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Chapter FourAnatomy of the Nervous System


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Divisions of the Vertebrate Nervous System

Central Nervous System-the brain and the spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System-the nerves outside the brain and spinal

cordTwo Division of the PNS

Somatic Nervous System-the nerves that convey messagesfrom the sense organs to the CNS and from the CNS to themuscles and glands

Autonomic Nervous System-a set of neurons that control theheart, the intestines, and other organs


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Figure 4.1 The human nervous system

Both the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system have

major subdivisions. The closeup of the brain shows the right hemisphereas seen from the midline.


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The Nervous System

The Spinal Cord-part of the CNS found within the spinal column

The spinal cord communicates with the sense organs and

muscles below the level of the headBell-Magendie Law-the entering dorsal roots carry sensory

information and the exiting ventral roots carry motor

information to the muscles and glands

Dorsal Root Ganglia-clusters of neurons outside the spinal

cord


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Figure 4.3 Diagram of a cross section through the spinal cord

The dorsal root on each side conveys sensory information to the spinal cord; theventral root conveys motor commands to the muscles.


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Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic-prepares the

body for arousal

Ex: increasedbreathing, increasedheart rate, decreased

digestive activityForm chain of ganglia

just outside spinalcord

Short preganglionic

axons releasenorepinephrine

Long postganglionicaxons releasenorepinephrine

Parasympathetic-facilitates vegetative,nonemergency responses by thebodys organs

Ex: increase digestive activity,activities opposing

sympathetic systemConsists of cranial nerves and

nerves from sacral spinal cord

Long preganglionic axonsextend from the spinal cord toparasympathetic gangliaclose to each internal organ;release norepinephrine

Shorter postganglionic fibersthen extend from theparasympathetic ganglia in

the organs; releaseacetylcholine


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The Brain

The Midbrain-middle of the brain

Tegmentum-roof or covering

Nuclei for third and fourth cranial nerves

Parts of Reticular formationExtensions of the pathways between the forebrain and the

spinal cord or hindbrain

Tectum-roof

Superior Colliculus & Inferior Colliculus-important in routes

of sensory information


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The Brain

The Forebrain-most anterior and most prominent part of themammalian brain

Thalamus

Part of the Diencephalon

Center of forebrainRelay Station for Sensory Information

Hypothalamus

Part of Diencephalon

Regulates homeostasis, sexual behavior, fighting, feeding

Pituitary GlandEndocrine gland attached to the base of the hypothalamus


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Figure 4.10 The limbic system is a set of subcortical structures that form a

border (or limbus) around the brain stem


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OTAK

Otak Depan

Basal Ganglia

Yang bertanggung jawab untuk motor perilaku, beberapamemori dan ekspresi emosional

Basal Forebrain (Basal otak depan)Terletak di bagian dorsal permukaan otak-depan

Menerima masukan dari hipotalamus dan basal ganglia

Mengirim akson untuk cerebral cortex

Penting dalam gairah, terjaga, dan perhatian

HippocampusTerletak antara talamus dan cortex serebral

Penting untuk pembentukan memori baru


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OTAK

Ventrikel-membantu dalam bantalan otak

Canal-fluid-filled pusat saluran dalam pusat sumsum tulang

belakang

Rongga berisi cairan ventrikel empat dalam otakCsf-clear cairan yang mirip dengan plasma darah

Yang dibentuk dalam koroid pleksus

Mengalir dari lateral ke ventrikel ketiga untuk keempat

tengah kanal atau antara meninges

Meninges-membran yang mengelilingi otak dan sumsum tulangbelakang


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Figure 4.16 The cerebral ventricles

Diagram showing positions of the four ventricles.


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Korteks serebral

Organisasi dari korteks serebral

Berisi enam lapisan yang berbeda dari sel

Disusun dalam kolom-sel dengan sifat yang serupa; tegak-lurusdiatur ke laminae

Sel-sel dalam kolom tertentu memiliki sifat yang hampir

sama atau terkait


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The Lobes

The Occipital Lobe-posterior end of cortex

Contains primary visual cortex

The Parietal Lobe-between occipital love the central sulcus

Contains the primary somatosensory cortex-receiving touchsensation, muscle-stretch information and joint position

informationThe Temporal Lobe-lateral portion of each hemisphere, near the

temples

Contains targets for audition, essential for understanding spokenlanguage, complex visual processes, emotional and motivationalbehaviors

The Frontal Lobe-extends from the central sulcus to the anterior limit ofthe brain

Contains Primary Motor Cortex-fine movements

Contributes to shifting attention, planning of action, delayedresponse tasks as examples


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Brain Function

How Do the Pieces Work Together?

Does the Brain Operate as a Whole or a Collection of Parts?

Each brain area has a function but it cant do much by itself

The Binding Problem

The question of how the visual, auditory, and other areas ofyour brain influence on another to produce a combinedperception of the single object

Synchronized neural activity?
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