struktur sel hewan dan sel tumbuhan · web viewmengetahui berbagai macam jaringan penyusun organ...

Laboratorium BiologiSMA NEGERI 3 RANTAU UTARA

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JARINGAN ORGAN PADA TANAMAN

A. TUJUAN

1. Mengetahui berbagai macam jaringan penyusun organ tanaman dikotil dan monokotil.

2. Mengetahui jaringan penyusun akar/daun gymnospermae.

B. DASAR TEORI

Jatingan merupakan sekelompok sel dengan ciri-ciri yang serupa dalam hal bentuk,

fungsi, maunpun sifat-sifatnya. Ditinjau dari kemampuan membelahnya, jaringan pada

tanaman dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu jaringan meristem dan jaringan permanen.

1. Jaringan Meristem

Merupakan jaringan yang sel penyusunnya bersifat embrional, artinya mampu

terus menerus membelah diri untuk menambah jumlah sel dalam tubuh. Ciri-ciri sel

meristem, yaitu ukuran sel kecil dan kaya akan sitoplasma, serta selnya berbentuk

kuboid atau prismatis. Jaringan meristem dapat berubah menjadi jaringan permanen /

dewasa melalui peristiwa diferensiasi dan spesialisasi. Diferensiasi adalah perubahan

bentuk sel yang disesuaikan dengan fungsinya, sedangkan spesialisasi jaringan

tumbuhan adalah pengkhususan sel-sel tumbuhan untuk mendukung fungsi sel

tertentu.

Jaringan meristem berdasarkan asal terbentuknya dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu

meristem primer dan meristem sekunder. Jaringan meristem primer adalah meristem

yang berkembang dari sel embrional. Biasanya meristem primer ditemukan pada

kuncup ujung batang dan ujung akar. Meristem primer merupakan pertumbuhan

primer yang memungkinkan akar dan batang bertambah panjang. Jaringan meristem

sekunder adalah meristem yang berkembang dari jaringan permanen yang telah

mengalami diferensiasi dan spesialisasi tetapi menjadi embrional kembali.

2. Jaringan Permanen / Jaringan Dewasa

Merupakan jaringan yang terbentuk dari hasil diferensiasi dan spesialisasi sel-sel

hasil pembelahan jaringan meristem. Jaringan ini bersifat non-meristematik, yaitu

tidak tumbuh dan tidak berkembang lagi. Jaringan permanen yang telah mengalami

diferensiasi dan spesialisasi spesiaslisasi antara lain yaitu jaringan epidermis,

parenkim, kolenkim, sklerenkim, xylem dan floem.

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3. Organ Pada Tumbuhan

Pada umumnya tanaman memiliki tiga bagian organ tanaman yang sering ditemui

yaitu akar, batang ,dan daun.

a. Susunan akar tumbuhan

Akar tumbuhan pada umumnya terdiri atas tiga bagian yaitu epidermis,

korteks, dan stele.

1) Epidermis

Epidermis akar selapis sel berdinding tipis, berkutikula, dan tersusun rapat.

Sebagaian sel epidermis membentuk akar dengan pemanjangan ke arah lateral

dari dinding luarnya.

2) Korteks

Merupakan susunan sel-sel parenkim berdinding tipis dan tersusun longgar.

Secara keseluruhan kortek menyerupai silinder. Kulit pertama korteks disebut

eksodermis. Lapisan sel-sel korteks yang paling dalam tersusun rapat tanpa

adanya ruang antar sel dan berbentuk kotak disebut endodermis. Penebalan

dinding sel radial dan vertikalnya dengan penebalan materi suberin

membentuk pita caspary.

3) Stele

Merupakan bagian terdalam dari organ penyusun akar. Stele terletak di

sebelah dalam endodermis. Stele tersusun atas periskel, berkas vaskuler, dan

empulur.

b. Susunan batang tumbuhan

Batang tumbuhan pada umumnya terdiri atas tiga bagian yaitu epidermis,

korteks, dan stele. Tetapi batang tumbuhan monokotil dan dikotil memiliki

beberapa perbedaan.

c. Susunan daun

Pada umumnya daun tersusun atas tiga bagian yaitu epidermis, mesofil

(jaringan dasar), dan berkas vaskuler.

1) Epidermis

Terdapat pada permukaan atas (adaksial) dan bawah (abaksial) pada daun.

Tidak terdapat ruang antar sel. Di antara sel epidermis terdapat sel penjaga

yang membentuk stomata.

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2) Mesofil (jaringan dasar

Jaringan dasar yang tersusun dari parenkim palisade (jaringan tiang) dan

jaringan spons (bunga karang). Pada tumbuhan dikotil, parenkim palisade

memiliki banyak kloroplas dan berfungsi pada proses fotosintesis. Sel-selnya

tersusun rapat. Pada jaringan spons terdapat pembuluh angkut. Jaringan ini

juga terdapat kloroplas namun jumlahnya sedikit. Pada tumbuhan monokotil

hanya tedapat jaringan spons. Proses fotosintesis terjadi di semua sel penyusun

jaringan spons yang berbentuk bulat. Pada jaringan ini terdapat pembuluh

pengangkut. Ciri khas jaringan spons yaitu adanya lekukan yang

menghubungkan antar sel.

3) Berkas vaskuler

Yaitu floem dan xylem yang terdapat pada ibu tulang daun, tulang-tulang

cabang, dan urat-urat daun yang terlihat menonjol pada permukaan bawah

daun. Berkas vaskuler merupakan lanjutan berkas vaskuler pada batang

walaupum tidak seluas batang.

C. ALAT & BAHAN

1. Mikroskop

2. Preparat awetan Daun monokotil dan dikotil

3. Preparat awetan Akar monokotil dan dikotil

4. Preparat awetan Batang monokotil dan dikotil

5. Preparat awetan Akar pakis haji (Cycas rumphii)

6. Tissue / flanel

D. CARA KERJA

1. Untuk percobaan daun monokotil, ambil preparat yang telah diawetkan, amati di

bawah mikroskop. Gambar dan berilah keterangan.

2. Untuk percobaan akar/daun gymnospermae, ambil preparat yang telah diawetkan,

amati di bawah mikroskop. Gambar dan berilah keterangan.

3. Untuk percobaan akar monokotil, ambil preparat yang telah diawetkan, amati di

bawah mikroskop. Gambar dan berilah keterangan.

4. Untuk percobaan akar dikotil, ambil preparat yang telah diawetkan, amati di bawah

mikroskop. Gambar dan berilah keterangan

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5. Untuk percobaan batang monokotil, ambil preparat yang telah diawetkan, amati di

bawah mikroskop. Gambar dan berilah keterangan

6. Untuk percobaan batang dikotil, ambil preparat yang telah diawetkan, amati di bawah

mikroskop. Gambar dan berilah keterangan

E. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN

1. perbesaran lemah (10x10)



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Keterangan

Keterangan

Keterangan


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Keterangan

Keterangan

Keterangan


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Keterangan

Keterangan

Keterangan


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F. DISKUSI & PERTANYAAN

1. Sebutkan macam-macam jaringan penyusun organ akar, batang, dan daun!

Jawab:

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2. Jelaskan perbedaan antara tanaman dikotil dan monokotil secara anatomis mengenai

akar, batang, dan daun!

Jawab:

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3. Jelaskan fungsi akar, batang, dan daun!

Jawab:

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4. Jaringan apa saja yang dapat menyimpan cadangan makanan pada akar dan batang?

Jawab:

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5. Jelaskan jaringan endodermis, periskel, dan klorenkim!

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6. Apa keuntungan simbiosis akar pakis haji (Cycas rumphii) dengan Annabaena

cycadae?

Jawab:

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G. KESIMPULAN

Dari percobaan yang telah dilakukan, maka selanjutnya dapat disimpulkan bahwa :

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DAFTAR PUSTAKAAryulina, Diah, dkk. 2007, Biologi 2, Jakarta: Esis

Sudjadi, Bagod dan Siti Laila. 2005, Biologi Sains dalam Kehidupan SMA Kelas XI, Jakarta:

Yudhistira

Syamsuri, Istamar. 2003, Biologi 2000 2A SMU Kelas 2, Jakarta: Erlangga

Tim Biologi. Petunjuk Praktikum Biologi Kelas XI IA, Yoggyakarta: SMA Negeri 6

Yogyakarta.

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struktur sel hewan dan sel tumbuhan · web viewmengetahui berbagai macam jaringan penyusun organ...

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