thesaurus (refisi)

25
THESAURUS Pertemuan 1 dan 2 SEJARAH Istilah thesaurus berasal dari kata Yunani, thesaurus artinya kekayaan, harta atau gudang. Orang yang pertama kali menggunakan istilah thesaurus ialah Brunetto Latini (1220-1294) dalam bukunya yang berjudul Le livre du tresor. Pada abad ke - 16 istilah thesaurus muncul dalam kamus bahasa Latin dan Yunani masing-masing dalam Dictionarium seu Linguae Latinae Thesaurus dan Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (1572). Keduanya diterbitkan oleh Estiennes, filolog dan penerbit Prancis yang terkenal pada masa tersebut. Dalam dunia dokumentasi, khususnya dalam bidang referensi, istilah thesaurus selalu dikaitkan dengan karya Peter Mark Roget, Thesaurus of English Words and phrases. Karya ini diterbitkan pertama kali pada tahun 1852. Hingga kini terus diperbarui. Istilah thesaurus dalam sistem temu balik informasi baru muncul pada tahun 1957, dikemukakan oleh Helen Browson dan kemudian oleh H.P. Luhn. Mereka berdua mengemukakan istilah thesaurus dalam hubungan dengan pemakaian komputer dalam bidang dokumentasi. Pada tahun 1957 itu, C.L. Bernier mulai menyebutkan kegunaan thesaurus tugas penyimpanan dan temu balik informasi sebagai berikut: “A limited thesaurus would have been to be effective way of bringging the relevant terms to the attention of the searcher, if the vocabulary proses too large to be read completely each time for selection" Definisi Dalam bidang pengolahan informasi, thesaurus dapat diartikan menurut fungsi dan strukturnya.

Upload: raisasafitridwi

Post on 07-Dec-2015

53 views

Category:

Documents


2 download

DESCRIPTION

What is a Thesaurus?A thesaurus is a tool for vocabulary control. By guiding indexers and searchers about which terms to use, it can help to improve the quality of retrieval. Usually, a thesaurus is designed for indexing and searching in a specific subject area. Examples of subject areas covered by thesauri are education, metallurgy, art and architecture.

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Thesaurus (Refisi)

THESAURUS

Pertemuan 1 dan 2

SEJARAH

Istilah thesaurus berasal dari kata Yunani, thesaurus artinya kekayaan, harta atau gudang.

Orang yang pertama kali menggunakan istilah thesaurus ialah Brunetto Latini (1220-1294) dalam bukunya yang berjudul Le livre du tresor.

Pada abad ke - 16 istilah thesaurus muncul dalam kamus bahasa Latin dan Yunani masing-masing dalam Dictionarium seu Linguae Latinae Thesaurus dan Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (1572). Keduanya diterbitkan oleh Estiennes, filolog dan penerbit Prancis yang terkenal pada masa tersebut.

Dalam dunia dokumentasi, khususnya dalam bidang referensi, istilah thesaurus selalu dikaitkan dengan karya Peter Mark Roget, Thesaurus of English Words and phrases. Karya ini diterbitkan pertama kali pada tahun 1852. Hingga kini terus diperbarui.

Istilah thesaurus dalam sistem temu balik informasi baru muncul pada tahun 1957, dikemukakan oleh Helen Browson dan kemudian oleh H.P. Luhn. Mereka berdua mengemukakan istilah thesaurus dalam hubungan dengan pemakaian komputer dalam bidang dokumentasi.

Pada tahun 1957 itu, C.L. Bernier mulai menyebutkan kegunaan thesaurus tugas penyimpanan dan temu balik informasi sebagai berikut: “A limited thesaurus would have been to be effective way of bringging the relevant terms to the attention of the searcher, if the vocabulary proses too large to be read completely each time for selection"

Definisi

Dalam bidang pengolahan informasi, thesaurus dapat diartikan menurut fungsi dan strukturnya.

Menurut fungsinya, thesaurus ialah sebuah sarana pengawasan kosakata yang dipakai untuk menerjemahkan bahasa alamiah ke dalam bahasa indeks.

Menurut strukturnya, thesaurus ialah daftar kata yang berhubungan satu sama lain secara semantik maupun generik.

Daftar kata itu selalu diawasi, bersifat dinamis serta lazimnya hanya mencakup satu bidang ilmu tertentu saja.

Dari definisi tersebut, kita dapat mengatakan bahwa hakekat thesaurus adalah kata yang disusun menurut urutan sistematis ataupun abjad.

Untuk memahami thesaurus disamping harus memahami latar belakang historisnya, yang paling penting juga harus memahami latar belakang linguistiknya. Tidaklah sebuah kebetulan bahwa thesaurus moderen lahir di Inggris, negara yang bahasanya menjadi bahasa internasional.

Page 2: Thesaurus (Refisi)

Kehadiran thesaurus pada sebuah bangsa berkaitan dengan keseriusan bangsa itu menggunakan kata dan memberlakukan bahasa mereka. Keseriusan tersebut terwujud dalam bentuk upaya memastikan bahwa setiap kata dipakai dengan benar dan setiap kata yang benar berhubungan dengan kata lain dengan benar pula. Jadi pendek kata, thesaurus adalah alat linguistik paling mendasar untuk berbahasa dengan baik dan benar.

Bahasa adalah wujud sebuah pola pikir. Untuk merapikan bahasa, maka yang dirapikan adalah pola pikirnya. Untuk merapikan pola pikir, yang dirapikan adalah pola mengelompokan dan mengaitkan kata-kata. Nah kalau mendengar kata “mengelompokkan dan mengaitkan”, apa yang teringat? Pasti anda teringat klasifikasi dalam pengertiannya yang paling umum, bukan?

Thesaurus sebenarnya dapat dianggap sebuah skema klasifikasi untuk istilah-istilah yang saling terkait membentuk struktur bahasa sehingga sebuah kata dapat dipahami dengan kata lainnya. Kata “bebek” dapat dipahami sebagai “unggas”, tapi juga sebagai “motor bebek”, kalau thesaurus mengaitkan ketiganya. Juga dapat diketahui bahwa “unggas” lebih umum dari pada “bebek”, dan bahwa “motor bebek” bersifat lebih khusus lagi.

Dapat dilihat bahwa fungsi dan kegunaan thesaurus terletak pada struktur yang mengaitkan satu konsep dengan konsep lainnya melalui berbagai hirarki dan maknanya. Ini adalah soal bahasa dan soal kesepakatan – dua soal yang menjadi penting kalau kita bicara tentang Information Retrieval (IR).

Mengapa penting? Karena IR adalah persoalan bahasa dan kesepakatan pula. Sederhana sekali. Secanggih apapun sistem teknologi komputer yang mendasari sebuah IR, inti kerjanya selalu bergantung pada bahasa dan kesepakatan. Kalau seseorang mencari “motor bebek”, maka sebuah sistem IR harus memberikan “motor bebek” bukan “unggas”.

Sebaliknya, kalau seseorang mencari “bebek”, sistem IR seharusnya tidak memberikan “motor bebek”. Ini semua hanya bisa terjadi, jika baik sistem IR maupun si pencari informasi bersepakat tentang apa yang dimaksud dengan “bebek” bukan?

Thesaurus adalah salah satu cara yang memungkinkan kesepakatan itu, sebab thesaurus mengendalikan makna kata lewat struktur berupa pengelompokkan dan pengaitan (alias klasifikasi). Itu sebabnya pula thesaurus adalah bagian tak terpisahkan dari controlled vocabulary. Walaupun Roget’s Thesaurus dapat digunakan penulis untuk memperkaya bahasanya, tujuan utamanya adalah sebagai pengindeksan.

Untuk dapat berfungsi dengan baik, sebuah thesaurus harus dibuat dengan membaca sebanyak mungkin literatur tentang suatu subyek tertentu yang ingin dicakup, harus dapat mencakup semua istilah yang ditemukan di literatur itu, dan tentunya dapat mencakup banyak kata yang walaupun tidak populer tetap perlu dikaitkan dengan kata yang populer.

Dalam berbagai terbitannya, Unesco memberi definisi thesaurus sebagai berikut:

“A thesaurus is a controlled and dynamic vocabulary of semantically and generically related terms which comprehensively covers a specipic domain of knowledge. This vocabulary is a systematically and/or alphabetical collection of descriptors as well as indicators of their relationship”.

Page 3: Thesaurus (Refisi)

Susunan Thesaurus

• Bagian kosakata

Bagian ini lazimnya memuat daftar deskriptor yang disusun secara sistematis bersama-sama kata kunci, yang kadang-kadang disertai dengan sinonimnya. Lazimnya kata kunci dicetak dengan huruf tebal dihubungkan dengan penunjukan silang dari sinonimnya.

• Peta semantik

• Peta ini merupakan jaringan konseptual di mana semua deskriptor dikumpulkan. Di sini ditunjukkan hubungan paradigma (hubungan genus spesies) antara masing-masing deskriptor. Cara penunjukkannya ialah dengan penggabungan kelas menurut abjad atau dalam sebuah peta di mana hubungan paradigma ditunjukkan dengan cara menggunakan Pengaturan konversi bahasa alamiah ke bahasa indeks.

• Dalam pengaturan ini diberikan peraturan untuk mengubah bahasa alamiah ke bahasa indeks, definisi, konversi nama lembaga, rumus kimia, spesies biologi. Juga dijelaskan ketentuan tentang leksikografis, pola permintaan informasi dan pola formulasi jawaba anak panah.

• Daftar deskriptor yang disusun menurut abjad.

Dengan kata lain ini adalah indeks deskriptor sekaligus indeks dari thesaurus. Di sini pengertian indeks ialah daftar istilah yang disusun menurut abjad.

Contoh thesaurus

Masing-masing menggunakan lambang serta tanda yang berbeda-beda. Karena itu untuk menggunakan sebuah thesaurus, kita harus memahami lambang yang digunakannya.

Sebagai contoh Thesaurus of Engineering terms menggunakan tanda-tanda sebagai berikut:

UF (used for) – digunakan u/ sinonim.

BT (broader term) – digunakan u/ deskriptor generik.

NT (narrower term) – digunakan u/ deskriptor khas.

RT (related term) – u/ deskriptor lain yang berkaitan.

Tanda & (ampersand) digunakan u/ deskriptor yang mampu menggantikan deskriptor lain untuk menunjukkan konsep yang lebih sempit, asal deskriptor yang digantikan menggunakan lambang #.

Berikut ini contoh pemakaiannya:

Scientists

UF Scientific personnel

BT Personnel

Page 4: Thesaurus (Refisi)

Professional personnel

NT Chemists

Physicists

RT Engineers

Pertemuan 3 dan 4

What is a Thesaurus?

A thesaurus is a tool for vocabulary control.

By guiding indexers and searchers about which terms to use, it can help to improve the quality of retrieval.

Usually, a thesaurus is designed for indexing and searching in a specific subject area. Examples of subject areas covered by thesauri are education, metallurgy, art and architecture.

What is in a thesaurus?

A thesaurus gives several types of information to indexers and searchers.

• Preferred Terms Obviously, the thesaurus has to indicate which terms indexers and searchers are allowed to use. The terms are called preferred terms

• Non-preferred Terms In addition to preferred terms, a thesaurus also needs to indicate some terms that indexers and searchers are not to use.

These terms are called non-preferred terms. It should be possible to look up a non-preferred terms and see what preferred terms should be used instead. This will save time and make it less likely that the best preferred term will be missed.

A thesaurus also usually allows you to look up a preferred term and see its non-preferred terms. This can give you a better idea of what the term is supposed to mean.

• Semantic Relations

As well as linking prefered terms with non-perfered terms, a thesaurus also shows links between different prefered terms.

These links are usually for semantic relations.

• Guides to Application

Page 5: Thesaurus (Refisi)

A good thesaurus should make it clear what a term is meant to cover. It can accomplish this to some extent by showing non-prefered terms and semantic relations. Other ways of guiding people in using a thesaurus include introductory matter and scope notes.

A scope note often takes the form of a definition of the term.

• Rule for Synthesis

Usually, a thesaurus list all its prefered terms explicitly.

Such thesauri are enumerative.

Some thesauri indicate some prefered terms indirectly: instead of listing all the prefered terms, they give rules for creating them out components.

Such thesauri are at least partly synthetic.

Collecting Terms

Thesaurus construction requires collecting a set of terms. Some of these will becoming prefered terms and others may not appear in the thesaurus at all in their original form, but they may suggest concepts that need to be covered in some way.

Sources of Terms

Sources from which terms can be collected include:

- existing list of terms: other thesauri, indexes, dictionaries, glossaries, etc.

- texts from which terms can be extracted: titles, abstracts, or full texts of indexed items and queries by patrons.

- People: subject specialists, etc.

What Kind of Terms Should You Collect?

Where possible, terms in a thesaurus should be nouns or noun phrases. A term should be general enough that it might be used to index a number of items. For example, thesaurus usually does not include proper names.

Modifying and Inventing Terms Standardizing the Form of Words Terms collected should already be nouns or noun phrases. Here some further guidelines for the form that terms should take in your final thesaurus.

What to Do with Terms with More than One Meaning

A homograph is an expression that has the same spelling as another expression, but a different meaning. A thesaurus needs to distinguish between homographs.

A unique term may be created out

Page 6: Thesaurus (Refisi)

of a homograph by adding aparenthetical qualifier; for example, “PORT (WINE)”.You may note that including parentheses is contrary to the guideline given above; namely, to avoid puntuation. A unique term may also be created out of a homograph by adding another word without punctuation; for example, “PORT WINE”.

Introducing New Terms

In addition to term extracted from your various sources, you may sometimes choose to introduce new terms of your own. For example, 1. broad consept terms

2. structural terms

3. terms for nontextual material

Broad Concept Terms

Terms that represent broad concepts may be introduced because they are useful in broad searches. For example, “TRAFFIC STATION” because it can be used to replace a search for “AIRPORTS OR BUS TERMINALS OR TRAIN STATIONS OR HELIPORTS OR …….”

Structural Terms

Terms may also be introduced because they help to clarity the structure of semantic relations. For example, “EMPLOYMENT OF SPECIFIC GROUPS” to clarify the relation between “EMPLOYMENT” and “YOUTH EMPLOYMENT”.

Terms for Nontextual Material

If you are constructing a thesaurus for indexing material which is not in the form of text, you have fewer sources for terms. You may therefore find yourself inventing your own terms more. For example, this picture shows things that are referred to in the caption, including a bottle. After examining the picture, you might decide to add “BOTTLES” to your list of terms.

Preferred Terms and Non- preferred Terms

Equivalent terms After collecting terms for your thesaurus, you need to decide which are equivalent terms. For purposes of indexing and searching, a set of equivalent terms will all be Treated as though they meant the Same thing will be represented by a Single preferred term.

Spelling and Synonyms Sometimes, equivalent terms really do mean the same thing. So, it obviously makes sense to use a single preferred term to represent that one meaning.

1. A word may have more than one spelling, for example, “AESTHETIC” and “ESTHETIC”.

Two different words may have essentially the same meaning, for example, “AUTOMATION” and “MECHANIZATION”

Quasy-Synonyms

Sometimes, equivalent terms

Page 7: Thesaurus (Refisi)

mean different things in ordinary

language. For indexing and retrieval, it is better to group the different meaning together. Such equivalent term are called quasi-synonyms.

Types of quasi-synonyms

Terms with overlapping meaning are sometimes treated a equivalent. For example “GENIUSES” and “PRODIGIES” might be treated as equivalent even though the two terms mean different things.

A term whose scope is included in that of another term is sometimes treated as equivalent. For example, “STEEL” might be treated as equivalent to “METAL”. If it is not important to distinguish items on steel from items on other metals.

Sometimes opposites are treated as equivalent, because items on one are likely to be relevant to a query for the other. For example, “TRANSPARENCY” might be treated as equivalent to “OPACITY”.

Preferred Terms

Preferred terms serve as focal points where all the information about a concept is collected.

Non-preferred Terms

Non-preferred terms are include in a thesaurus mainly to help users find the appropriate preferred terms. Non-preferred terms may also help to define the scope of preferred terms.

USE/UF

A non-preferred term is normally linked to a corresponding preferred term by a USE reference. The corresponding reference in the opposite direction if UF (“Used For”).

For example,

PERIODICALS SERIALS

USE SERIALS UF PERIODICALS

Compound USE References

Instead of a single non-preferred term, one may sometimes instruct indexers and serchers to use more than one preferred term in combination. In such cases, the USE reference points to all the preferred terms, and the UF reference is often marked in some special way.

For example,

SNOWMOBILES

USE VEHICLES+SNOW

Page 8: Thesaurus (Refisi)

SNOW

UF+SNOWMOBILES VEHICLES UF+SNOWMOBILES You are especially likely to do this if The non-preferred term consists of more than one word.

For example,

SCHOOL CAFETERIAS USE CAFETERIAS+SCHOOLS CAFETERIAS UF+SCHOOL CAFETERIAS SCHOOLS UF+SCHOOL CAFETERIAS On the other hand, you may choose not to make such a term a non-preferred term, even if it consist of more than one word.

Making Multi-Word Terms Preferredq1

When should you allow a multi-word as a preferred term?

A term consisting of more than one word should typically be made a preferred term if:

1. Combining terms is not possible either at the indexing stage or at the searching stage.

2. Too many terms would otherwise be required to index an item

3. The resulting number of preferred terms is not too large

4. Indexing and searching are generally easier using the compound term

5. The term is likely to be used frequently in indexing or searching

6. The term’s components occur frequently in different syntactic relations, for example, “LIBRARY SCHOOL”, “SCHOOL LIBRARIES”.

7. The term is needed in the structure of semantic relations; especially, if any narrower concepts are represented by preferred terms.

8. You are in doubt

Page 9: Thesaurus (Refisi)

Pertemuan 5 & 6

SEMANTIC RELATIONS

Why indicate Semantic Relations?

Indicating semantic relations helps in several aspects of information management.

1. Checking whether a term should be used in indexing a given item or in formalating a given search specification

2. Choosing the correct level of

generality in indexing and searching

3. Searching in response to broad inclusive queries

4. Sharing indexing by facilitating translation from one scheme to another

Semantic Relations between Terms

The main semantic relations indicated between preferred terms in a thesaurus are hierarchical relations and non-hierarchical relations. BT and NT Links

• BT and NT links

are used to indicate hierarchical relations. In a hierarchical relation, one term is viewed as being "above" another term because it is broader in scope. In developing a thesaurus, it is often a good idea to work out the hierarchical relations first.

• When Is There a Broader/Narrower Term Relation?

There are various definitions of what constitutes a hierarchical relation. You are advised, however, to restrict yourself to the following cases.

Genus/Species

• Term A is a broader term to term B (and term B is a narrower term to term A) if all the things included in the class named by term B are included in the class named by term A.

For example, "ANIMALS" is a broader term to "CATS" (and "CATS" is a narrower term to "ANIMALS") because all cats are animals. On the other hand, "PETS" is not a broader term to "CATS" because not all cats are pets.

Class/Member

Page 10: Thesaurus (Refisi)

The narrower term can sometimes name a class with only one member. For example, "UNIVERSITIES" is a broader term to "UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO" because The University of Western Ontario is a university.

Since thesauri usually do not include proper names, you may not encounter cases like this in constructing your own thesaurus.

Hierarchical Whole-Part

• Term A is a broader term to term B (and term B is a narrower term to term A) if everything included in the class named by term B is a part of something included in the class named by term A. For example, in a medical thesaurus, "HEAD" might be a broader term to "NOSE" because noses are normally parts of headsOn the other hand, "FORESTS" would not be a broader term to "TREES" because not every tree is part of a forest.

Geographical Whole/Part

• In a hierarchical whole/part relation, both the broader term and the narrower term may name a class with only one member. This is often true of geographical names. For example, "NORTH AMERICA" is a broader term to "CANADA" because Canada is a part of North America. On the other hand, "CANADA" is not a broader term to "LAKE ERIE" because only part of Lake Erie is part of Canada.

Since many thesauri do not include geographical names, you may not encounter cases like this in constructing your own thesaurus

Summary

• In recognizing hierarchical relations, you are advised to restrict yourself to the following types:

• genus/species and its special case class/member

• hierarchical whole/part and its special case geographical whole/part

Page 11: Thesaurus (Refisi)

Pertemuan 7 & 8

BT, NT, and RT References

What Is the Relationship Between BT and NT?

Normally, BT and NT are "inverse" links. In other words, if X is a broader term to Y, then Y is a narrower term to X, and vice versa. For example, if a thesaurus contains the entry

PENS BT WRITING MATERIALS you would expect it also to have the entry WRITING MATERIALS NT PENS

How Many BT References Can a Term Have?

A thesaurus is usually "polyhierarchical"; this means that a term can have more than one immediately broader term and more than one BT reference.

For example, SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BT PSYCHOLOGY BT SOCIOLOGY Polyhierarchy avoids futile arguments about the "best" broader term to

choose.

Some terms in a thesaurus have no broader terms and so no BT references. Such terms are usually fairly broad in meaning, at least within the subject area covered by the thesaurus. For example, in a sports thesaurus, "SPORTS" might have no broader terms.

When Should BT/NT References Be Omitted?

• You should not indicate every hierarchical relation explicitly in your thesaurus. That could make the entries too long and difficult to read. Instead, omit those links that are implied by other links. Suppose X is a broader term to Y, which in turn is a broader term to Z. Do not make BT/NT references between X and Z.

For example,

• PLANT PRODUCTS NT FRUIT and FRUIT NT FRESH FRUIT but not PLANT PRODUCTS NT FRESH FRUIT

When To Use an RT Reference

• An RT reference is used for non-hierarchical semantic relations in a thesaurus. To decide whether there should be an RT reference between two preferred terms X and Y that do not have a hierarchical relation, you can use the following test: Should an indexer or a searcher considering using X be reminded of the existence of Y?

Page 12: Thesaurus (Refisi)

What Is the Relationship between RT and RT?

• Normally, RT is its own "inverse" link type. In other words, if X has an RT reference to Y, then Y should have an RT reference to X. For example, if a thesaurus contains the entry PENS RT CALLIGRAPHY you would expect it also to have the entry CALLIGRAPHY RT PENS

Semantic Categories of RT References

• In constructing your thesaurus, you may find it useful to list some categories of semantic relations that you think should be covered by RT references. Here are some categories sometimes used, with examples.

Page 13: Thesaurus (Refisi)

Pertemuan 9 & 10

Scope Notes

• The most common type of guide to applying terms in a thesaurus is the scope note. A scope note is normally preceded by the notation SN. Scope notes take a variety of forms.

Definitions in Scope Notes

• A scope note may be a definition; for example, SPACE ERROR SN TENDENCY TO BE BIASED BY THE SPATIAL POSITION OF STIMULI IN RELATION TO THE OBSERVER

1.Form of Definitions in Scope Notes

A definition in a scope note should apply to the noun form, not to a related verb or adjective. For example, this scope note for "INDEXING"

SN TO ASSIGN NATURAL LANGUAGE TERMS TO DOCUMENTS should be changed to SN ASSIGNING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE TERMS TO DOCUMENTS

2.Content of Definitions in Scope Notes

A thesaurus term should have a single meaning. Any definitions in the term's scope note should reflect that meaning. For example, this scope note for "ACCENT"

SN STRESS PLACED ON A SYLLABLE; VARIATION IN PRONUNCIATION DUE TO LINGUISTIC BACKGROUND is incorrect because it confuses two different meanings of the term.

3. Including Concepts with Scope Notes

• A scope note may indicate a concept that is included in the scope of the term; for example, MECHANIZED INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SN INCLUDES PRE-COMPUTER METHODS, SUCH AS PUNCHED CARD SYSTEMS

4. Excluding Concepts with Scope Notes

A scope note may indicate a concept that is excluded from the scope of the term. This may be done to show that the term has a narrower meaning than some users of the thesaurus might have in mind; for example,

BEARS SN DOES NOT INCLUDE PANDAS It may also be done to draw attention to an excluded meaning of an ambiguous term; for example,

PARTIES SN POLITICAL PARTIES ONLY. DO NOT USE FOR SOCIAL GATHERINGS

Page 14: Thesaurus (Refisi)

References to Other Terms in Scope Notes

Some scope notes refer to other terms, especially to indicate how to deal with a concept that is excluded; for example, LICENSING SN EXCLUDES ASPECTS COVERED BY THE TERMS 'SCHOOL ACCREDITATION' AND 'TEACHER ACCREDITATION'

6. Additional Instructions in Scope Notes

A scope note may give additional instructions to indexers. For example, it may remind indexers of other types of terms that they should assign: HOSPITALIZATION SN ASSIGN ALSO TERMS FOR THE CONDITIONS FOR WHICH PATIENTS WERE HOSPITALIZED, IF APPLICABLE

Suggesting Indexers Consider More Specific AlternativesA scope note may suggest that the term not be used if a more specific term is appropriate; for example, EQUIPMENT SN BROAD TERM. PREFER TERMS SPECIFYING TYPES OF EQUIPMENT IF POSSIBLE; FOR EXAMPLE, 'OFFICE EQUIPMENT' Instructions for SynthesisIn a synthetic thesaurus, instructions for synthesis may appear in scope notes; for example, HISTORY SN APPEND ALSO AS A SUBDIVISION AFTER TERMS DESIGNATING DISCIPLINES, ACTIVITIES, LIVING THINGS, ETC.; FOR EXAMPLE, 'INTERCROPPING - HISTORY', 'GOATS - HISTORY'

informativeness of Scope Notes

Information included in a scope note should be helpful to users of the thesaurus as indexers or searchers. It should add to what the term already says by itself. Simply repeating the term or giving an obvious definition of an unambiguous term is not helpful.

Remember that a thesaurus is not a dictionary, an encyclopedia, or even an index.

Form of Scope Notes

Scope notes should be well formed. They should contain no spelling errors.

Many scope notes do not use complete sentences. You can use noun and verb phrases instead. Nevertheless, the syntax should be correct.

Summary

To sum up, scope notes may

• give definitions

• indicate which concepts are included or excluded

• refer to other terms

• provide additional instructions

and they should be

• relevant to indexing and searching

Page 15: Thesaurus (Refisi)

Pertemuan 11 & 12

Thesaurus Displays

For any thesaurus display, you may need to make several decisions. These decisions are likely to include

• which types of terms will have entries

• how to indicate special types of terms

• what types of links will be shown to other terms

• how many levels of linking will be shown

• how to indicate link types

• where the linked terms are placed

• relative to the entry term

• relative to each other

Any of these decisions will, of course, be constrained in various ways. For example, the thesaurus construction software that you use may produce only certain kinds of displays or may not permit you to store a mixture of upper and lower case.

Which Types of Terms Will Have Entries?

• A thesaurus display might have entries only for preferred terms; for example, ...EX-CONVICTSEYE EXAMINATIONSEYE PATCHESEYEGLASSESEYESFABLES

At least one of the displays, however, should provide entries for non-preferred terms as well, to allow users to browse through these for the correct preferred terms: ...EXTREMISMEX-CONVICTSEX-MILITARY PERSONNELEYE CATCHERSEYE EXAMINATIONSEYE PATCHESEYEGLASSESEYES

Page 16: Thesaurus (Refisi)

FABLESFABRIC DESIGN DRAWINGS ne of the displays might include entries only for top terms, preferred terms that have no broader terms. This choice is often combined with indicating multiple levels of narrower terms, in a tree display, as discussed below.

How to Indicate Special Types of Terms

• You may want to mark certain kinds of terms in special ways. For example, you might put all the non-preferred terms in italics: ...EXTREMISMEX-CONVICTSEX-MILITARY PERSONNELEYE CATCHERSEYE EXAMINATIONSEYE PATCHESEYEGLASSESEYESFABLESFABRIC DESIGN DRAWINGS... Of course, users of the thesaurus should be able to tell that a term is a non-preferred term if it has a USE reference after it, but displaying the term differently will serve as an added reminder. The examples used in this tutorial generally show terms in all upper case. This is to emphasize that the distinction between upper and lower case should normally not be significant in indexing and searching using a controlled vocabulary. Nevertheless, you may prefer a mixture of upper and lower case for your thesaurus displays to make them easier to read. Mixing upper and lower case may be especially helpful for longer elements such as scope notes: GOGGLES SN Protective eye coverings.

What Types of Links Should be Shown to Other Terms

• Taken as a whole, your thesaurus displays should cover all the term links that are important to the people who will use the thesaurus. In individual displays, you may choose to include only certain links. For example, a brief display might include only "USE" references: EXTREMISM USE RADICALISM EX-CONVICTSEX-MILITARY PERSONNEL USE VETERANS EYE CATCHERS USE ARCHITECTURAL FOLLIES EYE EXAMINATIONSEYE PATCHESEYEGLASSESEYES

Page 17: Thesaurus (Refisi)

FABLESFABRIC DESIGN DRAWINGS USE TEXTILE DESIGN DRAWINGS

an entry in one of the displays will usually give all the links: EYEGLASSES UF SPECTACLES BT MEDICAL EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES BT OPTICAL DEVICES NT MONOCLES NT SUNGLASSES RT CONTACT LENSES RT EYE PATCHES RT GOGGLES

Similarly, at least one of the displays would include the scope notes: ALIDADES SN TELESCOPIC SITING DEVICES USED AS PART OF A SHIP'S NAVIGATIONAL EQUIPMENT FOR TAKING BEARINGS BT SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT BT TELESCOPES RT NAVIGATION

How Many Levels of Linking will be Shown

• In one of your displays, you may wish to show indirectly linked terms as well as those linked directly to the entry term. This is mostly useful with links representing hierarchical relations. The display could indicate more than one level of broader term: MONOCLES BT EYEGLASSES . BT OPTICAL DEVICES . . BT EQUIPMENT . BT MEDICAL EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES Likewise, the display could indicate more than one level of narrower term: OPTICAL DEVICES NT BINOCULARS NT CONTACT LENSES NT EYEGLASSES . NT MONOCLES . NT SUNGLASSES NT GOGGLES ... As mentioned above, such a cascade of narrower terms is often used with top terms as entry terms.

How to Indicate Link Types

• You can often omit the symbols for the different kinds of links if it is obvious what they are. So, you need to use a symbol such as "RT" only once for a series of terms all linked to the entry term with an "RT" reference: ... RT EMPLOYEE EATING FACILITIES EMPLOYEE FRINGE BENEFITS EMPLOYEE RIGHTS

Page 18: Thesaurus (Refisi)

EMPLOYMENT LABORERS UNEMPLOYED

Similarly, if all the links in a display are of the same kind, as in a hierarchical display, you do not need to use a distinctive symbol: EQUIPMENT . AIRPLANE EQUIPMENT . . AIRPLANE PROPELLERS . . AIRPLANE WINGS . ANCHORS . APPLIANCES . . AIR CONDITIONERS . . DISHWASHING MACHINES . . FREEZERS . . REFRIGERATORS . . TOASTERS . . VACUUM CLEANERS

In a graphic display, different types of links can be represented by different kinds of arrows. For example, a link from a broader term to a narrower term can be represented by a one-headed arrow; and a link between related terms, by a two-headed arrow: .

Where the Linked Terms are Placed

• In a printed display, you will usually want the entry term to appear at the top left, because this makes it easy to search for. Variations are possible, though. For example, broader terms may be displayed above the entry term and narrower terms below: . MEDICAL EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES . . EQUIPMENT . OPTICAL DEVICES EYEGLASSES . MONOCLES . SUNGLASSES In an online display of a single entry, there is more flexibility. For example, the broader terms can be arrayed on the left, the narrower terms on the right, and the related terms above and below

• in an online display of a single entry, there is more flexibility. For example, the broader terms can be arrayed on the left, the narrower terms on the right, and the related terms above and below:

Page 19: Thesaurus (Refisi)

Relative to Each Other

If all the links are indicated in the same position relative to the entry term, the best order to follow is generally

• scope notes

• non-preferred equivalent terms

• broader terms

• narrower terms

• related terms

For example, EMPLOYEES SN PERSONS IDENTIFIED AS WORKING FOR ANOTHER, BUT WHERE THE NATURE OF THE OCCUPATION, BUSINESS, OR INDUSTRY IS NOT KNOWN. UF PERSONNEL STAFF WORKERS BT PEOPLE NT HOTEL EMPLOYEES RAILROAD EMPLOYEES RT EMPLOYEE EATING FACILITIES EMPLOYEE FRINGE BENEFITS EMPLOYEE RIGHTS EMPLOYMENT LABORERS UNEMPLOYEDWithin a group of terms linked in the same way to the entry term, the order is most commonly alphabetical, as in the example just given. Sometimes, however, you may wish to adopt a systematic order by subcategorizing the link types, especially if the lists are very long.

CONTACT

LENSES EYE

PATCHES

Page 20: Thesaurus (Refisi)