soot gathering 27 5-08
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SOOT HANDLING CAPACITYAPI CI-4 vs CJ-4
BPPT Thamrin
Jakarta, 27 Mei 2008
Trend performance pelumas mesin diesel
• Perkembangan teknologi pelumas mesindiesel secara global dipicu tiga faktorutama yaitu :– Memperpanjang masa ganti oli– Keekonomian bahan bakar– Standar Emisi
Dampak penggunaan EGR• Penggunaan EGR berdampak negatip :
– Sebagian besar soot kembali masuk keruang bakardan bisa masuk kedalam karter (bulk pelumas)
– Gas Sulfur Oksida yang korosif dapat kembali masukkedalam mesin
– Pendinginan gas buang yang diresirkulasimengurangi effisiensi pendinginan yang dapatmeningkatkan suhu pelumas yang dapatmeningkatkan oksidasi
Impact of Emissions Strategies
• The 2007 engines will cost more, Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) and related hardware are projected to increase the price of a new truck by $6,000 to $10,000.
• DPF service which may be required every 150,000 miles, is expected to cost $150 or less each time.
• Ultra sulfur diesel fuel (15 ppm S) will cost more :– have a lower heat (BTU) content resulting in increased fuel
consumption, – could cause premature injector failure due to its lack of lubricity
API CH-4 : Peningkatan dalam Soot Handling Capability
6%
5%
4%
3%
2% Incr
easi
ng P
erfo
rman
ce
% SootAPI CH-4/
MACK EO-M
API CG-4
API CF-4
Note : Mack T-8A menggantikan Mack T-7 dalam API CF-4
MACK T-8 TESTING
API CH-4
The Dangers of Soot
• The combustion process in diesel engines creates soot. • After fuel is injected, combustion occurs with soot as a
by-product of the process, and the combustion particulates become trapped on the exposed oil film. The rings wipe the particulates into the oil and the fine particulates aggregate, increasing levels of soot in the oil.
• Oil with dispersant additives will generally keep soot in the range of 0.002 to 0.5 microns in suspension;
• Detergent additives prevent the build-up of sludge and act as an acid neutralizer, keeping soot in the range of 0.5 to 1.5 microns in suspension.
Soot Causes Wear
• Today’s oil manufacturers are extending oil life by holding higher concentrations of contaminants, including soot, in suspension in the oil.
• They are also increasing fuel economy by reducing oil viscosity and oil film thickness, therefore reducing the critical contaminant size.
API CI-4
• API Service Category CI-4 is oils for use in :– high-speed four-stroke cycle diesel engines designed
to meet 2004 exhaust emission standards implemented in 2002.
– Use diesel fuels ranging in sulfur content up to 0.5% weight.
– It is specifically formulated to sustain engine durability where Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) is used and the impact of these oils on other supplemental exhaust emission devices has not been determined.
Detergent/Dispersant
• Detergent mempunyai senyawa polar yang mengandung logam (Ca,Mg,)
• Dispersant tidak mengandung unsurlogam dan kepolaran dibentuk oleh unsurOksigen dan atau Nitrogen,
Aktivitas Detergent• Molekul detergen juga mengandung gugus polar
dan hidrokarbon tail.
• Detergen mungkin senyawa neutral atau mungkinkombinasi dengan material overbased (mis. : Carbonate) untuk menetralisir senyawa asamproduk oksidasi. Nilai overbase bervariasi dari(TBN 1-400).
Contoh : - Metal phenates, Sulfonate, Salicylates
- Sulfonate detergent membentuk micelles
Detergent yang lebih polar akan menempel lebihkuat dipermukaan dan menggeser kontaminan daripermukaan logam
Polaritas metal detergent > kontaminan
5b. Dispersant
Fungsi dispersant adalah :• Menekan pembentukan sludge, deposit dan
furnish khususnya pada kondisi temperaturrelatif rendah, (operasi stop and go atau opeasijarak pendek)
• Mengendalikan kontaminan :– Produk oksidasi– Carbon (soot)– Debu– Air
Aktivitas DispersantMolekul dispersant terdiri dari polar head (oksigenatau nitrogen) dan hidrokarbon tail (i.e-polybutane)
Gugus polar dari beberapa molekul dispersant akanmelingkari produk yang terdegredasi dan mencegahnya untuk membentuk Agglomerate
DispersantKondisi :• Produk oksidasi membentuk agglomerate, ukuran
bertambah besar dan menjadi insolubeGejala :• Sludge• CloggingAdditive :• Alkanyl Succinimide (PIB-maleic anhydride)• Ester high MW (succinamic anhydride de-glycol)• Mannich base (alkyl phenol-alkylene polyamine-
formaldehyde condensation product
API CI-4
• Optimum protection is provided against :– corrosive and soot-related wear tendencies– Korosi, keausan dan sifat viscometric terkait
kandungan soot tinggi– piston deposits– Degradasi pada temperatur rendah maupun
tinggi– oxidative thickening– viscosity loss akibat shearing
API CJ-4
• API Service Category CJ-4 designed : – For high-speed four-stroke cycle diesel engines
• designed to meet 2007 model year on-highway exhaust emission standards as well as for previous model years.
– Spesifically use in all applications with diesel fuels ranging in sulfur content up to 500 ppm (0.05% by weight).
• However, the use of these oils with greater than 15 ppm(0.0015% wt) may impact
– exhaust aftertreatment system durability – and/or oil drain interval.
API CJ-4• Will effective of sustaining emission control system
durability where particulate filters and other advanced aftertreatment systems are used.
• Optimum protection is provided for :– control of catalyst poisoning, – particulate filter blocking– engine wear– piston deposits– low- and high-temperature stability– soot handling properties– oxidative thickening– and viscosity loss due to shear.
• Oil with dispersant additives will generally keep soot in the range of 0.002 to 0.5 microns in suspension;
• detergent additives prevent the build-up of sludge and act as an acid neutralizer, keeping soot in the range of 0.5 to 1.5 microns in suspension.
Tantangan CJ-4
• To ensure protection of the after treatment devices, chemical limits were set for the first time ever for heavy-duty diesel engine oils.
• The chemical limits for API CJ-4 target the engine oil's commonly referred to as LOW SAPS are :
• 1.00 percent maximum sulfated ash (per ASTM D874) • 0.12 percent maximum phosphorus (per ASTM D4951) • 0.40 percent maximum sulfur (per ASTM D4951 or ASTM
D2622)
