sistem berkas linux rahmat m samik ibrahim vlsm.org

2007RahmatM.SamikIbrahimGNUFreeDocumentLicenseSilakansecarabebasmenggandakanpresentasiini1

SistemBerkasGNU/Linux

http://rms46.vlsm.org/2/153.pdf(rev.2007.03.28)

RahmatM.SamikIbrahimvLSM.org

DibuatdenganOpenOffice2.0.4berbasisDe2.UI


Agenda

KonsepUmumSistemOperasi KonsepSistemOperasiGNU/Linux DistroGNU/Linux BeberapaPerintahGNU/Linux ManajemenSistemBerkas FilesystemHierarchyStandard


SistemOperasi(1)

Sistem(program)yangmengoperasikankomputer mengoperasikankeyboard. mengoperasikanmouse. mengoperasikanCDROMdrive. menjalankanprogramlainseperti:games,browser. menyimpanberkaskedisketdanharddisk. menampilkaninformasikelayarmonitor. menampilaknsuarakespeaker.


SistemOperasi(2)

SetiapKomputerMenggunakanSistemOperasi Microsoft:Windows98,Windows/NT,Windows2000,WindowsXP.

UNIX:AIX,BSD,HPUX,IRIX,SCOUnix,Solaris. GNU/Linux. FreeBSD,NetBSD,OpenBSD.


KomponenSistemOperasi

ManajemenProses ManajemenMemoriUtama ManajemenBerkas ManajemenI/O ManajemenPenyimpananSekunder ManajemanJaringan ManajemenSistemProteksi


LisensiPerangkatLunak

Ketentuandari''Pemilik''PerangkatLunak BiayaMenggunakan

PerSatuanWaktu PerJumlahKomputer PerJumlahPengguna

KetentuanMenggunakan Siapayangbolehmenggunakan? Apakahbolehdigandakan? Apakahadakomisiproduk?


KonsepDISTRO

Distribusi(Distro)SistemOperasiLengkap kernel(umpamaLinux) utilitasperangkatlunak(bebas) utilitaslainnya

Contoh Debian/Ubuntu De2(DeDe)DebianDepok Knoppix(live) RedHat/Fedora Mandriva


ApakahSemua''Distro''Baik?

Jumlahvariasilebihmerupakanmasalah ''AzazTunggal''memudahkanpemeliharaan JANGANmemilihyang''KATANYABAGUS'' Samakandengantemananda Mudahbertanya/konsultasi Punyaaksesupgrade? Merasacocok?


DistroGNU/Linux

DISTRO:hasilkompilasisistemoperasiyangtinggaldiinstall

FormatDefacto:CDROM Fanatisme?! PilihlahDISTROsepertiyangdigunakanteman/tetanggaanda!

URL:http://kambing.vLSM.org/


BeberapaInformasiDISTRO

Slackware: palingsenior Redhat:palingpopuler SuSE:BernuansaEropa Gentoo:compilesendiri Mandriva:Mudahdiinstall Knoppix:BootdariCDROMtanpainstall Debian:Mudahdipelihara DeAl:DebianAlternatif(danDe2:DeDe)


DistroPilihan

UbuntudanKnoppix:Pemula sangatbersahabat

DebianGNU/LinuxdanDeAl:Pro sangatstabiluntuksistemproduksi sulitdiinstall


DebianGNU/Linux

Didukunghampir10000paketsiapinstall Didukunghampir1000pengembang Kematangan:stable,testing,unstable Lisensi:free,contrib,nonfree,nonUS Memilikikebijaksanaanyangketatdankaku TanpaDeadlineKomersial URL:http://www.id.debian.org/


BeberapaPerintahGNU/Linux

w(who) top df


w(who) w: siapa yang login (20 Mei 2003)?13:21:05up50days,20:39,35users,loadaverage:0.09,0.21,0.33

USERTTYFROMLOGIN@IDLEJCPUPCPUWHATrms46pts/6ws28150..13:200.00s0.42s0.30swronal100pts/1lab110325..13:182:540.09s0.09sbashindah101pts/5lab110725..13:0415:050.20s0.12srtinfirma100pts/7lab110925..13:143:141.12s1.03spinediah20pts/32lab110525..12:570.00s4.39s4.31srtinalde20pts/33lab110925..12:173.00s0.55s0.45srtinzidni101pts/38lab110725..12:4517:141.76s0.40spinereaz20pts/48lab110625..12:3827.00s1.81s1.68srtiniman20pts/57lab110125..12:3822:210.23s0.23sbashbayu100pts/59lab110325..12:3838:320.39s0.28srtinsiti100pts/63lab110925..12:462.00s1.92s1.79srtin


top:prosesapayangsedangberjalan?

11:48:20up50days,19:07,15users

loadaverage:0.71,0.74,0.57

93processes:91sleeping,1running,0zombie,1stopped

CPUstates:16.4%user,2.7%system,0.0%nice,80.9%idle

Mem:127236Ktotal,98164Kused,29072Kfree,2756KbuffersSwap:263160Ktotal,10928Kused,252232Kfree,16304Kcached

top(bunga20Mei2003a)


top(bunga20Mei2003b)PIDUSERPRINISIZERSSSHARESTAT%CPU%MEMTIMECOMMAND

1root0014812096S0.00.00:09init2root00000SW0.00.00:02kflushd3root00000SW0.00.00:19kupdate4root00000SW0.00.090:50kswapd5root00000SW0.00.00:00keventd20240rms4600254024882136S0.01.90:00sshd20245rms4640247624762028S0.01.90:00bash20281rms46110219621961752R14.31.70:00top20238atmo19900251624562068S0.01.90:00sshd17936didik10000744236124S0.00.10:01sshd19954edwin10000251624602072S0.01.90:00sshd20268para10100251624602072S0.01.90:00sshd20271roy10100251224522064S0.81.90:00sshd18194rudi10000230421761824S0.01.70:00sshd20230sari19900250424482076S0.01.90:00sshd20251sen19900248824322060S0.01.90:00sshd17932sherl10000912608492S0.00.40:00sshd18223yudha10000230421761824S0.01.70:00sshd


$df

df

Filesystems1KblocksUsedAvailableUse%Mountedon/dev/hda327561176105711161558999641%//dev/hda6293173221977227119608%/knoppix/dev/hda72931732268432266330010%/de2/dev/hdb21980753281820921162544042%/var/work1/dev/hdc21981556481673161164824842%/var/www/dev/hda14192752350072869202484%/win98

df:pendayagunaansistemberkas


ManajemenBerkas

Buat/Hapus Buka/Tutup Baca/Tulis PencarianBlokKosong AlokasiBlok PenjadwalanTulis/Baca


Volumevs.Mounting

MSWindows,VaxVMS,IBMVM/SPterpisah.Contoh:''C:'',''D:''

Unix,GNU/Linuxmenggabungkanvolumedenganmounting(sumber:Silberschatz)


AlokasiBlokBerkait


FAT:FileAllocationTable


SistemAlokasiBerindeks


directblocks

singleindirect

doubleindirect

data

data

data

data

data

data

data

data

SistemBerkas(ext2fs)


KABARBURUK:

Berkasyangsudahdihapus,sulitditemukandalamkeadaanutuh.

BACKUPBACKUPBACKUP(!) TanyaKenapa?


FHS:FilesystemHierarchyStandard

URLVersi3.0:http://www.pathname.com/fhs/ FHS:

PerangkatLunakdanParaPengguna: pembakuannamaberkasdandirektori pembakuanspesifikasiminimum petunjukdanpelaksanaanpenamaanberkasdandirektori berlakuumumuntuksemuasistemserupaUnix(danLinux)


JenisDirektori

shareable unshareable

static /usr/opt /etc/boot

variable /var/run/var/lock/var/mail

/var/spool/news


/ROOT

bin dev lib mnt sbin tmp var (extra)/root

boot etc media opt srv usr (extra)/home (extra)/lib


StrukturDirektori

/procsistemberkaskhususkernel /homeHomeParaPengguna(users) /etctempatkonfigurasi /bin,/usr/binstandardbinaries /sbin,/usr/sbinstandardsystembinaries /vardatavariabel /bootkernel /usr/localkeperluanlokal


/bin

Esensial: cat chgrp chmod chown cp date dd df dmesg echo,false,hostname

kill,ln,login,ls,mkdir mknod,more,mount mv,ps,pwd,rm rmdir,sed,sh,stty su sync true umount uname


/etc:Hostspecificsystem

csh.login,export,fstab,ftpusers,gateways,gettydefs,group,host.conf,hosts,hosts.allow,hosts.deny,hosts.equiv,hosts.lpd,inetd.conf,inittab,issue,ld.so.conf,motd,mtab,mtools.conf,networks,passwd,printcap,profile,protocols,resolv.conf,rpc,securetty,services,shells,syslog.conf.


fdisk(hdbdanhdc)rmsbase:~#fdisk/dev/hdbCommand(mforhelp):p

Disk/dev/hdb:20.5GB,20547841536bytes255heads,63sectors/track,2498cylindersUnits=cylindersof16065*512=8225280bytesDeviceBootStartEndBlocksIdSystem/dev/hdb1132257008+82Linuxswap/dev/hdb23324981980814583Linux

rmsbase:~#fdisk/dev/hdcCommand(mforhelp):pDisk/dev/hdc:20.5GB,20547841536bytes255heads,63sectors/track,2498cylindersUnits=cylindersof16065*512=8225280bytesDeviceBootStartEndBlocksIdSystem/dev/hdc113124897682Linuxswap/dev/hdc232249819816177+83Linux


/etc/fstab rmsbase:~#cat/etc/fstab#/etc/fstab:staticfilesysteminformation.## proc /procprocdefaults00/dev/hda8noneswapsw00/dev/hdb1noneswapsw00/dev/hdc1noneswapsw00/dev/hda3/ext3errors=remountro01/dev/hda1/win98autorw,user,noauto31/dev/hda6/knoppixreiserfsdefaults22/dev/hda7/de2reiserfsdefaults22/dev/hdb2/var/work1reiserfsdefaults33/dev/hdc2/var/wwwreiserfsdefaults33/dev/cdrom/cdromiso9660ro,user,noauto00/dev/fd0/floppyautouser,noauto00/var/iso/test.iso/var/iso/testiso9660noauto,user,ro,loop=/dev/loop000

fstab:informasistatiksistemberkas


/proc/

rms46@bunga:~/$cd/procrms46@bunga:/proc$lsla

drxrxrx3rootroot0May2013:531

drxrxrx3rms46pps_000May2013:5325570drxrxrx3rms46pps_000May2013:5325571drxrxrx3rms46pps_000May2013:5325595drxrxrx3rms46pps_000May2013:5325596drxrxrx3rms46pps_000May2013:5325597drxrxrx3rms46pps_000May2013:5325618

r1rootroot134221824May2013:53kcorerrr1rootroot0May2013:53meminforrr1rootroot0May2013:53swapsrrr1rootroot0May2013:53uptimerrr1rootroot0May2013:53version


/proc/

rms46@bunga:/proc$cd25597rms46@bunga:/proc/25597$lslatotal0rrr1rms46pps_000May2013:55cmdlinelrwx1rms46pps_000May2013:55cwd>/proc/25597r1rms46pps_000May2013:55environlrwx1rms46pps_000May2013:55exe>/bin/bashdrx2rms46pps_000May2013:55fdprrr1rms46pps_000May2013:55mapsrw1rms46pps_000May2013:55memlrwx1rms46pps_000May2013:55root>/rrr1rms46pps_000May2013:55statrrr1rms46pps_000May2013:55statmrrr1rms46pps_000May2013:55status


/proc/cpuinforms46@bunga:/proc$catcpuinfoprocessor :0vendor_id :GenuineIntelcpufamily :6model :3modelname :PentiumII(Klamath)stepping :4cpuMHz :300.016cachesize :512KBfdiv_bug :nohlt_bug :nosep_bug :nof00f_bug :nocoma_bug :nofpu :yesfpu_exception:yescpuidlevel :2wp :yesflags :fpuvmedepsetscmsrpaemcecx8apicsepmtrrpge

mcacmovmmxbogomips :598.01


/proc/meminfo

/etc/version

rms46@bunga:/proc$catmeminfototal:used:free:shared:buffers:cached:Mem:130289664127205376308428820304281626828808622080Swap:26947584046206976223268864

MemTotal:127236kBMemFree:3012kBMemShared:198284kBBuffers:2620kBCached:8420kBSwapTotal:263160kBSwapFree:218036kB

rms46@bunga:/proc$catversionLinuxversion2.2.20(herbert@gondolin)(gccversion2.7.2.3)#1SatApr2011:45:28EST2002


/etc/passwd/etc/shadow

/etc/passwd(rwrr)root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bashdaemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/shbin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/bin/shsys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/bin/shsync:x:4:100:sync:/bin:/bin/syncgames:x:5:100:games:/usr/games:/bin/shrms46:x:1000:1000:RahmatM.SamikIbrahim:/home/rms46:/bin/bash

/etc/shadow(rwr)rms46:xsderfjkljslkjlsjlkjllkjls:1:1:11111:1:::


/etc/inittab(1)#Thedefaultrunlevel>''2''=/etc/rc2.did:2:initdefault:

#Boottimesystemconfiguration/initializationscript.#Thisisrunfirstexceptinemergency(b)mode.si::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS

#Runlevel:0(halt)1(singleuser)#25(multiuser)6(reboot).

l0:0:wait:/etc/init.d/rc0l1:1:wait:/etc/init.d/rc1l2:2:wait:/etc/init.d/rc2l3:3:wait:/etc/init.d/rc3l4:4:wait:/etc/init.d/rc4l5:5:wait:/etc/init.d/rc5l6:6:wait:/etc/init.d/rc6


/etc/inittab(2)

#WhattodowhenCTRLALTDELispressed.ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdownt1arnow

1:2345:respawn:/sbin/getty38400tty12:23:respawn:/sbin/getty38400tty23:23:respawn:/sbin/getty38400tty34:23:respawn:/sbin/getty38400tty45:23:respawn:/sbin/getty38400tty56:23:respawn:/sbin/getty38400tty6


/etc/rc2.d/etc/init.dS10sysklogdS11klogdS14pppS19nfscommonS20cupsysS20eximS20gpmS20inetdS20klisaS20logoutdS20lpdppdS20lprngS20makedevS20nfskernelserverS20slpdS20sshS30squidS89atdS89cronS91apacheS99fetchmailS99gdmS99kdmS99rmnologin

SNNxxxx S=START NN=sequence xxxxx=scriptname


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