pertolongan metode

8/10/2019 pertolongan metode

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condition that has been linked to anaerobic ram/ne ati e bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus s#., Prevotella s#. and Fusobacteriums#$+5. In #eriodontal diseases+ the area at or belo& the in i al cre ice becomesinfected causin a cellular inflammatory res#onse of in i al and surroundinconnecti e tissue. "hese inflammatory res#onses can manifest as in i itis

(e6tremely common and seen as bleedin of in i al or um tissues) or #eriodontitis (the inflammatory res#onse results in the loss of colla enattachment of tooth to the bone and in loss of bone ) ."he lobal need for alternati e #re ention and treatment o#tions and #roducts for oral diseases that are safe+ effecti e and economical comes from the rise indisease incidence (#articularly in de elo#in countries)+ increased resistance by

#atho enic bacteria to currently used antibiotics and chemothera#eutics+o##ortunistic infections in immunocom#romi ed indi iduals and financialconsiderations in de elo#in countries 5+, es#ite se eral a ents beincommercially a ailable+ these ha e undesirable side/effects such as omitin +diarrhea and tooth stainin 1-+11.7ence+ the main aim of #resent study is to desi n and e aluate a tooth #aste for

#re entin dental caries and #eriodontal diseases+ em#loyin natural*herbal #roducts+ such as "urmeric+ 8ucaly#tol+ arlic oil+ Neem e6tracts+ "ulsi leaf e6tract+ etc.

.' R(3 ( +* L ( 6 0 (2 9iterature re ie& sho&s se eral #ublished re#orts on the efficacy of arious

herherbal #roducts in #re ention of oral health #roblems such as dental caries and #er#eriodontal diseases. "hese are:

; re ie& on microbiolo ical as#ects of the chemical control of #la0ue

and in i itis has been #ublished by arsh P 12. ;lthou h manyantimicrobial a ents &ould a##ear to be suitable for #la0ue control+ fe&ha e been found to #osses clinical efficacy+ this is because of inherent

#roblems in the mode on action of a ents in the mouth+ and difficulties&ith their formulations in to dental #roducts. Currently formulatedantimicrobial a ents include metal salts (e. + <inc+ =tanus+ Co##er)+

#henols ("riclosan)+ #lant e6tracts (san uinarine)+ en ymes (e. .+luconase)+ essential oils (e. .+ thymol+ menthol) and bisbi uanides

(chlorhe6idine ) 12.8fficacy of dentifrice containin inc citrate for control of #la0ue and

in i itis (a $/month clinical study in adults) has been re#orted by>illiams C et al 13. ?esults of this study indicated that dentifricecontainin 2 inc citrate and -. $ sodium monofluoro#hos#hate in asilica base is clinically efficacious for the control of su#ra in i al

#la0ue and in i itis .;n in ention relatin the formulation of a natural herbal tooth #o&der has been #atented by @aroo0i et al 14.; $/month randomi ed controlled clinical study on"riclosan*#yro#hos#hate dentifrice for the control of #la0ue and

in i itis has been re#orted 1! . "he results from this study demonstratedthat use of "riclosan*#yro#hos#hate dentifrice resulted in statistically

si nificant reduction+ com#ared to the control.

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ethod for #re#arin #lant e6tract #o&der and oral com#ositioncontainin this #lant e6tract #o&der has been #atented by oon 7= etal1$. "hese oral com#ositions ha e e6cellent #eriodontal disease

#re entin effect and tooth decay #re entin effect.In inhibitory acti ity of arlic ( Allium Sativum ) e6tract on multidruresistant Streptococcus mutans has been re#orted 1 . "he data from thestudy indicated that mouth &ashes or tooth #aste containin o#timumconcentration of arlic e6tracts could be used for #re ention of dentalcaries.; study on assessment of in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial acti ities of selected &idely used Ni erian tooth #aste and mouth &ashes on someoral #atho ens has been re#orted 15. "here &ere si nificant differences

bet&een the e6hibited in vitro antibacterial acti ities of the in esti atedmouth care #roducts. ost tooth #astes lost their in vitro acti ities at A12.! concentrations. ?esults of the in vivo assessment re ealed thatimmediate reduction in iable counts and the sustenance of suchreduction &ere #oor for most of the in esti ated sam#les. @ormulation of the tooth #aste from arious forms and e6tracts of tender t&i s of neem has been recently #ublished 1, . "ender t&i s of neem ares#ecifically chosen so that most s#ecific results could be obtained+es#ecially+ &hen neem #o&der is selected for de elo#in dentifrices.

In vitro e aluation of anti/bacterial acti ity of herbal dentifrice(;rodent) a ainst Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilushas been re#orted by Byas B et al 2- . "he results su est that ;rodent isan effecti e anti/bacterial herbal dentifrice. ; re ie& on use of turmeric in dentistry has been #ublished by

Chatur edi "P 21. =ince turmeric has antimicrobial+ antio6idant+astrin ent and other useful #ro#erties+ it is 0uite useful in dentistry also."his article hi hli hts arious uses of turmeric in dental field alon &ithits use in medical #roblems."raditional medicinal #lant e6tracts and natural #roducts &ith acti itya ainst oral bacteria ha e been re ie&ed 22. Plant e6tracts and

#hytochemicals that inhibit the ro&th of oral #atho ens+ reduce thede elo#ment of biofilms and dental #la0ue+ influence the adhesion of

bacteria to surfaces and reduce sym#toms of oral diseases ha e beendiscussed.

. O 9(: 3(/ +* ( / 0)12

In the #resent &ork+ studies &ill be carried out on the formulation and e aluationof tooth #astes for #re entin dental caries and #eriodontal diseases. "hedesi ned tooth #astes &ill be e aluated for homo eneity+ #resence of hard andshar# ed ed abrasi e #articles ( ritty #articles)+ s#readability+ fineness+ #7+foamin #o&er+ stability and antimicrobial acti ity a ainst selected oral

#atho ens such as Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, etc. ;com#arati e e aluation of the #romisin tooth #aste formulations a ainst thecommercially a ailable selected tooth #aste formulations &ill also be carried out.

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7. M6 ( 6;/ 6<) M( +)/7.! S+0 :( +* D6 62

• Internet• &&&.r uhs.ac.in• ulbar a Dni ersity 9ibrary+ ulbar a.• International Pharmaceutical ;bstracts.

7.' M6 ( 6;/2"he desi ned tooth #aste formulations &ill be e aluated for arious #arametersand characteristics as described belo& 23.

a) 7omo eneity: "his test is #erformed to e aluate the homo eneity of the #aste e6truded from colla#sible tube &ith the a##lication of normalforce at 2 E2 o C.

b) etermination of hard and shar# ed ed abrassi e #articles: "his test is #erformed by e6trudin the #aste+ about 1!/2- cm len th each from at

least ten colla#sible tubes on a butter #a#er. "hen the #aste is tested by #ressin it alon its entire len th by a fin er for #resence of hard andshar# ed ed #articles ( ritty #articles)+ &hich &ill be distin uishedreadily from other #articles.

c) =#readability : ;bout1 m of tooth #aste is &ei hed at the center of lass #late (1-61- cm) and another lass #late is #laced o er it

carefully . ;t the center of the #late a 2 k &ei ht is #laced. ;fter 3-minutes+ the diameter of the #aste is measured in cms. "he e6#eriment isre#eated thrice and a era e diameter is determined.

d) @ineness: ;bout 1- m of tooth #aste is accurately &ei hed in 1-- ml beaker+ !- ml of &ater is added and allo&ed to stand for 3- minutes &ith

occasional stirrin until the tooth #aste is com#letely dis#ersed. "hesus#ension is transferred to a 1!- micron I= sie e (F1-- mesh)or to a ! micron I= sie e (F2-- mesh)+ as the case may be+ and&ashed by means of slo& stream of runnin ta# &ater and finally &ith afine stream from a &ash/bottle until all the matter that can #ass throu hthe sie e has #assed. "hen sie e containin the residue is dried in o en."he residue from the sie e is carefully transferred to tared &atch lassand dried to constant mass in an o en at 1-!E2 o C. "he mass of theresidue should not e6ceed -.! and -.2 &ith F 1-- and F2-- meshres#ecti ely.

e) etermination of #7: 1- m of tooth #aste is taken in a 1!- ml beaker

and 1- ml of freshly boiled and cold &ater (at 2 o C) is added+ stirred&ell to make thorou h sus#ension and the #7 of the sus#ension isdetermined &ithin ! minutes usin #7 meter.

f) etermination of foamin #o&er: ! ms of the tooth #aste is com#letelydis#ersed in to &ater to et a homo enous sus#ension (!- ml). It istransferred in to a1-- ml sto##ered raduated cylinder and i en 12shakes under #rescribed conditions (each shake com#risin an u#sidedo&n and ice/ ersa mo ements at 3- o C). "he olume of the foamformed is obser ed after kee#in the cylinder for ! minutes. "he olumeof foam #roduced should be not less than !- ml.

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) In-vitro antimicrobial acti ity:

It has been #lanned to study the in vitro antimicrobial acti ity of #re#aredtooth #aste formulations in com#arison &ith the selected commercialtooth #aste formulations a ainst selected dental #atho ens such as

Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis and Lactobacillusacidophilus by ; ar Cu# GPlate ethod.

7. D+(/ ( / 0)1 (=0 (/ 6<1 <3(/ >6 +< + < ( 3(< +< + ( :+<)0: () +<?6 (< / + + ( 0@6</ + 6< @6;/ I* /+ ?;(6/( )(/: ( (*;1

//////////////Not under the #lan of the &ork///////////////

7.4 H6/ ( :6; :;(6 6<:( 63( ((< + 6 <() * +@ 1+0 </ 0 +< < :6/( +*8.4 //////////////Not a##licable//////////////

8." L / +* R(*( (<:(/2

1. Petersen P8+ %our eois + ' a&a 7+ 8stu#inan/ ay =+

Ndiaye C. "he lobal burden of oral diseases and risks to oral health . %ull

>orld 7ealth 'r an 2--!H 53: $$1/,.

2. Petersen P8. "he >orld 'ral 7ealth ?e#ort 2--3:

continuous im#ro ement of oral health in the 21 st century / "he a##roach of the

>7' lobal 'ral 7ealth Pro ramme. Commun entist oral 8#idermiol 2--3H

31: 3/24.

3. Petersen P8. "he burden of oral diseases: challen es to

im#ro in oral health in the 21st century. %ull >orld 7ealth 'r an 2--!H 53: 1/

3.

4. ?autemaa ?+ 9auhio ;+ Cullinan P+ =eymour . 'ral

infections and systemic disease / an emer in #roblem in medicine. Clin

icrobial Infect 2-- H 13: 1-41/ .

!. Jeo % + 9im 9P+ Pa0uette >+ >illiams ?C. Periodontal

disease / "he emer ence of a risk for systemic conditions: #re/term lo& birth

&ei ht. ;cad ed =in a# 2--!H 34: 111/$.

$. enkinson 7@+ 9amont ? . 'ral microbial communities in

sickness and in health. "rends icrobiol 2--!H 13: !5,/,!.

. 9oesche >. ental caries and #eriodontitis: contrastin

t&o infections that ha e medical im#lications. Infect is Clin Nth ;m 2-- H 21:

4 1/!-2.

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5. "ichy + No ak . 86traction+ assay and analysis of

antimicrobials from #lants &ith acti ity a ainst dental #atho ens ( Streptococcus

s#.). ;ltern Com#lement ed 1,,5H 4: 3,/4!.

,. %adria @;+ <idan ';. Natural Products for dental caries

#re ention. ed @ood 2--4H : 351/4.

1-. Park + Jou =+ 9ee 7J+ %aek NI+ 7&an +

u&anon . ;n antibacterial a ent from the root bark of Morus alba a ainst

oral #atho ens. 8thno#harmacol 2--3H 54: 151/!.

11. Chun J+ Choo 7+ 9ee 7+ 7&an . ;nticario enic

acti ity of maceli nan isolated from Myristica fragrans (nutme ) a ainst

Streptococcus mutans . Phytomedicine 2--$H 13: 2$1/$.

12. arsh P . icrobiolo ical as#ects of chemical control of

#la0ue and in i itis. ent ?es 1,,2H 1( ): 1431/35.

13. >illiams C+ cbride =+ ostler + Petrone + =imone

; + Cra&ford ? et al. 8fficay of a dentifrice containin inc citrate for the

control of #la0ue and in i itis.(a si6/ month clinical study in adults). Com#end

Contin 8duc ent 1,,5H 1, (2): 4/1!.

14. @aroo0ui ;7;+ =harma =+ han ;+ umar = .

@ormulation useful as a natural herbal tooth #o&der. Dnited =tates Patent No.

$+2$4+,2$ %1+dated ul 24+ 2--1.

1!. rossman 8+ 7ou 9+ %ollmer %>+ Court 9 + cclary

+ %ennete = et al . "riclosan*Pyro#hos#hate dentifrice : dental #la0ue and

in i atis effect in a si6/month randami ed controlled clinical study. Clin ent

2--2H 13(4): 14,/! .

1$. oon 7=+ =eoul ?+ 9ee %?+ Jon in ?+ 9ee 7+

ethod for #re#aration of #lant e6tract #o&der oral com#ositions containin

#lant e6tract #o&der #re#ared by the same. Dnited =tates Patent No $+!-3+!41

%1+dated jan + 2--3.

1 . @ani + ohanteb + aya hi . Inhibitory acti ity of

arlic ( Allum sativum ) e6tract on multi dru /resistant Streptococcus mutans.

Indian =oc Pedod Pre ent ent 2-- H 2!(4): 1$4/$5.

15. ;dejumo '8+ 'lubomi&a ;'+ ' undiji %;+ ola#o ;9.

;ssessment of in vitro and in vivo antimicobial aci ity of selected Ni eriantooth #astes and mouth &ashes on some oral #atho ens. ;d ed and ent =ci

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2--5H 2(3): $1/!.

1,. ad e ?+ Patil =B+ Purohit ?N. @ormulation of tooth

#aste from arious forms and e6tracts of tender t&i s of neem. Pharm ?es

2--5H 1(2): 145/!2.

2-. Byas J + %hatna ar + =harma . In vitro e aluation of

antimirobial acti ity of a herbal dentifrice a ainst Streptococcus mutans and

Lactobacillus acidophilus . Indian ent ?es 2--5H 1,(1): 2$/5.

21. Chatur edi "P. Dse of turmeric in dentistry: ;n u#date.

Indian ent ?es 2--,H 2-(1): 1- /,.

22. Palombo 8;. "raditional medicinal #lant e6tracts and

natural #roducts &ith acti ity a ainst oral bacteria: Potential a##lications in the

#re ention and treatment of oral diseases. eC; ul 13+ 2--,: 1/1! ('6ford

Dni ersity Press).

23. Indian standard "ooth#aste G =#ecification I= $3!$: 1,,3

(=econd ?e ision). %ureau of Indian =tandards: Ne& elhiH (;u 1,,3).#.1/$.

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,. =i nature of candidate ( ee#ak esh#ande)

1-. ?emarks of uide

entifrices containin antimicrobial a ents+es#ecially+ those of natural or herbal ori in are

ainin #o#ularity &ith the eneral #ublic+ because of the increased a&areness on oralhy iene+ in recent years. 7ence+ the #resentstudy is su##osed to #lay a ital role in the

#re ention of dental #roblems leadin tomajority of health com#lications such asrheumatoid arthritis and cardio ascular diseases.

11. Name and desi nation of(in block letters)

11.1 uide

D . P.V.S AMY, .Pharm.+ Ph.P?'@8=='?+

8P". '@ P7;? ;C8D"IC;9"8C7N'9'9 J+7. .8.=Ks C'998 8 '@ P7;? ;CJ+

D9%;? ;/!5!1-!

11.2 =i nature

11.3 Co/ uide

S. H. ALI, .Pharm.+;==". P?'@8=='?+

8P".'@ P7;? ;C8D"IC;9"8C7N'9'9 J+7. .8.=K s C'998 8 '@ P7;? ;CJ+

D9%;? ;/!5!1-!

11.4 =i nature

12.

12.1 ?emarks of Chairman andPrinci#al

12.2 =i nature

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pertolongan metode

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