ANALISIS CEMARAN SIMPLISIA

IDENTIFIKASI GOLONGAN SENYAWA KIMIAHASNAWATI, S.Si., M.ScIdentifikasi Golongan Senyawa KimiaReaksi Warna GolonganAnalisis KromatografiIndeks Kepedasan, Kepahitan, Pengembangan, PembusaanTerjadi Karena Perubahan / Reaksi Kimia Jika zat baru yg terbentuk mempunyai warna yg berbeda dgn warna zat semulaPerubahan / reaksi yang akan menghasilkan zat / senyawa baruContoh: PembakaranCxHy + O2 --> CO2 + H2O + panasREAKSI WARNA GOLONGANCiri Perubahan/reaksi kimiaTerbentuknya warnaTerbentuknya endapanTerbentuknya panasTerbentuknya bau/gasCiri lainnya

Bagaimana ciri perubahan kimia bisa digunakan untuk identifikasi?Harus spesifikartinya hanya mempunyai reaksi atau hasil pengamatan yang khas terhadap zat tertentucontoh:identifikasi borat dengan pembakaran menghasilkan warna hijau (warna khas) Mekanisme pembentukan warna1. Pembentukan senyawa kompleks antara molekul organik dengan logamcontoh:identifikasi fenol dengan feri klorida

Mekanisme pembentukan warna2. Pemasukan gugus pembentuk warna / kromoforcontoh:- Identifikasi metanol dengan pereaksi kromotropat akan menghasilkan warna ungu - Identifikasi senyawa alkaloid dengan ninhidrin mis: asam amino direaksikan dgn ninhidrin akan menghasilkan warna biru / biru keunguan

Uji Asam Amino Secara Ninhidrin Positif: warna biru sampai biru keunguan

Mekanisme pembentukan warna3. Adanya reaksi reduksi oksidasi Contoh:identifikasi raksa dengan kawat tembaga dengan adanya pelapisan / pembentukan amalgamMekanisme pembentukan warna4. Penyerapan cahaya tampak oleh atom netral Contoh:identifikasi logam dengan pembakaran

H3BO3 ----> B panasSpesifisitas identifikasi dengan Reaksi kimiaPenentuan golongan kimiamisal: alkohol, aldehid, karboksilat, dllPenentuan golongan senyawa aktifmisal: alkaloid, steroid, flavonoid, terpenoid, dllPenentuan jenis-jenis atom, misal N, S, O dllPenentuan jenis-jenis molekul tertentu: formaldehid

Contoh spesifisitasIdentifikasi glukosa dengan pereaksi Benedict dan Fehling, untuk sampel hasil hidrolisis tepung-tepungan ??? Tidak spesifik, karena pereaksi tsb untuk yang punya gugus aldehidaContoh spesifisitasIdentifikasi Morfin dengan pereaksi Dragendorf ???Tidak spesifik, karena pereaksi tsb untuk yang punya gugus aminaContoh spesifisitasIdentifikasi asam amino glutamat dari sampel hasil hidrolisis protein dengan pereaksi ninhidrin ???Tidak spesifik, karena pereaksi tsb untuk yang punya gugus aminaBagaimana meningkatkan spesifisitasMetode dilengkapi dengan pemisahan: kromatografi atau elektroforesisContoh: Setelah di KLT disemprot dengan pereaksi dimaksudIdentifikasi glutamat secara klt dengan penampak bercak ninhidrin: lebih spesifik, karena selain warna, ada faktor retardation (Rf) karena pemisahan

ANALISIS KUALITATIF:

Uji Pendahuluan

Uji Konstanta Fisika

Uji Kelarutan

Uji Klasifikasi Gugus Fungsi

Sintesis Turunan

ANALISIS KUALITATIF:

Uji Pendahuluan

Uji Konstanta Fisika

Uji Kelarutan

Uji Klasifikasi Gugus Fungsi

Sintesis Turunan

ANALISIS KUALITATIF:

Uji Pendahuluan

Uji Konstanta Fisika

Uji Kelarutan

Uji Klasifikasi Gugus Fungsi

Sintesis Turunan

ANALISIS KUALITATIF:

Uji Pendahuluan

Uji Konstanta Fisika

Uji Kelarutan

Uji Klasifikasi Gugus Fungsi

Sintesis Turunan

ANALISIS KUALITATIF:

Uji Pendahuluan

Uji Konstanta Fisika

Uji Kelarutan

Uji Klasifikasi Gugus Fungsi

Sintesis Turunan

ANALISIS KUALITATIF:

Uji Pendahuluan

Uji Konstanta Fisika

Uji Kelarutan

Uji Klasifikasi Gugus Fungsi

Sintesis Turunan

Identifikasi Alkil HalidaRumus : R X, dengan X = F, Cl, Br, I

1. Perak Nitrat etanolis2. Uji Natrium Iodidaendapan

Endapan NaCl atau NaBrIdentifikasi Alkena1. Uji bromin

2. Uji iodinHilang warna iodin (coklat)Hilang warna brom, tanpa pengeluaran gas HBrIdentifikasi Alkena3. Uji Kalium permanganat

Hilangnya warna KMnO4 (ungu)Identifikasi Alkuna1. Uji bromine

Hilang warna brom, tanpa pengeluaran gas HBr2. Uji KMnO4

3. Deteksi Na dari Hidrogen aktif Terbentuknya gas hidrogenIdentifikasi AlkunaCH3C=CH + Na ---> CH3C=CNa + H2 CH3C=CCH3 + Na ---> tidak bereaksiIdentifikasi Aromatis

1. Azoksibenzen dan Al klorid

2. Uji kloroform dan Al klorid

CompoundColorbenzene and its homologsorange to redaryl halidesorange to rednaphthalenebluebiphenylpurplephenanthrenepurpleanthracenegreen

Padatan larut, pelepasan panas

Identifikasi Aromatis3. Asam sulfat Identifikasi Anhidrida Asam1. Pembentukan Anilida

endapan

2. Uji asam hidroksamat

magentaIdentifikasi Anhidrida asam

3. HidrolisisPanas dan gas CO2Identifikasi Anhidrida asamIdentifikasi Asil Halida1. Pembentukan ANILIDA

endapan

2. HidrolisisPanas dan CO2

3. Uji Asam Hidroksamat

Magenta

4. Uji perak nitrat (etanolis)Endapan perak karboksilat. Larut dengan asam nitrat encer

Identifikasi Alkohol1. Asetil klorida2. Ceri amonium nitrat

Ada lapisan terpisah ester

Merah / coklat

3. Anhidrida Kromat (oksidasi Jones)

4. Uji LucasTerbentuk emulsi atau warna awan alkohol tersier => 2 - 3 min. Alkohol sekunder => 5 - 10 min Alkohol primer => tidak bereaksi

5. Uji IodoformPembentukan padatan iodoform (kuning)

6. Sodium Detection of Active Hydrogen

Pembentukan gas hidrogenAldehida1. Benedict

Endapan tembaga(I) oksida merah, kuning, kuning kehijauan

2. Reaksi dengan 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine

Endapan

2. Larutan Fehling

Endapan tembaga(I) oksida warna merah, kuning, atau kuning kehijauan

3. Pereaksi Fuchsin-Aldehyde (pereaksi Schiff)

Pembentukan larutan violet-purple

4. Uji Hidroksilamin HidrokloridaPerubahan warna dari orange ke merah red

5. Kompleks dengan penambahan Na BisulfitPositif: pembentukan endapan

6. Uji TolensTerbentuk cermin perak atau endapan hitamAmida

1. Uji asam Hidroksamat

Terbentuk warna merah sampai violet. 50Amide 2. Hidrolisis dengan NaOH

1o amida - terbentuk ammonia2o amida lakmus berubah biru 3o amida lakmus berubah biru

Amina1o amine

2o amine

1. Pereaksi Asetil kloridaAmina primer dan sekunder membentuk amida yang mengendap2. benzenesulfonyl chloride (Hinsberg's method)1o Amine

1o amines - dissolves in base and precipitates from acid is a positive test. 2o amines - precipitates from base and no change from acid is a positive test. 3o amines - precipitates from base and dissolves in acid is a positive test.

2o Amine

1o amines - dissolves in base and precipitates from acid is a positive test. 2o amines - precipitates from base and no change from acid is a positive test. 3o amines - precipitates from base and dissolves in acid is a positive test.

3o Amine

1o amines - dissolves in base and precipitates from acid is a positive test. 2o amines - precipitates from base and no change from acid is a positive test. 3o amines - precipitates from base and dissolves in acid is a positive test.

2o Amine

Nickel Chloride, Carbon Disulfide, Ammonium Hydroxide Test

2o amines- precipitate is a positive test.

2o Amine

Nickel Chloride and 5-Nitrosalicylaldehyde Test

1o aliphatic amines- immediate copious precipitate is a positive test. 1o aromatic amines- copious precipitate (after 2 - 3 minutes) is a positive test.

Asam Amino

1. Pembentukan Kompleks CuA moderate to deep blue color of a liquid or a dark blue solid is a positive test.

2. Ninhidrin

A blue to blue-violet color is given by a-amino acids and constitutes a positive test. Other colors (yellow, orange, red) are negative. Karbohidrat

1. Uji BenedictPrecipitation of copper(I) oxide as a red, yellow, or yellowish-green solid is a positive test.

2. TolensFormation of silver mirror or black precipitate is a positive test.

Sulfonamida

Penggabungan dengan NaOHA positive test for the presence of a sulfonamide is the evolution both of ammonia or amine and of sulfur dioxide

Asam Sulfonat

The magenta color of the ferric hydroxamate complex is a positive test.

Identifikasi Senyawa Bahan Alam secara kimiaalkaloidscoumarin flavonoid lignanssteroid terpenoidAlkaloidSenyawa metabolit sekunderbahan alam: tanaman, tumbuhan, mikrobabiasanya aktif secara farmakologi Mempunyai atom Nitrogen, umumnya atom N merupakan bagian dari cincin Alkaloid dari kata alkaline: yaitu basa larut air.contoh morphine, reserpine dan taxol.

flavonoidPereaksi FeCl3Logam NaLogam Mg / HCl

Identifikasi Alkaloid

Endapan :JinggaCokelatPutih Metode Culvenor-FitzgeraldIdentifikasi Flavonoid

Warna merah pada lapisan etanolIdentifikasi Saponin

Busa stabilIdentifikasi Steroid

Ungu ke biruatau Ungu ke hijauIdentifikasi Triterpenoid

Merah kecoklatan pada antarpermukaanIdentifikasi Tannin

Coklat kehijauan atau biru kehitamanClarkes Isolation and Identification of Drug. 1986. Moffat AC, et al. Pharmeceut. Press. LondonSheet1Gugus FungsiNama Test Klasifikasi secara kimiaalkil halidaperak nitrat (etanolis)uji natrium iodidaalkenauji brominuji iodinlarutan K-permanganatalkunauji brominlarutan K- permanganatdeteksi Na dari Hidrogen aktifsenyawa aromatisazoksibenzen dan Al kloridakloroform dan Al kloridaasam sulfat pekatacid anhydrideanilide formationester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)hydrolysishydroxamic acid testacyl halideanilide formationester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)hydrolysishydroxamic acid testsilver nitrate (ethanolic)alcoholacetyl chlorideceric ammonium nitratechromic anhydride (Jones oxidation)hydrochloric acid/zinc chloride (Lucas test)iodoform testsodium detection of active hydrogenaldehydeBenedict's solutionchromic anhydride (Jones oxidation)2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazineFehling's solutionFuchsin-aldehyde reagent (Schiff's reagent)hydroxylamine hydrochloridesodium bisulfite addition complexTollens testamidehydroxamic acid testsodium hydroxide hydrolysisamineacetyl chloridebenzenesulfonyl chloride (Hinsberg's method)nickel chloride, carbon disulfide, and ammonium hydroxidenickel chloride and 5-nitrosalicylaldehydenitrous acidsodium detection of active hydrogensodium hydroxide treatmentamino acidcopper complex formationninhydrin testnitrous acidcarbohydrateacetyl chlorideBenedict's solutionborax testFehling's solutionosazonesperiodic acid oxidationTollens testcarboxylic acidester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)silver nitrate (ethanolic)sodium bicarbonate testesterhydroiodic acid (Zeisel's alkoxy method)hydroxamic acid testetherferrox testhydroiodic acid (Zeisel's alkoxy method)iodine testketone2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazinehydroxylamine hydrochlorideiodoform testsodium bisulfite addition complexnitrilehydroxamic acid testsodium hydroxide hydrolysisnitro compoundferrous hydroxide reductionsodium hydroxide treatmentzinc and ammonium chloride reductionphenolacetyl chloridebromine waterceric ammonium nitrateferric chloride-pyridine reagentLiebermann's testpotassium permanganate solutionsulfonamidesodium hydroxide fusion testsulfonic acidhydroxamic acid testsulfonyl chloridehydroxamic acid testsilver nitrate (ethanolic)sodium iodide test

perak nitrat (etanolis)uji natrium iodidauji brominuji iodinlarutan K-permanganatuji brominlarutan K- permanganatdeteksi Na dari Hidrogen aktifazoksibenzen dan Al kloridakloroform dan Al kloridaasam sulfat pekatanilide formationester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)hydrolysishydroxamic acid testanilide formationester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)hydrolysishydroxamic acid testsilver nitrate (ethanolic)acetyl chlorideceric ammonium nitratechromic anhydride (Jones oxidation)hydrochloric acid/zinc chloride (Lucas test)iodoform testsodium detection of active hydrogenBenedict's solutionchromic anhydride (Jones oxidation)2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazineFehling's solutionFuchsin-aldehyde reagent (Schiff's reagent)hydroxylamine hydrochloridesodium bisulfite addition complexTollens testhydroxamic acid testsodium hydroxide hydrolysisacetyl chloridebenzenesulfonyl chloride (Hinsberg's method)nickel chloride, carbon disulfide, and ammonium hydroxidenickel chloride and 5-nitrosalicylaldehydenitrous acidsodium detection of active hydrogensodium hydroxide treatmentcopper complex formationninhydrin testnitrous acidacetyl chlorideBenedict's solutionborax testFehling's solutionosazonesperiodic acid oxidationTollens testester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)silver nitrate (ethanolic)sodium bicarbonate testhydroiodic acid (Zeisel's alkoxy method)hydroxamic acid testferrox testhydroiodic acid (Zeisel's alkoxy method)iodine test2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazinehydroxylamine hydrochlorideiodoform testsodium bisulfite addition complexhydroxamic acid testsodium hydroxide hydrolysisferrous hydroxide reductionsodium hydroxide treatmentzinc and ammonium chloride reductionacetyl chloridebromine waterceric ammonium nitrateferric chloride-pyridine reagentLiebermann's testpotassium permanganate solutionsodium hydroxide fusion testhydroxamic acid testhydroxamic acid testsilver nitrate (ethanolic)sodium iodide test

Sheet2

Sheet3

Sheet1Gugus FungsiNama Test Klasifikasialkyl halidesilver nitrate (ethanolic)sodium iodide testalkenebromine testiodine testpotassium permanganate solutionalkynebromine testpotassium permanganate solutionsodium detection of active hydrogenaromatic compoundsazoxybenzene and aluminum chloridechlorofrom and aluminum chloridefuming sulfuric acidanhidrida asampembentukan anilidapembentukan ester (reaksi Schotten-Baumann)uji asam hidroksamatHidrolisisAsil Halidapembentukan anilidaester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)Hidrolisisuji asam hidroksamatperak nitrat (etanolis)Alkoholasetil kloridaCeri amonium nitratanhidrida Kromat (oksidasi Jones)HCl / Seng Klorida (Uji Lucas)Uji iodoformDeteksi Na dari Hidrogen aktifaldehydeBenedict's solutionchromic anhydride (Jones oxidation)2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazineFehling's solutionFuchsin-aldehyde reagent (Schiff's reagent)hydroxylamine hydrochloridesodium bisulfite addition complexTollens testamidehydroxamic acid testsodium hydroxide hydrolysisamineacetyl chloridebenzenesulfonyl chloride (Hinsberg's method)nickel chloride, carbon disulfide, and ammonium hydroxidenickel chloride and 5-nitrosalicylaldehydenitrous acidsodium detection of active hydrogensodium hydroxide treatmentamino acidcopper complex formationninhydrin testnitrous acidcarbohydrateacetyl chlorideBenedict's solutionborax testFehling's solutionosazonesperiodic acid oxidationTollens testcarboxylic acidester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)silver nitrate (ethanolic)sodium bicarbonate testesterhydroiodic acid (Zeisel's alkoxy method)hydroxamic acid testetherferrox testhydroiodic acid (Zeisel's alkoxy method)iodine testketone2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazinehydroxylamine hydrochlorideiodoform testsodium bisulfite addition complexnitrilehydroxamic acid testsodium hydroxide hydrolysisnitro compoundferrous hydroxide reductionsodium hydroxide treatmentzinc and ammonium chloride reductionphenolacetyl chloridebromine waterceric ammonium nitrateferric chloride-pyridine reagentLiebermann's testpotassium permanganate solutionsulfonamidesodium hydroxide fusion testsulfonic acidhydroxamic acid testsulfonyl chloridehydroxamic acid testsilver nitrate (ethanolic)sodium iodide test

silver nitrate (ethanolic)sodium iodide testbromine testiodine testpotassium permanganate solutionbromine testpotassium permanganate solutionsodium detection of active hydrogenazoxybenzene and aluminum chloridechlorofrom and aluminum chloridefuming sulfuric acidpembentukan anilidapembentukan ester (reaksi Schotten-Baumann)uji asam hidroksamatpembentukan anilidaester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)perak nitrat (etanolis)asetil kloridaCeri amonium nitratanhidrida Kromat (oksidasi Jones)HCl / Seng Klorida (Uji Lucas)Uji iodoformDeteksi Na dari Hidrogen aktifBenedict's solutionchromic anhydride (Jones oxidation)2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazineFehling's solutionFuchsin-aldehyde reagent (Schiff's reagent)hydroxylamine hydrochloridesodium bisulfite addition complexTollens testhydroxamic acid testsodium hydroxide hydrolysisacetyl chloridebenzenesulfonyl chloride (Hinsberg's method)nickel chloride, carbon disulfide, and ammonium hydroxidenickel chloride and 5-nitrosalicylaldehydenitrous acidsodium detection of active hydrogensodium hydroxide treatmentcopper complex formationninhydrin testnitrous acidacetyl chlorideBenedict's solutionborax testFehling's solutionosazonesperiodic acid oxidationTollens testester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)silver nitrate (ethanolic)sodium bicarbonate testhydroiodic acid (Zeisel's alkoxy method)hydroxamic acid testferrox testhydroiodic acid (Zeisel's alkoxy method)iodine test2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazinehydroxylamine hydrochlorideiodoform testsodium bisulfite addition complexhydroxamic acid testsodium hydroxide hydrolysisferrous hydroxide reductionsodium hydroxide treatmentzinc and ammonium chloride reductionacetyl chloridebromine waterceric ammonium nitrateferric chloride-pyridine reagentLiebermann's testpotassium permanganate solutionsodium hydroxide fusion testhydroxamic acid testhydroxamic acid testsilver nitrate (ethanolic)sodium iodide testuji asam hidroksamat

Sheet2

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Sheet1Gugus FungsiNama Test Klasifikasialkyl halidesilver nitrate (ethanolic)sodium iodide testalkenebromine testiodine testpotassium permanganate solutionalkynebromine testpotassium permanganate solutionsodium detection of active hydrogenaromatic compoundsazoxybenzene and aluminum chloridechlorofrom and aluminum chloridefuming sulfuric acidacid anhydrideanilide formationester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)hydrolysishydroxamic acid testacyl halideanilide formationester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)hydrolysishydroxamic acid testsilver nitrate (ethanolic)alcoholacetyl chlorideceric ammonium nitratechromic anhydride (Jones oxidation)hydrochloric acid/zinc chloride (Lucas test)iodoform testsodium detection of active hydrogenAldehidalarutan Benedictanhidrida kromat (oksidasi Jones)2,4-dinitrofenilhidrazinlarutan Fehlingpereaksi Fuchsin-aldehida (pereaksi Schiff)hidroksilamin HClkompleks penambahan Na bisulfitUji Tollensamidauji asam hidroksamatHidrolisis NaOHaminaasetil kloridabenzensulfonil klorida (metode Hinsberg)nikel klorida, Karbon disulfida, dan amonium hidroksidanikel klorid dan 5-nitrosalicilaldehidaasam nitratdeteksi Na pada hidrogen aktifpereaksi NaOHamino acidcopper complex formationninhydrin testnitrous acidcarbohydrateacetyl chlorideBenedict's solutionborax testFehling's solutionosazonesperiodic acid oxidationTollens testcarboxylic acidester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)silver nitrate (ethanolic)sodium bicarbonate testesterhydroiodic acid (Zeisel's alkoxy method)hydroxamic acid testetherferrox testhydroiodic acid (Zeisel's alkoxy method)iodine testketone2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazinehydroxylamine hydrochlorideiodoform testsodium bisulfite addition complexnitrilehydroxamic acid testsodium hydroxide hydrolysisnitro compoundferrous hydroxide reductionsodium hydroxide treatmentzinc and ammonium chloride reductionphenolacetyl chloridebromine waterceric ammonium nitrateferric chloride-pyridine reagentLiebermann's testpotassium permanganate solutionsulfonamidesodium hydroxide fusion testsulfonic acidhydroxamic acid testsulfonyl chloridehydroxamic acid testsilver nitrate (ethanolic)sodium iodide test

silver nitrate (ethanolic)sodium iodide testbromine testiodine testpotassium permanganate solutionbromine testpotassium permanganate solutionsodium detection of active hydrogenazoxybenzene and aluminum chloridechlorofrom and aluminum chloridefuming sulfuric acidanilide formationester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)hydrolysishydroxamic acid testanilide formationester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)hydrolysishydroxamic acid testsilver nitrate (ethanolic)acetyl chlorideceric ammonium nitratechromic anhydride (Jones oxidation)hydrochloric acid/zinc chloride (Lucas test)iodoform testsodium detection of active hydrogenlarutan Benedictanhidrida kromat (oksidasi Jones)2,4-dinitrofenilhidrazinlarutan Fehlingpereaksi Fuchsin-aldehida (pereaksi Schiff)hidroksilamin HClkompleks penambahan Na bisulfitUji Tollensuji asam hidroksamatHidrolisis NaOHasetil kloridabenzensulfonil klorida (metode Hinsberg)nikel klorida, Karbon disulfida, dan amonium hidroksidanikel klorid dan 5-nitrosalicilaldehidaasam nitratdeteksi Na pada hidrogen aktifpereaksi NaOHcopper complex formationninhydrin testnitrous acidacetyl chlorideBenedict's solutionborax testFehling's solutionosazonesperiodic acid oxidationTollens testester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)silver nitrate (ethanolic)sodium bicarbonate testhydroiodic acid (Zeisel's alkoxy method)hydroxamic acid testferrox testhydroiodic acid (Zeisel's alkoxy method)iodine test2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazinehydroxylamine hydrochlorideiodoform testsodium bisulfite addition complexhydroxamic acid testsodium hydroxide hydrolysisferrous hydroxide reductionsodium hydroxide treatmentzinc and ammonium chloride reductionacetyl chloridebromine waterceric ammonium nitrateferric chloride-pyridine reagentLiebermann's testpotassium permanganate solutionsodium hydroxide fusion testhydroxamic acid testhydroxamic acid testsilver nitrate (ethanolic)sodium iodide test

Sheet2

Sheet3

Sheet1Gugus FungsiNama Test Klasifikasialkyl halidesilver nitrate (ethanolic)sodium iodide testalkenebromine testiodine testpotassium permanganate solutionalkynebromine testpotassium permanganate solutionsodium detection of active hydrogenaromatic compoundsazoxybenzene and aluminum chloridechlorofrom and aluminum chloridefuming sulfuric acidacid anhydrideanilide formationester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)hydrolysishydroxamic acid testacyl halideanilide formationester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)hydrolysishydroxamic acid testsilver nitrate (ethanolic)alcoholacetyl chlorideceric ammonium nitratechromic anhydride (Jones oxidation)hydrochloric acid/zinc chloride (Lucas test)iodoform testsodium detection of active hydrogenaldehydeBenedict's solutionchromic anhydride (Jones oxidation)2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazineFehling's solutionFuchsin-aldehyde reagent (Schiff's reagent)hydroxylamine hydrochloridesodium bisulfite addition complexTollens testamidehydroxamic acid testsodium hydroxide hydrolysisamineacetyl chloridebenzenesulfonyl chloride (Hinsberg's method)nickel chloride, carbon disulfide, and ammonium hydroxidenickel chloride and 5-nitrosalicylaldehydenitrous acidsodium detection of active hydrogensodium hydroxide treatmentasam aminopembentukan kompleks tembagauji ninhidrinasam nitratkarbohidratasetil kloridauji Benedictuji borakslarutan Fehlingosazonoksidasi asam periodatuji Tollenasam karboksilatpembentukan ester (reaksi Schotten-Baumann)perak nitrat (etanolis)uji Na bicarbonatesterasam hidroiodat (metode olkoksi Zeisel)uji asam hidroksamatetherferrox testhydroiodic acid (Zeisel's alkoxy method)iodine testketone2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazinehydroxylamine hydrochlorideiodoform testsodium bisulfite addition complexnitrilehydroxamic acid testsodium hydroxide hydrolysisnitro compoundferrous hydroxide reductionsodium hydroxide treatmentzinc and ammonium chloride reductionphenolacetyl chloridebromine waterceric ammonium nitrateferric chloride-pyridine reagentLiebermann's testpotassium permanganate solutionsulfonamidesodium hydroxide fusion testsulfonic acidhydroxamic acid testsulfonyl chloridehydroxamic acid testsilver nitrate (ethanolic)sodium iodide test

silver nitrate (ethanolic)sodium iodide testbromine testiodine testpotassium permanganate solutionbromine testpotassium permanganate solutionsodium detection of active hydrogenazoxybenzene and aluminum chloridechlorofrom and aluminum chloridefuming sulfuric acidanilide formationester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)hydrolysishydroxamic acid testanilide formationester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)hydrolysishydroxamic acid testsilver nitrate (ethanolic)acetyl chlorideceric ammonium nitratechromic anhydride (Jones oxidation)hydrochloric acid/zinc chloride (Lucas test)iodoform testsodium detection of active hydrogenBenedict's solutionchromic anhydride (Jones oxidation)2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazineFehling's solutionFuchsin-aldehyde reagent (Schiff's reagent)hydroxylamine hydrochloridesodium bisulfite addition complexTollens testhydroxamic acid testsodium hydroxide hydrolysisacetyl chloridebenzenesulfonyl chloride (Hinsberg's method)nickel chloride, carbon disulfide, and ammonium hydroxidenickel chloride and 5-nitrosalicylaldehydenitrous acidsodium detection of active hydrogensodium hydroxide treatmentpembentukan kompleks tembagauji ninhidrinasam nitratasetil kloridauji Benedictuji borakslarutan Fehlingosazonoksidasi asam periodatuji Tollenpembentukan ester (reaksi Schotten-Baumann)perak nitrat (etanolis)uji Na bicarbonatasam hidroiodat (metode olkoksi Zeisel)uji asam hidroksamatferrox testhydroiodic acid (Zeisel's alkoxy method)iodine test2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazinehydroxylamine hydrochlorideiodoform testsodium bisulfite addition complexhydroxamic acid testsodium hydroxide hydrolysisferrous hydroxide reductionsodium hydroxide treatmentzinc and ammonium chloride reductionacetyl chloridebromine waterceric ammonium nitrateferric chloride-pyridine reagentLiebermann's testpotassium permanganate solutionsodium hydroxide fusion testhydroxamic acid testhydroxamic acid testsilver nitrate (ethanolic)sodium iodide test

Sheet2

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Sheet1Gugus FungsiNama Test Klasifikasialkyl halidesilver nitrate (ethanolic)sodium iodide testalkenebromine testiodine testpotassium permanganate solutionalkynebromine testpotassium permanganate solutionsodium detection of active hydrogenaromatic compoundsazoxybenzene and aluminum chloridechlorofrom and aluminum chloridefuming sulfuric acidacid anhydrideanilide formationester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)hydrolysishydroxamic acid testacyl halideanilide formationester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)hydrolysishydroxamic acid testsilver nitrate (ethanolic)alcoholacetyl chlorideceric ammonium nitratechromic anhydride (Jones oxidation)hydrochloric acid/zinc chloride (Lucas test)iodoform testsodium detection of active hydrogenaldehydeBenedict's solutionchromic anhydride (Jones oxidation)2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazineFehling's solutionFuchsin-aldehyde reagent (Schiff's reagent)hydroxylamine hydrochloridesodium bisulfite addition complexTollens testamidehydroxamic acid testsodium hydroxide hydrolysisamineacetyl chloridebenzenesulfonyl chloride (Hinsberg's method)nickel chloride, carbon disulfide, and ammonium hydroxidenickel chloride and 5-nitrosalicylaldehydenitrous acidsodium detection of active hydrogensodium hydroxide treatmentamino acidcopper complex formationninhydrin testnitrous acidcarbohydrateacetyl chlorideBenedict's solutionborax testFehling's solutionosazonesperiodic acid oxidationTollens testcarboxylic acidester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)silver nitrate (ethanolic)sodium bicarbonate testesterhydroiodic acid (Zeisel's alkoxy method)hydroxamic acid testeterUji ferroxasam hidroiodat (metode alkoksi Zeisel)uji iodinketon2,4-dinitrofenilhidrazinhidroksilamin HCluji iodoformsodium bisulfite addition complexnitriluji asam hidroksamatHidrolisis NaOHsenyawa nitroReduksi fero hidrooksidaPereaksi NaOHpereaksi Seng dan amonium Kloridafenolasetil kloridaair brominceri amonium nitratpereaksi fer klorida-piridineUji LiebermannLarutan KMnO4sulfonamidesodium hydroxide fusion testsulfonic acidhydroxamic acid testsulfonyl chloridehydroxamic acid testsilver nitrate (ethanolic)sodium iodide test

silver nitrate (ethanolic)sodium iodide testbromine testiodine testpotassium permanganate solutionbromine testpotassium permanganate solutionsodium detection of active hydrogenazoxybenzene and aluminum chloridechlorofrom and aluminum chloridefuming sulfuric acidanilide formationester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)hydrolysishydroxamic acid testanilide formationester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)hydrolysishydroxamic acid testsilver nitrate (ethanolic)acetyl chlorideceric ammonium nitratechromic anhydride (Jones oxidation)hydrochloric acid/zinc chloride (Lucas test)iodoform testsodium detection of active hydrogenBenedict's solutionchromic anhydride (Jones oxidation)2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazineFehling's solutionFuchsin-aldehyde reagent (Schiff's reagent)hydroxylamine hydrochloridesodium bisulfite addition complexTollens testhydroxamic acid testsodium hydroxide hydrolysisacetyl chloridebenzenesulfonyl chloride (Hinsberg's method)nickel chloride, carbon disulfide, and ammonium hydroxidenickel chloride and 5-nitrosalicylaldehydenitrous acidsodium detection of active hydrogensodium hydroxide treatmentcopper complex formationninhydrin testnitrous acidacetyl chlorideBenedict's solutionborax testFehling's solutionosazonesperiodic acid oxidationTollens testester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)silver nitrate (ethanolic)sodium bicarbonate testhydroiodic acid (Zeisel's alkoxy method)hydroxamic acid testUji ferroxasam hidroiodat (metode alkoksi Zeisel)uji iodin2,4-dinitrofenilhidrazinhidroksilamin HCluji iodoformsodium bisulfite addition complexuji asam hidroksamatHidrolisis NaOHReduksi fero hidrooksidaPereaksi NaOHpereaksi Seng dan amonium Kloridaasetil kloridaair brominceri amonium nitratpereaksi fer klorida-piridineUji LiebermannLarutan KMnO4sodium hydroxide fusion testhydroxamic acid testhydroxamic acid testsilver nitrate (ethanolic)sodium iodide test

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Sheet1Gugus FungsiNama Test Klasifikasialkyl halidesilver nitrate (ethanolic)sodium iodide testalkenebromine testiodine testpotassium permanganate solutionalkynebromine testpotassium permanganate solutionsodium detection of active hydrogenaromatic compoundsazoxybenzene and aluminum chloridechlorofrom and aluminum chloridefuming sulfuric acidacid anhydrideanilide formationester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)hydrolysishydroxamic acid testacyl halideanilide formationester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)hydrolysishydroxamic acid testsilver nitrate (ethanolic)alcoholacetyl chlorideceric ammonium nitratechromic anhydride (Jones oxidation)hydrochloric acid/zinc chloride (Lucas test)iodoform testsodium detection of active hydrogenaldehydeBenedict's solutionchromic anhydride (Jones oxidation)2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazineFehling's solutionFuchsin-aldehyde reagent (Schiff's reagent)hydroxylamine hydrochloridesodium bisulfite addition complexTollens testamidehydroxamic acid testsodium hydroxide hydrolysisamineacetyl chloridebenzenesulfonyl chloride (Hinsberg's method)nickel chloride, carbon disulfide, and ammonium hydroxidenickel chloride and 5-nitrosalicylaldehydenitrous acidsodium detection of active hydrogensodium hydroxide treatmentamino acidcopper complex formationninhydrin testnitrous acidcarbohydrateacetyl chlorideBenedict's solutionborax testFehling's solutionosazonesperiodic acid oxidationTollens testcarboxylic acidester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)silver nitrate (ethanolic)sodium bicarbonate testesterhydroiodic acid (Zeisel's alkoxy method)hydroxamic acid testetherferrox testhydroiodic acid (Zeisel's alkoxy method)iodine testketone2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazinehydroxylamine hydrochlorideiodoform testsodium bisulfite addition complexnitrilehydroxamic acid testsodium hydroxide hydrolysisnitro compoundferrous hydroxide reductionsodium hydroxide treatmentzinc and ammonium chloride reductionphenolacetyl chloridebromine waterceric ammonium nitrateferric chloride-pyridine reagentLiebermann's testpotassium permanganate solutionsulfonamidauji penggabungan NaOHasam sulfonatuji asam hidroksamatsulfonil kloridauji asam hidroksamatperak nitrat (etanolis)uji Na iodida

silver nitrate (ethanolic)sodium iodide testbromine testiodine testpotassium permanganate solutionbromine testpotassium permanganate solutionsodium detection of active hydrogenazoxybenzene and aluminum chloridechlorofrom and aluminum chloridefuming sulfuric acidanilide formationester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)hydrolysishydroxamic acid testanilide formationester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)hydrolysishydroxamic acid testsilver nitrate (ethanolic)acetyl chlorideceric ammonium nitratechromic anhydride (Jones oxidation)hydrochloric acid/zinc chloride (Lucas test)iodoform testsodium detection of active hydrogenBenedict's solutionchromic anhydride (Jones oxidation)2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazineFehling's solutionFuchsin-aldehyde reagent (Schiff's reagent)hydroxylamine hydrochloridesodium bisulfite addition complexTollens testhydroxamic acid testsodium hydroxide hydrolysisacetyl chloridebenzenesulfonyl chloride (Hinsberg's method)nickel chloride, carbon disulfide, and ammonium hydroxidenickel chloride and 5-nitrosalicylaldehydenitrous acidsodium detection of active hydrogensodium hydroxide treatmentcopper complex formationninhydrin testnitrous acidacetyl chlorideBenedict's solutionborax testFehling's solutionosazonesperiodic acid oxidationTollens testester formation (Schotten-Baumann reaction)silver nitrate (ethanolic)sodium bicarbonate testhydroiodic acid (Zeisel's alkoxy method)hydroxamic acid testferrox testhydroiodic acid (Zeisel's alkoxy method)iodine test2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazinehydroxylamine hydrochlorideiodoform testsodium bisulfite addition complexhydroxamic acid testsodium hydroxide hydrolysisferrous hydroxide reductionsodium hydroxide treatmentzinc and ammonium chloride reductionacetyl chloridebromine waterceric ammonium nitrateferric chloride-pyridine reagentLiebermann's testpotassium permanganate solutionuji penggabungan NaOHuji asam hidroksamatperak nitrat (etanolis)uji Na iodidauji asam hidroksamat

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