KARYA TULIS AKHIR

Pengaruh Ekstrak Umbi Rumput Teki (Cyperus rotundus L.) Sebagai

Pencegahan Defisit Memori pada Rattus norvegicus Melalui Penurunan

Kadar Malondialdehid (MDA)

Oleh :

Dyah Puspa Ardani

201410330311165

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

2018

i

PENGARUH EKSTRAK UMBI RUMPUT TEKI (Cyperus rotundus l.)

SEBAGAI PENCEGAHAN DEFISIT MEMORI PADA Rattus norvegicus

MELALUI PENURUNAN KADAR MALONDIALDEHID (MDA)

KARYA TULIS AKHIR

Diajukan kepada Universitas Muhammadiyaph Malang

untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Persyaratan dalam Menyelesaikan Program Sarjana

Fakultas Kedokteran

Oleh: Dyah Puspa Ardani 201410330311165

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN

2018

ii

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN

LAPORAN HASIL PENELITIAN

Telah disetujui sebagai hasil penelitian untuk memenuhi persyaratan

Pendidikan Sarjana Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

Tanggal : 29 Juni 2018

Pembimbing I

dr. Sulistyo Mulyo Agustini, Sp.PK

Pembimbing II

dr. Feny Tunjungsari, M.Kes

Mengetahui, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

Dekan,

Dr. dr. Meddy Setiawan, Sp.PD

iii

PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS

Karya tulis akhir ini adalah karya saya sendiri, dan semua sumber baik yang dikutip

maupun dirujuk telah saya nyatakan dengan benar.

Nama : Dyah Puspa Ardani

NIM : 201410330311165

Malang, 29 Juni 2018

Penulis

iv

LEMBAR PENGUJIAN

Karya Tulis Akhir oleh Dyah Puspa Ardani telah diuji dan dipertahankan di depan Tim Penguji

pada tanggal 29 Juni 2018

Tim Penguji

dr. Sulistyo Mulyo Agustini, Sp.PK , Ketua

dr. Feny Tunjungsari, M.Kes , Anggota

dr. Suharto, Sp.Rad , Anggota

v

KATA PENGANTAR

Assalamua’alaikum wr. wb

Alhamdulillahirabbil’alamin, puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT atas

segala rahmat dan karunia-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan proposal

dengan judul “Pengaruh Ekstrak Umbi Rumput Teki (Cyperus rotundus L.) sebagai

Pencegah Defisit Memori pada Rattus norvegicus melalui Penurunan Kadar

Malondialdehid (MDA)” dapat terselesaikan dengan baik. Begitu pula Dialah yang

menyelaraskan gerakan tangan dan pikiran dalam merangkai huruf menjadi kata

dan selanjutnya menjadi kalimat dalam penulisan tugas akhir ini. Segala sesuatu

yang benar dalam tugas akhir ini datang dari Allah SWT, dan segala kekeliruan

dalam penulisan ini datangnya dari diri penulis sendiri.

Dalam penyelesaian tugas akhir ini penulis banyak mengalami kesulitan,

tetapi berkat dukungan, bimbingan, dan bantuan dari dosen pembimbing dalam

rangka penyusunan dan dorongan dari berbagai pihak akhirnya penulis dapat

menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini tepat pada waktunya.

Penulis menyadari bahwa proposal penelitian ini masih belum

sempurna, sehingga masih membutuhkan saran dari berbagai pihak. Penulis

berharap skripsi ini dapat menjadi wujud ibadah penulis kepada Zat Yang Maha

Mengetahui lagi Bijaksana, dan dapat memberikan manfaat bagi para pembaca.

Wassalamua’alaikum Wr. Wb

Malang, 29 Juni 2018

vi

UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH

Pada kesempatan ini, penulis menyampaikan terimakasih yang sebesar-

besarnya Kepada:

Kedua orang tua saya, Ayah Arief Hidayat dan Ibu Indraswari Devi yang telah

memberikan doa, waktu, dan dukungan moral maupun materi

Dr. dr. Meddy Setiawan, Sp.PD, selaku Dekan Fakultas Kedokteran

Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

dr. Moch Ma’roef, Sp.OG selaku Pembantu Dekan I Fakultas Kedokteran

Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.

dr. Sri Adilla Nurainiwati, Sp.KK, selaku Pembantu Dekan II Fakultas

Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.

dr. Indra Setiawan, Sp.THT selaku Pembantu Dekan III Fakultas Kedokteran

Universitas Mpuhammadiyah Malang.

dr. Sulistyo Mulyo Agustini, Sp.PK, selaku dosen pembimbing I saya yang telah

memberikan inspirasi, waktu, kesabaran dan masukan yang sangat membantu

dalam menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini

dr. Fenny Tunjungsari, M.Kes, selaku dosen pembimbing II saya yang telah

membimbing dengan penuh kesabaran dan memberikan banyak saran dalam

menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini

dr. Suharto, Sp.Rad, selaku dosen penguji saya yang telah memberikan waktu,

kesabaran, dan masukan yang sangat membantu penulis dalam menyelesaikan tugas

akhir

Adikku Faizal Putra Budimas, yang telah memberi semangat kepada penulis

untuk segera menyelesaikan tugas akhir

vii

Staff TU, Bu Endah, Mbak Nuke, Mbak Citra, Mas Joko dan Mas Didit, yang

telah membantu administrasi penulis dalam menyelesaikan TA.

Staff Biomedik, Bu Fat, Pak Joko, Mas Nyono, Mas Mif, Pak Kus yang telah

membantu administrasi penulis dalam menyelesaikan TA.

Muhammad Rendy Aliansyah yang selalu memberikan dukungan dalam proses

penyelesaian penelitian ini.

Teman-teman dalam kelompok penelitian saya Yulida, Festi, dan Bella,

terimakasih atas seluruh dukungan dalam proses penelitian ini, semoga disegerakan

untuk menikah.

Keluarga Tim eNOS, Silva, Eria, Tika, dan Wafi. Teruslah berkarya dan

meneliti, terimakasih atas inspirasi, bantuan dan dukungan dalam tugas akhir ini

semoga kita bertemu lagi di ajang kompetisi penelitian lainnya.

Keluarga di Executive Board AMSA-UMM, Adit, Adni, Feti, Sunu, Silva, dan

Vira yang telah memberikan inspirasi, semangat, dan dukungan

Teman-teman Rhythm of Medico yang memberikan semangat, kesabaran, dan

dukungannya.

Seluruh teman-teman “Medula Spinalis” angkatan 2014 FK UMM yang tidak

bisa disebutkan satu persatu. Terimakasih atas segala bantuan, motivasi, doa selama

perkuliahan.

Teman-teman KKN 152 UMM yang sudah memberi kecerian dalam

mengerjakan tugas akhir

Para dosen pengajar FK UMM yang telah memberikan bekal ilmu dan

pengetahuan.

viii

Semua pihak yang turut membantu dalam menyelesaikan karya tulis ini dan

juga mendoakan demi suksesnya karya tulis ini yang tidak bisa penulis sebutkan

satu-persatu.

Penulis menyadari sepenuhnya bahwa tidak ada sesuatu yang sempurna di dunia ini

sehingga penulis sangat mengharapkan masukan dari berbagai pihak. Semoga tugas

akhir ini sebagai suatu karya tulis ilmiah dapat bermanfaat bagi semua pihak.

Malang, 29 Juni 2018

Penulis

ix

ABSTRAK

Ardani, D.P. 2018, “Pengaruh Ekstrak Umbi Rumput Teki (Cyperus rotundus l.) sebagai Pencegahan Defisit Memori pada Rattus norvegicus Melalui Penurunan Kadar Malondialdehid (MDA)”. Tugas Akhir Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang. Pembimbing (1) Sulistyo Mulyo Agustini* (II) Feny Tunjungsari**.

Latar Belakang: Radikal bebas akibat kondisi hiperlipidemia mampu menaikkan kadar malondialdehid (MDA) plasma dan memicu defisit memori. Umbi rumput teki (Cyperus rotundus l.) memiliki kemampuan sebagai antioksidan yang terbukti mampu mencegah terjadinya defisit memori dengan menurunkan kadar MDA plasma. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak umbi rumput teki (Cyperus rotundus l.) sebagai pencegahan defisit memori pada Rattus norvegicus melalui penurunan kadar MDA Metode: Penelitian eksperimental murni ini menggunakan desain post-test only control group yang dilakukan selama 36 hari pada 25 ekor tikus yang dibagi dalam lima kelompok yaitu kontrol negatif dengan diet normal, kontrol positif dengan diet hyperlipidemia, dan tiga kelompok dengan diet hiperlipidemia+ekstrak umbi rumput teki dengan dosis 125 mg/kgBB/hari, 250 mg/kgBB/hari, dan 500 mg/kgBB/hari. Pada hari ke 36 tikus diuji dengan Morris water maze,diterminasi dan dilakukan pengambilan darah maksimal dari jantungnya, kemuadian dilakukan pengujian kadar MDA plasma. Hasil Penelitian dan Diskusi: Analisis statistik membuktikan pemberian ekstrak secara signifikan mempercepat waktu tikus mencapai pijakan pada water maze (p<0.001) dan menurunkan kadar MDA plasma (p<0.001). Regresi linier menunjukkan bahwa sebesar 85% penurunan waktu tikus mencapai pijakan dan 83% penurunan kadar MDA disebabkan oleh pemberian ekstrak umbi rumput teki (Cyperus rotundus l.). Kesimpulan: Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak umbi rumput teki (Cyperus rotundus l.) berfungsi sebagai antioksidan yang secara efektif mampu mencegah defisit memori. Kata Kunci: Umbi rumput teki, defisit memori, MDA, hiperlipidemia

*Staf Pengajar Patologi Klinik Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.

** Staf Pengajar Kesehatan Masyarakat Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.

x

ABSTRACT

Ardani, D.P. 2018, “Effectiveness of Cyperus rotundus Tuberos Extract as Memory Deficits Prevention in Rattus norvegicus through Lowered Malondialdehyde (MDA) Level” Final Project, Medical Faculty of Muhammadiyah Malang University. Supervisor (1) Sulistyo Mulyo Agustini* (II) Feny Tunjungsari**.

Background: Free radical due to a hyperlipidemic condition can raise the level of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and trigger memory deficits. The extract of Cyperus rotundus rhizome can act as an antioxidant which has been shown to prevent memory deficits and lowering MDA level. Objective: Investigate the effectiveness of Cyperus rotundus rhizome extract to prevent memory deficits through lowering the MDA level. Method: This experimental study used post-test control group design, that was conducted for 36 days in 25 male wistar rats. The samples were divided into five groups: negative control with normal diet, positive control with hyperlipidemic diet, and three groups with hyperlipidemic+extract of Cyperus rotundus rhizome diet with the dosages of 125 mg/kgBW/day, 250 mg/kgBW/day, 500 mg/kgBW/day. On the 36th day all wistar rats were tested with Morris water maze and terminated to get the intracardiac blood for MDA level test. Research result: Statistical analysis showed that the extract of Cyperus rotundus rhizome significantly lowered the time needed to reach the platform of Morris water maze test (p<0.001) and MDA level (p<0.001). Linear regression test showed that 85% of decrease time needed to reach the platform and 83% of MDA level reduction were caused by the extract of Cyperus rotundus rhizome. Conclusion: The results showed that the extract of Cyperus rotundus rhizome effectively act as an antioxidant to prevent memory deficits.

Keyword: Cyperus rotundus, memory deficits, MDA, hyperlipidemia

*Clinical Pathology Department of Muhammadiyah Malang University Medical Faculty

** Public Health Department of Muhammadiyah Malang University Medical Faculty

xi

DAFTAR ISI

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ............................................................................... ii

HALAMAN PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS .............................................. iii

LEMBAR PENGUJI ......................................................................................... iv

KATA PENGANTAR ......................................................................................... v

UCAPAN TERIMAKASIH .............................................................................. vi

ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................ ix

ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................................x

DAFTAR ISI ...................................................................................................... xi

DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................ xvi

DAFTAR GAMBAR ...................................................................................... xvii

DAFTAR SINGKATAN ............................................................................... xviii

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .................................................................................... xx

BAB I PENDAHULUAN ....................................................................................1

1.1 Latar Belakang.......................................................................................1

1.2 Rumusan Masalah .................................................................................2

1.3 Tujuan ...................................................................................................2

1.3.1 Tujuan Umum ..........................................................................2

1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus..........................................................................2

xii

1.4 Manfaat ..................................................................................................3

1.4.1 Akademis ..................................................................................3

1.4.2 Klinis .......................................................................................3

1.4.3 Masyarakat ..............................................................................3

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ..........................................................................4

2.1 MDA dan Hiperlipidemia .....................................................................4

2.2 MDA dan Gangguan Memori ..............................................................7

2.3 Rumput Teki (Cyperus rotundus l.)....................................................10

2.3.1 Taksonomi Rumput Teki ........................................................10

2.3.2 Habitat dan Morfologi Rumput Teki .....................................10

2.3.3 Kandungan Rumput Teki .......................................................12

2.3.4 Ekstrak Umbi Rumput Teki sebagai Penghambat Peroksidasi

Lipid .........................................................................................13

BAB III KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL DAN HIPOTESIS PENELITIAN .....15

3.1 Kerangka Konseptual penelitian.........................................................15

3.2 Hipotesis ..............................................................................................17

BAB IV METODE PENELITIAN ....................................................................18

4.1 Jenis Penelitian ...................................................................................18

4.2 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian ...............................................................18

4.3 Populasi dan Sampel Penelitian...........................................................18

4.3.1 Populasi ..................................................................................18

xiii

4.3.2 Sampel ....................................................................................18

4.3.3 Besar Sampel ..........................................................................19

4.3.4 Teknik Pengambilan Sampel ..................................................20

4.3.5 Karakteristik Sampel Penelitian .............................................21

4.3.6 Variabel Penelitian .................................................................21

4.3.7 Definisi Operasi Variabel Penelitian ......................................23

4.4 Alat dan Bahan penelitian ..................................................................26

4.4.1 Alat Pemeliharaan Tikus ........................................................26

4.4.2 Alat dan Bahan Pembuatan Ekstrak Umbi Rumput Teki .......26

4.4.3 Alat Pengambilan Darah Tikus..............................................26

4.4.4 Alat dan Bahan Pengukuran MDA........................................26

4.4.5 Alat dan Bahan Pembuatan Diet Hiperlipidemi....................26

4.4.6 Alat dan Bahan Water Maze Test..........................................27

4.4.7 Alat Lain ...............................................................................27

4.5 Prosedur penelitian .............................................................................27

4.5.1 Proses Adaptasi ......................................................................27

4.5.2 Pembagian Kelompok Tikus ..................................................27

4.5.3 Pembuatan Ekstrak Umbi Rumput Teki.................................29

4.5.4 Dasar Penentuan Dosis Umbi Rumput Teki ..........................31

4.5.5 Pelaksanaan Perlakuan Penelitian ..........................................31

4.5.6 Pemberian Diet Hiperlipidemi ...............................................33

4.5.7 Proses Anstesi dan pembedahan hewan coba ........................33

xiv

4.5.8 Pengukuran Kadar MDA ........................................................35

4.5.9 Pengujian Water Maze...........................................................35

4.6 Alur penelitian ....................................................................................36

4.7 Analisa Data .......................................................................................37

BAB V HASIL PENELITIAN DAN ANALISA DATA .................................39

5.1 Hasil Penelitian ...................................................................................39

5.2 Analisis Data .......................................................................................42

5.2.1 Uji Normalitas ........................................................................42

5.2.2 Uji Homogenitas ....................................................................43

5.2.3 Uji One Way Anova ................................................................44

5.2.4 Uji Post Hoc ...........................................................................45

5.2.5 Uji Regresi..............................................................................46

BAB VI PEMBAHASAN ..................................................................................51

BAB VII KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ..........................................................58

7.1 Kesimpulan .........................................................................................58

7.2 Saran ...................................................................................................58

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

LAMPIRAN

xv

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 2.1 Kandungan rumput teki (Cyperus rotundus l.) .................................12

Tabel 5.1 Rerata Hasil Pengukuran Waktu pada tes water-maze ......................39

Tabel 5.2 Rerata Hasil Pengukuran MDA Plasma ............................................40

Tabel 5.3 Hasil Uji Normalitas Waktu Tikus Mencapai Pijakan ......................41

Tabel 5.4 Hasil Uji Normalitas Kadar MDA .....................................................42

Tabel 5.5 Hasil Uji Homegenitas Waktu Tikus Mencapai Pijakan ..................42

Tabel 5.6 Hasil Uji Homogenitas Kadar MDA ..................................................42

Tabel 5.7 Hasil Uji One Way ANOVA Waktu Tikus Mencapai Pijakan.............43

Tabel 5.8 Hasil Uji One Way ANOVA kadar MDA ...........................................44

Tabel 5.9 Hasil Uji Post Hoc Bonferroni Waktu Tikus Mencapai Pijakan........44

Tabel 5.10 Hasil Uji Post Hoc Bonferroni kadar MDA ................................... 45

Tabel 5.11 Hasil Uji Regresi Waktu Tikus Mencapai Pijakan ......................... 45

Tabel 5.12 Hasil Uji Regresi Kadar MDA ....................................................... 47

xvi

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1 Tanaman Umbi Rumput Teki (Cyperus rotundus l.) ....................12

Gambar 5.1 Rerata Hasil Pengukuran Waktu pada Water Maze Test .............. 40

Gambar 5.2 Rerata Hasil Pengukuran Kadar MDA ......................................... 42

Gambar 5.3 Hasil Uji Regresi Water Maze Test .............................................. 47

Gambar 5.4 Hasil Uji Regresi Pengukuran Kadar MDA .................................. 49

xvii

DAFTAR SINGKATAN

MDA = Malondialdehid

PUFA = Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

ROS = Reactive Oxygen Species

LDL = Low Density Lipoprotein

NADPH = Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate

MoCA = Montreal Cognitive Assessment

IQCDE = Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly

MMSE = Mini Mental Status Exam

GPCOG = General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition

MIS = Memory Impairment Screen

DNA = Dioxyribonuklease Acid

NO = Nitric Oxide

TNF- = Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha

xviii

IFN- = Interferron gamma

IL-1 = Interleukin 1 beta

TBA = Tiobharbithuric acid

WHO = World Health Organization

DHA = Docosahexaenoic acid

xix

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran.1 Hasil Pemeriksaan kadar Malondialdehide (MDA) dan Waktu Pada

Water Maze Test.............................................................................. 65

Lampiran.2 Data Hasil dan Analisis Penelitian ................................................. 67

Lampiran.3 Surat Determinasi .......................................................................... 78

Lampian.4 Pernyataan Laik Etik ....................................................................... 79

Lampiran.5 Surat Keterangan Penelitian............................................................ 80

Lampiran.6 Kartu Konsultasi Tugas akhir ....................................................... 81

Lampiran.7 Dokumentasi ................................................................................. 82

59

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