CGPRT NO 17

Sistem Komoditas Kedelai

di Indonesia

Pusat Palawija

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Daftar Isi

Halaman Daftar Tabel dan Gambar ................................................................................................... vii Pengantar ........................................................................................................................... xi Prakata ........................................................................................................................... xii Pernyataan Penghargaan ..................................................................................................... xiii Ikhtisar ........................................................................................................................... xv

1. Pendahuluan ............................................................................................................ 1 Tujuan studi........................................................................................................... 2 Metodologi dan jangkauan ................................................................................... 2

2. Kecenderungan dalam Produksi Kedelai ................................................................. 5 Kedelai dan tanaman palawija lainnya ................................................................. 5 Perkembangan produksi kedelai............................................................................ 6 Karakteristik daerah produksi .............................................................................. 10 Memajukan usahatani kedelai .............................................................................. 13

3. Cara-cara Produksi Usahatani .................................................................................. 15 Ciri-ciri umum ...................................................................................................... 15 Sistem pertanaman kedelai ................................................................................... 16 Teknologi produksi .............................................................................................. 21 Penanganan pasca panen ....................................................................................... 24 Masalah dan prospek ............................................................................................ 25

4. Hubungan antara Masukan dan Keluaran ................................................................ 27 Prasyarat analisis masukan dan keluaran .............................................................. 27 Garis besar analisis masukan-keluaran.................................................................. 27 Sistem pertanaman di berbagai daerah ................................................................. 31 Hubungan antara masukan dan keluaran .............................................................. 32 Fungsi Cobb-Douglas untuk produksi kedelai ..................................................... 35 Interpretasi hasil analisis ...................................................................................... 38

5. Situasi Pemasaran dan Harga .................................................................................. 41 Struktur pemasaran................................................................................................ 41 Marjin pemasaran ................................................................................................. 43 Spesialisasi pedagang ........................................................................................... 44 Kendala dan masalah pemasaran .......................................................................... 45 Peran pedagang/tengkulak .................................................................................... 46 Distribusi kedelai impor ........................................................................................ 47 Kecenderungan harga riel ..................................................................................... 48

6. Pemanfaatan dan Pengolahan................................................................................... 51 Makanan Indonesia dari kedelai ........................................................................... 51 Industri pengolahan tradisional ............................................................................ 53

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Fungsi dan peran KOPTI....................................................................................... 56 Industri pakan ternak............................................................................................. 58

7. Permintaan dan Konsumsi........................................................................................ 61 Impor kedelai ........................................................................................................ 61 Konsumsi pangan ................................................................................................. 61 Konsumsi pakan ternak ........................................................................................ 63 Daerah konsumsi .................................................................................................. 63 Permintaan akan bahan makanan ......................................................................... 65

8. Kebijaksanaan Pemerintah, Peraturan dan Program Penunjang............................... 69 BIMAS dan program intensifikasi ........................................................................ 69 Sistem produksi dan distribusi benih .................................................................... 73 Kebijaksanaan pasar dan harga dasar ................................................................... 73 Penyuluhan pertanian ........................................................................................... 74 Penelitian untuk perbaikan varitas ........................................................................ 75

9. Diskusi dan Kesimpulan .......................................................................................... 77 Latar belakang agro-ekonomi studi kedelai .......................................................... 77 Hubungan antara persoalan mikro dan makro....................................................... 78

Lampiran ........................................................................................................................... 81

Anggota Tim Studi ............................................................................................... 81 Singkatan .............................................................................................................. 83

Daftar Pustaka .................................................................................................................... 85

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Daftar Tabel dan Gambar

Tabel Halaman 1.1 Neraca sumber pangan utama, 1985 .......................................................................... 1 1.2 Propinsi, kabupaten, kecamatan, dan desa yang terliput dalam studi sistem komoditas

kedelai, 1984 .............................................................................................................. 3 2.1 Perkembangan luas panen dan produksi kedelai, 1969-1986 ..................................... 7 2.2 Perkembangan hasil kedelai, 1969-1986 .................................................................... 9 2.3 Luas panen palawija dan kedelai menurut propinsi (rata-rata 1969-1971 dan .. 1979-

1981) ........................................................................................................................... 11 2.4 Location quotient produksi kedelai menurut propinsi (rata-rata 1969-1971dan 1979-

1981) ........................................................................................................................... 12 3.1 Ukuran dan ciri keluarga petani kedelai menurut daerah, 1983/1984 ........................ 15 3.2 Pemilikan lahan garapan dan budidaya kedelai rata-rata tiap keluarga petani,

1983/1984 .................................................................................................................. 16 3.3 Persentase pertanaman kedelai di berbagai macam lahan di daerah sampel,

1983/1984 .................................................................................................................. 18 3.4 Persentase kedelai yang ditanam dalam berbagai pola tanam di daerah sampel,

1983/1984 .................................................................................................................. 18 3.5 Persentage petani yang diwawancarai, yang turut serta dalam program BIMAS

kedelai, 1983/1984 ..................................................................................................... 21 3.6 Tingkat masukan setiap hektar kedelai yang ditanam di daerah sampel, 1983/1984 . 22 3.7 Biaya dan pendapatan produksi kedelai per hektar di daerah sampel, 1983/1984 ..... 23 3.8 Tingkat pemakaian masukan tiap hektar kedelai, 1985 .............................................. 24 4.1 Rata-rata luas panen, hasil, dan masukan dari 113 petani sampel di berbagai daerah 28 4.2 Rata-rata luas panen, hasil dan masukan dari 113 petani sampel pada berbagai

kondisi pertanaman ..................................................................................................... 28

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4.3 Analisis regresi ganda terhadap 113 petani kedelai sampel berdasarkan luas lahan dan pemakaian benih, 1984 .............................................................................................. 33

4.4 Analisis regresi ganda terhadap para petani kedelai sampel m