sirkulasi sistemik & susunan syaraf tepi

7/27/2019 Sirkulasi Sistemik & Susunan Syaraf Tepi

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SIRKULASI SISTEMIK &SUSUNAN SYARAF TEPI

BERNY YULIANTO, DRHFAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN HEWANUNIVERSITAS WIJAYA KUSUMA SURABAYA


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Sirkulasi sistemik

Sirkulasi sistemik adalah gerakan darahdengan O2 ke ke seluruh bagian tubuh dankembalinya darah ber CO2 ke jantung

Uraian berikut tentang pembuluh darahadalah terutamaberdasarkan pada kuda

Hewan yang mempunyai sistem pencernaan

berbeda seperti ruminansia, atau yangmempunyai jumlah jari lebih dari satu (perkaki) mempunyai sedikit perbedaan susunanarteri dan vena


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Aorta

ARKUS AORTA (busur aorta) Ventrikel kiri jantung menerima darah dengan O2 dari

atrium kiri dan memompanya ke seluruh sirkulasi sistemikmemlaui arteri terbesar : aorta

Katup aorta pada pertemuan ventrikel kiri dengan aorta

mencegah aliran balik darah dari aorta ke ventrikel kiri padasaat ventrikel relaksasi

Dua pembuluh besar muncul dari aorta segera di distalkatup aorta : arteri koronaria kiri dan kanan pasokandarah arterial untuk myokardium (otot jantung)

Sebagian besar darah vena dari miokardium kembali keatrium kanan melalui vena koronaria mengalirkan darahlangsung ke atrium kanan melalui sinus koronaria(berdekatan dengan ujung vena cava caudalis)


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Setelah muncul dari basis jantung, arkusaorta mengarah ke dorsal lalu ke caudal (tidak jauh dari ventral corpus vertebraethoracis)

Aorta berlanjut sebagai aorta thoracica

sampai melalui hiatus aorta di diafragma laludisebut sebagai aorta abdominalis


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Trunkus brachiocephalicus : arteri yangmengalirkan darah ke kepala, leher dan kaki

depan adalah cabang dari arkus aorta padakuda dan ruminasia merupakan cabangtunggal besar


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Secara umum dari aliran darah ke bagian

cranial tubuh (trunkus brachiocephalicus)[pola yang lebih tepat tergantung spesies):

1. Aliran darah utama ke kaki depan munculsebagai arteri subclavia kiri dan kanan

2. Trunkus costoventralis kiri dan kananmengalirkan darah ke daerah leher dan dindingthorax cranial

3. Arteri carotis comunis kiri dan kanan adalahaliran darah utama untuk kepala dan otak(keduanya muncul dari trunkus bicarotistunggal)


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Aorta Thoracica

Aorta thoracica mengarah ke caudal langsung di

ventral vertebrae. Pasangan-pasangan arteri segmental muncul dari

sisi dorsal untuk memasok darah ke dinding thoraxdan otot-otot epaxial : arteri-arteri intercostal

memasuki ruang intercostal yang berhubungan memunculkan ramus spinalis yang memasuki

canalis vertebralis untuk memasok darah ke medulaspinalis dan akar syaraf spinalis

Lanjutan dari arteri intercostal dorsal mengikuti tepicaudal setiap costae dan mengarah ke ventral

Cabang lain dari aorta thoracica memasok darah keesofagus, paru-paru dan diafragma


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Aorta abdominalis

di ventral beberap vertebrae lumbalisberakhir dengan bercabang menjadi :

Dua arteri iliaca externalmemasok kakibelakang

Dua arteri iliaca internal memasok daerahgluteal dan perineal

Pada beberapa spesies memiliki arteri median

sacral lanjutan garis tengah kecil dari aorta

yang melanjutkan ke ventral ke caudal sebagaiarteri median caudal (vena median caudalbiasanya jadi tempat pengambilan darah padasapi dewasa)


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Dari aorta abdominalis muncul pasangan-pasangan arteri lumbalismemasok dinding abominal

dan otot-otot epaxial dan memberi ranting (ramus) spinalis untukmemasok medula spinalis dan akar syaraf spinalis di daerah

lumbosacral Pasangan cabang-cabang visceral (untuk organ dalam) :

Arteri renalis untuk ginjal Arteri testicular atau ovarium gonad

Tiga cabang yang tidak berpasangan yang memasok hampir

semua organ dalam di abdomen: Arteri celiaca bercabang:

Arteri gastrica sinistra lambung

Arteri splenica limpa

Arteri hepatica hepar

Arteri mesenterica cranialis

usus halus dan sebagian besar ususbesar Arteri mesenterica caudalis bagian caudal usus besar dan

rektum


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Distribusi arteri ke kepala

Hampir semua struktur di wajah, kepala dan leher cranial di pasok

oleh arteri carotis communis kanan dan kiri, yang masing-masingmengarah cranial dalam lembaran jaringan ikat bersama dengantruncus vagosympatheticus di sisi yang sama.

Cabang-cabang arteri carotis communis memasok darah ke kelenjartiroid dan larinks

Pada daerah larinks, dari arteri carotis communis muncul artericarotis interna sumber utama darah ke otak

The continuation of the common carotid artery is the externalcarotid artery, whose many branches supply the face, tongue, andstructures of the oral and nasal cavities.

Lanjutan arteri carotis communis adalah arteri carotis externa

yang memberi cabang-cabang ke wajah, lidah, dan struktur-strukturpada rongga mulut dan hidung

Arteri facialis untuk pulsasi pada mandibula


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Arteri carotis interna atau turunannya masuk salam suatu cincinanastomotik pembuluh darah di dasar otak : circulus arteriosuscerebri (circle of Willis) darinya muncul arteri-arteri yang

memasok cerebral hemisphere dan bagian rostral dari batangotak

Bagian-bagian lebih caudal dari batang otak dan cerebellum(otak kecil) mendapatkan pasokan darah dari cabang-cabangarteri basilaris


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Distribusi arteri di kaki depan

The right and left subclavian arteries follow the same course on each side ofthe body and each gives off similar branches.

Within the thorax each subclavian artery gives off a number of branchesthat supply blood to the caudal part of the neck, much of the thoracic wall,and the dorsal part of the shoulder.

The subclavian artery passes cranial to the first rib on the respective side,passing into the axilla (armpit) of the thoracic limb, where it is called theaxillary artery.

The axillary artery enters the limb, becoming the brachial arteryin theregion of the brachium and then the median arteryas it continues distal tothe elbow.

The largest terminal branch of the median artery in the horse is the medialpalmar artery, which passes distad in the metacarpus to the fetlock, whereit divides into medial and lateral digital arteries.

In ruminants, the median artery is continued in the manus as thepalmarcommon digital artery


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Arterial Distribution to the

Pelvic Limb

The abdominal aorta terminates near thelumbosacral junction in the two internal iliacarteries (and often a small, midlinecontinuation called the median sacral artery).

Each internal iliac artery and its manybranches supply the region of the pelvis, the

hip, and much of the genitalia.


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Just cranial to the internal iliac arteries, the external iliac arteries arise and giverise to branches serving caudoventral parts of the abdominal wall and structuresof the inguinal region (prepuce, scrotum, and/or mammary gland).

These large arteries then continue into the pelvic limbs as thefemoral arteries.The femoral artery descends on the medial aspect of the limb, giving branchesto the large thigh muscles, and continues in the region of the caudal stifle as thepopliteal artery.

After a very short course, the popliteal artery divides into cranialand caudaltibial arteries. The small caudal tibial artery supplies the muscles of the crus, or true leg. The cranial tibial artery is larger; it passes craniad between the tibia and fibula and

descends on the cranial side of the crus to the hock. Where this vessel lies on the flexorsurface of the hock, it is referred to as the dorsal pedal artery.

In horses, it continues distad as the dorsal (great) metatarsal a. III, running on thelateral side of the pes in the groove between the cannon bone and lateral splint.Ultimately, it passes to the plantar aspect of the distal cannon bone by crossing deep tothe splint bone.

At the equine fetlock it divides into medial and lateral digital arteries. In ruminants, the dorsal pedal artery continues distad on the dorsal aspect of the pes;

the plantar side is supplied by a continuation of the saphenous artery, a medial branchof the femoral artery (


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Cranial Vena Cava

The cranial vena cava drains the head,neck,thoracic limbs, and part of the thorax.

Tributaries to the cranial vena cava includethejugular veins (internal and external),subclavian veins, and vertebral veins.

The external jugular veins drain the face and

much of the head, while the internal jugularveins, if present, along with the vertebralveins drain most of the blood from the brain.


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Each subclavian vein receives venous blood

from the same areas that are supplied by thesubclavian artery and its branches (shoulder,

neck, and thoracic limbs).

The azygos vein (the word azygos derivesfrom the Greek wordmeaning unpaired) lies

adjacent to the vertebral column, receivingthe segmentally arranged intercostal veins.


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In horses, the right azygos vein empties atthe junction between cranial vena cava and

right atrium.

Ruminants sometimes have both right andleft azygos veins, but more usually have a

single left azygos vein,which empties directlyinto the right atrium with the coronary sinus

The pig possesses a left azygous vein, which

empties into the coronary sinus.


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Caudal Vena Cava

The caudal vena cava is formed in theabdomen by the junction of the pairedinternal and external iliac veins.

These drain the gluteal and perinealregionsand the pelvic limbs, respectively.

The caudal vena cava also receives lumbar

veins, testicular or ovarian veins, renalveins, andvarious others from structuresassociated with the body walls.


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Just caudal to the point at which the caudalvena cava passes through the caval foramenof the diaphragm, it receives a numberofshort hepatic veins directly from the liver.


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Portal System

Aportal system is one in which a vesseldivides into capillaries, recombines to formanother vessel, and then redivides into a

second capillary bed. In the hepatic portal system, blood that has

perfused the capillary beds of the viscera isbrought to the liver by a single large vein, the

portal vein, and then is redistributed into asecond capillary bed within the substance ofthe liver


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Tributaries to the portal vein include thegastric vein from the stomach, the splenic

vein from the spleen, the mesenteric veinsfrom the intestines, and thepancreatic veinsfrom the pancreas.

The portal vein enters the liver andimmediately breaks up into smaller andsmaller branches there, finally ending in thesinusoids of the liver.


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in the sinusoids the blood comes into directcontact with cells of the liver.

After being acted upon by the liver cells theblood passes from the sinusoids of the liver

into the livers venous system and eventuallyempties into the caudal vena cava.


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Susunan syaraf tepi


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P ktik k d f t


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Praktikum cek dan foto

Organ dalam :

Jantung Paru-paru

Aorta

Vena cava

Diafragma Lambung

Usus halus

Usus besar

Hepar Ginjal

Testes/ovarium

Uterus

Vesiva urinaria


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Kepala :

M. Zygomaticus

M. Masseter

M. Buccinator

M. Levator nasolabialis

A. Facialis

N.facialis


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Leher:

Ligamentum nuchae

M. Brachiocephalicus

M.sternomandibularis

M.omobrachialis

M.splenius A.carotis communis

V.jugularis

N.vagosympatheticus

Nervi spinalis

K ki d


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Kaki depan:

M.trapezius

M.serratus ventralis

M.deltoideus

M.supraspinalis

M.infraspinalis

M.subscapularis

M.rhomboideus

M.triceps brachialis

M.biceps brachialis M.latissimus dorsi

M.brachialis

M.pectoralis


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M.teres mayor

M.extensor carpi radialis

M.extensor carpi ulnaris

M.flexor carpi radialis

M.flexor carpi ulnaris

A.brachialis

V.brachialis

A.median

V.median

Plexus brachialis

N.median

Thorax & abdomen


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Thorax & abdomen

M.Intercostalis externa

M.Intercostalis interna

M.Retractor costae

M.Serratus dorsalis cranialis

M.Serratus dorsalis caudalis

M. Longissimus

M.spinalis & semispinalis

M.iliocostalis

M.rectus thoracis M.rectus abdominis


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M.obliquus abdominis externa

M.obliquus abdominis interna

M.transversus abdominis

Linea alba

Nervi spinalis

A. intercostalis


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Kaki belakang:

m.psoas minor

m.iliopsoas

m.quadratus lumborum

M.gluteobiceps

m.gluteus medius M.semitendinosus

M.semimembranosus

M.trensor fascia latae

M.quadriceps femoris

M.gracilis

M.sartorius


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Plexus sacrolumbalis

A.femoralis V.saphena

m.tibialis cranialis

m.peronaeus (fibularis) longus

m.peronaeus (fibularis) brevis

m.peronaeus (fibularis) tertius

m.flexor digitorum superficialis

m.flexor digitalis profundus m.extensor digitorum longus

m.extensor digitorum lateralis

M extensor hallucis longus

sirkulasi sistemik & susunan syaraf tepi

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