash uses FDD




Preface











Preface xv




Acronyms

1G first generation


3G third generation



5G fifth generation


ACK acknowledgment






AP access point




BE best effort

BS base stations





CF cyclic prefix



CN core network




CS circuit switched







DL downlink











Acronyms xix


FA foreign agents












HA home agent

















LB load balancing


















MS mobile stations









Acronyms xxi










PHY physical layer





PS packet switched












SF service flow

SG serving gateway












TS traffic streams




UE user equipment


UL uplink












1











































ndash uses FDD










Preface xv




Acronyms

1G first generation


3G third generation



5G fifth generation


ACK acknowledgment






AP access point




BE best effort

BS base stations





CF cyclic prefix



CN core network




CS circuit switched







DL downlink











Acronyms xix


FA foreign agents












HA home agent

















LB load balancing


















MS mobile stations









Acronyms xxi










PHY physical layer





PS packet switched












SF service flow

SG serving gateway












TS traffic streams




UE user equipment


UL uplink












1











































ndash uses FDD




Acronyms

1G first generation


3G third generation



5G fifth generation


ACK acknowledgment






AP access point




BE best effort

BS base stations





CF cyclic prefix



CN core network




CS circuit switched







DL downlink











Acronyms xix


FA foreign agents












HA home agent

















LB load balancing


















MS mobile stations









Acronyms xxi










PHY physical layer





PS packet switched












SF service flow

SG serving gateway












TS traffic streams




UE user equipment


UL uplink












1











































ndash uses FDD








CF cyclic prefix



CN core network




CS circuit switched







DL downlink











Acronyms xix


FA foreign agents












HA home agent

















LB load balancing


















MS mobile stations









Acronyms xxi










PHY physical layer





PS packet switched












SF service flow

SG serving gateway












TS traffic streams




UE user equipment


UL uplink












1











































ndash uses FDD




Acronyms xix


FA foreign agents












HA home agent

















LB load balancing


















MS mobile stations









Acronyms xxi










PHY physical layer





PS packet switched












SF service flow

SG serving gateway












TS traffic streams




UE user equipment


UL uplink












1











































ndash uses FDD






LB load balancing


















MS mobile stations









Acronyms xxi










PHY physical layer





PS packet switched












SF service flow

SG serving gateway












TS traffic streams




UE user equipment


UL uplink












1











































ndash uses FDD




Acronyms xxi










PHY physical layer





PS packet switched












SF service flow

SG serving gateway












TS traffic streams




UE user equipment


UL uplink












1











































ndash uses FDD














TS traffic streams




UE user equipment


UL uplink












1











































ndash uses FDD




1











































ndash uses FDD










































ndash uses FDD




thumbnail · 2016-08-22 · advanced networks set coordinated by guy pujolle volume 2 mobile and...

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