rs 1.2 insinyur

7/29/2019 RS 1.2 Insinyur

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Merekayasa Masa Depan

Pengenalan pada Rekayasa

(Enjinyiring):Pendekatan Komprihensif


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Bab 1

Sejarah Rekayasa (Enjinyiring)


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1.1 Pendahuluan Definisi Enjinyiring

The profession in which knowledge of the

mathematical and natural sciences, gainedby study, experience, and practice, isapplied with judgment to develop ways touse, economically, the materials and forcesof nature for the benefit of mankind.


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1.2 Getting Started Kebudayaan Prasejarah

Zaman Komputer

Kecepatan Perubahan Sejarah

Quick Overview


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1.3 Awal Mula Rekayasa Masa prasejarah

Mesir dan

Mesopotamia


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1.3 Gambar Piramida


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1.4 The Overview Approach Perekayasaan Kuil

Yunani

Jalan Roma danAqueducts

Tembok Besar Cina


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1.5 Bergerak Melalui Zaman 1200 SM 1M

Quality of wrought iron is improved

Swords are mass produced

Siege towers are perfected

Greeks develop manufacturing

Archimedes memperkenalkan matematikadi Yunani

Concrete is used for arched bridges, roads

and aqueducts in Rome.


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1.5 Traveling Through the

Ages: A.D. 1-1000 Chinese further develop the study of

mathematics

Gunpowder is perfected

Cotton and silk manufactured


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Ages: 1000-1400 Silk and glass industries continue to

grow

Leonardo Fibinacci, a medievalmathematician, writes the first Westerntext on algebra


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Ages: 1400-1700 First toilet is invented in England

Galileo constructs a series of telescopes, with

which he observes the rotation about the sun Otto von Guerick first demonstrates the

existence of a vacuum

Issac Newton constructs first reflecting

telescopes Boyles Gas Law, stating pressure varies

inversely with volume, is first introduced.


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Ages: 1700-1800 Industrial Revolution begins in Europe

James Watt patents his first steamengine

Society of Engineers, a professionalengineering society, is formed in

London First building made completely of cast

iron built in England


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Ages: 1800-1825 Machine automation is first introduced

in France

First railroad locomotive is designed andmanufactured

Chemical symbols are developed, the

same symbols used today (Au, He) Single wire telegraph line is developed


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Ages: 1825-1875 Reinforced concrete is first used

First synthetic plastic material is created

Bessemer develops his process tocreate stronger steel in mass quantities

First oil well drilled in Pennsylvania

Typewriter is perfected


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Ages: 1875-1900 Telephone is patented in the US byAlexander Graham Bell

Thomas Edison invents the light bulband the phonograph

Gasoline engine developed by Gottlieb

DaimlerAutomobile introduced by Karl Benz


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1.5 Traveling Through theAges: 1900-1925

Wright brothers complete first sustainedflight

Ford develops first diesel engines intractors

First commercial flight between Paris

and London begins Detroit becomes center of auto

production industry


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John Logie Baird invents a primitiveform of television

The VW Beetle goes into production

First atomic bomb is used

The transistor is invented


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Computers first introduced into themarket, and are common by 1960

Sputnik I, the first artificial satellite, putinto space by USSR

First communication satelliteTelstar

is put into space The U.S. completes the first ever moon

landing


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The Concord is first used for supersonicflight between Europe and the U.S.

Columbia space shuttle is reused forspace travel

First artificial heart is successfully

implanted


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1.5 Traveling Through theAges: 1990-Present

Robots travel on Mars

The Chunnel between England and

France is finished

GPS is used to predict and reportweather conditions, as well as many

other consumer applications


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1.6 Case Study of Two HistoricEngineers

Leonardo Da Vinci

Gutenberg and His

Printing Press


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1.7 The History of theDisciplines

Aerospace Eng.

Agricultural Eng.

Chemical Eng.

Civil Eng.

Computer Eng.

Electrical Eng.

Industrial Eng.

Mechanical Eng.


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1.7 History: AerospaceEngineering

Aerospace engineering is concernedwith engineering applications in the

areas of aeronautics (the science of airflight) and astronautics (the science ofspace flight).


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1.7 History:Agricultural

EngineeringAgricultural engineering focuses on:

Soil and water

Structures and environment

Electrical power and processing

Food engineering

Power and machinery


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1.7 History: ChemicalEngineering

Chemical engineering applies chemistryto industrial processes, such as the

manufacture of drugs, cements, paints,lubricants, and the like.


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1.7 History: Civil Engineering

Civil engineering focuses on structuralissues, such as:

Bridges and Highways Skyscrapers

Industrial Plants and Power Plants

Shipping Facilities and Railroad Lines Pipelines, Gas Facilities, Canals


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1.7 History: Computer andElectrical Engineering

The worlds business is centeredaround computers, and their uses

are only increasing Electrical is the largest branch of

engineering

Involved in: Communication Systems

Computers and Automatic Controls

Power Generation and Transmission

Industrial Applications


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1.7 History: IndustrialEngineering

Industrial engineers design, install, andimprove systems that integrate people,

materials, and machines to improveefficiency.


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1.7 History: MechanicalEngineering

Deals with power, the generation ofpower, and the application of power to

a variety of machines, ranging fromHVAC to space vehicles.


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Bab 2

Engineering Majors


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2.1 Introduction

Several characteristics of students thatmight have an interest in engineering

are: Proficient skills in math and physical science

An urging from a high school counselor

Knows someone who is an engineer

Knows that engineering offers literally dozens, ifnot hundreds of job opportunities

Is aware that a degree in engineering is quitelucrative


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2.1 Engineers and Scientists

Scientists seek technical answers tounderstand natural phenomenon

Engineers study technical problems witha practical application always in mind

For example

Scientists study atomic structure tounderstand the nature of matter; engineersstudy atomic structure to make smaller andfaster microchips


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2.1 The Engineer and theEngineering Technologist

Main difference between the two is: Engineers design and manufacture

machines and systems, while engineeringtechnologists have the technical know-howto use and install the machines properly

An example:The technologist identifies the equipment

necessary to assemble a new CD player;the engineer designs said CD player


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2.1 What Do Engineers Do?

Ways to get information about careers:

Visit job fairs

Attend seminars on campus by variousemployers

Contact faculty with knowledge of

engineering fields Get an intern or co-op position

Enroll in an engineering elective course


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2.1 What Engineers Do


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2.2 Engineering Functions:Research

Research engineers are knowledgeablein principles of chemistry, biology,

physics, and mathematics Computer know-how is also

recommended

A Masters Degree is almost alwaysrequired, and a Ph. D is often stronglyrecommended


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2.2 Engineering Functions:Development

Development engineers bridge the gapbetween the laboratory and the

production facility They also identify problems in a

potential product

An example is the development ofconcept cars for companies like Fordand GM


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2.2 Engineering Functions:Testing

Testing engineers are responsible fortesting the durability and reliability of a

product, making sure that it performshow it is supposed to, every time. T.E.ssimulate instances and environments inwhich a product would be used

Crash testing of a vehicle to observeeffects of an air bag and crumple zoneare examples of a testing engineers

duties


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2.2 Engineering Functions:Design

Design aspect is where largest numberof engineers are employed

Design engineers often work oncomponents of a product, providing allthe necessary specifics needed tosuccessfully manufacture the product

Design engineers regularly usecomputer design software as well ascomputer aided drafting software in

their jobs


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2.2 Engineering Functions:Design

Design engineers must also verify thatthe part meets reliability and safety

standards required for the productA concern always on the mind of design

engineers is how to keep the

development of a part cost effective,which is taken into account during adesign process


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2.2 Engineering Functions:Analysis

Analysis engineers use computationaltools and mathematic models to enrich

the work of design and researchengineers

Analysis engineers typically have a

mastery of: heat transfer, fluid flow,vibrations, dynamics, acoustics, andmany other system characteristics


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2.2 Engineering Functions:Systems

Responsible on a larger scale forbringing together components of parts

from design engineers to make acomplete product

Responsible for making sure all

components of a product work togetheras was intended by design engineers


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2.2 Engineering Functions:Manufacturing & Construction

Work individually or in teams

Responsible for molding raw materials

into finished product Maintain and keep records on

equipment in plant

Help with design process to keep costslow


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2.2 Engineering Functions:Operations & Maintenance

Responsible for maintaining productionline

Must have technical know-how to dealw/ problems

Responsible for inspecting facility and

equipment, must be certified in variousinspection methods


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2.2 Engineering Functions:Technical Support

Works between consumers andproducers

Not necessarily have in depthknowledge of technical aspects ofproduct

Must have good interpersonal skills


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2.2 Engineering Functions:Customer Support

Often have more of a technicalknowledge than Tech. Support, because

they must be able to work with basiccustomers

Evaluate whether or not a current

practice is cost effective via feedbackfrom customers


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2.2 Engineering Functions:Sales

Sales engineers have technicalbackground, but are also able to

communicate effectively w/ customers Job market for sales engineers is

growing, due to the fact that products

are becoming more and moretechnically complex


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2.2 Engineering Functions:Consulting

Are either self-employed, or work for afirm that does not directly manufacture

products Consulting engineers might be involved

in design, installation, and upkeep of a

product Sometimes required to be a registered

professional engineer in the state where

he/she works


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2.3 Engineering Majors:Aerospace Engineering

Previously known as aeronautical andastronautical engineering

First space flight Oct. 4, 1957 (SputnikI)

KEY WORDS: Aerodynamics: The study of the flow of air over

a streamlined surface or body.

Propulsion engineers: develop quieter, moreefficient, and cleaner burning engines.


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2.3 Engineering Majors:Aerospace Engineering

KEY WORDS:

Structural engineers: use of new alloys,

composites, and other new materials tomeet design requirements of newspacecraft

Control systems: systems used tooperate crafts

Orbital mechanics: calculation of whereto place satellites using GPS


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2.3 Engineering Majors:Agricultural Engineering

Concerned with finding ways to producefood more efficiently

KEY WORDS Harvesting Equip. - removes crops from

field, and begins processing of food

Structures: used to hold crops, feed, andlivestock; Agricultural engineers developand design the structures that hold crops


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2.3 Engineering Majors:Agricultural Engineering

Food process engineers: concernedwith making healthier processed food

products Soil/Water Resources: working to

develop efficient ways to use limited

resources

2 3


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2.3 Engineering Majors:Architectural Engineering

Structural: primarily concerned withthe integrity of the building structure.

Evaluates loads placed on buildings,and makes sure the building isstructurally sound

Mechanical systems: control climateof building, as well as humidity and airquality

(HVAC)

2 3 E i i M j


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2.3 Engineering Majors:Biomedical

First recognized in 1940s

Three basic categories: Bioengineering,Medical, and Clinical

Bioengineering is application of engineeringprinciples to biological systems

Medical engineers develop instrumentation

for medical uses Clinical engineers develop systems that help

serve the needs of hospitals and clinics

2 3 E i i M j


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2.3 Engineering Majors:Chemical

Emphasizes the use of chemistry andchemical processes in engineering

Chemical engineers develop processesto extract and refine crude oil and gasresources

Chemical engineers also develop circuitboards, and work in the pharmaceuticalindustry, where processes are designedto create new, affordable drugs

2 3 E i i M j


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2.3 Engineering MajorsCivil Engineering

First seen in pyramids of Egypt

Structural engineers most common type

of civil engineer Transportation engineers concerned

w/ design and construction ofhighways, railroads, and mass transitsystems

Surveyors start construction process bylocating property lines and property

areas

2 3 E i i M j


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2.3 Engineering MajorsComputer Engineering

Focuses primarily on computerhardware, not software

Work w/ electrical engineers to developfaster ways to transfer information, andto run the computer

Responsible for the architecture of thecomputer system

2 3 E i i M j


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2.3 Engineering MajorsElectrical Engineering

More engineers are electrical than anyother discipline

With an ever growing technologicalsociety, electrical engineers will

ALWAYS have a job

Work in communications,microelectronics, signal processing,bioengineering, etc

2 3 E i i M j


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2.3 Engineering MajorsEnvironmental Engineering

Often coupled with Civil Engineering

3 aspects of environmental engineering: Disposal: disposing of industrial/residential

waste products

Remediation: clean up of a contaminatedsite

Prevention: working with corporations toreduce and/or prevent emissions and workto find ways to recycle products to beused again to reduce waste

2 3 E i i M j


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2.3 Engineering MajorsIndustrial Engineering

Design, improvement, and installationof integrated systems of people,material, and energy

Emphasis placed on: Production,Manufacturing, Human Factors Area, andOperations Research

Production focuses on plant layout,scheduling, and quality control

Human Factors focuses on the efficientplacement of human resources within a

plant/facility

2 3 E i i M j


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2.3 Engineering MajorsMarine and Ocean Engineering

Concerned with the design, development, andoperation of ships and boats

Marine engineer designs and maintains thesystems that operate ships, I.e. propulsion,communication, steering and navigation

Ocean engineer design and operates marineequipment other than ships, such assubmersibles. O.E.s might also work onsubmarine pipelines and/or cables and drillingplatforms

2 3 E i i M j


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2.3 Engineering MajorsMaterials Engineering

Study the structure, as well as otherimportant properties of materials, I.e.

strength, hardness, and durability Run tests to ensure the quality of the

performance of the material

Material Engineers also studymetallurgy, and the development ofcomposites and alloys

2 3 E i i M j


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2.3 Engineering MajorsMechanical Engineering

Concerned with machines andmechanical devices

Work in design, development,production, control, and operation ofmachines/devices

Requires a strong math and physicsbackground. Often 4 or more mathclasses required for graduation

2 3 E i i M j


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2.3 Engineering MajorsMining Engineering

Work to maintain constant levels of rawminerals used every day in industrial

and commercial settings Must discover, remove, process, and

refine such minerals

2 3 Enginee ing Mine als


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2.3 Engineering MineralsNuclear Engineering

Most concerned with producing andharnessing energy from nuclear sources

Propulsion and electricity are the mainuses of nuclear power

Engineers also responsible for disposal

of the nuclear waste byproduct, andhow to keep people safe from harmfulnuclear products

2 3 Engineering Majors


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2.3 Engineering MajorsPetroleum Engineering

Discover, remove, refine, and transportcrude and refined oil around the world

PEs design and operate the machineryused to refine crude oil into its manyforms


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Bab 3

Profiles of Engineers


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3.1 Introduction

Diversity of the engineering work force

Wide range of engineering careers that

are possible

3 1 Profile of a Biomedical


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3.1 Profile of a BiomedicalEngineer

Sue H. Abreu, Ft. Bragg, North Carolina

Occupation: Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Corps, United StatesArmy

Medical Director, Quality Assurance, WomackArmy Medical Center

Education: IDE (BSE, Biomedical Engineering), 1978 MD, Uniformed Services University of the Health

Sciences, 1982

3 1 Profile of an Aerospace


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3.1 Profile of an AerospaceEngineer

Patrick Rivera Anthony

Occupation:

Project Manager, Boeing Space Beach

Education:

BS, Aerospace Engineering


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3.1 Profile of a Civil Engineer

Sandra Begay-Campbell, Boulder,Colorado

Occupation:AISES Executive Director

Education:

BSCE, 1987; MS, Structural Engineering,1991

3 1 Profile of an Electrical


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3.1 Profile of an ElectricalEngineer

Ryan Maibach, Farmington, Michigan

Occupation:

Project Engineer at Barton Malow Company

Education:

BS-CEM (Construction Engineering and

Management), 1996

3 1 Profile of an Agricultural


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3.1 Profile of an AgriculturalEngineer

Mary E. Maley, Battle Creek, Michigan

Occupation:

Project Manager, Kellogg Company

Education:

BS, Agricultural Engineering (food

engineering)


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Bab 4

A Statistical Profile of the

Engineering Profession


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4.1 Statistical Overview

How many people study engineering?

What are the most common majors?

What kind of job market is there forengineers?

How much do engineers earn?

How many women and minorities studyengineering?

4 2 C ll E ll t T d


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4.2 College Enrollment Trends

of Engineering Students 1950s-1960s: 60,000-80,000

engineering students

1970s marked the lowest number ofstudents, at 43,000

Engineering peaked in 1980s, with

around 118,000 students

4 3 College Majors of Recent


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4.3 College Majors of RecentEngineering Students

Of approximately 350,000 full-timeundergrad engineering students, just

less than 1/3 (124,000) were majoringin computer and electrical engineering

Just over 32,000 were undecided


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4.4 Degrees in Engineering

Steady decline in Engineering degreesawarded between 1986 and 1995.Since then, there have been manyfluctuations, but as of data of 2000,there were 63,300 engineering degreesawarded

For a long time, electrical awarded thehighest number of degrees, but thatwas eventually replaced by mechanicalengineering


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4.5 Job Placement Trends

1999-2000 was the hottest year forengineering majors to find jobs

As the number of engineering studentsdeclines, employers must fight harderto get whatever students they can get

their hands on to fill vacant positions.This has led to a very promising jobplacement ratio


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4.6 Salaries of Engineers

On the whole, engineers make more moneythan any other graduate with another degree

Electrical, computer, and computer sciencerecently have led the way, with averagesalaries from a Bachelor degree starting ataround $52,000

A Ph.D. in computer science will earn astarting average of around $84,000


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4.7 Diversity in the Profession

For a long time, white males dominatedengineering

Recently, women, foreign nationals, andvarious minority students have enteredcolleges and universities with an

engineering diploma in mind

4 8 Distribution of Engineers


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4.8 Distribution of Engineersby Field of Study

Electrical engineering employs thehighest number of engineers, nearly

25%, numbering close to 375,000 Mechanical employs almost 250,000

Civil is the next highest populated,

with 200,000 workers

4 11 Words of Advice from


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4.11 Words of Advice fromEmployers

Looking for graduates who possess:

Excellent communication skills

Teamwork Leadership

Computer/Technical proficiency

Hard working attitude


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Bab 5

Global and International

Engineering


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5.1 Introduction

After WWII, engineering became amore global business.

Taking a few foreign language classesin college cannot hurt, but only helpyour chances at getting a job after

college.

5.2 The Evolving Global


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gMarket: Changing World Maps &

Alliances Breakup of former USSR

New laws, regulations, policies have

affected the spread of internationalengineering


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5.2 NAFTA

1994 North American Free TradeAgreement (US, Mexico, Canada)

Designed to reduce tariffs, and increaseinternational competition

Manufacturing trade has increased by

128% between Canada, US, and Mexicosince 1994

5 3 International Opportunities


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5.3 International OpportunitiesFor Engineers

Engineers are employed internationally in: Automobile Industry

Manufacturing

Construction

Pharmaceuticals

Food Industry

Petroleum and Chemical Industry Computer and Electronics Industry

Telecommunications

5 4 Preparing for a Global


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5.4 Preparing for a GlobalCareer

Students who look to workinternationally should:

Be language and culturally proficient Should participate in study abroad

programs

Look into work international workexperienceand Co-Op opportunities


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Bab 6

Future Challenges

6 1 Expanding World


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6.1 Expanding WorldPopulation

1900-2000, world population climbsfrom 1.6 billion to 6 billion people

Places new stress on conservation ofresources, and gives engineers newchallenges to compensate for high population


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6.2 Pollution

Engineers concerned with managementand the control of pollution, especially:

Air pollution Water pollution and the depletion of

freshwater resources

Management of solid waste


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6.3 Energy

It is predicted that energy usage in theDeveloping Countries will more than

double in the next 30 years Engineers must find new ways to

generate power in an effort to conserve

natural resources (fossil fuels)


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6.5 Infrastructure

With mass transportation an ever-present problem, engineers will be

responsible in the future for designingand maintaining a system by which thetransportation of raw materials, as wellas the human capital that process them,can easily and efficiently move fromplace to place


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Bab 7

Succeeding in the Classroom


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7.2 Attitude

Success in an engineering curriculumdepends largely on a students attitudeand work ethic

If the students attitude is one offailure, the student will most likely fail

Keep an open mind, and be willing towork with the professor in order tobest understand the material


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7.3 Goals

Set goals that will be difficult to attain,but not impossible

This will motivate the student to workhard, not just hard enough to do theminimum, but to reach their higherstandard/goal

Set short, intermediate, and long termgoals GPA for a semester, grade on an upcoming

exam, GPA for a year/college career


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7.4 Keys to effectiveness

GO TO CLASS

Allow 2 hrs. of study time outside of class forevery hour in class

Re-read sections of book covered in class

Keep up with class and reading

Take good notes

Work lots of problems, not just the minimumamount for homework

Study in groups


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7.5 Test Taking

Obtain past exams

Ask professor for practice exams

Work problems in book Start with problems you know how to

do, then work on the harder problems

Skim test first, to see what will basicallybe covered

7.6 Making the Most of Your


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7.6 Making the Most of YourProfessor

Dont wait until the end of the semesterto go for help

If you make yourself visible in class andduring office hours, the professor mayremember you while grading

Teaching is not professors only

responsibility, often the are researchersand advisors as well, so give them thebenefit of the doubt


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7.7 Learning Styles

Baca lagi STRATEGI SUKSES DI KAMPUS!

Each persons brain is unique to him or her

Proper nutrition, stress, drugs and alcohol aresome of the factors that can affect adeveloping brain

Each person is born with all the brain cells, or

neurons, they will ever have (estimated at180 billion neurons)


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7.7 Learning Styles

None of us is ever too old or too dumbto learn something new!

People think and memorize in severaldifferent ways


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7.7 Learning Styles

Memorizing:

Refers to how people assimilate new

material to existing knowledge andexperience

How we accommodate, or change ourprevious way of organizing material


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7.7 Learning Styles

Thinking:

Refers to how we see the world, approach

problems and use the different parts of ourbrain.


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7.7 Learning Styles

We all have different learning styles

Memory Languages:

AuditoryVisual

Kinesthetic


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7.7 Learning Styles

Auditory Learner: Buy a small tape recorder and record

lectures Sit where you can hear the professor well Focus on what is said in class, take notes

from the tape recorder laterAsk the professor questions Read out loud to yourself Keep visual distractions to a minimum


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7.7 Learning Styles

Visual Learner:

Sit where you can see the professor andboard or screen clearly

Write notes during lecture with lots ofpictures and meaningful doodles

Rewrite notes later in a more organizedfashion and highlight main ideas

Write out questions to ask the professor

Highlight and take notes in your book


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7.7 Learning Styles

Kinesthetic Learners:

TAKE Labs!

Make connections between what is beingsaid and what youve done in the past

Talk to professor about ways to gain morehands-on experience, such as volunteeringin his/her lab

Use models or experiments at home


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7.7 Learning Styles

Thinking Skills:

Refers to how we see the world, approach

problems and use the different parts of ourbrain

Different people think differently

Two hemispheres in our brain, and four

quadrants generally categorize how wethink


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7.7 Learning Styles

7.8 Well Rounded Equals


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qEffective

Make sure to balance social, intellectual,and physical activities in your schedule

Well rounded students are generallymore effective than students with a

one-track mind


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7.9 Your Effective Use of Time

Decide in advance what to study and when

Make schedules

Use calendars effectively

Organize tasks by priority level

Stay focused on task

**Remember, everyone will fail at some

point, its how you respond to a failure thatdetermines your future success or failure


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Bab 8

Problem Solving


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8.1 Introduction

Problem solving requires many toolsand skills. Make sure that you have

them, or at least know where to findthem and how to use them

8.2 Analytic and Creative


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Problem Solving

Two basic types of problem solvinginvolved in design process: creative

and analytic More students familiar with analytic,

where there is one right answer

Creative problem solving has no rightanswers

8.2 Analytic and Creative


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Problem Solving

Steps that typically help w/ problemsolving

Make a model/figure Identify necessary, desired and given info

Work backwards from answers

Restate problem in ones own words Check the solution and validate it


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8.3 Analytic Problem Solving

Six steps to analytic problem solving:

Define the problem and create a problem

statement Diagram and describe the problem

Apply theory and any known equations

Simplify assumptions

Solve necessary problems

Verify accuracy of answer to desired level


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8.4 Creative Problem Solving

Use divergence and convergence to gatherand analyze ideas. Divergence isbrainstorming. Convergence is analyzing andevaluating the ideas, seeking out the bestpossible solutions

What is wrong? What do we know?

What is the real problem? What is the best solution? How do we implement the solution?


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Bab 9

Visualization and Graphics


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9.1-9.2 Visualization

Visualization is often used as a mode ofcommunication between engineers

Sketches, tables, graphs, computergenerated drawings, blueprints arevarious ways in which engineers

communicate via visual mediums


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9.3 Sketching

Although most final drawings are computergenerated, initial and freehand sketches arevital to the design process

Freehand does not mean messy. Sketchesshould display an adequate amount of detail,and any pertinent notes/comments pertainingto the drawing For instance, if a line is supposed to be straight,

make it as straight as possible. A square will notpass for a circle.


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9.7 Graphical Communication

Oblique and isometric drawings are 3Dand general

Orthographic drawings are 2D, moredetailed, and often have dimensions forthe part

Object, Hidden, Centerline, andConstruction are 4 common types oflines used in engineering graphics


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Bab 10

Computer Tools

10.1-10.6 Computer Tools for


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Engineers

There are many aspects to the designprocess of a product

Engineers must be competent in basic

computer tools such as the internet, wordprocessing, and basic spreadsheets

Engineers will most likely be required to havesome knowledge of mathematical software,

such as MatLab Engineers also make computer presentations

using most commonly, Microsoft PowerPoint

10.7-10.8 Operating Systems


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and Programming Language

Engineers may be required to haveexperience or be expected to be able towork in UNIX, MS-DOS, or a Microsoft

Windows System Computers work on series of 1s and

0s, called binary code

FORTRAN, BASIC, C, and C++ are allprogramming languages used byengineers to communicate with thecomputer


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Bab 11

Teamwork Skills


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11.1 Teamwork

Corporations develop teams for manyreasons

Projects are becoming increasinglycomplex

Projects often span international borders,and require workers all over

Projects are requiring more speed, whichrequire more workers

11.2 What Makes a Successful


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Team?

A common goal

Leadership

Each member makes uniquecontributions

Effective communication

Creativity Good planning and use of resources

11.4 Team Leadership


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Structures

Traditional: One leader, who directssubordinates. Leader typically is theonly one who speaks.

Participative: Leader is closer toindividual workers.

Flat: There is no leader. All members

are equal. The leadership moves withthe situation to the worker with themost expertise in a given subject

h


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11.5 Decisions within a Team

Consensus: All team members agreeon a decision

Majority Rule Minority/Committee decision

Expert input

11 7 G di T Eff


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11.7 Grading a Team Effort

Did the team accomplish its goal?

Were results of a high quality? If not, why?

Did the team grow throughout the process? Evaluate the team leader

Evaluate the other members of the team

Evaluate your own contribution to the project


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Bab 12

Project Management

12 1 I t d ti


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12.1 Introduction

Failure to plan is planning to fail.

A good plan is one of the most

important attributes of successful teamsand projects.

Projects should be organized

systematically.

12.1 Eight Questions that canb Add d ith Pl


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be Addressed with a Plan

What to do first?

Next?

How many people? What resources?

How long?

Time table?

Deadlines?

Objectives?

12.2 Creating a ProjectCh t


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Charter

A project summary

Defining what your project is and whenyou will know when it is done

Elements include Deliverables

Duration

Stakeholders Team members

12 3 T k D fi iti


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12.3 Task Definitions

Identify the completion tasks to achievethe objectives and outcomes

Plan Design

Build

Deliver

12 3 Pl


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12.3 Plans

Plans should include:

Who to hold accountable for progress

Needed materials, resources, etc. How to determine if the project is on

schedule

Manage people and resources

Determine the end!

12 4 Mil t


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12.4 Milestones

Monitoring of your plans progress

Deadlines for deliverables

Completion of subcomponents

12 5 D fi i Ti


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12.5 Defining Times

Include the full time needed for tasks

As a student, you dont have a fulleight-hour work day every day Break tasks into week segments

Weekday and/or weekend

Class periods

Break tasks into short time periods No more than a week or two

12 6 O i i th T k


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12.6 Organizing the Tasks

Determine task relationships andsequencing

Relate the task groups from youroutline

12 7 PERT Ch t


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12.7 PERT Charts

12 7 PERT Cha ts


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12.7 PERT Charts

Each task is represented by a boxcontaining a brief description of and

duration for the task The boxes can be laid out just as the

project plan is laid out

Useful as a what if tool duringplanning stages

12 8 Critical Paths


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12.8 Critical Paths

The longest string of dependant projecttasks

Ex. prerequisites such as the mathcurriculum for engineering

Some tasks can be accelerated by usingmore people, others cannot

Ex. nine people cannot have the samebaby in one month

12 9 Gantt Charts


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12.9 Gantt Charts

Popular project management chartingmethod

Horizontal bar chart Tasks vs. dates

12 9 Gantt Charts


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12.9 Gantt Charts

12 10 Details Details


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12.10 Details, Details

Remember Murphys Law -Anythingthat can go wrong, will.

Leave time to fix debug or fix errors

12 10 Details Details


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12.10 Details, Details

Dont assume things will fit together thefirst time

Order parts well in advance to leavetime for shipping, errors, or backorders

Leave time for parts malfunction

Push delivery times back to a weekbefore theyre actually due this willhelp to avoid panic if things go badly

12 11 Personnel Distribution


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12.11 Personnel Distribution

Get the right people on the right tasks

Assign people after developing a draft

of the plan Balance the work between everyone

Weekly updates does everyone

understand what theyre doing and iseveryone still on task?

12 12 Money and Resources


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12.12 Money and Resources

Develop a budget Estimate with high, middle, and lower quality

products offer a range of solutions

Extra costs Shipping Travel Extra parts such as nails, screws, resistors Material costs and labor

Have someone be responsible for managingthe budgets and financial aspects

12 13 Document As You Go


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12.13 Document As You Go

Document milestones as they occur

Leave time at the end for reviewing, not

writing

12 14 Team Roles


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12.14 Team Roles

Roles

Project Leader or Monitor

Procurement Financial Officer

Liaison

Project Management Software

12.14 Project Leader orMonitor


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Monitor

Designate a leader, or rotate leaders

Monitor and track progress of

milestones Maintains timelines

Increases likelihood of meeting goals

12 14 Procurement


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12.14 Procurement

Learns purchasing system

Tracks team orders

12 14 Financial Officer


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12.14 Financial Officer

Manages teams expenses

Creates original budget

Makes identifying budgetary problemseasier

12 14 Liaison


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12.14 Liaison

Responsible for keeping everyoneinformed about the progress of the plan

and any changes This includes outside customers,

management, professors, etc.


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Bab 13

Engineering Design

13 1 Engineering Design


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13.1 Engineering Design

Engineering design is the process of devisinga system, component, or process to meetdesired needs. It is a decision makingprocess in which the basic sciences and

mathematics and engineering sciences areapplied to convert resources optimally tomeet a stated objective. Among thefundamental elements of the design process

are the establishment of objectives andcriteria, synthesis, analysis, construction, andtesting.

13 2 The Design Process


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13.2 The Design Process

1. Identify the problem

2. Define the working criteria/goals

3. Research and gather data

4. Brainstorm ideas5. Analyze potential solutions

6. Develop and test models

7. Make decision

8. Communicate decision9. Implement and commercialize decision

10. Perform post-implementation review


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Bab 14

Communication Skills

14.1 Why do weCommunicate?


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Communicate?

Transfers important information

Provides basis for judging ones knowledge

Conveys interest and competence

Identifies gaps in your own knowledge

14.2-14.3 Oral and WrittenCommunication Skills


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Present communication on a level thatyou believe will be easily understood bywhomever is to be receiving yourcommunication

Dont use big words if a smaller, easier-to-understand word will suffice.

14 5 Power of Language


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14.5 Power of Language

Be as clear as possible

Avoid clichs

Avoid redundancyAvoid using jargon specific to a certain

group of people

Dont make sexual generalizations, I.e.his, hers, he, she

14 6 Technical Writing


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14.6 Technical Writing

Identify thesis early

Follows a specific format

Follows a problem solving approach Uses specialized vocabulary

Often incorporates visual aids

Complete set of references Be objective, not biased either way

14 9 Formal Reports


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14.9 Formal Reports

Should include: Title; short and

concise

Summary of whatwill be discussed

Table of Contents(not including

abstract) Introduction

Analysis

Procedure and

Results Discussion of results

Conclusions

References

Appendices

14.10 Other forms ofCommunication


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Communication

E-mail

Progress reports

Problem statements Cover letters

Resumes


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Bab 15

Ethics

15 The Nature of Ethics


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15. The Nature of Ethics

Ethics is generally concerned with rulesor guidelines for morals and/or sociallyapproved conduct

Ethical standards generally apply toconduct that can or does have asubstantial effect on peoples lives


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Bab 16

Units

16.1 History of Units


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16.1 History of Units

A common denomination of units is essentialfor the development of trade and economicsaround the world

National Bureau of Standards, established byCongress, adopted the English system ofmeasurement (12 inches, etc)

Majority of nations in the world today operateon the metric system because of its simplicity(multiples of 10)

16.1 History of Units - SI Units


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16.1 History of Units SI Units

Le Systeme International dUnites,French for the International System ofUnits

Improvements in the definitions of thebase units continue to be made by theGeneral Conference of Weights andMeasures as science dictates

16.2 The SI System of Units


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Modernized metric system adopted bythe General Conference, a multi-national organization which includes the

United States Built on a foundation of seven base

units, plus two supplementary ones

All other SI units are derived from thesenine units



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Multiples and sub-multiples areexpressed using a decimal system

Generally, the first letter of a symbol iscapitalized if the name of the symbol isderived from a persons name,otherwise it is lowercase



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Base Units in the SI system Meter = m

Kilogram = kg

Seconds = s

Ampere = A

Kelvin = K

Mole = mol Candela = cd

16.3 Derived Units


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16.3 Derived Units

Expressed algebraically in terms of baseand supplementary units

Several derived units have been givenspecial names and symbols, such as thenewton (N).

16.3 Derived Units


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16.3 Derived Units

Quantities whose units are expressed interms of base and supplementary units

Quantity SI Unit SI Symbol

Area Squaremeter

m2

Speed,

velocity

Meter per

second

m/s

Density Kilogram percubic meter

Kg/m3

16.3 Derived Units


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16.3 Derived Units

Quantities whose units have specialnames

Quantity SI Name SI Symbol Other SIUnits

Frequency hertz Hz cycle/s

Force newton N kg*m/s2

ElectricalResistance

ohm W V/A

16.3 Derived Units


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16.3 Derived Units

Units used with the SI System

Name Symbol Value in SI Units

Minute min 1 min = 60 s

Hour h 1 h = 3600 s

Degree 1 = p/180 rad

16.4 Prefixes


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6 e es

Defined for the SI system

Used instead of writing extremely large

or very small numbersAll items in a given context should use

the same prefix, for example in a table

Notation in powers of 10 is often usedin place of a prefix

16.4 Prefixes


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MultiplicationFactor

Prefix Symbol Term (USA)

1000000 = 106 mega M One million

1000 = 103 kilo k One thousand

.001 = 10-3 milli m One thousandth

.000001 = 10-6 micro m One millionth

16.5 Numerals


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A space is always left between the numeraland the unit name or symbol, except whenwe write a degree symbol 3 m = 3 meters; 8 ms = 8 milliseconds

SI units a space is used to separate groups ofthree in a long number 3,000,000 = 3 000 000 .000005 = .000 005

This is optional when there are four digits in anumber (3456 = 3 456; .3867 = .386 7)

16.5 Numerals


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A zero is used for numbers between -1and 1 to prevent a faint decimal pointfrom being missed

Rounding

Significant Digits

16.6 Conversions


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To convertfrom:

To: Multiply by:

Degrees Radians 0.017 453

Inches Centimeters 2.54

Newtons Pounds 0.224 81


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Bab 17

Mathematics Review

17.1 Algebra


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g

Three basic laws

Commutative: a + b = b + a

Distributive: a ( b + c ) = a b + a c

Associative: a + ( b + c ) = ( a + b ) + c

17.1 Algebra


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g

Exponents Used for many manipulations

Examples xa xb=xa+b

xab=(xa)b

Logarithms

Related to exponents bx = y then x = logby

Table 17.1.5

17.1 Algebra


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g

Quadratic Formula Solves ax2 + bx + c = 0 Formula 17.1.6

Binomial Theorem Used to expand (a+x)n

Formula 17.1.7

Partial Fractions Used for simplifying rational fractions Formulas 17.1.8, 17.1.9, 17.1.10, 17.1.11

Examples

17.2 Trigonometry


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g y

Involves the ratios between sides of a right triangle sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and

cosecant are the primary functions Trigonometry identities are often used

17.2.3, 17.2.4, 17.2.5, 17.2.6, 17.2.7 For all triangle we can also use the laws of sines and

cosines Some other equations that can be found in your book

are Pythagorean Theorem 17.2.10 Hyperbolic Trig Functions 17.2.11

Examples

17.3 Geometry


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y

Used to analyze a variety of shapes and lines

The equation for a straight line Ax + By + C = 0

This equation can also be written in Pint-slope, Slope-intercept, and Two-intercept forms

Distance between a line and a point is givenin Formula 17.3.5

The general equation of the second degree is

0222 22 FEyDxCyBxyAx

17.3 Geometry


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y

This equation is used to represent conicsections

Classified on page 473

Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola More information on pages 474-475

Examples

17.4 Complex Numbers


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p

Complex numbers consist of a real (x) and imaginary(y) part x+iy where i=

In electrical engineering j is used instead of i because i isused for current

Useful to express in polar form

Eulers equation is also commonly used

Other useful equations can be found on page 477

Examples

ireiyx

sincos iei

17.5 Linear Algebra


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Used to solve n linear equations for n unknowns Uses m x n matrices Many manipulations of this basic equation are shown on page

479

Determinants of matrices are often used incalculations Illustrated on page 480

Eigenvalues are used to solve first-order differentialequations

Examples

n

k

kjikij bac1

n

j

ijijij Aaa1

0)( xIA

17.6 Calculus


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We first write derivatives using limits

Some basic derivatives are shown onpages 484-485

Used to indicate points of inflection,maxima, and minima

LHospials rule when f(x)/g(x) is 0 or

infinity 17.6.6

17.6 Calculus


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Inversely we have integration Used for finding the area under a curve

Equation 17.6.7

Can be used to find the length of a curve Used to find volumes

Definite when there are limits

When indefinite a constant is added to thesolution

Basic Integrals on page 486

Examples

17.7 Probability and Statistics


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The probability of one events occurrenceeffects the probability of another event

Probabilities

Many combinations can occur P(A or B) = P(A)+P(B)

P(A and B)=P(A)P(B)

P(not A) = 1-P(A) P(either A or B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A)P(B)

)!(

)!1(),( rn

nrnP

)!(

!),( rn

nrnP )!(!

!),( rnr

nrnC

17.7 Probability and Statistics


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Probability ranges from 0 to 1

Additional equations on page 490Arithmetic Mean

Median

Mode

Standard Deviation

Variance Examples


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Bab 18

Engineering Fundamentals

18.1 Statics


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Concerned with equilibrium of bodiessubjected to force systems

The two entities that are of the mostinterest in statics are forces andmoments.

18.1 Statics


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Force:

The manifestation of the action of onebody upon another.

Arise from the direct action of two bodiesin contact with one another, or from the

action at a distance of one body upon

another. Represented by vectors

18.1 Statics


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Moment:

Can be thought of as a tendency to rotatethe body upon which it acts about a certain

axis.

Equilibrium:

The system of forces acting on a body is

one whose resultant is absolutely zero

18.1 Statics


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Free Body Diagrams(FBD): Neat sketch of the

body showing allforces and momentsacting on the body,together with allimportant linear andangular dimensions.

18.2 Dynamics


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Separated into two sections:

Kinematics Study of motion without reference to the forces

causing the motion

Kinetics Relates the forces on bodies to their resulting

motions

18.2 Dynamics


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Newtons laws of motion:

1st Law The Law of Inertia

2nd Law F=ma

3rd Law Fab=-Fba

Law of Gravitation

18.3 Thermodynamics


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Involves the storage, transformationand transfer of energy.

Stored as internal energy, kinetic energy,and potential energy

Transformed between these various forms

Transferred as work or heat transfer

18.3 Thermodynamics


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There are many definitions, laws, andother terms that are useful to knowwhen studying thermodynamics.

18.3 Thermodynamics


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A few useful definitions:

SystemA fixed quantity of matter

Control Volume (open system)A volume into which and/or from which a

substance flows

UniverseA system and its surrounding

18.3 Thermodynamics


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Some Laws of ideal gases: Boyles Law

Volume varies inversely with pressure

Charles LawVolume varies directly with temperature

Avagadros Law Equal volumes of different ideal gasses with the

same temperature and pressure contain anequal number of molecules

18.4 Electrical Circuits


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Interconnection of electricalcomponents for the purpose of:

Generating and distributing electricalpower

Converting electrical power to some otheruseful form

Processing information contained in anelectrical form



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Direct Current (DC)

Alternating Current (AC)

Steady State Transient circuit



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Quantity Symbol Unit

Charge Q coulomb

Current I ampere

Voltage V volt

Energy W joulePower P watt



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Circuit Components:

Resistors

Inductors

Capacitors

Sources of Electrical Energy

Voltage

Current



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Kirchhoffs Laws

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)

Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)

Ohms Law

V=IR



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Reference Voltage Polarity and CurrentDirection

Circuit Equations

Using Branch Currents

Using Mesh Currents

Circuit Simplification

DC Circuits

18.5 Economics


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Value and Interest

The value of a dollar given to you today isof greater value than that of a dollar given

to you one year from today

Cash Flow Diagrams

Cash Flow Patterns

Equivalence of Cash Flow Patterns


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Bab 19

The Campus Experience

19.1 Orienting Yourself toYour Campus


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Introduction to Campus Life

Tools to assist students to adjusting tothe college lifestyle

19.2 Exploring


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Begin by becoming familiar with somedifferent locations on campus

Offices

Dorms

Classroom Buildings Engineering Building

Sample map of Michigan StateUniversity Campus

19.3 Determining andplanning your Major


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Narrow down to a few different majors

Ask questions of insightful people

Look for any opportunity to learn moreabout each field

19.4 Get into the Habit ofAsking Questions


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Active questioners learn the most

Questions help students understandand complete tasks

Communication skills are vital toengineers

Understanding information given

Giving information that is understandable

19.5 The People Issue


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Meeting People Make friends of other engineers

Helpful as study partners

Offer perspective on engineering Academic Advisor

Advisors are an excellent resource Discuss problems

Information about the school, classes, and instructors Offer guidance for graduating and careers

19.5 The People Issue


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InstructorsAsk other students about an Instructor

before signing up for the class

Sit in on a class to see their teaching style Networking

Keep in contact with friends andacquaintances

Useful for assistance and support in andout of the classroom

19.6 Searching for CampusResources


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Every school has a document or website thatlists activities and opportunities

Examples Things to Do, Places to Go

Planetarium, Gardens, Museum, Union Whats Happening

Academic calendar, calendar of events

Library locations and hours Services

Legal aid, counseling, financial aid

Extracurricular Activities

19.7 Other Important Issues


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Managing Time

Control time to achieve success

Recommended Reading

The Usefulness of Reading

Engineering requires the extensive use oftechnical and non-technical materials Read each paragraph for its central point

Create outlines for each reading assignment



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Fulfilling Duties Engineers have a responsibility to society

Contributing to Society brings its own reward

Using the Web Use the internet to look up more information on

topics of interest outside the classroom

Sending e-mail Most contacts use email for some part of their

interaction



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Test-taking Skills Preparing outlines as subject matter is

presented will make studying easier

Form study groupsAsk questions

Taking Notes

Organize information Highlight essential information



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Study Skills Should be calm, structured, and routine Remember to get up and move a few times in an

hour

Reward yourself for studying Teaching Styles

Variety of Instructors including graduate students Fully engage professors and ask questions

Learning Styles Discover your Learning Style and use it to your

advantage



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Perspectives of others Learn to listen to others respectfully

Be open to discussion of a variety of topics

Listening Skills Dialogue does not need to be

confrontational

Allow others to express their opinions Listen carefully to what other people say



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Handling Stress Include time to relax in your schedule

Take classes for the right reason

Do not resent required classes Approach weak points with a positive attitude

Focus on learning instead of grades

Be patient for results of increased studying

Stress can not be avoided

Talking out problems can help

19.8 Final Thoughts


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Use the concepts from this Bab to makethe college experience all it can be.

Dont forget to ask questions!!!


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Bab 20

Financial Aid

20.1 Intro


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What costs are involved in going tocollege?

Tuition

Other college or university fees

Cost-of-living expenses

Other extras

20.2 Parental Assistance


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Some parents are able and willing tocover all of your college expenses

On average, nine million students mustfind ways to fund their collegeeducation every fall

20.3 Is Financial Assistancefor You?


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Applying for Financial Aid

Three areas: Grants and scholarships

Loans Work

Need vs. Non-need

Academic qualifications Why apply?



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Budgeting

Advisors available to assist with personalbudgeting

Help estimate costs and income anddevelop a plan

How to apply

Free Application for Federal Student Aid(FAFSA)



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FAFSA

http://www.fafsa.gov

First thing to complete to become eligible

for aid

Can apply as early as January for thefollowing fall semester

Look up the information required beforestarting to fill out the form

20.4 Scholarships
http://www.fafsa.gov/http://www.fafsa.gov/


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Educational funds that do not need tobe repaid

Public, private, or university sources

Local high school, professional groups,corporations, service organizations,government, college, etc.

It is your responsibility to seek outprivate scholarships/grants

20.5 Loans


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May be secured from lending institutions andstate and federal loan programs

Students who apply for financial aid will be

notified of their eligibility for both student andparent federal loans

Loans can be obtained from parents orrelative who feel that you should repay themoney that is required to put you throughschool

20.6 Work-Study


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Earning money the old-fashioned way

On- or off-campus employment duringschool

Summer jobs

Internships

Co-ops

Requires careful management of time

20.6 Work-Study


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Work-Study: Employment subsidized by the federal or

state government

Will be listed on your financial aid awardletter is you are eligible

Just Plain Work

Volunteering

Full Semester Off-Campus Employment

20.6 Work-Study


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Cooperative Education

Academic program in which collegestudents are employed in positions directly

related to their major field of studyAlternating, Parallel, and Back-to-back

semesters

20.7 Scams to Beware


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Do your own homework to avoidscholarship service rip-offs

Check with the Federal TradeCommission (FTC)

http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/menu-jobs.htm

20.8 The Road Ahead Awaits
http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/menu-jobs.htmhttp://www.ftc.gov/bcp/menu-jobs.htmhttp://www.ftc.gov/bcp/menu-jobs.htmhttp://www.ftc.gov/bcp/menu-jobs.htm


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Examine the many different sourcesavailable to you for obtaining the fundsneeded for your college expenses

How much do you actually need?

Correct forms and deadlines


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Bab 21

Engineering Work Experience

21.1 A Job and Experience


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How do you get experience without a job, and how do you geta job without experience?

Graduate schools and employers look for experiences outsidethe classroom

Incorporating career experience is a worthwhile consideration May extend college to 6 years

Many Economic shifts have happened in a college studentslifetime 1980-1983: Major Recession 1983-1986: Revival of U.S. Economy 1988-1994: Restructuring of Corporate America

1994-2001: Vigorous Rebound of Economy 2001-2003: Recession 2004- : Signs of improvement in the labor market for engineers

21.1 A Job and Experience


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In good and bad times employers lookfor Engineers with job-relatedexperience

Engineers require less training

Faster results

Many different Experiences are

available

21.2 Summer Jobs


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Even jobs such as baby-sitting and mowinglawns is a place to start

All jobs help develop basic employable skills Provide stepping stone to better, more career

related jobs

Skills include teamwork, communication, andproblem solving

Help you discover what workingenvironments you like

21.3 Volunteer


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Especially useful to freshmen andsophomores to gain experience

Generally volunteer positions are with

non-profit organizations Not a paid experience

Useful in developing skills

Able to experiment with different careerrelated fields

21.4 Supervised IndependentStudy


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Designed for the advanced undergraduate Preparatory for grad school or a career in

Research

Some are paid and others award credit Provides a unique experience

Challenging in many different areas

To learn more Talk to professors that share similar interests

21.5 Internships

d d f d f


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Paid or unpaid experience for a set period of time Usually during the summer

No obligations for future employment

Sometimes they support other engineers

Other times they are given individual projects No official evaluation or credit given

Short term projects Obtain a description of these projects prior to employment

to assure it is of interest

Great for students with time, curriculum, and locationconstraints

21.6 Co-operative Education

C i Ed i i f h f d f f


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Cooperative Education is often the preferred form ofexperimental Learning

Co-ops are considered to be academic and areadministered by the college

Assignments are directly related to field of study Detailed job descriptions are used to create the best possible

matches

School and work are closely integrated Alternating terms of school with work at the same company

Projects become more extensive throughout the experience Term in school followed by a term at work followed by a term

at school and so on


P ll l i lt ti


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Parallel co-ops is an alternative Students are partially enrolled in classes and spend 20 to

25 hours at work Difficulties arise in allowing ample time for both areas

Sometimes a longer alternating approach is used Students work two consecutive semesters then attend

class for a semester or two Allows for longer projects

Some schools use all three methods Co-ops are rarely summer only

Break between work assignments is too long Requires a three or four semester commitment


Ad t f St d t


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Advantages for Students Consideration for employment and grad school

Improved technical skills

Helps determine career path

Excellent pay Advantages for Employers

Recruiting Co-op students is more cost efficient

Many students accept full time positions with their employer

More diverse and dedicated students

Students free up other engineers and bring in freshapproaches


Ad t f S h l


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Advantages for Schools Integrates theory and practice

Keeps faculty informed of trends in industry

Creates relationships between schools and businesses

Improves a schools reputation Other Benefits


Networking

Self-discipline

Management Experience Interactions with a variety of people

21.7 Which is Best for You?

S Q ti t h l d t i hi h i


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Some Questions to help determine which isbest for you Am I willing to sacrifice convenience for the best

experience? How flexible can I be?

How committed do I want to be?

Seek out advice from professors, academic

advisors, and campus placement officers


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Bab 22

Connections: Liberal Arts andEngineering

22.1 What are Connections?

C ti i t b t i i


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Connections exist between engineeringand liberal arts Literature

History Music

Art

Social studies

Philosophy

22.1 What are Connections?

L k l l t h t i ll d


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Look closely at what engineers really are andwhat they really do

liberal comes from liberty, so that liberal

arts means works befitting a free man Need for a general education

Developed because people have a need for astrong, open mind in addition to a specialty in

order to be well-rounded Not trapped by cultural blind-spots

22.2 Why Study Liberal Arts?

Lib l t h l i


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Liberal arts help improve yourbroadness

Look in many directions at once

Questions about areas that do not havepre-set answers

Expected to be a leader


Th A t I


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The Arts Improve:

Your Perspective See the big picture

Your Balance Practice dealing with a variety of diverse ideas

Your People Skills

Be aware of things that modern tendenciesavoid or neglect


Th A t I


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The Arts Improve:

Your Sense of Duty and Responsibility Elevate, integrate, and unify the standards of

the profession Fulfill your duty in life, so society respects you

more


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Appendix A:

The Basics of Power Point

A.1 Introduction

The p pose of this section is to


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The purpose of this section is tointroduce a user to PowerPoint

Learn 20 key procedures

Be able to do 80% of everything you willever need to do

To learn more experiment with the

software

A.2 The Basics of PowerPoint

To begin open a blank presentation


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To begin open a blank presentation Activate the standard, formatting, drawing,

picture, and WordArt toolbars

Select a slide type for the first slide

Select a background

Enter text into given text blocks Edit the text and box sizes and shapes

Add additional text boxes selecting Insert-TextBox Insert WordArt as necessary


Insert any pictures


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Insert any pictures Click Insert-Picture-From File

Format the picture using the Picture toolbar

Insert Clip Art

Click Insert-Picture-Clip Art Picture Toolbar is used for formatting

Change visibility of an object by right clicking on anobject and then selecting Order from the menu

To Delete objects click on it and press backspace ordelete


To begin a new slide click the new slide button


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To begin a new slide click the new slide button Repeat from the beginning to format

View slides by thumbnails in the Slide Sorter View Useful for arranging or hiding slides for presentations

Can be used when copying or deleting whole slides Save your work when finished

Change slide transitions and animations

View the entire Show


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Appendix B:

Introduction to MATLAB

B.1 Introduction

MATRIX LABORATORY


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MATRIX LABORATORY

Powerful tool in performing engineeringcomputations

Many engineering curricula have moved tomaking MATLAB the primary computing toolin its undergraduate program

Can be run on many different platforms,including UNIX, PC, and Macintosh.

B.2 MATLAB Environment

Command window


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Command window Use to run your programs and see the results

Command History window

Shows a history of the commands that have beenentered into the command window

Launch Pad window Allows you to start applications and

demonstrations by clicking the icons in thewindow


Demonstration Programs


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Demonstration Programs >>demo

Help Files >>help >>lookfor topic

>>helpwin

MATLAB is case sensitiveApple apple APPLE aPPle


Helpful commands


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Helpful commands >>who

Allows the user to see the variables currently in

memory >>clear

Erase the memory

>>clear Clears just that variable


MATLAB has some predefined functions that


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MATLAB has some predefined functions thatshould not be used to name variables

A few variable names to avoid:

ans Inf

NaN

i

j realmin

B.3 Symbolic Manipulations

To declare variables as a symbol


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To declare variables as a symbol >> syms x y

Algebraic expressions >>solve (x^2-4)

Symbolic derivatives >>diff (y^3)

Symbolic integrals >>int (sin(x))

B.4 Saving and Loading Files

To find out the identity of your working


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To find out the identity of your workingdirectory, typepwd(print workingdirectory)

Use cdto change the working directory >>cd c:\matlab\mystuff

The file can be saved using saveat the

MATLAB prompt

B.4 Saving and Loading Files

Use the command load followed by the


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Use the command loadfollowed by thefile name to retrieve your file.

>>load my_workspace

pathlists the directories that MATLAwill search for files

addpath will add the

location to the path listing

B.5 Vectors

A vector is simply a row or column of


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A vector is simply a row or column ofnumbers

Vectors are enclosed in square brackets

>>row_vector = [1 2 6 9 12]

>>col_vector = [2;4;6;8;10]

To change a column vector into a row

vector and vice versa, use transpose

B.5 Vectors

For vectors to be added and subtracted


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For vectors to be added and subtracted,they must be of the same type and size

To multiply or divide vectors, special

MATLAB symbols must be used.* is used for multiplication

./ is used for division

B.6 Matrices

A matrix is a group of numbers


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A matrix is a group of numbersarranged in columns and rows

Each element in a matrix is identified by

the use of two numbers or indices The first index is the row number

The second index is the column number

MATLAB can extract an entire row orcolumn, or specific elements

B.7 Simultaneous Equations

Put the equations to be solved into


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Put the equations to be solved intostandard form

To solve for matrix x from Ax=b

X=A\b

B.9 Plotting

To generate linear xy plots use plot


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To generate linear xy plots useplot >>plot(x axis values, y axis values,symbol or line type)

Use hold onto plot multiple data sets The axes can be labeled using the

commandsxlabel, ylabel, and title

To generate multiple pl

rs 1.2 insinyur

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