sistematika penelitian 28 april 2012

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Aria Kekalih Aria Kekalih Program K3 Binawan Program K3 Binawan Sistematika Sistematika Penelitian Penelitian

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Page 1: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Aria KekalihAria Kekalih

Program K3 BinawanProgram K3 Binawan

Sistematika Sistematika PenelitianPenelitian

Page 2: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Usulan Penelitian Usulan Penelitian Pada akhir Program Kekhususan peserta diharapkan Pada akhir Program Kekhususan peserta diharapkan

mampu menyelesaikan proposal penelitianmampu menyelesaikan proposal penelitian Sistematika Proposal Penelitian meliputi:Sistematika Proposal Penelitian meliputi: 1. Pendahuluan1. Pendahuluan

1.1 Latar Belakang1.1 Latar Belakang1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.4 Hipotesis1.4 Hipotesis1.5 Manfaat penelitian1.5 Manfaat penelitian

2.2. Tinjauan Pustaka diakhiri dengan Tinjauan Pustaka diakhiri dengan Kerangka Teori dan Kerangka KonsepKerangka Teori dan Kerangka Konsep3. Metoda Penelitian3. Metoda Penelitian4. Daftar Pustaka: 4. Daftar Pustaka:

Page 3: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Penilaian Usulan Penilaian Usulan PenelitianPenelitian

Masalah yang akan ditelitiMasalah yang akan diteliti Tujuan penelitianTujuan penelitian Kerangka penulisanKerangka penulisan Pendekatan dan metodPendekatan dan metoda penelitian a penelitian

yang akan digunakanyang akan digunakan KepustakaanKepustakaan

Page 4: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

SKRIPSISKRIPSIKarya tulis akademik hasil Karya tulis akademik hasil studi mendalamstudi mendalam yang dilakukan secara mandiri dan berisi yang dilakukan secara mandiri dan berisi sumbangan baru bagi perkembangan ilmu sumbangan baru bagi perkembangan ilmu pengetahuanpengetahuan atau menemukan jawaban atau menemukan jawaban baru bagi masalah-masalah yang baru bagi masalah-masalah yang sementara telah diketahui jawabannya atau sementara telah diketahui jawabannya atau mengajukan pertanyaan-pertanyaan baru mengajukan pertanyaan-pertanyaan baru terhadap hal-hal yang dipandang telah terhadap hal-hal yang dipandang telah mapan di bidang ilmu pengetahuan, mapan di bidang ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi dan kesenian yang dilakukan teknologi dan kesenian yang dilakukan calon di bawah pengawasan para calon di bawah pengawasan para pembimbingnya.pembimbingnya.

Page 5: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

PENELITIANPENELITIAN OrisinalitasOrisinalitas Menghasilkan sesuatu yang baru Menghasilkan sesuatu yang baru

(konsep atau produk)(konsep atau produk) Dilakukan dengan metoda Dilakukan dengan metoda

penelitian yang sesuai tujuan penelitian yang sesuai tujuan (desain, sampel, analisis)(desain, sampel, analisis)

Menggunakan metoda pengukuran Menggunakan metoda pengukuran yang yang up to dateup to date dan akurat dan akurat

Azas manfaatAzas manfaat

Page 6: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Why do we conduct research?We conduct research to obtain knowledge, explore unknown aspects and find out solutions for many of our problems.

Research leads to invention, innovation and creation of artifacts which are useful to make the living happier. It is an explorative expedition into the areas of human ignorance.

Research bring light into the darker side of our intellectual voyages.

Page 7: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Research is defined as human activity based on intellectual application in the investigation of matter. The primary aim for applied research is discovering, interpreting, and the development of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge on a wide variety of scientific matters of our world and the universe. Research use the scientific method

Research is a systematic, dilligent inquiry or examination of some field of knowledge undertakento establish fact or principles; it involves collecting and analyzing data

Page 8: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Categories of Research I. Empirical and Theoritical

Empirical: Based upon observation and experience Theoritical: Based upon theory and abstraction

Both complement each other : in developing and understanding phenomena, in predicting future eventsin the prevention of harmful events

Health Research mainly follow empirical approach

Empirical research: QuantativeQualitative

Quantitative: population of interestcharateristics (variables, individual, units in population)variability of these characteristics

Measurement of variablesEstimation of population parameters (distribution and variability of

observation in the population)Estimating the extent to which chance play a role (Statistical testing)

Page 9: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

II. Basic and Applied Research Basic Research= Pure Research

involve a search for knowledge without a defined goal of utility or specific purpose

Applied research: a problem oriented research and is direted toward the solution of existing problem

In general there is a need to have a healthy balance between the 2 types

Basic research needs more affluent and technologically advanced resources

Page 10: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Basic research (fundamental or pure research) has as its primary objective the advancement of knowledge and the theoretical understanding of the relations among variables. It is exploratory and often driven by the researcher’s curiosity, interest, and intuition. It is conducted without any practical end in mind, although it may have unexpected results pointing to practical applications. The terms “basic” or “fundamental” indicate that, through theory generation, basic research provides the foundation for further, sometimes applied research. There is no guarantee of short-term practical gain.

Page 11: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

III. Occupational Research TriangleOperational interlink between

Basic researchDeals primarily with basic researchinvolving process at cellular/molecular level

Occupational Health services researchDeals with issues in the environment surrounding man which promote changes at cellular level

Behavioural researchDeals with interaction of man and the environment in a manner reflecting the beliefs, attitudes, and practices of the individual in society

Page 12: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

The goal of the research process is to produce new knowledge, which takes three main forms (although, as previously discussed, the boundaries between them may be fuzzy):

Exploratory research, which structures and identifies new problems Constructive research, which develops solutions to a problem Empirical research, which tests the feasibility of a solution using empirical evidence

Page 13: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Research is a quest for knowledge through dilligent search or investigation or experimentation aimed at discovery and interpretation of new knowledge

Scientific method is a systematic body of procedures and techniques applied carrying out investigation or experimentation targeted at obtaining new knowledge

A course of critical enquiry leading to the discovery of fact or information which increases our under-standing of human health and disease

Page 14: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Scientific methodGenerally, research is understood to follow a

certain structural process. Though step order may vary depending on the

subject matter and researcher, the following steps are usually part of most formal

research, both basic and applied:

Formation of the topic Hypothesis

Conceptual definitions Operational definitions

Gathering of data Analysis of data

Test, revising of hypothesis Conclusion, iteration if necessary

Page 15: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Charateristic of Research• Research originates with a question or a problem• Research requires a clear articulation of a goal• Research follows a specific plan of procedures• Research usually divides the principle problem into more manageable sub-problems• Research is guided by the specific research problem, questions or hypothesis• Research accepts certain critical assumptions, i.e. underlying theories or ideas about how the world works• Research requires the collection and interpretation of data in attempting to resolve the problem• Research is a cyclical or more exactly spiral or helical

Page 16: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Typical Steps in ResearchTypical Steps in Research1.1. Establishing a research question / hypothesisEstablishing a research question / hypothesis2.2. Finding background informationFinding background information3.3. Planning and conducting a specific research Planning and conducting a specific research

methodsmethods4.4. Collecting and studying dataCollecting and studying data5.5. Analyzing the dataAnalyzing the data6.6. Formulating and establishing a conclusionFormulating and establishing a conclusion7.7. Looking for areas of further researchLooking for areas of further research8.8. Stating the values associated with the research Stating the values associated with the research

knowledge knowledge 9.9. Publishing the research work for the others to viewPublishing the research work for the others to view

Page 17: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Sistematika IlmiahTeori dan FaktaMasalah PenelitianFenomena

HipotesisOperasionalisasi Variabel

Penetapan Model Penelitian Observasi Empirik

Pengolahan DataKesimpulan B

enan

g M

erah

Page 18: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

KAJIAN TEORI / DATA / EBMKAJIAN TEORI / DATA / EBM

induktifinduktif deduktifdeduktif

PENGUJIANPENGUJIAN PENYUSUNAN PENYUSUNANHIPOTESISHIPOTESIS HIPOTESIS HIPOTESIS

St. parametrikSt. parametrik Meta AnalisisMeta AnalisisSt. non parametrikSt. non parametrik EksperimenEksperimen RRRR CohortCohortOROR Case ControlCase ControlConfidence IntervalConfidence Interval Cross SectionalCross Sectional

Menganalisis Hasil Merancang Penelitian

Sistematika Penelitian

Penelitian

Page 19: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Gap between das Sein & das Sollen

Literature Study

Research Question(?)/Hypothesis

Methods / Design

Data Collection and Analysis

Conclusions

In the sample

Inference

In the Real World

Empiric Research Cycle

Page 20: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Study ProtocolStudy Protocol Aims as guidance for the Aims as guidance for the

investigator in the whole investigator in the whole process of planned researchprocess of planned research

Different formats or styles, Different formats or styles, depending on intitutions: should depending on intitutions: should be followed rigidlybe followed rigidlyI. Introduction

II. Literature ReviewIII. MethodsIV. ReferencesV. Appendices

Page 21: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Bab I. Pendahuluan Judul Penelitian

1.1 Latar Belakang1.1 Latar Belakang1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.4 Hipotesis1.4 Hipotesis1.5 Manfaat penelitian1.5 Manfaat penelitian

Tinjauan pustaka diakhiri dengan Tinjauan pustaka diakhiri dengan Kerangka Kerangka TeoriTeori dan dan Kerangka Konsep Kerangka Konsep

Bab II. Tinjauan Pustaka

Bab III. Metoda Penelitian DesainTempat dan waktuPopulasi dan sampelKriteria inklusi dan eksklusiBesar sampelCara KerjaIdentifikasi variabelDefinisi operasional variabelMenejemen dan analisis dataMasalah etika

Bab IV. Hasil Penelitian Bab V. Pembahasan Diakhiri dengan Simpulan

SaranBab VII. Daftar PustakaLampiran

B e

n a

n g

M e

r

a h

Page 22: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Research ProblemA research problem focuses on the issue(s) or set of relationship that a researcher would like to study

Examples: Factors affecting the development of diabetic foot ulcer (and wound healing)The role of ChenoDeoxyCholicAcid in Cholestatic SepsisThe importance of structured exercise in Haj pilgrimate with pes planus

F I N E R ? Bagian yang sangat penting dari suatu penelitian

Page 23: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Syarat untuk Masalah PenelitianFeasible: mampu laksana

– subyek cukup, dana cukup, waktu, alat, keahlian

Interesting : menarik bagi peneliti

Novel: Sesuatu yang baru

Ethical: tidak bertentangan dengan etika. Komisi Etik FKUI

Relevant: Bagi ilmu pengetahuan, tatalaksana pasien, Bagi kebijakan kesehatanUntuk dasar penelitian selanjutnya dsb.

Page 24: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Sifat Suatu Penelitian Baru

Membantah penemuan terdahuluMengonfirmasi/ memverifikasi penemuan

terdahuluMelengkapi, mengembangkan, hasil penelitian

terdahuluMenemukan sesuatu yang baru

Page 25: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Definition of Originality1. Saying something nobody has said before2. Carrying out empirical work that has not been done before3. Synthesizing something that has not been put before4. Making a new interpretation of someone’ else material

or ideas5. Taking a new technique and applying it to a new area6. Taking an existing technique and applying it to a new area7. Being cross disiplinary and using different methodologies8. Looking at topics that people in the chosen disiplines have

not looked at before9. Adding in knowledge in a way that has not ben done before10.Testing existing knowledge in an original way11.Writing down a new piece of information for the first time12.Continuing a previously original piece of work

Page 26: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Sumber masalah Penelitian:Kepustakaan, Buku Ajar, Journal, Internet dll.Bahan Diskusi, hasil konferensi, seminarPengalaman praktek sehari-hariPendapat pakarTeori vs. PraktekSumber-lain

Page 27: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Teori dan Fakta Empiris

Fakta dan Fakta Biologis, Klinis, Sosial

?Perumusan

Masalah

Kerangka Teori dan Kerangka Konsep

Hipotesis

Metode Penelitian

KesimpulanGeneralisasi/Inferensi

Tinjauan Pustaka

Hasil PenelitianPembahasan

Penelitian

B e

n a

n g

M e

r a

h

Page 28: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Bab I. Pendahuluan Judul Penelitian

1.1 Latar Belakang1.1 Latar Belakang1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.4 Hipotesis1.4 Hipotesis1.5 Manfaat penelitian1.5 Manfaat penelitian

Tinjauan pustaka diakhiri dengan Tinjauan pustaka diakhiri dengan Kerangka Kerangka TeoriTeori dan dan Kerangka Konsep Kerangka Konsep

Bab II. Tinjauan Pustaka

Bab III. Metoda Penelitian DesainTempat dan waktuPopulasi dan sampelKriteria inklusi dan eksklusiBesar sampelCara KerjaIdentifikasi variabelDefinisi operasional variabelMenejemen dan analisis dataMasalah etika

Bab IV. Hasil Penelitian Bab V. Pembahasan Diakhiri dengan Simpulan

SaranBab VII. Daftar PustakaLampiran

B e

n a

n g

M e

r

a h

Page 29: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Latar Belakang Masalah Magnitude of the problemApaMengapaBagaimanaUntuk apa (manfaat)

1.1 Latar Belakang1.1 Latar Belakang1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.4 Hipotesis1.4 Hipotesis1.5 Manfaat penelitian1.5 Manfaat penelitian

Bab I. Pendahuluan

Most important part of research proposal

Page 30: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Research Question(s)/Rumusan MasalahIdentifikasi masalah: merupakan ringkasan masalah yang ada

Rumusan MasalahFormulation of the background in interogative sentence(s)

Brief and directClear Not multiinterpretable

1.1 Latar Belakang1.1 Latar Belakang1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.4 Hipotesis1.4 Hipotesis1.5 Manfaat penelitian1.5 Manfaat penelitian

Bab I. Pendahuluan

Page 31: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Contoh Perumusan MasalahContoh Perumusan Masalah Apakah pada kolestasis terkait sepsis Apakah pada kolestasis terkait sepsis

pemberian CDCA bermanfaat ?pemberian CDCA bermanfaat ? Apakah program latihan terstruktur Apakah program latihan terstruktur

dengan insole dapat mengurangi dengan insole dapat mengurangi kelelahan pada jemaah haji dengan pes kelelahan pada jemaah haji dengan pes planus? planus?

Bagaimana mekanisme peran CDCA Bagaimana mekanisme peran CDCA pada kolestasis terkait sepsis?pada kolestasis terkait sepsis?

Page 32: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Tujuan Umum: Tujuan akhir penelitian yang hendak dilaksanakan, yang mungkin merupakan aspek yang lebih luas atau tujuanJangka panjangnya

Tujuan Khusus:Disebutkan secara lebih tajam hal yang akan langsung diukur, dinilai atau diperoleh dari penelitian

Tujuan umum dan khusus dapat dijadikan satu kalimat (bila pendek) Tujuan umum dan khusus dapat ditulis terpisah

Tujuan Penelitian 1.1 Latar Belakang1.1 Latar Belakang1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.4 Hipotesis1.4 Hipotesis1.5 Manfaat penelitian1.5 Manfaat penelitian

Bab I. Pendahuluan

Page 33: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Purpose of StudyPurpose of Study General:General: Wider aspects or prospective Wider aspects or prospective

naturenatureTo reduce mortality associated with DSSTo reduce mortality associated with DSS

Specific:Specific: What exactly will be measured What exactly will be measured- To determine demographic and clinical - To determine demographic and clinical factors associated with the development of factors associated with the development of DSS in children DSS in children- To determine the effectiveness of - To determine the effectiveness of crystalloid A as crystalloid A as compared to RL solution in compared to RL solution in managing pts with DSSmanaging pts with DSS

Spesific purposes should be in line with hypotheses

Page 34: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Hypotheses:carefully constructed statement about a phenomenon in the population

Method of difference: Difference in frequency of lung cancer in smokers and non smokersMethod of agreement: The occurrence of hepatitis A is associated with patient contact, crowding and poor sanitation and hygieneMethod of concomitant variation:Increasing frequency of leukemia with increasing radiation exposureMethod of analogy:The distribution and frequency of a disease or effectmay be similar enough to that of some other disease to suggest commonality in cause

1.1 Latar Belakang1.1 Latar Belakang1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.4 Hipotesis1.4 Hipotesis1.5 Manfaat penelitian1.5 Manfaat penelitian

Bab I. Pendahuluan

Page 35: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

HypothesisHypothesis An answer to research question that should An answer to research question that should

be validated empiricallybe validated empirically Hypothesis should not be judged as correct Hypothesis should not be judged as correct

or incorrect, but as valid or not validor incorrect, but as valid or not valid Not all studies need hypothesis; surveys Not all studies need hypothesis; surveys

and other descriptive studies do not need and other descriptive studies do not need hypothesishypothesis

Any research questions containing the Any research questions containing the words:words:associated with, related to, correlated to, associated with, related to, correlated to, different from, larger, smaller, better, different from, larger, smaller, better, worse, more, cause, risk factor(s) etc. worse, more, cause, risk factor(s) etc.

Page 36: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Charateristic of good Charateristic of good hypothesishypothesis

Written in positive sentenceWritten in positive sentence Based on good scientific reasoningBased on good scientific reasoning Can be validated empiricallyCan be validated empirically Simple: Simple:

- describe the association of one or more - describe the association of one or more independent variables and one dependent independent variables and one dependent variablevariable

- can be tested separetely with hypothesis testing- can be tested separetely with hypothesis testing Formulated a priori Formulated a priori

A POSTERIORI, DATA DREDGING, FISHING EXPEDITION

Page 37: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Significance / ManfaatSignificance / Manfaat AcademicAcademic ClinicalClinical Health PolicyHealth Policy Further ResearchFurther Research

1.1 Latar Belakang1.1 Latar Belakang1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.4 Hipotesis1.4 Hipotesis1.5 Manfaat penelitian1.5 Manfaat penelitian

Bab I. Pendahuluan

Page 38: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Kerangka TeoriRingkasan tinjauan pustaka terkaitlangsung dengan rencana penelitian

- Bentuk skema, - Disertai dengan narasi pendek

Page 39: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Kerangka KonsepBentuk skema, dapat serupa/tidak serupa

Kerangka TeoriDisertai dengan narasi pendekMemasukkan:

- hubungan variabel- konsep / area yang akan diteliti

Page 40: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

II. Literature Review• Detailed, but only aspects relevant to the substance of the research; no need to Review all aspects of the disease or problem under investigation• Requirement: good literature search and appraisal-

original articles, reviews, quantitative reviews, metaanalyses

• Most recent publications (internet search). Older ones ONLY for historical perspective

• Be meticulous. Needs repeated revisions, including languages: words,sentences, paragraphs, literature citations etc.

Page 41: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

KAJIAN TEORI / DATA / EBMKAJIAN TEORI / DATA / EBM

induktifinduktif deduktifdeduktif

PENGUJIANPENGUJIAN PENYUSUNAN PENYUSUNANHIPOTESISHIPOTESIS HIPOTESIS HIPOTESIS

St. parametrikSt. parametrik Meta AnalisisMeta AnalisisSt. non parametrikSt. non parametrik EksperimenEksperimen RRRR CohortCohortOROR Case ControlCase ControlConfidence IntervalConfidence Interval Cross SectionalCross Sectional

Menganalisis Hasil Merancang Penelitian

Sistematika Penelitian

Penelitian

Bab I

Bab III

Page 42: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

III. MethodsIII. Methods Design(s): one study may have more Design(s): one study may have more

than 1 designthan 1 design Time and placeTime and place Population: target population, sourcePopulation: target population, source Criteria for inclusion and exclusionCriteria for inclusion and exclusion Sample: sampling techniques, sample Sample: sampling techniques, sample

sizesizeAll must be elaborated explicitly in great details

Page 43: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Methods (cont.’ed)Methods (cont.’ed) Procedures: equipment, drugs, Procedures: equipment, drugs,

randomization, blinding, measurements, randomization, blinding, measurements, interventions, follow-up etc.interventions, follow-up etc.

Variable identification: independent variables, Variable identification: independent variables, dependent variables, confounders etc.dependent variables, confounders etc.

Definitions- Operational Definition of Definitions- Operational Definition of VariablesVariables

Ethic Committee ApprovalEthic Committee Approval Plan of analyses: types of test, computer Plan of analyses: types of test, computer

programs used, p value, confidence interval, programs used, p value, confidence interval, etc. etc.

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Study Design Sequence Study Design Sequence Case ReportCase series

Cross-sectionalSurveys

Analytic studies

Case –controlCohortRetrospective Cohort

ExperimentalRandomized TialsQuasi-experimental

Page 45: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Study DesignsDescriptive

Case Report

Case Series

Descriptive Epidemiology

AnalyticEcologic Study

Before-After Study

Cross-sectional Study

Case-Crossover Study

Case-Control Study

Cohort Study

RCT

Page 46: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Desain Penelitian Desain Penelitian ObservationalObservational InterventionalInterventional

Laporan kasusLaporan kasus Uji KlinisUji KlinisSeri kasusSeri kasus IntervensiIntervensiStudi Potong LintangStudi Potong LintangStudi Kasus-kontrolStudi Kasus-kontrolStudi KohortStudi Kohort

Page 47: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Study Design SequenceStudy Design SequenceHypothesis Formation

Case Report Case Series Descriptive Epidemiologi

Lab. Study

AnimalStudy

Analytic Epidemiology

Cross-Sectional

Case-Control

CohortClinical Trials

Hypothesis Testing

Page 48: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Study DesignsDescriptive Studies Develop Hypothesis

Investigate its relationshipto outcomes

Case-ControlStudies

Cohort Studies

Clinical TrialsIncr

easi

ng k

now

ledg

e of

D

isea

se/E

xpos

ure

Define its meaning with exposures

Test LinkExperimentally

Page 49: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

IV. Hasil PenelitianIV. Hasil PenelitianMelaporkan hasil penelitian secara keseluruhan

Keterbatasan penelitian Kekuatan penelitian – mutiara2 penelitian Lama studi Karakteristik PenelitianData Hasil Penelitian terkait:

Tujuan PenelitianHipotesis

Dalam bentuk Tabel, Diagram, Narasi

Page 50: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

V. Pembahasan V. Pembahasan Pembahasan mengenai:

Subyek PenelitianData Hasil Penelitian terkait dengan:

- Tujuan penelitian- Hipotesis penelitian

Penjelasan mengenai Hasil Penelitian terkait dengan:- Hasil penelitian di tempat lain- Hasil penelitian yang memperkuat teori yang sudah ada ataupun yang tidak sesuai dengan teori/keadaan yang sudah ada

Hasil Penelitian Terkait Hypothesis TestingSimpulan SaranRingkasanSummary

Page 51: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

SimpulanSimpulan

Berisi Pokok-pokok Temuan pada Penelitian

Tidak memasukkan hal-hal yang tidak merupakan temuan penelitian ini

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Critical Apraisal / Kritik Critical Apraisal / Kritik JurnalJurnal

Alasan dilakukan penelitian ?Alasan dilakukan penelitian ?Tujuan ?Tujuan ?Hipotesis ? Hipotesis ? Tipe desain studi ?Tipe desain studi ?Populasi ?Populasi ?Jumlah sampel ?Jumlah sampel ? Adekuat ?Adekuat ?Cara pengambilan sampel ?Cara pengambilan sampel ?Nilai alpha ?Nilai alpha ?

Page 53: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Critical Apraisal / Kritik Critical Apraisal / Kritik JurnalJurnal

Bias ?Bias ?Kriteria inklusi ?Kriteria inklusi ? Kriteria eksklusi ?Kriteria eksklusi ?Variabel-variabel ?Variabel-variabel ?Cara pengukuran ? Standarisasi alat ukur Cara pengukuran ? Standarisasi alat ukur

??Kesesuaian jenis analisis statistik ?Kesesuaian jenis analisis statistik ?Hasil ?Hasil ? Interval kepercayaanInterval kepercayaan ? ? Kesimpulan ?Kesimpulan ?Hasil dapat dipercaya ?Hasil dapat dipercaya ?Hasil dapat dipraktekkan di tempat kita ?Hasil dapat dipraktekkan di tempat kita ?

Page 54: Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012

Hatur Nuhun