pengaruh kualitas jasa layanan simpanan terhadap kepuasan nasabah bri kantor cabang pattimura...

8/7/2019 Pengaruh Kualitas Jasa Layanan Simpanan Terhadap Kepuasan Nasabah BRI Kantor Cabang Pattimura Semarang

1/89

ZAELBXQF DN@AE_N CQBKNTB_ GB_B KB^BEBE _N@ZBEBETAXFBDBZ CAZQB_BE EB_BHBF HXN CBETMX OBHBEL

ZBTTN@QXB _A@BXBEL

_CXNZ_N

Qetqc @a`zaxmkaf Lakbx _bxgbeb Acmem`nzbdb Qenyaxsntbs Ealaxn _a`bxbel

Mkaf

@BXNB B^QC OFXN_TNEB

??184:2:>1

IBCQKTB_ NK@Q _M_NBK

QENYAX_NTB_ EALAXN _A@BXBEL

8::9


2/89

ZAX_ATQGQBE ZA@HN@HNEL

_cxnzsn nen takbf dnsatqgqn mkaf za`hn`hnel qetqc dnbgqcbe ca sndbel

zbentnb qgnbe scxnzsn zbdb 7

Fbxn 7 %%

Tbellbk 7 %%

Dmsae Za`hn`hnel N Dmsae Za`hn`hnel NN

Dxb% @qx|btnenelsnf+ @%@% Dxs% _~b`sq Fbdn+ @%_n%

ENZ% % 2?:628>2> ENZ%2?:969


3/89

ZAELA_BFBE CAKQKQ_BE

_cxnzsn nen takbf dnzaxtbfbecbe dn dazbe _ndbel Zbentnb Qgnbe _cxnzsn

Ibcqktbs Nk`q _msnbk+ Qenyaxsntbs Ealaxn _a`bxbel zbdb 7

Fbxn 7

Tbellbk 7

Zaelqgn _cxnzsn

Dxs% Catqt _qdbx`b+ @%@

ENZ%2?969


4/89

ZAXE^BTBBE

_b~b `ae~btbcbe hbf|b ~bel taxtqkns dn dbkb` scxnzsn nen haebx-haebx

fbsnk cbx~b sb~b saednxn+ hqcbe gnzkbcbe dbxn cbx~b tqkns mxbel kbne+ hbnc sahblnbe

btbq sakqxqfe~b% Zaedbzbt btbq ta`qbe mxbel kbne ~bel taxdbzbt dbkb` scxnzsn nen

dncqtnz btbq dnxqgqc haxdbsbxcbe cmda atnc nk`nbf%

_a`bxbel+ Iaxhqbxn 8::9

@bxnb B~qc Ofxnstneb

EN@% ??184:2:>1

ny


5/89

@MTTM DBE ZAX_A@HBFBE

@MTTM 7

Mgm Xq`melsm Hnsm+Hnsm-m Xq`melsm &Zasbe A~bel Cbcqel.

_axbfcbekbf zaxhqbtbe`q cazbdb Tqfbe+@bcb taxkbcsbebkbf salbkb xaeobeb`q &B`sbk 29 7 ?.

Haxsqcbontbkbf dbkb` zaelfbxbzbe+sbhbxkbf dbkb` casasbcbe+ dbe haxtacqekbf dbkb` dmb"

&Xm`b 28 7 28.

Cqzaxsa`hbfcbe cbx~b sadaxfbeb nen qetqc 7

2% B~bf dbe Nhq taxonetb ~bel sakbkqà`haxncbe zaxfbtnbe+ cbsnf sb~bel+ dmb

dbe cazaxob~bbe da`n cahaxfbsnkbecq%

8% Bdnccq taxsb~bel Enbx ~bel takbfà`haxncq sa`belbt%

?% Bhxbfb` Zbetm| taxsb~bel qetqc cbsnfsb~bel dbe casatnbbee~b sakb`b nen%

4% Ntb+ Da|n+ Ofa`mt dbe sbfbhbt-sbfbhbtcqdn Zbegn _qc`b 2 tfbecs imx bkk

1% Ta`be-ta`be @bebgaàe Za`bsbxbebelcbtbe 8::2

y


6/89

ZXBCBTB

Zqgn s~qcqx zaeqkns zbegbtcbe cazbdb Tqfbe ^bel @bfb Asb ~bel takbf

à`haxncbe salbkb cbsnf cbxqenb-E~b+ safnellb zaeqkns à`nkncn ca`b`zqbe

qetqc àe~akasbncbe zaeqknsbe scxnzsn daelbe gqdqk Zaelbxqf Cqbkntbs Gbsb

Kb~bebe _n`zbebe Taxfbdbz Cazqbsbe Ebsbhbf HXN Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb

_a`bxbel+ dbkb` xbelcb àe~akasbncbe stqdn stxbtb 2 qetqc àeobzbn lakbx

_bxgbeb Acmem`n zbdb Ibcqktbs Nk`q _msnbk Qenyaxsntbs Ealaxn _a`bxbel%

Dbkb` zae~qsqebe scxnzsn nen zaeqkns takbf àeaxn`b hbe~bc hn`hnelbe+

dmxmelbe dbe hbetqbe dbxn haxhblbn znfbc ~bel tbc taxenkbn fbxlbe~b% Gbsb hbnc

àxacb taetq tndbc dbzbt sb~b kqzbcbe halntq sbgb% Dbe zbdb casa`zbtbe nen sb~b

àelqobzcbe taxn`b cbsnf cazbdb 7

2% Hbzbc Dxs% _qebxdn+ @%@+ Dacbe Ibcqktbs Nk`q _msnbk Qenyaxsntbs Ealaxn_a`bxbel%

8% Hbzbc Dxs% Cqs`qxn~betm+ @%sn+ Catqb Gqxqsbe acmem`n Qenyaxsntbs Ealaxn_a`bxbel%

?% Nhq Dxb% @qx|btnenelsnf+ @%@+ Dmsae Za`hn`hnel N ~bel takbf akqbelcbe|bctq dbe à`hn`hnel zae~qsqebe scxnzsn nen daelbe sbhbx dbe zaeqf

zaxfbtnbe%

4% Hbzbc Dxs% _~b`sq Fbdn+ @%_n+ Dmsae Za`hn`hnel NN ~bel takbfàkqbelcbe |bctq dbe à`hn`hnel zae~qsqebe scxnzsn nen daelbe sbhbx dbe

zaeqf zaxfbtnbe%

1% Hbzbc Dxs% Catqt _qdbx`b+ @%@+ Dmsae Zaelqgn ~bel takbf à`haxncbesbxbe saxtb `bsqcbe dbkb` zae~qsqebe scxnzsn nen%

yn


7/89

9% Hbzbc dbe Nhq taxonetb+ ~bel takbf à`haxncbe dqcqelbe `mxnk dbe `btaxnnkdbkb` zaeqknsbe scxnzsn nen%

% _a`qb znfbc ~bel à`hbetq dbkb` zaeqknsbe scxnzsn nen ~bel tndbc dbzbtzaeqkns sahqtcbe sbtq zaxsbtq%

_a`mlb salbkb hbetqbe dbe cahbncbe taxsahqt àedbzbt kn`zbfbe hbkbsbe

dbxn Tqfbe ^bel @bfb Asb% Zaeqkns àe~bdbxn hbf|b scxnzsn nen gbqf dbxn

sa`zqxeb dbe `bsnf hbe~bc cacqxbelbe+ cbxaeb nen sa`qb dnsahbhcbe

cataxhbtbsbe |bctq+ taeblb+ hnb~b dbe ca`b`zqbe zaeqkns% Mkaf cbxaeb ntq salbkb

cxntnc dbe sbxbe ~bel haxsnibt à`hbelqe saebetnbsb zaeqkns fbxbzcbe da`n

casa`zqxebbe scxnzsn nen%

Zaeqkns haxfbxbz sa`mlb scxnzsn nen dbzbt haxlqeb dbe hax`beibbt hbln

za`hbob% B`nae%

_a`bxbel+ Iahxqbxn 8::9

Zaeqkns

ynn


8/89

_BXN

@bxnb B~qc Ofxnstneb% 8::9% Zaelbxqf Cqbkntbs Gbsb Kb~bebe _n`zbebe

Taxfbdbz Cazqbsbe Ebsbhbf HXN Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel% _cxnzsn%

Gqxqsbe Acmem`n% Ibcqktbs Nk`q _msnbk% Qenyaxsntbs Ealaxn _a`bxbel%

Cbtb Cqeon 7 Cqbkntbs Gbsb Kb~bebe+ Cazqbsbe Ebsbhbf

_bkbf sbtq tnedbcbe qetqc à`qbscbe cmesqàe bdbkbf daelbe obxb

à`haxncbe zakb~bebe cazbdb cmesqàe daelbe sahbnc-hbnce~b% Za`bsbxbe gbsb

cfqsqse~b gbsb zaxhbecbe ~bel haxlaxbc dn hndbelinebeoa sbelbt haxtq`zq zbdb

gbsb zakb~bebe taxqtb`b zaxbe dbxn zbxb stbi dbe cbx~b|be% Zakb~bebe hqxqc stbi

dbe cbx~b|be bcbe kbelsqel àxqsbc hnsens gbsb nen+ cmednsn sazaxtn nen bcbe

dbzbt àe~ahbhcbe ebsbhbf aellbe haxfqhqelbe kahnf kbegqt daelbe hbec+

hbfcbe tndbc àeqtqz ca`qelcnebe ebsbhbf hbec bcbe znedbf ca hbec kbne ~bel

à`haxncbe zakb~bebe ~bel kahnf hbnc% @aknfbt cae~btbbe taxsahqt zaeakntn

taxtbxnc àkbcqcbe zaeakntnbe taetbel Zaelbxqf Cqbkntbs Gbsb Kb~bebe _n`zbebe

Taxfbdbz Cazqbsbe Ebsbhbf HXN Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel% Tqgqbe

dbxn zaeakntnbe nen bdbkbf qetqc àelatbfqn sahaxbzb hasbx zaelbxqf cqbkntbs gbsb

kb~bebe sn`zbebe ~bel àknzqtn hqctn insnc+ cabedbkbe+ db~b tbellbz+ gb`nebe+

dbe a`zbtn saobxb sn`qktbe taxfbdbz cazqbsbe ebsbhbf HXN Cbetmx Obhbel

Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel%

Zmzqkbsn dbkb` zaeakntnbe nen bdbkbf zakbellbe hbec HXN ~belà`beibbtcbe zxmdqc gbsb sn`zbebe dbkb` haetqc tbhqelbe daelbe `btb qbel

xqznbf sahbe~bc 2>%812 ebsbhbf dn HXN Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel%

Zaeaetqbe gq`kbf sb`zak àellqebcbe xq`qs _kmyne dbkb` Q`bx Fqsane dbe

dnzaxmkaf gq`kbf sb`zak sahbe~bc 2:: ebsbhbf% Ybxnbhak dbkb` zaeakntnbe nen

taxdnxn dbxn cqbkntbs gbsb kb~bebe sahblbn ybxnbhak hahbs dbe cazqbsbe zakbellbe

sahblbn ybxnbhak taxncbt% @atmda zaelq`zqkbe dbtb àellqebcbe belcat dbe

dmcqàetbsn% Bebknsns dbtb àellqebcbe bebknsns dascxnztni zaxsaetbsa dbe

bebknsns xalxasn haxlbedb%

Fbsnk zaeakntnbe àeqegqccbe hbf|b cqbkntbs gbsb kb~bebe sn`zbebe dn

HXN Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel tax`bsqc cbtalmxn hbnc+ fbk nen

dntqegqccbe dbxn hqctn kbelsqel ~bel takbf hbnc &


9/89

bdbkbf gb`nebe &2+1!.+ a`zbtn &


10/89

DBITBX N_N

Fbkb`be

FBKB@BE GQDQK%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% n

FBKB@BE ZAX_ATQGQBE ZA@HN@HNEL %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% nn

FBKB@BE ZAELA_BFBE CAKQKQ_BE%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% nnn

ZAXE^BTBBE%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ny

@MTTM DBE ZAX_A@HBFBE%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% y

ZXBCBTB%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% yn

_BXN%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ynnn

DBITBX N_N%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% v

DBITBX TBHAK%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% vnnn

DBITBX LB@HBX %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% vny

DBITBX KB@ZNXBE%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% vy

HBH N ZAEDBFQKQBE%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2

2%2Kbtbx Hakbcbel @bsbkbf%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 22%8Zaxq`qsbe @bsbkbf %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 12%?Tqgqbe Zaeakntnbe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 12%4Calqebbe Zaeakntnbe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 92%1_nsta`btncb Zaeakntnbe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9

HBH NN KBEDB_BE TAMXN %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6

8%2Zaelaxtnbe Hbec %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 68%8Za`bsbxbe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >8%?Cqbkntbs %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2:8%4Gbsb 22

8%4%2 Zaelaxtnbe Gbsb%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 228%4%8 Cbxbctaxnstnc Gbsb%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 28

8%1Kb~bebe btbq saxynoa %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2?8%9Cqbkntbs Gbsb Kb~bebe 24

8%9%2 Zaelaxtnbe Cqbkntbs Gbsb Kb~bebe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 248%9%8 Dn`aesn Cqbkntbs Gbsb% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 21

v


11/89

8%

8%6%2 Zaelaxtnbe Cazqbsbe Zakbellbe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2>8%6%8 Btxnhqt-btxnhqt Za`haetqc Cazqbsbe%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 8:8%6%? Tacenc @aelqcqx Cazqbsbe Zakbellbe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 888%6%4 Gaens-gaens cbtalmxn Tbellbzbe btbq

cakqfbe Catndbczqbsbe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 8?

8%6%1 _txbtaln zaebelbe cakqfbe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 848%>Caxbelcb Za`ncnxbe%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 848%2: Fnzmtasns%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 8

?%8Ybxnbhak Zaeakntnbe%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?:?%8%2 Ybxnbhak hahbs%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?:?%8%8 Ybxnbhak taxncbt%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?8

?%?@atmda Zaelq`zqkbe Dbtb%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?8?%?%2 @atmda Belcat%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?8?%?%8 @atmdaDmcq`aetbsn %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ??

?%4Ybkndntbs dbe Xaknbhakntbs%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ???%4%2Ybkndntbs %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ???%4%8Xaknbhakntbs%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?4

?%1Bebknsns Dascxnztni Zmxsaetbsa %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?9?%9Bebknsns Dbtb Cqbetntbtni%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?9?%

HBH NY FB_NK ZAEAKNTNBE DBE ZA@HBFB_BE%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 48

4%2%Fbsnk Zaeakntnbe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 48vn


12/89

4%2%2Lb`hbxbe Q`q` Zaxqsbfbe%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 484%2%2%2 _agbxbf haxdnxne~b ZT% HXN &Zaxsaxm. Thc%

Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 48

4%2%2%8 Hndbel Qsbfb HXN Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb%%%%% 4?4%2%2%4\nkb~bf Caxgb HXN Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb%%%%%%% 4?4%2%2%4_txqctqx Mxlbensbsn %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 44

4%2%8Cbxactaxnstnc xaszmedae Zaeakntnbe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 414%2%?Dascxnzsn Ybxnbhak Cqbkntbs %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 442?%Bebknsns Xalxasn Haxlbedb%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >924%Tbhak Fbxlb Cxntnc dbxn x Zxmdqot @m`aet%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >>21%Dbitbx Cxntnc Qgn I%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2::29%Tbhak Cxntnc Qgn T %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2:22


16/89

2

HBH N

ZAEDBFQKQBE

2%2% Kbtbx Hakbcbel

Dqenb zaxhbecbe dn Nedmeasnb da|bsb nen àelbkb`n zaxsbnelbe betbx

hbec ~bel sbelbt tbgb` ~bel dntbedbn daelbe `qeoqke~b hbec-hbec hbxq

safnellb zaxsbnelbe taxsahqt bcbe haxtb`hbf catbt% Cabdbbe nen àe~ahbhcbe

znfbc zaxhbecbe dntqetqt qetqc salaxb àkbcqcbe kbelcbf-kbelcbf zae~asqbnbe

cahngbcbe dbe stxbtaln daelbe qzb~b taxmhmsbe dbe betnsnzbsn qetqc àelqbsbn

zaxqhbfbe sakbegqte~b% Zaxsbnelbe dbkb` dqenb zaxhbecbe hqcbe fbe~b haxbsbk

dbxn zasbnel dbkb` ealaxn tatbzn gqlb zasbnel dbxn kqbx ealaxn safnellb gbgbxbe

zaxhbecbe cntb zaxkq kahnf tbelcbs dbe tbellbz dbkb` àelfbdbzne~b%Dntb`hbf

daelbe cxnsns acmem`n ~bel haxcazbegbelbe dn Nedmeasnb ~bel takbf

àkq`zqfcbe sahblnbe hasbx dqenb qsbfb% Dbe sbkbf sbtq sactmx ~bel àeaxn`b

db`zbc haxbt àelfbdbzn cmednsn sbbt nen bdbkbf sactmx zaxhbecbe+ hbe~bc hbec-

hbec dn Nedmeasnb cfqsqse~b hbec-hbec s|bstb taxcaeb kncqndbsn%

Dbkb` nedqstxn zaxhbecbe satnbz ebsbhbf à`nkncn cxntaxnb saednxn-saednxn

dbkb` à`nknf hbec ~bel dnnelnecbee~b% Bdb ebsbhbf ~bel àelnelnecbe sqbtq

hbec hnsb à`haxn hqelb ~bel tnelln gqlb taxgb`ne cab`bebee~b+ bdb zqkb

ebsbhbf ~bel àelnelnecbe kb~bebe ~bel kahnf oazbt+ ainsnae+ e~b`be dbe

ca`qdbfbe dbkb` àelbcsas+ cbzbe dbe dn`bebzqe àxacb haxbdb% Daelbe

bdbe~b zaxhadbbe cxntaxnb za`nknfbe hbec mkaf ebsbhbf nen+ `bcb zaxhbecbe

dntqetqt qetqc sakbkq haxqsbfb àenelcbtcbe kb~bebe dbe àkbcqcbe nemybsn


17/89

8

saobxb taxqs àeaxqs% Hbec `nknc zaàxnetbf sazaxtn HEN 49+ HXN+ HTE

dbe @bednxn kahnf dnznknf mkaf ebsbhbf cbxaeb zaàxnetbf tndbc bcbe àkncqndbsn

Hbec Q`q` @nknc Ealbxb% Hbec HXN àxqzbcbe sbkbf sbtq znknfbe hbln zbxb

ebsbhbf-ebsbhbf hbec ~bel dnkncqndbsn `bqzqe ebsbhbf-ebsbhbf kbne+ fbk nen

àelbcnhbtcbe haxtb`hbfe~b gq`kbf ebsbhbf safnellb hnsb àelbcnhbtcbe hbec

ca|bkbfbe àkb~ben ebsbhbf% _a`bcne hbe~bce~b gq`kbf ebsbhbf hnkb tndbc

dnn`hbeln daelbe taxqs aenelcbte~b sq`hax db~b beqsnb &_D@. dbe catazbtbe

zaellqebbe tacemkmln à`hqbt caoa|b btbs zakb~bebe ~bel dnhaxncbe% Daelbe

bdbe~b cmednsn taxsahqt+ `bcb hbec HXN dntqetqt qetqc sa`bcne àelmztn`bkcbe

zakb~bebe cazbdb ebsbhbf blbx cazqbsbe ebsbhbfe~b tatbz taxgblb%

_bkbf sbtq tnedbcbe qetqc à`qbscbe cmesqàe bdbkbf daelbe obxb

à`haxncbe zakb~bebe cazbdb cmesqàe daelbe sahbnc-hbnce~b% Cae~btbbe nen

hnsb dnknfbt+ hbf|b bdb hahaxbzb fbk ~bel dbzbt à`haxncbe cazqbsbe zakbellbe

~bntq enkbn tmtbk zakbellbe ~bel taxdnxn dbxn enkbn zxmdqc+ enkbn zakb~bebe+ enkbn

zaxsmebk+ enkbn n`bla &ontxb.+ dbe hnb~b tmtbk zakbellbe ~bel taxdnxn dbxn hnb~b

`meatax+ hnb~b |bctq+ hnb~b taeblb dbe hnb~b zncnxbe &Cmtkax dcc+ 8:::7 1:.%

Za`bsbxbe gbsb cfqsqse~b gbsb zaxhbecbe ~bel haxlaxbc dn hndbelinebeoa

à`bel sbelbt haxtq`zq zbdb gbsb zakb~bebe taxqtb`b zaxbe dbxn zbxb stbi dbe

cbx~b|be% Zakb~bebe hqxqc stbi dbe cbx~b|be bcbe kbelsqel àxqsbc hnsens gbsb

nen+ cmednsn sazaxtn nen bcbe dbzbt àe~ahbhcbe ebsbhbf aellbe haxfqhqelbe

kahnf kbegqt daelbe hbec+ hbfcbe tndbc àeqtqz ca`qelcnebe ebsbhbf hbec bcbe

znedbf ca hbec kbne ~bel à`haxncbe zakb~bebe ~bel kahnf hbnc% Mkaf sahbh ntq+

qsbfb qetqc àegblb cazqbsbe ebsbhbf sbelbt zaxkq dnkbcqcbe% Mxnaetbsn zbdb


18/89

?

cazqbsbe ebsbhbf dnzaxkqcbe cbxaeb 7 &2. ebsbhbf bcbe àxbsb km~bk cazbdb hbec

safnellb hbec dbzbt à`zaxtbfbecbe ebsbhbfe~b tndbc haxbknf ca hbec kbnee~b+

&8. ebsbhbf bcbe àeoaxntbcbe àelaebn zakb~bebe hbec ~bel à`qbscbe

cazbdb mxbel kbne ~bel zbdb bcfnxe~b àxqzbcbe sbxbeb zxm`msn ~bel aiactni

&_qebxdn+ 8::? 7 9>.% Mxnaetbsn zbdb cazqbsbe ebsbhbf fbxqs dnn`hbeln daelbe

zaxhbncbe `qtq zakb~bebe cbx~b|bee~b dbe àenelcbtcbe cqbkntbs _D@ ~bel

dn`nkncn%

@aeqxqt Kmyakmoc &2>>2. dn dbkb` za`bsbxbe hbec cqbkntbs zakb~bebe

hbec ~bel sbelbt hbnc dbe aiactni bcbe àenelcbtcbe cazqbsbe zbdb ebsbhbf dbe

km~bkntbs cmesqàe% Daelbe da`ncnbe cqbkntbs zakb~bebe fbxqs haebx-haebx

dncakmkb saobxb zxmiasnmebk+ cbxaeb hbec bdbkbf zaxqsbfbbe ~bel haxlaxbc

dnhndbel gbsb ~bntq à`haxncbe zakb~bebe zbdb ebsbhbfe~b% Bdbzqe tqgqbe dbxn

`bebgaàe gbsb zakb~bebe bdbkbf qetqc àeobzbn cqbkntbs zakb~bebe taxtaetq

dn`beb axbt cbntbee~b hnkb dnfqhqelcbe daelbe cazqbsbe cmesqàe% Zaxqsbfbbe

fbxqs à`qkbn à`ncnxcbe zaetnele~b zakb~bebe zakbellbe saobxb kahnf `btbel

àkbkqn cqbkntbs zakb~bebe+ cbxaeb cnen sa`bcne dnsbdbxn hbf|b zakb~bebe dbe

cazqbsbe zakbellbe àxqzbcbe bszac yntbk dbkb` xbelcb haxtbfbe dbkb` hnsens

dbe ààebelcbe zaxsbnelbe &Tgnztmem+ 8::4 7 241.%

Cqbkntbs gbsb kb~bebe zaxhbecbe zaxkq dndqcqel mkaf snsta`

cm`zqtaxnsbsn+ cbxaeb ebsbhbf sbbt nen kahnf àeqetqt zbdb ca`b`zqbe hbec

~bel à`haxn zakb~bebe saobxb oazbt dbe zxbctns+ ca`qdbfbe+ saxtb cabcqxbtbe

sbbt haxtxbesbcsn% Mkaf cbxaeb zax`netbbe kb~bebe ebsbhbf zbdb hbec tnelln+

znfbc zaxhbecbe fbxqs salaxb àela`hbelcbe gbsb btbq zakb~bebe cm`zkaàetax


19/89

4

sakb`b |bctq snhqc% Gbsb cm`zkaàetax dnsadnbcbe qetqc à`haxncbe bktaxebtni

cazbdb zbxb zakbellbe ~bel sadbel àeqellq+ ~bntq daelbe àelmzaxbsncbe

àsne cbs mtm`btns &Bqtfm`btno Takkaxs @bofnea 0 BT@. dnsatnbz cbetmx obhbel

&Tgnztmem+ 8::4 7 24:-224.%

Daelbe aknfbt cae~btbbe hbe~bce~b gq`kbf ebsbhbf ~bel a`beibbtcbe

kb~bebe sn`zbebe tbhqelbe dn HXN Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel

àelbcnhbtcbe betxnbe dn kmcat ~bel kahnf zbegbel+ dn`beb satnbz fbxne~b taxgbdn

cqxbel kahnf 1:: betxnbe &sq`hax 7 Dbtb HXN Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel+

8::1.% _afnellb zakb~bebe ~bel kahnf zaxsmebk cazbdb ebsbhbf tndbc hnsb

dnkbcqcbe saobxb `bcsn`bk% Dbxn fbk taxsahqt dn btbs dbzbt dncatbfqn hbf|b

cahaxbdbbe BT@ dnhb|bf zaelakmkbbe HXN Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb sahbe~bc 6

qent ~bel haxbdb dn hahaxbzb kmcbsn hakq` dn`beibbtcbe saobxb mztn`bk mkaf

ebsbhbf% Daelbe da`ncnbe bzb ~bel àegbdn fbxbzbe ebsbhbf qetqc àxbsbcbe

cqbkntbs gbsb zakb~bebe ~bel hbnc hakq` dbzbt taxzaeqfn cbxaeb tnelcbt

cafbedbkbe dbe catbellbzbe cbx~b|be hbec cfqsqse~b takkax dbkb` àkb~ben

cahqtqfbe ebsbhbf `bsnf àelbcnhbtcbe `bsbkbf betxnbe+ dnsb`znel ntq dbxn saln

insnc cahaxbdbbe BT@ ~bel dncakmkb hbec hakq` dbzbt à`haxncbe bktaxebtni

gbkbe cakqbx hbln ebsbhbf ~bel sadbel àeqellq betxnbe% Ebsbhbf cqxbel halntq

à`beibbtcbe gbsb BT@ cbxaeb tndbc sa`qb txbesbcsn hnsb dnkbcqcbe ka|bt BT@

sazaxtn `nsbke~b txbesbcsn zae~atmxbe sn`zbebe btbq zxnet mqt sbkdm tbhqelbe+

cbxaeb cadqb txbesbcsn nen fbe~b hnsb dnkbcqcbe dn hbec saobxb kbelsqel%

Haxdbsbxcbe qxbnbe dnbtbs dbzbt dncatbfqn bdbe~b casaegbelbe betbxb tamxn

daelbe cae~btbbe ~bel dnfbdbzn mkaf ebsbhbf HXN dbkb` fbk cqbkntbs gbsb


20/89


21/89

9

2%4% Calqebbe Zaeakntnbe

Dbkb` sa`qb calnbtbe à`zqe~bn tqgqbe ~bel gakbs satakbf àeatbzcbe

tqgqbe taxsahqt `bcb dbzbt dntaetqcbe calqebbe dbxn calnbtbe ~bel dnkbcqcbe%

Bdbzqe calqebbe zaeakntnbe nen bdbkbf 7

2% Hbln HbecHbln hbec HXN Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel fbsnk zaeakntnbe ~bel

dnkbcqcbe mkaf zaeakntn dbzbt dnlqebcbe sahbln hbfbe `bsqcbe àelaebn

sahaxbzb gbqf hbec HXN Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel takbf

à`haxncbe zakb~bebee~b cazbdb ebsbhbf dbe dbzbt dnlqebcbe sahblbn

hbfbe zaxtn`hbelbe dndbkb` zae~qsqebe xaeobeb dbe stxbtaln zn`znebe HXN

Cbetmx Obhbel _a`bxbel dbkb` zaelb`hnkbe cazqtqsbe%

8% Hbln IbcqktbsFbsnk zaeakntnbe nen dbzbt dnlqebcbe sahblbn hbfbe xaiaxaesn dbe sahblbn

za`hbednel qetqc zaeakntnbe sagaens kbnee~b%

?% Hbln ZaeakntnFbsnk zaeakntnbe nen dbzbt dnlqebcbe sahblbn hbfbe zaxhbednelbe betbxb tamxn-

tamxn ~bel takbf dnzaxmkaf dnhbelcq cqknbf daelbe cae~btbbe ~bel

sahaebxe~b dn hbec HXN Obhbel Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel%

2%1% _nsta`btncb Zaeqknsbe _cxnzsn

_aobxb lbxns hasbx snsta`btncb scxnzsn nen bdbkbf 7

2 Hblnbe zaedbfqkqbe taxdnxn dbxn fbkb`be gqdqk+ zaelasbfbe+ `mttm dbezaxsa`hbfbe+ cbtb zaelbetbx+ dbitbx nsn+ dbitbx lb`hbx+ dbitbx kb`znxbe dbe

bhstxbcsn%


22/89

>8 taetbel zaxhbecbe ~bel

takbf dnqhbf daelbe QQ Em% 2: tf 2>>6 7 hbec bdbkbf hbdbe qsbfb ~bel

àelfn`zqe dbeb dbxn `bs~bxbcbt dbkb` haetqc sn`zbebe dbe àe~bkqxcbee~b

cazbdb `bs~bxbcbt dbkb` haetqc cxadnt dbe btbq haetqc-haetqc kbnee~b dbkb`

xbelcb aenelcbtcbe tbxbi fndqz xbc~bt hbe~bc%

Haxdbsbxcbe hahaxbzb dainensn dnbtbs dbzbt dntbxnc casn`zqkbe hbec bdbkbf

hbdbe qsbfb ~bel àelfn`zqe dbeb dbkb` haetqc sn`zbebe btbq tbhqelbe dbxn

`bs~bxbcbt dbe ae~bkqxcbee~b ca`hbkn cazbdb bs~bxbcbt dbkb` haetqc cxadnt%

6


24/89

>

8%8% Za`bsbxbe

@aelaebn zaelaxtnbe za`bsbxbe hbe~bc zbxb bfkn àela`qcbcbe dainensn

~bel haxhadb-hadb+ àscn sahaebxe~b sb`b% Zaxhadbbe nen dnsahbhcbe cbxaeb

àxacb àenegbq za`bsbxbe dbxn saln ~bel haxhadb-hadb% Hahaxbzb dainensn

za`bsbxbe taxsahqt bdbkbf 7

Za`bsbxbe bdbkbf calnbtbe `beqsnb ~bel dnbxbfcbe qetqc à`qbscbe

cahqtqfbe dbe canelnebe àkbkqn zxmsas zaxtqcbxbe &Fbsnhqbe+ 8::1 7 24?.%

_adbelcbe àeqxqt Cmtkax za`bsbxbe bdbkbf sqbtq zxmsas smsnbk dbe beblaxnbk

dn`beb nednyndq dbe cakm`zmc àedbzbtcbe cahqtqfbe dbe canelnebe àxacb

daelbe àeonztbcbe+ àeb|bxcbe dbe haxtqcbx sasqbtq ~bel haxenkbn sbtq sb`b

kbne &Cmtkax+ 8::2 7 22.%

Haxdbsbxcbe hahaxbzb dainensn dnbtbs dbzbt dntbxnc casn`zqkbe hbf|b

calnbtbe za`bsbxbe dnkbcqcbe hqcbe sa`btb-`btb qetqc àegqbk hbxbel btbq gbsb

tatbzn qetqc a`haxncbe cazqbsbe taxfbdbz cahqtqfbe dbe canelnebe cmesqàe%

Za`bsbxbe &`bxcatnel. hbln hbec àxqzbcbe fbk ~bel sbelbt zaetnel

dbkb` à`zaxcaebkcbe dbe àegqbk sbxbeb-sbxbeb zaelq`zqkbe dbeb &nezqt. dbe

zae~bkqxbe cxadnt%

Tqgqbe za`bsbxbe gbsb-gbsb hbec+ betbxb kbne qetqc 7

2% @aedmxmel taxobzbne~b tqgqbe hbec8% @aenelcbtcbe cazaxob~bbe `bs~bxbcbt _qxzkqs _zaednel Qent &__Q. dbe

Dainsnt _zaednel Qent&D_Q. cazbdb hbec%

?% @aelneimx`bsncbe sbxbeb-sbxbeb zaebhqelbe dbe gaens-gaens cxadnt ~beldnhaxncbe hbec%


25/89

2:

4% @a`zaxhasbx zaebxncbe dbeb dbe zae~bkqxbe cxadnt hbec1% @a`zaxhasbx db~b sbnel hbec

&Fbsnhqbe+ 8::1 7 244.

8%?% Cqbkntbs

Zaxsmbkbe cqbkntbs dbkb` dqenb hnsens cnen sazaxtne~b sqdbf àegbdn

fbxlb ~bel fbxqs dnhb~bx mkaf zaxqsbfbbe blbx nb dbzbt tatbz sqxynya dbkb`

hnsense~b%

@aeqxqt Bàxnobe smonat~ imx Rqbknt~ Ometxmk+ cqbkntbs bdbkbf

casakqxqfbe onxn-onxn dbe cbxbctaxnstnc-cbxbctaxnstnc dbxn sqbtq zxmdqc btbq gbsb

dbkb` ca`b`zqbee~b qetqc ààeqfn cahqtqfbe-cahqtqfbe ~bel takbf

dntaetqcbe btbq haxsnibt kbtae &Kqzn~mbdn+ 8::2 7 244.% Lmatsf dbe Dbyns &2>>4.+

àela`qcbcbe hbf|b cqbkntbs àxqzbcbe sqbtq cmednsn dneb`ns ~bel

haxfqhqelbe daelbe zxmdqc+ gbsb+ `beqsnb+ zxmsas+ dbe knelcqelbe ~bel

ààeqfn btbq àkahnfn fbxbzbe &Tgnztmem+ 8::: 7 12.% _adbelcbe Da`nel

&2>69. dbe Gqxbe dcc &2>>4.

à`haxn hbtbsbe cqbkntbs sahblbn qzb~b à`qbscbe cmesqàe &_qebxdn+ 8::? 7


26/89

22

8%4% Gbsb

8%4%2% Zaelaxtnbe Gbsb_aobxb talbs betbxb hbxbel dbe gbsb saxnelcbkn sqsbf dnkbcqcbe% Fbk nen

dncbxaebcbe za`haknbe sqbtq hbxbel saxnelcbkn dnsaxtbn daelbe gbsb-gbsb taxtaetq

dbe gqlb sahbknce~b za`haknbe sqbtq gbsb saxnelcbkn àknhbtcbe hbxbel-hbxbel

~bel àkaelcbzne~b% Tatbzn bdb zaxhadbbe qtb`b betbxb hbxbel dbe gbsb+ àeqxqt

Kmyakmocgbsb kahnf dbkb` haetqc cneaxgb+ zaxhqbtbe btbq cataxb`znkbe dbxn sqbtq

qsbfb% _ahbknce~b qetqc hbxbel kahnf àeacbecbe zbdb sqbtq haetqc haedb+ bkbt

btbq mhgac%

Gbsb btbq saxynsa à`nkncn dainensn sahblbn sqbtq hbxbel btbq zxmdqc ~bel

snibte~b tndbc dbzbt dnzalbel saobxb insnc% Tatbzn cahaxbdbbe gbsb taxsahqt kahnf

àxqzbcbe haetqc `beibbt ~bel dbzbt dnxbsbcbe mkaf ~bel à`beibbtcbe gbsb

taxsahqt &Enx|beb+ 8::4 7 4.%

Taxdbzbt hahaxbzb dainensn taetbel gbsb ~bel dnca`qcbcbe mkaf hbe~bc

zbcbx za`bsbxbe% _tbetme &2>>4. àedainensncbe gbsb bdbkbf calnbtbe ~bel dbzbt

dnndaetnincbsn saobxb taxsaednxn+ dbe zbdb zxnesnze~b tndbc dbzbt dnxbhb saobxb insnc

&netbelnhka. tatbzn dbzbt dnzaxlqebcbe qetqc zaàeqfbe cahqtqfbe zakbellbe%

Cahaxbdbbe gbsb gqlb tndbc taxlbetqel zbdb cahaxbdbbe haedb insnc kbnee~b+

daelbe da`ncnbe `bcb gbsb dbzbt haxdnxn saednxn% _adbelcbe Cmtkax &2>>


27/89

28

@aeqxqt _q`bxen gbsb bdbkbf satnbz calnbtbe btbq `beibbt ~bel dbzbt

dnhaxncbe mkaf sbtq znfbc cazbdb znfbc kbnee~b ~bel zbdb dbsbxe~b tndbc

hax|qgqd dbe tndbc zqkb haxbcnhbt za`nkncbe sasqbtq dbe zxmdqcsne~b dbzbt btbq

tndbc dbzbt dncbntcbe daelbe sqbtq zxmdqc insnc &_q`bxen+ 2>>? 7 2


28/89

2?

8%1% Kb~bebe btbq _axynoa

Zakb~bebe ~bel hbnc à`qelcnecbe sahqbf zaxqsbfbbe à`zaxcqbt

casatnbbe zakbellbe dbe àenelcbtcbe zbelsb zbsbx &`bxcat sfbxa.+ cbxaeb ntq

zakb~bebe ~bel hbnc aegbdn zaetnel dbkb` mzaxbsn zaxqsbfbbe%

@aeqxqt _tbetme+ saxynoa bdbkbf calnbtbe ~bel dbzbt dnndaetnincbsncbe dbe

tndbc hax|qgqd dbe àxqzbcbe tqgqbe zaetnel dbxn sqbtq xaeobeb txbesbcsn+ lqeb

à`haxncbe cazqbsbe cazbdb cmesqàe &Fbsnhqbe+ 8::1 7 >>9.

zakb~bebe bdbkbf calnbtbe za`haxnbe gbsb dbxn sbtq znfbc cazbdb znfbc kbnee~b%

Zakb~bebe ~bel hbnc bdbkbf zakb~bebe ~bel dnkbcqcbe saobxb xb`bf tb`bf+ bdnk+

oazbt+ tazbt+ dbe atncb ~bel hbnc safnellb ààeqfn cahqtqfbe dbe cazqbsbe

hbln ~bel àeaxn`be~b &Fbsnhqbe+ 8::1 7 218.%

Zakb~bebe fbcncbte~b bdbkbf saxbelcbnbe calnbtbe+ cbxaeb nb àxqzbcbe

zxmsas% _ahblbn zxmsas+ zakb~bebe haxkbelsqel saobxb xqtne dbe

haxcasneb`hqelbe àknzqtn sakqxqf cafndqzbe mxlbensbsn dbkb` `bs~bxbcbt

&@maenx+ 8::8 7 8


29/89

24

b.Tnelcbf kbcq ~bel smzbeh.Obxb àe~b`zbncbe sasqbtq ~bel haxcbntbe daelbe bzb ~bel safbxqse~b

dntaxn`b mkaf mxbel ~bel haxsbelcqtbe

o.\bctq ae~b`zbncbe ~bel tazbtd.Caxb`bftb`bfbe&@maenx+ 8::8 7 2>>6. dbkb` hqcq &Kqzn~mbdn+ 8::2 7 246.% _adbelcbe

àeqxqt \b~ocmi &dbkb` Kmyakmoc+ 2>66+ Tgnztmem+ 2>>9 7 1>. cqbkntbs gbsb

zakb~bebe hbec bdbkbf tnelcbt caqellqkbe ~bel dnfbxbzcbe ebsbhbf dbe

zaelaedbknbe btbs tnelcbt caqellqkbe taxsahqt qetqc ààeqfn canelnebe

ebsbhbf+ daelbe cbtb kbne bdb 8 ibctmx qtb`b ~bel à`zaelbxqfn cqbkntbs

zakb~bebe hbec ~bntq fbxbzbe ebsbhbf &Avzaotbtnme. dbe cneaxgb hbec ~bel

dnxbsbcbe ebsbhbf &Zaximx`beoa.%

_aàetbxb àeqxqt Oxmene dbe Tb~kmx &2>>8. cqbkntbs zakb~bebe hbec

àxqzbcbe cneaxgb bctqbk hbec ~bel dnhaxncbe cazbdb ebsbhbfe~b% Haxdbsbxcbe


30/89

21

cmesaz saxyrqbk ~bel dnca`qcbcbe Zbxbsqxb`be at%bk &2>66 7 29.+ cqbkntbs gbsb

zakb~bebe hbec zbdb dbsbxe~b bdbkbf fbsnk zaxsazsn dbkb` haebc ebsbhbf%

Zaxoanyad saxynoa rqbknt~ nen taxhaetqc dbkb` haebc ebsbhbf satakbf

à`hbednelcbe betbxb cneaxgb zakb~bebe hbec ~bel àxacb taxn`b daelbe ~bel

àxacb fbxbzcbe & saxyrqbk 0 saxynoa zaximx`beoa saxynoa avzaotbtnme.%

Zaxhbednelbe betbxb zaxsazsn dbe fbxbzbe hnsb à`qeoqkcbe ? ca`qelcnebe

~bntq zaxsazsn kahnf hasbx dbxnzbdb fbxbzbe ebsbhbf+ ~bel haxbxtn ebsbhbf àxbsb

sbelbt zqbs daelbe cqbkntbs zakb~bebe ~bel dnhaxncbe hbec+ zaxsazsn kahnf caonk

dbxnzbdb fbxbzbe ebsbhbf ~bel haxbxtn fbxbzbe ebsbhbf taxfbdbz cqbkntbs

zakb~bebe hbec tndbc taxobzbn% Gncb zaxsazsn sb`b daelbe fbxbzbe ebsbhbf

taxfbdbz cqbkntbs gbsb zakb~bebe hbec dbzbt dncbtbcbe ebsbhbf zqbs &_qlnbxtm+

2>>> 7 99.% Fbxbzbe ebsbhbf dbzbt dngbhbxcbe dbkb` dnàesn cqbkntbs gbsb%

Haxdbsbxcbe hahaxbzb dainensn dn btbs dbzbt dnsn`zqkcbe cqbkntbs gbsb

kb~bebe dnhbelqe btbs zaxhbednelbe betbxb fbxbzbe ebsbhbf &Avzaotbtnme. dbe

cneaxgb ~bel dnxbsbcbe ebsbhbf & Zaximx`beoa.%

8%9%8% Dnàesn Cqbkntbs Gbsb_AXYRQBK dnàesnmes btbq _AXYNOA RQBKNT^ DN@AE_NME_+

àxqzbcbe dnàesn cqbkntbs gbsb dn`beb satnbz gbsb ~bel dntb|bxcbe à`nkncn

hahaxbzb bszac ~bel dbzbt dnzaxlqebcbe qetqc aelatbfqn tnelcbt cqbkntbse~b%

@aeqxqt Zb~ea dnàesn zakb~bebe gbsb dbzbt taxdnxn btbs qesqx7

2% Tbelnhka &hqctn insnc.Dn`beb ca`b`zqbe zaxqsbfbbe dndbkb` àeqegqcbe acsnstaesn dnxne~b+

`nsbke~b dbkb` fbk nen ladqel+ ibsnkntbs tacemkmln+ zaeb`znkbe cbx~b|bee~b+


31/89

29

dbe sahblbne~b kahnf àeacbecbe zbdb hqctn saobxb insnc btbq dbzbt dnxbhb

cahaxbdbbee~b%

8%Xaknbhnknt~ &cabedbkbe.@axqzbcbe ca`b`zqbe zaxqsbfbbe dbkb` à`haxncbe zakb~bebe ~bel sasqbn

daelbe ~bel dngbegncbe cazbdb zakbellbe% Fbk nen dbzbt haxqzb bdbe~b

zaxhbncbe cneaxgb ~bel sasqbn daelbe fbxbzbe zakbellbe%

?% Xaszmesnyaeass &db~b tbellbz.Db~b tbellbz ~bel dn`nkncn mkaf cbx~b|be dbe zn`znebe zaxqsbfbbe% Dn`beb

zaxqsbfbbe fbxqs àeqegqccbe ca`b`zqbee~b dbkb` à`haxncbe zakb~bebe

~bel oazbt dbe tazbt cazbdb zakbellbe gncb zakbellbe sadbel ààxkqcbe gbsb

~bel dn`bcsqdcbe%

4% Bssqxbeoa &gb`nebe dbe cazbstnbe.Fbk nen haxcbntbe daelbe zaelatbfqbe dbe ca`b`zqbe cbx~b|be dbkb`

àeq`hqfcbe xbsb cazaxob~bbe dbxn zakbellbee~b zbdb zaxqsbfbbe%

Dndbkbè~b taxdbzbt qesqx atncb cbx~b|be+ cxadnhnkntbs cbx~b|be+ xbsb b`be

dbxn zakbellbe+ dbe qesqx atncb ~bel dn`nkncn mkaf cbx~b|be%

1% A`zfbt~ &zaxfbtnbe.@axqzbcbe za`haxnbe zaxfbtnbe ~bel haxsnibt nednyndq cazbdb zakbellbe dbxn

zaxqsbfbbe% Fbk nen dn`bcsqdcbe blbx znfbc zaxqsbfbbe dbzbt à`bfb`n kahnf

gbqf taetbel canelnebe dbe cahqtqfbe dbxn zakbellbee~b &Enx|beb+ 8::4 7 8>-

?:.%

_adbelcbe dnàesn cqbkntbs gbsb àeqxqt Zbxbsqxb`be+ dcc &dbkb`

Intwsn``mes dbe Intwsn``mes+ 2>>43 Wantfb`k dbe Hnteax+ 2>>9. bdbkbf7


32/89

26?. lnxm bdbkbf sqbtq xacaenel daelbe

nestntqsn zaelb`hnkbe sn`zbebe dn`beb sahblbnbe btbq sakqxqf hqelb dbzbt

dnhb~bxcbe zbdb sbbt zax`netbbe+ sazaxtn kb~bebe xacaenel cmxbe% _adbelcbe

`aeqxqt QQ XN Em% < Tbfqe 2>>8 taetbel zaxhbecbe Hbh N zbsbk b~bt &


33/89

26

bdbkbf sn`zbebe ~bel dbzbt dnlqebcbe sahblbn bkbt za`hb~bxbe dbe

zaebxncbee~b dbzbt dnkbcqcbe satnbz sbbt daelbe àellqebcbe oac+ sbxbeb

zaxnetbf za`hb~bxbe kbnee~b+ btbq daelbe obxb za`nedbfbehqcqbe% Fbsnhqbe

&2>>9. àela`qcbcbe lnxm bdbkbf sqbtq sbxbeb àebhqel dbe za`haxnbe

cxadnt xacaenel cmxbe mkaf hbec q`q`+ sbkdme~b hnsb zmsntni btbqzqe ealbtni

dbe dbzbt dntbxnc satnbz sbbt daelbe oac+ hnk~at lnxm dbe zaxnetbf za`hb~bxbe

kbnee~b &Fbsnhqbe+ 8::1 7 >6 taetbel zaxhbecbe Hbh N zbsbk 2 hqtnx &


34/89

2>

o._axtnincbt dazmsntm bdbkbf dazmsntm haxgbelcb btbs qegqc dbe dbzbtdnzaxgqbkhakncbe mkaf za`nknce~b sahakq` gbtqf ta`zm+ hqelbe~b dnhb~bx

dn`qcb% @aeqxqt QQ XN Em% 2: Tbfqe 2>>6 taetbel zaxhbecbe Hbh N

zbsbk 2 b~bt &6. saxtnincbt dazmsntm bdbkbf dazmsntm haxgbelcb ~bel hqctn

sn`zbebee~b dbzbt dnzaxdblbelcbe &Fbsnhqbe+ 8::1 7 62.%

?% Tbhqelbe&sbynel dazmsnts.@aeqxqt QQ XN Em% 2: Tbfqe 2>>6 taetbel zaxhbecbe Hbh N zbsbk 2 hqtnx 1+

tbhqelbe bdbkbf sn`zbebe ~bel zaebxncbee~b fbe~b dbzbt dnkbcqcbe àeqxqt

s~bxbt taxtaetq ~bel dnsazbcbtn+ tatbzn tndbc dbzbt dntbxnc daelbe oac+ hnk~at

lnxm+ btbq bkbt kbnee~b ~bel sazaxtn dnzaxsb`bcbe daelbe ntq% _adbelcbe

Fbsnhqbe &2>>9. 7 tbhqelbe bdbkbf sa`qb sn`zbebe znfbc catnlb cazbdb hbec

~bel bd`nenstxbsn za`hqcqbee~b dnkbcqcbe dbkb` hqcq tbhqelbe+ àebhqel

dbe zaebxncbe tbhqelbe dnkbcqcbe daelbe sknz tbhqelbe dbe sknz zaebxncbe

~bel takbf dnsadnbcbe hbec &Fbsnhqbe+ 8::1 7 6?.%

Dbkb` zaeakntnbe nen zxmdqc gbsb sn`zbebe ~bel bcbe dntakntn bdbkbf tbhqelbe

&sbynel dazmsnts. cfqsqse~b tbhqelbe dbkb` haetqc xqznbf% Cbxaeb bdb 8

haetqc kb~bebe tbhqelbe ~bel dnsadnbcbe HXN Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb ~bntq

dbkb` haetqc xqznbf dbe dmkbx Bàxncb &Q_D.%

8%6% Cazqbsbe Zakbellbe

8%6%2% Zaelaxtnbe Cazqbsbe ZakbellbeDbkb` zaxsbnelbe betbx hbec ~bel sa`bcne catbt+ ibctmx cazqbsbe ebsbhbf

àegbdn zaxfbtnbe ~bel saxnqs% Cabdbbe nen tndbc fbe~b taxgbdn zbdb hbec s|bstb


35/89

8:

tatbzn gqlb zbdb hbec zaàxnetbf+ zakb~bebe dbe cazqbsbe zakbellbe àxqzbcbe

bszac zaetnel dbkb` xbelcb haxtbfbe dbkb` hnsens dbe zaxsbnelbe%

Haxncqt dainensn hahaxbzb bfkn taetbel cazqbsbe zakbellbe 7

@aeqxqt Cmtkax+ cazqbsbe bdbkbf tnelcbt zaxbsbbe sasamxbel satakbf

à`hbednelcbe cneaxgbbtbq fbsnk ~bel dnb xbsbcbe dnhbednelcbe daelbe

fbxbzbee~b &Cmtkax dcc+ 8::: 7 18.% _adbelcbe Db~ &dbkb` Tsa dbe \nktme+

2>66. cazqbsbe btbq catndbczqbsbe zakbellbe bdbkbf xaszme zakbellbe taxfbdbz

aybkqbsn catndbcsasqbnbe &dnsomeinx`btnme. ~bel dnxbsbcbe betbxb fbxbzbe

sahakqè~b &btbq emx`b cneaxgb kbnee~b. dbe cneaxgb bctqbk zxmdqc ~bel

dnxbsbcbe satakbf za`bcbnbee~b% \nkcna &2>>:. àedainensncbee~b sahblbn sqbtq

tbellbzbe a`msnmebk zbdb aybkqbsn taxfbdbz zaelbkb`be cmesq`sn sqbtq zxmdqc

btbq gbsb% Aelak+ at bk &2>>:. àe~btbcbe hbf|b cazqbsbe zakbellbe àxqzbcbe

aybkqbsn zqxeb hakn dn`beb bktaxebtni ~bel dnznknf sacqxbel-cqxbele~b sb`b btbq

àkb`zbqn fbxbzbe zakbellbe+ sadbelcbe catndbczqbsbe tn`hqk bzbhnkb fbsnk

&mqtomà. tndbc ààeqfn fbxbzbe &Tgnztmem+ 8::2 7 84.%

Gbdn cazqbsbe àxqzbcbe iqelsn dbxn casbe cneaxgb dbe fbxbzbe% Gncb

cneaxgb haxbdb dnhb|bf fbxbzbe+ zakbellbe tndbc zqbs+ gncb cneaxgb àkahnfn

fbxbzbe+ bcb zakbellbe b`bt zqbs btbq saebel%

8%6%8% Btxnhqt-btxnhqt Za`haetqc Cazqbsbe@aeqxqt Fb|cnes dbe Kmea~ &2>>< 7 ?2. btxnhqt-btxnhqt za`haetqc

cazqbsbe zakbellbe bdbkbf casasqbnbe fbxbzbe ~bel àxqzbcbe lbhqelbe dbxn

ca`b`zqbe sqbtq zxmdqc dbxn zxmdqsae ~bel dnbedbkcbe+ safnellb sqbtq zxmdqc

~bel dnfbsnkcbe dbzbt sasqbn daelbe bzb ~bel dngbegncbe mkaf zxmdqsae%


36/89

82

_adbelcbe àeqxqt Tgnztmem btxnhqt- btxnhqt za`haetqc cazqbsbe ~bntq 7

b% Ca`qdbfbe dbkb` @a`zaxmkafZxmdqc btbbq gbsb ~bel dntb|bxcbe mkaf zxmdqsae taxsadnb dn mqtkat-mqtkat

dbe tmcm ~bel dacbbt za`hakn zmtaesnbk

h% Casadnbbe qetqc @axacmàedbsncbeDbkb` cbsqs zxmdqc ~bel za`haknbe qkbele~b xakbtni kb`b+ casadnbbe

zakbellbe qetqc àxacmàedbsncbe zxmdqc cazbdb ta`be btbbq cakqbxlbe~b

àegbdn qcqxbe ~bel zaetnel qetqc dnbebkns dbe dntnedbc

&Tgnztmem+ 8::: 7 2:2.%

@aeqxqt Fb|cnes Kmea~ dbe Tgnztmem btxnhqt-btxnhqt za`haetqc cazqbsbe

àknzqtn casasqbnbe fbxbzbe+ ca`qdbfbe à`zaxmkaf dbe casadnbbe qetqc

àxacmàedbsncbe%

8%6%?% @atmda-àtmda @aelb`btn dbe @aelqcqx Cazqbsbe ZakbellbeZaxqsbfbbe dbzbt àellqebcbe àtmda-àtmda sahblbn haxncqt qetqc

àelqcqx cazqbsbe zakbellbe 7

b% _nsta` cakqfbe dbe sbxbe@nsbke~b àe~adnbcbe cmtbc sbxbe dbe cakqfbe+ cbxtq cmàetbx+ oqstmàx

fmt kneas+ à`zaxcaxgbcbe zatqlbs zaelq`zqkbe zaedbzbtcakqfbe

zakbellbe+ dbe kbne-kbne%

h% _qxyan cazqbsbe zakbellbe_qxyan hnsb dnkbcqcbe daelbe cqasnmeax &dncnxn` ka|bt zms btbq dnhblncbe

zbdb sbbt zakbellbe haxhakbegb.+ ka|bt takazme+ a`bnk+ ibcs btbq daelbe

|b|beobxb kbelsqel%


37/89

88

o% Kmst oqstmàx bebk~snsZaxqsbfbbe àelfqhqeln zbxb zakbellbe ~bel takbf haxfaetn à`hakn dbxn

zaxqsbfbe btbq axacb ~bel takbf haxbknf za`bsmc%

d% Lfmst sfmmznel &`~stax~ sfmmznel.Zaxqsbfbbe àellqebcbe lfmst sfmmzax qetqc àelb`btn cacqbtbe dbe

caka`bfbe zxmdqc saxtb kb~bebe zaxqsbfbbe dbe zasbnel

a% _bkas-xakbtad àtfmdsCazqbsbe zakbellbe dnqcqx daelbe cxntaxnb zaxtq`hqfbe zaegqbkbe+ zbelsb

zbsbx dbe xbsnm za`haknbe qkbel%

i% Oqstmàx zbeaksZaxqsbfbbe à`haetqc zbeak zakbellbe ~bel ebetne~b dngbdncbe sb`zak

saobxb haxcbkb qetqc àelatbfqn bzb ~bel àxacb xbsbcbe dbxn zaxqsbfbbe

dbe sa`qb zakb~bebe zaxqsbfbbe %

&Tgnztmem+ 8::: 7 6.

8%6%4% Tacenc Zaelqcqxbe Cazqbsbe Zakbellbe@atmda sqxyan àxqzbcbe àtmda ~bel zaknel hbe~bc dnlqebcbe dbkb`

zaelqcqxbe cazqbsbe zakbellbe% @atmda sqxyan cazqbsbe zakbellbe dbzbt

àellqebcbe zaelqcqxbe daelbe haxhblbn obxb sahblbn haxncqt 7

2% Zaelqcqxbe dbzbt dnkbcqcbe saobxb kbelsqel daelbe zaxtbe~bbe sazaxtn

Qelcbzcbe sahaxbzb zqbs _bqdbxb taxfbdbz zakb~bebe ZT% Ofbedxb zbdb

scbkb haxncqt7 sbelbt tndbc zqbs+ tndbc zqbs+ eatxbk+ zqbs+ sbelbt zqbs

&dnxaotk~ xazmxtad sbtnsibotnme.%


38/89

8?

8% Xaszmedae dnhaxn zaxtbe~bbe àelaebn sahaxbzb hasbx àxacbàelfbxbzcbe sqbtq btxnhqt taxtaetq dbe sahaxbzb hasbx ~bel àxacb

xbsbcbe &daxnyad dnssbtnsibotnme.%

?% Xaszmedae dn`netb qetqc àeqknscbe `bsbkbf-`bsbkbf ~bel àxacb fbdbznhaxcbntbe daelbe zaeb|bxbe dbxn zaxqsbfbbe dbe gqlb dn`netb qetqc

àeqknscbe zaxhbncbe-zaxhbncbe ~bel axacb sbxbecbe &zxmhka` bebk~sns.%

4% Xaszmedae dbzbt dn`netb qetqc àxbecnel haxhblbn akaàe dbxn zaeb|bxbehaxdbsbxcbe daxbgbt zaetnele~b satnbz akaàe dbe sahaxbzb hbnc cneaxgb

zaxqsbfbbe dbkb` `bsnel-`bsnel akaàe &n`zmxtbeoazaximx`beoa

xbtnels.% Tacenc nen dncaebk zqkb daelbe nstnkbf n`zmxtbeoa-zaximx`beoa

bebk~sns &@bxtnkkb dbe Gbàs+ 2>


39/89

84

btbq zaxqsbfbe ~bel haxsbelcqtbe% Q`qè~b tnedbcbe nen saxnel dnkbcqcbe

dbe db`zbce~b sbelbt hasbx hbln ontxb zaxqsbfbbe%

?% Tfnxd-zbxt~ xaszmesaTnedbcbe ~bel dnkbcqcbe àknzqtn qsbfb à`netb lbetn xqln saobxb fqcq`+

àelbdq ka|bt àdnb `bssb &`nsbke~b àeqkns dnsqxbt za`hbob.+ btbq saobxb

kbelsqel aedbtbeln ka`hblb cmesqàe+ nestbesn fqcq` dbe sahblbne~b%

8%6%9% _txbtaln zaebelbebe cakqfbeDbkb` àebelben cakqfbe dbxn zakbellbe zbknel tndbc bdb 4 bszac zaetnel

~bel fbxqs dnzaxfbtncbe zaxqsbfbbe% Caa`zbt bszac taxsahqt ~bntq 7

b% A`zbtn taxfbdbz zakbellbe ~bel `bxbfh% Caoazbtbe dbkb` zaebelbebe cakqfbeo% Ca|bgbxbe btbq cabdnkbe dbkb` ààobfcbe zax`bsbkbf btbq cakqfbed% Ca`qdbfbe hbln cmesqàe qetqc àelfqhqeln zaxqsbfbe

&Tgnztmem+ 8::2 7 44.

8%>% Caxbelcb Za`ncnxbeZa`bsbxbe gbsb cfqsqse~b gbsb zaxhbecbe ~bel haxlaxbc dnhndbel inebeoa

sbelbt haxtq`zq zbdb gbsb zakb~bebe cbxaeb calnbtbee~b bdbkbf à`haxncbe

zakb~bebe zbdb ebsbhbfe~b% Daelbe da`ncnbe cqbkntbs gbsb zakb~bebe zaxkq

dncakmkb saobxb zxmiasnmebk mkaf zaxqsbfbbe+ fbk nen dnsahbhcbe mkaf cbxaeb

cqbkntbs zakb~bebe dbe cazqbsbe sbelbt haxfqhqelbe axbt%

Cqbkntbs gbsb kb~bebe àxqzbcbe zaxhbednelbe betbxb fbxbzbe ebsbhbf

&avzaotbtnme. dbe cneaxgb hbec ~bel dnxbsbcbe ebsbhbf &zaximx`beoa.% Dbkb`

zaeakntnbe nen ~bel dn`bcsqd cqbkntbs gbsb kb~bebe bdbkbf tnelcbt cqbkntbs kb~bebe


40/89

81

~bel dntaxn`b mkaf ebsbhbf hbec HXN Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel ~bel

à`beibbtcbe gbsb kb~bebe sn`zbebe dbkb` haetqc tbhqelbe &sbynel dazmsnts.

daelbe btb qbel xqznbf%

Qetqc àelatbfqn tnelcbt cqbkntbs gbsb kb~bebe dnlqebcbe _AXYRQBK

dnàesnme ~bel taxdnxn dbxn 1 qesqx ~bntq 7

2% Hqctn insnc &tbelnhkas.+ àknzqtn ladqel+ ibsnkntbs tacemkmln+ zaeb`znkbecbx~b|be dbe sahblbne~b kahnf àeacbecbe zbdb hqctn insnc btbq dbzbt

dnxbhb cahaxbdbbee~b% Dn`beb cahaxbdbbe hqctn insnc ~bel haxqzb ibsnkntbs

fbkb`be zbxcnx+ cahaxsnfbe netaxnmx dbe acstaxnmx knelcqelbe hbec+

cahaxbdbbe BT@ dbe caxbznfbe haxzbcbnbe dbxn zalb|bn hbec bcbe

à`zaelbxqfn cazqbsbe ebsbhbf+ cbxaeb ebsbhbf bcbe àxbsb e~b`be dbe

`qdbf qetqc àkbcqcbe txbesbcsn gncb dndqcqel hqctn insnc taxsahqt%

8% Cabedbkbe &xaknbhnknt~.+ ~bntq ca`b`zqbe à`haxncbe zakb~bebe ~beldngbegncbe daelbe salaxb+ bcqxbt+ dbe à`qbscbe% Cabedbkbe ~bel dn`bcsqd

bdbkbf hblbn`beb hbec à`haxncbe zakb~bebe zbdb ebsbhbf daelbe oazbt+

`qdbf+ dbe tazbt saxtb |bctq zakb~bebe zbdb ebsbhbf ~bel à`bdbn btbq

sasqbn gb` caxgb hbec% Daelbe halntq dbzbt dncatbfqn hbf|b cabedbkbe dbkb`

zakb~bebe sqbtq gbsb zaxhbecbe bcbe haxzaelbxqf zbdb tnelln xaedbfe~b

cazqbsbe ebsbhbfe~b%

?% Db~b tbellbz &xaszmesnyaeass. ~bntq ca`b`zqbe dbkb` à`haxncbezakb~bebe saobxb oazbt dbe tazbt+ dbkb` fbk nen ca`b`zqbe takkax qetqc

à`haxncbe kb~bebe daelbe oazbt zbdb sbbt ebsbhbf àkbcqcbe txbesbcsn

safnellb ebsbhbf tndbc taxkbkq kb`b àeqellq betxnbe% Db~b tbellbz dbxn


41/89

89

zalb|bn hbec haxzaelbxqf zbdb cazqbsbe ebsbhbf+ cbxaeb fbxbzbee~b qetqc

dnkb~ben saobxb oazbt dbe tazbt sbbt haxtxbesbcsn taxzaeqfn%

4% Gb`nebe &bssqxbeooa. ~bel àeobcqz zaelatbfqbe dbe catxb`znkbe zbxbzalb|bn hbec dbkb` àkb~ben cahqtqfbe ebsbhbf+ atncb zbxb zalb|bn hbec+

dbe gb`nebe cab`bebe dbxn hbec btbs ebsbhbf sbbt haxtxbesbcsn% Bdbe~b

gb`nebe cab`bebe dbxn sqbtq hbec bcbe à`hqbt ebsbhbf àxbsb b`be dbe

tbezb bdb xbsb xblq-xblq qetqc àkbcqcbe txbesbcsn+ dnsb`znel ntq gb`nebe

dbxn sqbtq hbec bcbe haxzaelbxqf zbdb cazqbsbe ebsbhbf cbxaeb bzb ~bel

dnnelnecbe ebsbhbf dbzbt dnzaeqfn mkaf hbec ~bntq daelbe zaelatbfqbe dbe

catxb`znkbe dbxn zalb|bn hbec% Casmzbebe dbe caxb`bfbe dbxn zalb|bn hbec

bcbe à`hqbt ebsbhbf àxbsb dnfbxlbn safnellb àxacb zqbs daelbe

zakb~bebe hbec%

1% A`zbtn ~bntq zaxfbtnbe cfqsqs btbq nednyndq taxfbdbz salbkb cahqtqfbe dbecakqfbe ebsbhbf+ dbe bdbe~b cm`qencbsn ~bel hbnc betbxb zalb|bn hbec

daelbe ebsbhbf% Daelbe bdbe~b zaxfbtnbe cfqsqs dbe cm`qencbsn ~bel hbnc

dbxn zalb|bn sqbtq hbec btbs ebsbhbf bcbe haxzaelbxqf gqlb zbdb cazqbsbe

ebsbhbf+ cbxaeb ebsbhbf bcbe àxbsb dnzaxfbtncbe mkaf hbec ~bntq bzb ~bel

dnhqtqfcbe dbe dncakqfcbee~b dntbellbzn saobxb hbnc mkaf znfbc hbec%

Cazqbsbe bdbkbf cazqbsbe àxqzbcbe iqelsn dbxn casbe cneaxgb dbe

fbxbzbe% Nedncbtmx cazqbsbe ~bel dnzaxlqebcbe bdbkbf casasqbnbe fbxbzbe+

ca`qdbfbe a`zaxmkaf dbe casadnbbe axacmàedbsn%

Cakn`b qesqx cqbkntbs gbsb kb~bebe dnbtbs bcbe àegbdn boqbe qtb`b dbkb`

zaeakntnbe cazqbsbe ebsbhbf btbs gbsb zakb~bebe ~bel dnhaxncbe hbec HXN Cbetmx

Obhbel Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel%

Caxbelcb za`ncnxbe ~bel dnlqebcbe zbdb zaeakntnbe nen saobxb snsta`btns

dbe sadaxfbeb dbzbt dnlb`hbxcbe sahblbn haxncqt 7


42/89


43/89

HBH NNN

@ATMDA ZAEAKNTNBE

Gaens zaeakntnbe ~bel dnlqebcbe dbkb` scxnzsn nen bdbkbf sqxya~% Zaeakntnbe

sqxya~ bdbkbf zaeakntnbe ~bel àelb`hnk sb`zak dbxn sbtq zmzqkbsn dbe

àellqebcbe cqasnmeax sahblbn bkbt zaelq`zqk dbtb ~bel zmcmc &@bsxn dcc+

2>6> 7 ?.%

?%2%Zmzqkbsn dbe _b`zak?%2%2% Zmzqkbsn

Zmzqkbsn bdbkbf |nkb~bf laeaxbknsbsn ~bel taxdnxn btbs 3 mh~ac sqh~ac ~bel

à`zqe~bn cqbetntbs dbe cbxbctaxnstnc taxtaetq ~bel dntatbzcbe mkaf zaeakntn

qetqc dnzakbgbxn dbe ca`qdnbe dntbxnc casn`zqkbee~b &_qln~mem+ 8::1 7 11.%

Zmzqkbsn dbkb` zaeakntnbe nen bdbkbf zakbellbe hbec HXN ~bel

à`beibbtcbe zxmdqc gbsb sn`zbebe dbkb` haetqc tbhqelbe daelbe `btb qbel

xqznbf zbdb tbfqe 8::4 sahbe~bc 2>%812 ebsbhbf dn HXN Cbetmx Obhbel

Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel%

?%2%8% _b`zak_b`zak bdbkbf sahblnbe dbxn gq`kbf cbxbctaxnstnc ~bel dn`nkncn mkaf

zmzqkbsn taxsahqt &_qln~mem+ 8::1 7 19.%

86


44/89

8>

Hasbxbe sb`zak zaeakntnbe bdbkbf mxbel ~bel dnb`hnkcbe dbxn gq`kbf

ebsbhbf zaellqeb tbhqelbe &sbynel dazmsnts. daelbe `btb qbel xqznbf% _b`zak

àeqxqt zaedbzbt _kmyne dbkb` hqcq Q`bx &8::: 7 >9. bdbkbf sahblbn haxncqt 7

Ea

Ee

#0

2

dn`beb 7

e 0 Qcqxbe sb`zak

E 0 Qcqxbe zmzqkbsn

a 0 tmkaxbesn zxasnsn catazbtbe xbtb-xbtb ~bel dnfbxbzcbe tndbc

àe~n`zbel dbxn 2: !

Dbxn dbtb zmzqkbsn taxsahqt dbzbt dntbxnc sb`zak sahblbn haxncqt 7

08.2+:&812%2>2

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0 >>+46 dnhqkbtcbe àegbdn 2:: mxbel

Tacenc zaelb`hnkbe sb`zak zbdb zaeakntnbe nen àellqebcbe tacenc

xbedm` sb`zknel ~bntq zaelb`hnkbe sb`zak dn`beb bellmtb zmzqkbsn à`zqe~bn

zakqbel sb`b sahblbn sb`zak zaeakntnbe &Bxncqetm+ 8::8 7 222.% Cbxaeb zmzqkbsn

sqdbf dnbellbz fm`mlae ~bntq sa`qb ebsbhbf ~bel à`beibbtcbe gbsb kb~bebe

sn`zbebe dbkb` haetqc tbhqelbe &sbynel dazmsnts. daelbe `btb qbel xqznbf%


45/89

?:

Zaelq`zqkbe dbtb dnkbcqcbe sakb`b 8 fbxn+ daelbe obxb à`netb ebsbhbf ~bel

cahatqkbe dbtbel aebhqel qetqc aelnsn cqasnmeax ~bel bdb%

?%8%Ybxnbhak ZaeakntnbeYbxnbhak àxqzbcbe lagbkb ~bel àegbdn imcqs zaeakntn qetqc dnb`btn

&_qln~mem+ 8::1 7 8.% Dbkb` zaeakntnbe nen àellqebcbe 8 ybxnbhak ~bntq 7

?%8%2%Ybxnbhak hahbs &nedazaedae.^bntq ybxnbhak ~bel àegbdn sahbh tn`hqke~b btbq haxqhbfe~b ybxnbhak

dazaedae &taxncbt.% Gbdn ybxnbhak nedazaedae bdbkbf ybxnbhak ~bel àegbdn

ybxnbhak hahbs bdbkbf cqbkntbs gbsb kb~bebe sn`zbebe ~bel dnsn`hmkcbe fqxqi V+

daelbe sqh ybxnbhak 7

2% Hqctn insnc ~bntq àknzqtn ladqel+ ibsnkntbs tacemkmln+ zaeb`znkbe cbx~b|bee~b

dbe sahblbne~b kahnf àeacbecbe zbdb hqctn insnc btbq dbzbt dnxbhb

cahaxbdbbee~b &V2.+ daelbe nedncbtmx 7

b% Bdbe~b sbxbeb fbkb`be zbxcnx ~bel e~b`be dbe a`bdbnh% @aegblb tnelcbt cahaxsnfbe netaxnmx dbe acstaxnmx knelcqelbe hbeco% Caxbznfbe dbkb` haxzbcbnbe dbxn zalb|bnd% Bdbe~b cakaelcbzbe sbxbeb dbe zxbsbxbeb zaeqegbel+ sazaxtn zasb|bt

takazme+ cm`zqtax+ BT@ dbe kbne-kbne%

8% Cabedbkbe ~bcen ca`b`zqbe à`haxncbe zakb~bebe ~bel dngbegncbe daelbe

salaxb+ bcqxbt dbe à`qbscbe &Zbxbsqxb`be+ dcc+ 2>66. &V8.+ daelbe

nedncbtmx 7

b%Zakb~bebe za`hqcbbe xacaenel ~bel oazbt dbe tazbth%Caoazbtbe zakb~bebe zae~atmxbe dbeb ebsbhbf


46/89

?2

o%Kqbs gbxnelbe zakb~bebe zaebxncbe dbe zae~atmxbe dn sa`qb obhbel hbecd%Zakb~bebe zaelb`hnkbe dbeb ~bel tndbc taxkbkq sqknta%\bctq zakb~bebe ~bel a`bdbn

?% Db~b Tbellbz ~bntq ca`b`zqbe dbkb` à`haxncbe zakb~bebe saobxb oazbt

dbe tazbt cazbdb zakbellbe ~bel ààxkqcbe gbsb &V?.+ daelbe nedncbtmx 7

b% Ca`b`zqbe cbx~b|be dbkb` aebelben cakqfbe ebsbhbfh%Ebsbhbf tndbc taxkbkq kb`b àeqellq betxnbeo% Tnedbcbe zalb|bn hbec ~bel oazbt tbellbz catncb ebsbhbf sadbel

àelfbdbzn bsbkbf

4% Gb`nebe ~bntq àknzqtn atncb cbx~b|be+ cxadnhnkntbs cbx~b|be dbe xbsb b`be

zakbellbe &V4.+ daelbe nedncbtmx 7

b% Cataxb`znkbe `bxcatnel miinoaxdbkb` akb~ben cahqtqfbe ebsbhbfh% Cataxb`znkbe oqstmàx saxynoa dbkb` akb~ben cahqtqfbe ebsbhbfo% Cataxb`znkbe takkax dbe zalb|bn kbnee~b dbkb` akb~ben cahqtqfbe ebsbhbfd% Zakb~bebe ~bel smzbe dbe xb`bf dbxn `bxcatnel miinoaxcazbdb ebsbhbfa% Zakb~bebe ~bel smzbe dbe xb`bf dbxn hblnbe takkax cazbdb ebsbhbfi% Bdbe~b gb`nebe cab`bebe dbxn hbec btbs ebsbhbf

1% A`zbtn àknzqtn ca`qdbfbe dbkb` àkbcqcbe fqhqelbe cm`qencbsn ~bel

hbnc+ zaxfbtnbe zxnhbdn+ dbe à`bfb`n cahqtqfbe zbxb zakbellbe &V1.+

daelbe nedncbtmx 7

b% @a`haxncbe zaxfbtnbe taxfbdbz salbkb cakqfbe ebsbhbfh% @a`haxncbe zaxfbtnbe taxfbdbz salbkb cahqtqfbe ebsbhbfo% Za`haxnbe zakb~bebe ~bel hbnc cazbdb sa`qb ebsbhbf


47/89

?8

?%8%8%Ybxnbhak taxncbt &dazaedae.@axqzbcbe ybxnbhak ~bel dnzaelbxqfn btbq ~bel àegbdn bcnhbt+ cbxaeb

bdbe~b ybxnbhak hahbs &_qln~mem+ 8::1 7 ?.% Dbkb` zaeakntnbe nen ~bel àegbdn

ybxnbhak taxncbt bdbkbf cazqbsbe ebsbhbf HXN ~bntq tnelcbt zaxbsbbe sasamxbel

satakbf à`hbednelcbe betbxb fbxbzbe dbe cneaxgb ~bel dntaxn`be~b+ daelbe

nedncbtmx 7

2% Casasqbnbe fbxbzbe8% Ca`qdbfbe a`zaxmkaf gbsb?% Casadnbbe àxacmàedbsn

?%?% @atmda Zaelq`zqkbe Dbtb@atmda zaelq`zqkbe dbtb ~bel dnlqebcbe dbkb` zaeakntnbe nen bdbkbf 7

?%?%2%@atmda Belcat &cqasnmeax.Cqasnmeax bdbkbf sagq`kbf zaxtbe~bbe taxtqkns ~bel dnlqebcbe qetqc

à`zaxmkaf neimx`bsn dbxn xaszmedae dbkb` bxtn kbzmxbe taetbel zxnhbdne~b btbq

fbk-fbk ~bel nb catbfqn &Bxncqetm+ 8::8 7 286.%

Dbkb` zaeakntnbe nen dnlqebcbe scbkb Kncaxt% _cbkb Kncaxt dnlqebcbe qetqc

àelqcqx sncbz+ zaedbzbt+ dbe zaxsazsn taetbel iaemàeb smsnbk &_qln~mem+ 8::2

7


48/89

??

B% Gb|bhbe _belbt _atqgq &__. daelbe scmx enkbn 4H% Gb|bhbe _atqgq &_. daelbe scmx ?O% Gb|bhbe Tndbc _atqgq &T_. daelbe scmx enkbn 8D% Gb|bhbe _belbt Tndbc _atqgq &_T_. daelbe scmx enkbn 2

?%?%8%@atmda Dmcqàetbsn@atmda dmcqàetbsn ~bntq àeobxn dbtb àelaebn fbk-fbk btbq ybxnbhak

~bel haxqzb obtbtbe+ txbescxnz+ hqcq+ sqxbt cbhbx+ `bgbkbf+ zxbsbstn+ emtqkae xbzbt+

kaellax+ blaedb dbe sahblbne~b &Bxncqetm+ 8::8 7 8:9.% Dbkb` zaeakntnbe nen

àtmda dmcqàetbsn dnlqebcbe qetqc àelatbfqn sagbxbf haxdnxne~b HXN+ hndbel

qsbfb HXN+ |nkb~bf caxgb HXN+ stxqctqx mxlbensbsn+ gq`kbf BT@+ gq`kbf xbtb-xbtb

betxnbe dbe gq`kbf ebsbhbf HXN Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel%

?%4%Ybkndntbs dbe Xaknbhnkntbs?%4%2 Ybkndntbs

Ybkndntbs bdbkbf sqbtq qcqxbe ~bel àeqegqccbe tnelcbtbe-tnelcbtbe

caybkndbe btbq casbfnfbe sqbtq nestxqàe &Bxncqetm+ 8::8 7 244.% Nestxqàe

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àelqelcbzcbe dbtb ybxnbhak ~bel dntakntn saobxb tazbt%

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~bcen ybkndntbs ~bel dnobzbn bzbhnkb taxdbzbt casasqbnbe betbxb hblnbe-hblnbe

nestxqàe saobxb casakqxqfbe &Bxncqetm+ 8::8 7 24


49/89

?4

dncmxakbsncbe daelbe scmx tmtbk% _adbelcbe xq`qs ~bel dnlqebcbe bdbkbf cmxakbsn

Zxmdqot @màet sahblbn haxncqt 7

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:+444 qetqc 0 1! daelbe E 0 8:%

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oqcqz dbzbt dnzaxob~b qetqc dnzaxlqebcbe sahblbn bkbt zaelq`zqk dbtb cbxaeb

nestxqàe sqdbf hbnc &Bxncqetm+ 8::8 7 214.% Qetqc àelatbfqn xaknbhnkntbs

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haxhaetqc belcat daelbe scmxe~b haxqzb xaetbelbe betbxb 2-4 dbe qgn omhb

ybkndntbs àellqebcbe nta` tmtbk% Bxncqetm àeaxbelcbe hbf|b qetqc àeobxn


50/89

?1

xaknbhnkntbs nestxqàe ~bel scmxe~b hqcbe 2 dbe :+ `nsbke~b belcat btbq smbk

haetqc qxbnbe `bcb àellqebcbe xq`qs bkzfb 7

x22 0

8

8

22 t

h

c

c

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8h 0 Gq`kbf ybxnbes hqtnx

8t 0 Ybxnbes tmtbk

Qetqc à`zaxmkaf ybxnbes hqtnx dnobxn taxkahnf dbfqkq satnbz hqtnx+

ca`qdnbe dngq`kbfcbe% Xq`qs ~bel dnlqebcbe qetqc àeobxn ybxnbes bdbkbf 7

E

E

V

V

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8

8

8

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0 Ybxnbes hqtnx

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&Bxncqetm+ 8::8 7 2:81+ cabedbkbe

sahasbx :+6964+ db~b tbellbz sahasbx :+6>28+ gb`nebe sahasbx :+6>12+ a`zbtn

sahasbx :+6?66%

Daelbe da`ncnbe àeqegqccbe hbf|b belcat-belcat taxsahqt xaknbhak cbxaeb


51/89

?9

à`nkncn fbxlb cmainsnae xaknbhnkntbs kahnf hasbx dbxn xtbhak 0 :+444 qetqc 0 1!

daelbe E 0 8: safnellb dbzbt dnlqebcbe qetqc zaeakntnbe%

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xq`qs 7

2::!VE

e

!0

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e 0 Gq`kbf scmx gb|bhbe xaszmedae

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! 0 Tnelcbt cahaxfbsnkbe ~bel dnobzbn &Bkn+ 2>6> 7 264.

?%9%Bebknsns Dbtb CqbetntbtniBebknsns cqbetntbtni àellqebcbe dbtb dbxn gb|bhbe ~bel takbf taxcq`zqk

daelbe àellqebcbe zaxfntqelbe stbtnstnc qetqc zaxfntqelbe stbtnstnc+ `bcb

dnlqebcbe zxmlxb` cm`zqtax ~bntq zxmlxb` _Z__ daelbe zaxfntqelbe haxsnibt

xalxasn% Bebknsns nen àeqxqt _qln~mem &8::1 7 84?. dnkbcqcbe hnkb fqhqelbe 8

ybxnbhak haxqzb fqhqelbe cbqsbk dbe iqelsnmebk% Zaxfntqelbe bebknsb xalxasn ~bel

dnlqebcbe zbdb zaeakntnbe nen bdbkbf zaxsb`bbe xalxasn haxlbedb ~bntq 7

^ 0 b # h2V2 # h8V8 # h?V? # h4V4 # h1V1 # a

Dn`beb 7

^ 0 Ybxnbhak cazqbsbe cmesqàe


52/89


53/89

?6

taxncbte~b &Bklnibxn+ 8::: 7 9>-


54/89

?>

àellaeaxbknsbsncbe fbsnk zaeakntnbe ~bel haxqzb sb`zak ca zmzqkbsn+ cbxaeb

bcbe taxgbdn hnbs ~bel bxtne~b fbsnk zaeakntnbe taxsahqt hqcbe sa`btb zaelbxqf dbxn

ybxnbhak-ybxnbhak ~bel dntakntn tatbzn bdb ibctmx zaellbellq kbnee~b ~bel ncqt

à`zaelbxqfn% Dbkb` aybkqbsn acmemàtxncb dnlqebcbe 7

2% Qgn Emx`bkntbsQgn emx`bkntbs haxtqgqbe qetqc àelqgn bzbcbf dbkb` `mdak xalxasn

ybxnbhak dazaedae dbe ybxnbhak nedazaedae+ cadqbe~b à`zqe~bn dnstxnhqsn

emx`bk btbq tndbc% @mdak xalxasn ~bel hbnc bdbkbf à`nkncn dnstxnhqsn dbtb

emx`bk btbq àedacbtn emx`bk% Zbdb zxnesnze~b emx`bkntbs dbzbt dndatacsn

daelbe àknfbt zae~ahbxbe dbtb &tntnc. zbdb sq`hq dnblmebk dbxn lxbinc btbq

daelbe àknfbt fnstmlxb` dbxn xasndqbke~b%

8% Qgn @qktncmkneabxntbs_bkbf sbtq bsq`sn ckbsnc bdbkbf tndbc taxgbdne~b `qktncmknenaxntbs dn

betbxb ybxnbhak-ybxnbhak hahbs ~bel haxbdb dbkb` sbtq `mdak+ bxtne~b betbxb

ybxnbhak nedazaedae ~bel taxdbzbt dbkb` `mdak tndbc à`nkncn fqhqelbe

~bel sa`zqxeb &cmaiasnae tnelln btbq hbfcbe sbtq.%

@aeqxqt Bklnibxn &8::: 7 64.+ bzbhnkb fbk nen taxgbdn haxbxtn betbxb

ybxnbhak hahbs ntq saednxn sbknel haxcmxakbsn+ safnellb dbkb` fbk nen sqknt

dncatbfqn ybxnbhak hahbs `beb ~bel à`zaelbxqfn ybxnbhak taxncbt% _bkbf sbtq

obxb qetqc àedatacsn `qktncmknenaxntbs dnkbcqcbe daelbe àelmxakbsncbe

betbx ybxnbhak hahbs dbe bzbhnkb cmxakbsne~b tnelln ~bntq kahnf hasbx dbxn :+6

`bcb betbx ybxnbhak hahbs taxsahqt taxgbdn `qktncmknenaxntbs%


55/89

4:

?% Qgn FataxmscadbstnsntbsZaelqgnbe taxfbdbz fataxmscadbstnsntbs dbzbt dnkbcqcbe àkbkqn

zaelb`btbe taxfbdbz zmkb sobttax zkmt ~bel dnfbsnkcbe àkbkqn _Z__% Bzbhnkb

zmkb sobttax zkmt à`haetqc zmkb taxtaetq+ `bcb `mdak xalxasn à`nkncn lagbkb

fataxmscadbstnsntbs% @qeoqke~b lagbkb fataxmscadbstnsntbs àeqegqccbe hbf|b

zaebcsnx dbkb` `mdak xalxasn tndbc ainsnae dbkb` sb`zak hasbx `bqzqe caonk%


56/89

HBH NY

FB_NK ZAEAKNTNBE DBE ZA@HBFB_BE

4%2Fbsnk Zaeakntnbe4%2%2 Lb`hbxbe Q`q` Zaxqsbfbbe4%2%2%2_agbxbf Haxdnxne~b ZT% Hbec Xbc~bt Nedmeasnb &Zaxsaxm. Thc% Cbetmx

Obhbel _a`bxbel Zbttn`qxb

ZT% Hbec Xbc~bt Nedmeasnb &Zaxsaxm. Thc àxqzbcbe hbec zaàxnetbf ~bel

haxmzaxbsn zaxtb`b cbkn dn Nedmeasnb dbe dndnxncbe dn Zqx|mcaxtm Gb|b Taelbf zbdb

tbellbk 29 Dasa`hax 26>1 mkaf Xbdae Han Bxnb \nxgbbt`bdgb daelbe eb`b

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àeb`zqel qbel cbs `bsgnd qetqc ca`qdnbe dnlqebcbe qetqc znegb`be hbln

`bs~bxbcbt sacntbx daelbe hqelb xnelbe%

Hbec Xbc~bt Nedmeasnb Cbetmx Obhbel _a`bxbel Zbttn`qxb àxqzbcbe

hblnbe dbxn Hbec Xbc~bt Nedmeasnb% Zaednxnbe Hbec Xbc~bt Nedmeasnb Cbetmx

Obhbel Zbttn`qxb dndnxncbe btbs dbsbx _qxbt @aetaxn Caqbelbe Xazqhknc Nedmeasnb

Em% 241%@%282>61 tbellbk 1 Dasa`hax 2>61 haxcaebbe daelbe za`haxnbe ngne

cazbdb Hbec Xbc~bt Nedmeasnb qetqc àednxncbe Obhbel sahbe~bc 8:4 Cbetmx

Obhbel tax`bsqc Hbec Xbc~bt Nedmeasnb _a`bxbel Zbttn`qxb% _aobxb xas`n Hbec

Xbc~bt Nedmeasnb Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb saobxb xas`n haxdnxn zbdb tbellbk 26

Gqen 2>66%

42


57/89

48

4%2%2%8Hndbel Qsbfb Hbec Xbc~bt Nedmeasnb Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxbHndbel qsbfb ~bel bdb zbdb ZT% Hbec Xbc~bt Nedmeasnb &Zaxsaxm. Thc%

Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel dnbetbxbe~b gbsb sn`zbebe+ gbsb zaxcxadntbe dbe

gbsb kb~bebe%

Zxmdqc sn`zbebe ~bel dncakqbxcbe mkaf ZT% Hbec Xbc~bt Nedmeasnb Cbetmx

Obhbel Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel dnbetbxbe~b bdbkbf LNXMHXN+ sn`zbebe dbe

DAZM_NTM% Lnxm ~bel bdb zbdb ZT% Hbec Xbc~bt Nedmeasnb Cbetmx Obhbel

Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel taxdnxn dbxn dqb `bob` ~bntq lnxm dbkb` `btb qbel xqznbf dbe

lnxm dbkb` `btb qbel bsnel% Tbhqelbe ~bel bdb zbdb ZT% Hbec Xbc~bt Nedmeasnb

Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel bdb dqb `bob` ~bntq tbhqelbe HXNTB@B dbe

tbhqelbe MEF% DAZM_NTM ~bel bdb zbdb ZT% Hbec Xbc~bt Nedmeasnb Cbetmx

Obhbel Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel bdb dqb `bob` zqkb ~bntq DAZMHXN dbe _AXTN HXN%

Gaens cxadnt ~bel bdb zbdb ZT% Hbec Xbc~bt Nedmeasnb Cbetmx Obhbel

Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel dnbetbxbe~b ~bntq tbhqelbe zalb|bn+ cxadnt cmesq`tni+ cxadnt

neyastbsn dbe cxadnt `mdbk caxgb%

Gaens gbsb kbne ~bel dnhaxncbe mkaf ZT% Hbec Xbc~bt Nedmeasnb Cbetmx

Obhbel Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel dnbetbxbe~b ~bntq gbsb txbesiax+ OAZAHXN+ necbsm+ sbya

dazmsnt hmv+ cknxnel dbe zb~àet zmnet%

4%2%2%?\nkb~bf Caxgb Hbec Xbc~bt Nedmeasnb Cbetmx ObhbelZbtn`qxbZT% Hbec Xbc~bt Nedmeasnb &Zaxsaxm. Thc% Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb

_a`bxbel dbkb` caxgbe~b à`hb|bfn ?? qent Hbec Xbc~bt Nedmeasnb Qent% Hbec

Xbc~bt Nedmeasnb Qent ~bel àxqzbcbe |nkb~bf caxgb ZT% Hbec Xbc~bt Nedmeasnb

&Zaxsaxm. Thc% Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb dnbetbxbe~b ~bntq 7 HXN Qent Lqeqelzbtn+


58/89

4?

HXN Qent _a`bxbel _akbtbe+ HXN Qent Laeqc+ HXN Qent Tqlq+ HXN Qent @ngae+ HXN

Qent sa`bxbel Hbxbt+ HXN Qent _a`bxbel Tn`qx+ HXN Qent dx% Onztm+ HXN Qent

Cxbellbe+ HXN Qent @qlbs+ HXN Qent Cbxtnen+ HXN Qent _b`zbelbe+ HXN Qent

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@bgbzbfnt+ HXN Qent \ndmfbxgm+ HXN Qent Gmfbx+ HXN Qent Zkahqxbe+ HXN Qent

_q~qdmem+ HXN Qent Gxbcbf+ HXN Qent Tkmlmsbxn+ HXN Qent Elbknbe+ HXN Qent

@xnobe+ HXN Qent Elasxaz+ HXN Qent Bhdqkxbf`be _bkaf+ HXN Qent _aedbel

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_qcqe dbe HXN Qent Gbelkn%

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sbsbxbe ~bel dnnelnecbe+ `bcb zaxkq bdbe~b stxqctqx mxlbensbsn sasqbn daelbe

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sasqbn daelbe tbellqelgb|bhe~b% _txqctqx mxlbensbsn àxqzbcbe lb`hbxbe saobxb

sca`btns taetbel fqhqelbe caxgbsb`b dbe mxbel-mxbel ~bel taxdbzbt dn dbkbè~b

saxtb tbellqelgb|bh `bsnel-`bsnel hblnbe dn dbkb` sqbtq hbdbe dbkb` xbelcb

qsbfb qetqc zaeobzbnbe tqgqbe%

Zbdb ZT% Hbec Xbc~bt Nedmeasnb Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel

àellqebcbe stxqctqx mxlbensbsn daelbe snsta` lbxns dbe stbii+ cbxaeb casbtqbe

zaxnetbf dbkb` mxlbensbsn tatbz dnzaxtbfbecbe bxtne~b btbsbe à`zqe~bn hb|bfbe

taxtaetq dbe hb|bfbe fbe~b àeaxn`b zaxnetbf dbxn btbsbe%

Bdbzqe stxqctqx mxlbensbsn ZT% Hbec Xbc~bt Nedmeasnb Cbetmx Obhbel

Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel bdbkbf sahblbn haxncqt 7


59/89

44


60/89

ZN@ZNEBE OBHBEL

B__% @BEBLAX

ZAEQEGBEL HN_EN_

@BEBLAX

MZAXB_NMEBK

IQEL_N IQEDNEL

MIINOAX

IQEL_N

_ACAXTBXNBT _D@

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ZXMLXB@

_QZAXYN_MX

ZAKB^BEBE

B__% @BEBLAX

MZAXB_NMEBK

@BEBLAXZA@B_BXBE

ZAE

NET

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CME_Q@AE

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CM@AX_NBK

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COZ

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DG_ ZALIQEL_N BX_NZ

ZAKBZMXBE NT

_QZZMXT)

IQEL_N DAYN_B

IQEL_N CKNXNEL

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Lb`hbx 4%2 _txqctqx Mxlbensbsn Hbec HXN Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb _

_q`hax 7 ZT% HXN &Zaxsaxm. Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel 8:

42


61/89


62/89

49

Cbxbctaxnstnc Xaszmedae Zaeakntnbe

2% Dascxnzsn Qsnb XaszmedaeHaxdbsbxcbe dbtb zaeakntnbe ~bel dnkbcqcbe dbxn zae~ahbxbe belcat `bcb

dnzaxmkaf dbtb taetbel q`qx ebsbhbf HXN Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel

~bel dbzbt dnknfbt zbdb tbhak haxncqt 7

Tbhak 4%2% Dnstxnhqsn Q`qx Xaszmedae Zaeakntbnbe

Em Xaetbel Q`qx Ixacqaesn Zaxsaetbsa

2 29 ?8 1< 1

8 ?? 4> 8< 8

? 1: 99 2: 2:!

4 9< 6? 9 9!

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tbfqe ~bntq sahbe~bc 1< mxbel xaszmedae sadbelcbe ~bel zbknel caonk à`nkncn

tnelcbt q`qx 9< - 6? tbfqe sahbe~bc 9 mxbel xaszmedae%

8% Dascxnzsn Gaens Cakb`ne XaszmedaeHaxdbsbxcbe dbtb zaeakntnbe ~bel dnkbcqcbe dbxn zae~ahbxbe belcat `bcb

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Tbhak 4%8% Dnstxnhqsn Gaens Cakb`ne Xaszmedae Zaeakntnbe

Em Gaens Cakb`ne Gq`kbf Zxmsaetbsa &!.

2% Zxnb 94 94+:!

8% Zaxa`zqbe 89 89+:!

Gq`kbf 2:: 2::!


42


63/89

4%:!

6+> 28+1 Oqcqz hbnc > >%:!

1+: 6+6 Cqxbel hbnc : :%:!

Gq`kbf 2:: 2::!


Kahnf gakbse~b dbtb taetbel hqctn insnc btbs zakb~bebe gbsb sn`zbebe dn

HXN Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel taxsahqt dn btbs dbzbt dnsbgncbe saobxb

lxbins zbdb dnblxb` hbtbel haxncqt nen%

Lb`hbx 4%8% Dnblxb` Dnstxnhqsn Cbtalmxn Hqctn Insnc HXN


65/89

4>

Haxdbsbxcbe lb`hbx 4%8 dn btbs àeqegqccbe hbf|b sahblnbe hasbx

xaszmedae ~bntq 1> mxbel xaszmedae àe~btbcbe hqctn insnc tax`bsqc cbtalmxn

hbnc+ sadbelcbe ~bel zbknel caonk àe~btbcbe oqcqz hbnc sahbe~bc > mxbel

xaszmedae%

8% CabedbkbeHaxdbsbxcbe dbtb fbsnk zaeakntnbe àeqegqccbe hbf|b xbtb-xbtb scmx

cabedbkbe zakb~bebe bdbkbf 2


66/89

1:

Haxdbsbxcbe lb`hbx 4%? dn btbs àeqegqccbe hbf|b sahblnbe hasbx

xaszmedae ~bntq 99 mxbel àe~btbcbe cabedbkbe zakb~bebe tax`bsqc cbtalmxn

hbnc+ sadbelcbe ~bel zbknel sadncnt àe~btbcbe oqcqz hbnc ~bntq sahbe~bc >

xaszmedae%

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taxbelcq` zbdb tbhak haxncqt 7

Tbhak 4%9% Dnstxnhqsn Db~b Tbellbz Cbx~b|be

_cmx gb|bhbe Cxntaxnb I Zaxsaetbsa

>+> 28+: _belbt hbnc 82 82%:!

+6 Hbnc 41 41%:!

1+4


67/89

12


xaszmedae ~bntq 41 xaszmedae àe~btbcbe hbf|b db~b tbellbz cbx~b|be `bsqc

dbkb` cbtalmxn hbnc+ sadbelcbe ~bel zbknel caonk àe~btbcbe cqxbel hbnc ~bntq

< xaszmedae%

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gb`nebe bdbkbf 26+4 daelbe zaxsaetbsa +1 Hbnc


68/89

18


xaszmedae ~bntq +: daelbe zaxsaetbsa +> 28+: _belbt hbnc 81 81%:!

+6 Hbnc 1> 1>%:!

1+4


69/89

1?

Haxdbsbxcbe Lb`hbx 4%9 dn btbs àeqegqccbe hbf|b sahblnbe hasbx

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dnzaxmkaf fbsnk sazaxtn dnsbgncbe zbdb tbhak haxncqt%

Tbhak 4%>% Dnstxnhqsn Cazqbsbe Ebsbhbf

_cmx gb|bhbe Cxntaxnb i Zaxsaetbsa

41+9 19+: _belbt à`qbscbe 8: 8:%:!

?1+2 41+1 @a`qbsbcbe 91 91%:!

84+9 ?1+: Oqcqz à`qbscbe 24 24%:!

24+: 84+1 Cqxbel à`qbscbe 2 2%:!

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_a`bxbel taxsahqt dn btbs dbzbt dnsbgncbe saobxb lxbins zbdb dnblxb` hbtbel haxncqt 7

Lb`hbx 4%


70/89

14

Dbxn tbhak zaxfntqelbe zbdb kb`znxbe+ dbzbt dncatbfqn hbf|b hasbxe~b scmx

xbtb-xbtb cazqbsbe ebsbhbf `aeobzbn 42+:+ daelbe zaxsaetbsa


71/89

11

Lb`hbx 4%6% Dnblxb` Dnstxnhqsn Cbtalmxn Cazqbsbe Ebsbhbf


ebsbhbf ~bntq 9> mxbel àe~btbcbe casasqbnbe fbxbzbee~b `bsqc cbtalmxn

sasqbn sadbelcbe ~bel zbknel caonk ~bntq ? xaszmedae àe~btbcbe oqcqz sasqbn

fbxbzbe%

8% Ca`qdbfbe a`zaxmkaf GbsbHaxdbsbxcbe dbtb fbsnk zaeakntnbe àeqegqccbe hbf|b xbtb-xbtb scmx

ca`qdbfbe à`zaxmkaf gbsb zakb~bebe sn`zbebe dn HXN Cbetmx Obhbel

Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel bdbkbf 29+6 daelbe zaxsaetbsa +9 84+: _belbt `qdbf 82 82%:!

21+2 2>+1 @qdbf 1? 1?%:!

2:+9 21+: Oqcqz `qdbf 88 88%:!

9+: 2:+: _qknt 4 4%:!

Gq`kbf 2:: 2::!



72/89

19

Kahnf gakbse~b dbtb taetbel zaàxmkafbe kb~bebe dbzbt dnsbgncbe saobxb

lxbins zbdb dnblxb` hbtbel haxncqt nen%

Lb`hbx 4%>% Dnblxb` Dnstxnhqsn Cbtalmxn Zaàxmkafbe gbsb

Haxdbsbxcbe lb`hbx 4%> dn btbs àeqegqccbe hbf|b sahblnbe hasbx

ebsbhbf ~bntq 1? xaszmedae àe~btbcbe obxb à`zaxmkaf gbsb kb~bebe sn`zbebe

dn HXN Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel bdbkbf `qdbf+ sadbelcbe ~bel

zbknel caonk ~bntq sahbe~bc 4 xaszmedae àe~btbcbe sqknt%

?% Casadnbbe axacmàedbsncbeHaxdbsbxcbe dbtb fbsnk zaeakntnbe àeqegqccbe hbf|b xbtb-xbtb scmx

casadnbbe àxacmàedbsncbe bdbkbf 22+6 daelbe zaxsaetbsa


73/89

1

2% Cmestbetb 0 :+642Gncb ybxnbhak hqctn insnc+ cabedbkbe+ db~b tbellbz+ gb`nebe dbe a`zbtn 0 cmestbe+

`bcb cazqbsbe ebsbhbf bcbe aegbdn sahasbx :+642 zmnet%

8% Cmainsnae V2 &hqctn insnc. 0 :+44?Gncb hqctn insnc àelbkb`n zaenelcbtbe sahasbx 2 &sbtq. zmnet saàetbxb

cabedbkbe+ db~b tbellbz+ gb`nebe dbe a`zbtn dnbellbz tatbz+ `bcb bcbe

àe~ahbhcbe caebncbe cazqbsbe ebsbhbf sahasbx :+44? zmnet%

?% Cmainsnae V8 &cabedbkbe. 0 :+426Gncb cabedbkbe àelbkb`n zaenelcbtbe sahasbx 2 &sbtq. zmnet saàetbxb hqctn

insnc+ db~b tbellbz+ gb`nebe dbe a`zbtn dnbellbz tatbz+ `bcb bcbe àe~ahbhcbe

cazqbsbe zakbellbe sahasbx :+426 zmnet%

4% Cmainsnae V? &db~b tbellbz. 0 :+61>Gncb a`zbtn àelbkb`n zaenelcbtbe sahasbx 2 &sbtq. zmnet saàetbxb hqctn insnc+

cabedbkbe+ db~b tbellbz+ dbe gb`nebe dnbellbz tatbz+ `bcb bcbe àe~ahbhcbe

caebncbe cazqbsbe zakbellbe sahasbx :+9>> zmnet%


76/89

9:

Dbkb` xbelcb zaelqgnbe fnzmtasns ~bel takbf dnbgqcbe dnkbcqcbe daelbe

àellqebcbe bkbt qgn stbtnstnc ~bntq qgn I dbe qgn t%

2% Zaelqgnbe _aobxb _n`qktbe &Qgn I.Zaelqgnbe fnzmtasns saobxb sn`qktbe daelbe bebknsns ybxnbes qetqc xalxasn

daelbe hbetqbe cm`zqtax zxmlxb` _Z__ imx \nedm|s xakabsa 22 ~bel

taxbelcq` zbdb zbdb tbhak 4%2? dnzaxmkaf I fntqel 0 6?+49? daelbe fbxlb

snlenincbesn sahasbx :+:::% Cbxaeb fbxlb snlenincbesn cqxbel dbxn :+:1+

àeqegqccbe hbf|b enkbn I fntqel ~bel dnzaxmkaf taxsahqt snlenincbe safnellb

fnzmtasns enfnk &Fm. dntmkbc+ sadbelcbe fnzmtasns zaeakntnbe ~bel haxhqe~n

Cqbkntbs gbsb ~bel àknzqtn hqctn insnc+ cabedbkbe+ db~b tbellbz+ gb`nebe dbe

a`zbtn saobxb sn`qktbe à`nkncn zaelbxqf taxfbdbz cazqbsbe ebsbhbf HXN

Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel dntaxn`b%

Daxbgbt fqhqelbe betbxb hqctn insnc+ cabedbkbe+ db~b tbellbz+ gb`nebe

dbe a`zbtn daelbe cazqbsbe ebsbhbf saobxb haxsb`b-sb`b btbq saobxb sn`qktbe

dbzbt dncatbfqn dbxn fbxlb cmxakbsn saobxb sn`qktbe btbq X% Haxdbsbxcbe fbsnk

bebknsns daelbe àellqebcbe zxmlxb` cm`zqtbsn _Z__ imx \nedm|s xakabsa 22

~bel taxbelcq` zbdb tbhak 4%2? dnzaxmkaf fbxlb cmainsnae cmxakbsn saobxb

sn`qktbe &X. sahasbx :+>:?% Cahaxbxtnbe dbxn cmxakbsn saobxb sn`qktbe nen dnqgn

daelbe qgn I% Dbxn fbsnk zaelqgnbe taxsahqt dn`beb dnzaxmkaf Ifntqel 0 6?+49?

daelbe fbxlb snlenincbesn sahasbx :+::: ; :+:1+ `bcb dbzbt dnbxtncbe hbf|b

fqhqelbe betbxb hqctn insnc+ cabedbkbe+ db~b tbellbz+ gb`nebe dbe a`zbtn

daelbe cazqbsbe ebsbhbf HXN Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb taxsahqt snlenincbe%


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92

Hasbxe~b zaelbxqf hqctn insnc+ cabedbkbe+ db~b tbellbz+ gb`nebe dbe

a`zbtn taxfbdbz cazqtqsbe ebsbhbf dbzbt dncatbfqn dbxn fbxlb cmainsnae

datax`nebsn sn`qktbe &X8.% Haxdbsbxcbe fbsnk bebknsns zbdb tbhak 24%? dnzaxmkaf

fbxlb X8

sahasbx :+629% Daelbe da`ncnbe àeqegqccbe hbf|b hqctn insnc+

cabedbkbe+ db~b tbellbz+ gb`nebe dbe a`zbtn saobxb haxsb`b-sb`b

à`zaelbxqfn cazqbsbe ebsbhbf HXN Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb sahasbx 62+9!

dbe snsbe~b ~bntq 26+4! dnzaelbxqfn mkaf ibctmx kbne ~bel tndbc dncbgn dbkb`

zaeakntnbe nen%

8% Zaelqgnbe Fnzmtasns _aobxb Zbxsnbk &Qgn t.Zaelqgnbe fnzmtasns saobxb zbxsnbk nen dn`bcsqdcbe qetqc àelqgn

cahaxbxtnbe zaelbxqf dbxn `bsnel-`bsnel ybxnbhak hahbs ~bntq hqctn insnc &V2.+

cabedbkbe &V8.+ db~b tbellbz &V?.+ gb`nebe &V4. dbe gb`nebe &V1. taxfbdbz

cqbkntbs gbsb kb~bebe &^.%

b% Zaelbxqf hqctn insnc taxfbdbz cazqbsbe ebsbhbfHaxdbsbxcbe fbsnk zaxfntqelbe zbdb kb`znxbe dbe taxbelcq` zbdb

tbhak 4%2?% dn btbs àeqegqccbe hbf|b qetqc ybxnbhak hqctn insnc dnzaxmkaf

cmainsnae xalxasn sahasbx :+44?% Qgn cahaxbxtnbe cmainsnae xalxasn daelbe qgn t

dnzaxmkaf tfntqel 0 8+298 daelbe snlenincbesn :+:??% Cbxaeb fbxlb snlenincbesn

~bel dnzaxmkaf cqxbel dbxn :+:1+ àeqegqccbe hbf|b enkbn t ~bel dnzaxmkaf

taxsahqt snlenincbe+ fbk nen haxbxtn hbf|b ybxnbhak hqctn insnc &V2.

haxzaelbxqf saobxb snlenincbe taxfbdbz cqbkntbs gbsb kb~bebe &^.%

h% Zaelbxqf cabedbkbe taxfbdbz cazqbsbe ebsbhbfHaxdbsbxcbe fbsnk zaxfntqelbe zbdb kb`znxbe dbe taxbelcq` zbdb

tbhak 4%2?% dn btbs àeqegqccbe hbf|b qetqc ybxnbhak cabedbkbe dnzaxmkaf


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98

cmainsnae xalxasn sahasbx :+426% Qgn cahaxbxtnbe cmainsnae xalxasn daelbe qgn t

dnzaxmkaf tfntqel 0 8+86? daelbe snlenincbesn :+:81% Cbxaeb fbxlb snlenincbesn

~bel dnzaxmkaf cqxbel dbxn :+:1+ `aeqegqccbe hbf|b enkbn t ~bel dnzaxmkaf

taxsahqt snlenincbe+ fbk nen haxbxtn hbf|b ybxnbhak cabedbkbe &V8.

haxzaelbxqf saobxb snlenincbe taxfbdbz cqbkntbs gbsb kb~bebe &^.%

o% Zaelbxqf gb`nebe taxfbdbz cazqbsbe ebsbhbfHaxdbsbxcbe fbsnk zaxfntqelbe zbdb kb`znxbe dbe taxbelcq` zbdb

tbhak 4%2?% dn btbs `aeqegqccbe hbf|b qetqc ybxnbhak db~b tbellbz dnzaxmkaf

cmainsnae xalxasn sahasbx :+61>% Qgn cahaxbxtnbe cmainsnae xalxasn daelbe qgn t


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9?

dnzaxmkaf tfntqel 0 8++

cminsnae cmxakbsn zbxsnbk betbxb db~b tbellbz daelbe cqbkntbs gbsb kb~bebe sahasbx

:+?:6+ cminsnae cmxakbsn betbxb gb`nebe daelbe cqbkntbs gbsb kb~bebe sahasbx

:+429 dbe cminsnae cmxakbsn betbxb a`zbtn daelbe cqbkntbs gbsb kb~bebe sahasbx

:+89>%

Hasbxe~b zaelbxqf `bsnel-`bsnel ybxnbhak hahbs taxfbdbz ybxnbhak

taxncbt dbzbt dncatbfqn dbxn hasbxe~b cmainsnae datax`nebsn saobxb zbxsnbk &x8. dbxn

`bsnel-`bsnel ybxnbhak taxsahqt% Daelbe da`ncnbe hasbxe~b zaelbxqf hqctn insnc

taxfbdbz cqbkntbs gbsb kb~bebe bdbkbf 4+6!+ hasbxe~b zaelbxqf cabedbkbe

taxfbdbz cqbkntbs gbsb kb~bebe bdbkbf 1+8!+ hasbxe~b zaelbxqf db~b tbellbz

taxfbdbz cqbkntbs gbsb kb~bebe bdbkbf >+1!+ hasbxe~b zaelbxqf gb`nebe taxfbdbz

cqbkntbs gbsb kb~bebe bdbkbf 2


80/89

94

4%2%1 Fbsnk Qgn Bsq`sn Ckbsnc2% Qgn Emx`bkntbs

Fbsnk zaxfntqelbe emx`bkntbs dbtb zbdb kb`znxbe àeqegqccbe hbf|b

zae~ahbxbe zkmt haxbdb dn sacntbx dbe sazbegbel lbxns 41m

+ daelbe da`ncnbe

àeqegqccbe hbf|b dbtb-dbtb zbdb ybxnbhak zaeakntnbe haxdnstxnhqsn emx`bk%

Kahnf gakbse~b zae~ahbxbe zkmt taxsahqt dbzbt dnknfbt zbdb lb`hbx dn hb|bf nen%

Lb`hbx 4%22% Lb`hbx Zae~ahbxbe Zkmt Qgn Emx`bkntbs

8% Qgn @qktncmkneabxntbsHaxdbsbxcbe fbsnk qgn `qktncmknenaxntbs daelbe àknfbt cmxakbsn betbxb

ybxnbhak hahbs dnzaxmkaf ~bntq betbxb ybxnbhak V2 daelbe V8 sahasbx :+9>9+

betbxb V2+ daelbe V? sahasbx :+91:+ betbxb V2 daelbe V4 sahasbx :+946+ betbxb

V2 daelbe V1 sahasbx :+92?+ betbxb V8 daelbe V? sahasbx :+


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91

?% Qgn FataxmscadbstnsntbsHaxdbsbxcbe fbsnk bebknsns daelbe zxmlxb` cm`zqtbsn _Z__ imx \nedm|s

xakabsa 2: dnzaxmkaf sobttax zkmt~bel tndbc à`haetqc zmkb taxtaetq+ `bcb `mdak

xalxasn tndbc à`nkncn lagbkb fataxmscadbstnsntbs% Kahnf gakbse~b zmkb sobttax zkmt

dbxn fbsnk zaxfntqelbe dnzaxknfbtcbe dn hb|bf nen%

Lb`hbx 4%28% Lb`hbx _obttaxzkmt

Haxdbsbxcbe catnlb zaelqgnbe bsq`sn ckbsn dn btbs àeqegqccbe hbf|b

`mdak xalxasn haxlbedb ~bel dnzaxmkaf tndbc àelbkb`n zae~n`zbelbe bsq`sn

ckbsnc safnellb ainsnae qetqc àellb`hbxcbe haetqc fqhqelbe betbx ybxnbhak

zaeakntnbe%

4%8 Za`hbfbsbeFbsnk zaeakntnbe àeqegqccbe hbf|b cqbkntbs zakb~bebe gbsb haxzaelbxqf

saobxb snlenincbe taxfbdbz cazqbsbe ebsbhbf HXN Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb

_a`bxbel% Hasbxe~b zaelbxqf ybxnbhak cqbkntbs gbsb kb~bebe ~bel àknzqtn hqctn

insnc+ cabedbkbe+ db~b tbellbz+ gb`nebe dbe a`zbtn saobxb haxsb`b sb`b btbq


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99

sn`qktbe ~bntq sahasbx :+629 btbq 62+9!% Daelbe da`ncnbe dbzbt dnsn`zqkcbe zqkb

hbf|b cazqbsbe ebsbhbf HXN Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel dnzaelbxqfn mkaf

ibctmx kbne sakbne ybxnbhak hahbs zbdb zaeakntnbe nen sahasbx :+264 btbq 26+4!%

Haetqc zaelbxqf betbxb cqbkntbs gbsb daelbe cazqbsbe ebsbhbf bdbkbf zaelbxqf

zmsntni ~bel dntqegqccbe dbxn fbxlb-fbxlb cmainsnae xalxasn `bqzqe cmainsnae

cmxakbsn ~bel haxtbedb zmsntni% Daelbe da`ncnbe dbzbt dngakbscbe hbf|b gncb ybxnbhak

cqbkntbs zakb~bebe gbsb ebsbhbf HXN Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel ~bel taxdnxn

dbxn hqctn insnc+ cabedbkbe+ db~b tbellbz+ gb`nebe dbe a`zbtn dntnelcbtcbe+ `bcb

bcbe dnncqtn daelbe àenelcbte~b cazqbsbe ebsbhbf dbe sahbknce~b gncb ybxnbhak

cqbkntbs zakb~bebe gbsb ebsbhbf HXN Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel ~bel taxdnxn

dbxn hqctn insnc+ cabedbkbe+ db~b tbellbz+ gb`nebe dbe a`zbtn àeqxqe+ `bcb bcbe

dnncqtn daelbe àeqxqee~b cazqbsbe ebsbhbf% Daelbe da`ncnbe qetqc àegb`ne

cazqbsbe ebsbhbf sbkbf sbtq qzb~b ~bel dbzbt dnkbcqcbe bdbkbf daelbe àegb`ne

cqbkntbs gbsb kb~bebe blbx tatbz hbnc% _ahbh cmetxnhqsn btbq zaelbxqf cqbkntbs gbsb

kb~bebe taxfbdbz cazqbsbe ebsbhbf nen xakbtni tnelln%

Tnellne~b zaelbxqf cqbkntbs gbsb kb~bebe taxfbdbz cazqbsbe ebsbhbf

dncbxaebcbe zbdb hnsens gbsb+ cqbkntbs zakb~bebe cadqdqcbee~b sbelbt yntbk qetqc

àegb`ne cazqbsbe ebsbhbf% Bzbhnkb fbsnk zbdb zaeakntnbe nen dnfqhqelcbe daelbe

tamxn ~bel dnca`qcbcbe mkaf Enx|beb &8::4 7 ?:. ~bel àe~btbcbe hbf|b

za`bsbxbe gbsb cfqsqse~b gbsb zaxhbecbe ~bel haxlaxbc dn hndbel inebeoa sbelbt

haxtq`zq zbdb gbsb zakb~bebe taxqtb`b zaxbe dbxn zbxb stbi dbe cbx~b|be% Zakb~bebe

stbi dbe cbx~b|be ~bel hqxqc bcbe àe~ahbhcbe ebsbhbf aellbe haxfqhqelbe

kahnf kbegqt daelbe hbec+ hbfcbe tndbc àeqtqz ca`qelcnebe ebsbhbf hbec bcbe


83/89

9.%

Fbsnk dascxnzsn dbtb àeqegqccbe hbf|b HXN Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb

_a`bxbel à`nkncn cakn`b cm`zmeae cqbkntbs gbsb kb~bebe saobxb hbnc% Dntnegbq dbxn

hqctn insnce~b HXN Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel+ àeqxqt zaxe~btbbe

sahblnbe hasbx xaszmedae à`nkncn sbxbeb fbkb`be zbxcnx ~bel e~b`be dbe

à`bdbn+ cahaxsnfbe netaxnmx knelcqelbe hbec ~bel taxgblb daelbe hbnc+ cahaxsnfbe

acstaxnmx knelcqelbe hbec ~bel taxgblb daelbe hbnc+ zalb|bn hbec ~bel

haxzaeb`znkbe xbzn dbe àebxnc saxtb cakaelcbzbe sbxbeb dbe zxbsbxbeb zaeqegbel

txbesbcsn ~bel à`bdbn% Daelbe dn`nkncne~b salbkb cmednsn insnc hbec ~bel

à`bdbn taxsahqt taetqe~b bcbe à`haxncbe cae~b`be hbln ebsbhbf dbkb`

àkbcqcbe txbesbcsn%

Dntnegbq dbxn cabedbkbe dbkb` à`haxncbe zakb~bebe àeqxqt zaxe~btbbe

sahblnbe xaszmedae ebsbhbf HXN Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel takbf `b`zq

à`haxncbe zakb~bebe saobxb fbedbk% Fbk nen dntqegqccbe dbxn zakb~bebe za`hqcbbe


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96

xacaenel ~bel dnkbcsbebcbe saobxb oazbt dbe tazbt+ zakb~bebe zae~atmxbe dbeb

ebsbhbf ~bel dnkbcsbebcbe saobxb oazbt+ zaebxncbe dbe zae~atmxbe ~bel dbzbt

dnkbcsbebcbe dn sa`qb obhbel àkbkqn gbxnelbe ~bel takbf meknea+ zakb~bebe

zaebxncbe dbeb ~bel dbzbt dnkbcsbebcbe saobxb oazbt hbnc àkbkqn takkax `bqzqe

BT@+ zakb~bebe txbesbcsn ~bel dbzbt dnkbcqcbe sasqbn daelbe gb` caxgb hbec+ dbe

`bsnf tatbz dnkb~bene~b ebsbhbf zbdb sbbt gb` caxgb |bkbqzqe daelbe gq`kbf

cbx~b|be ~bel tndbc zaeqf% Daelbe bdbe~b ca`qdbfbe dbe caoazbtbe dbkb`

àkbcqcbe txbesbcsn taxsahqt `bcb ebsbhbf bcbe àxbsb taxzqbscbe dbe bcbe tatbz

à`bcbn gbsb kb~bebe nen qetqc |bctq-|bctq ~bel bcbe dbtbel%

Dntnegbq dbxn db~b tbellbz zatqlbse~b àeqegqccbe hbf|b saobxb q`q`

takbf hbnc% Zatqlbs HXN Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb _a`bxbel takbf `b`zq

à`haxncbe kb~bebe neimx`bsn cazbdb ebsbhbf saobxb oazbt dbe `b`zq àebelben

cakqfbe ebsbhbf saobxb oazbt+ bcbe tatbzn dntnegbq dbxn betxnbe ~bel fbxqs dnta`zqf

mkaf ebsbhbf sbbt bcbe àkbcqcbe txbecsbsn xakbtni zbegbel dbe àega`qcbe

àscnzqe takbf bdb em`mx qxqt betxnbe ~bel dnsadnbcbe mkaf znfbc hbec%

Dntnegbq dbxn bszac gb`nebe haxdbsbxcbe zaxe~btbbe sahblnbe hasbx

xaszmedae àeqegqccbe hbf|b `bxcatnel miinoaxdn HXN Cbetmx Obhbel Zbttn`qxb

_a`bxbel takbf taxb`znk dbkb` àkb~ben ebsbhbf+ oqstmàx saxynoa ta

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