pengantar model kualitas air
DESCRIPTION
SLIDETRANSCRIPT
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Dr.Eng Budi Kurniawan, M.EngKabid Prasarana Dan Jasa
Deputi IIKementerian Negara Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan
DISAMPAIKAN PADA ACARA:RAPAT KOORDINASI PERHITUNGAN DAYA TAMPUNG BEBAN PENCEMARAN
SUNGAI SIAK PPE SUMATERA
Pekanbaru, 21 Mei 2015
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Modeling Kualitas Air
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Pengertian Pemodelan (modeling)
• Model adalah representasi suatu sistem yang komplek yang disedehanakan.
• Pemodelan dimaksudkan untuk menirukan kondisi nyata (real world) sehingga memungkinkan untuk mengukur dan berekperimen dengan cara yang mudah dan murah ketika ekperimen yang dilaboratorium tidak mungkin dilakukan, terlalu mahal, atau membutuhkan waktu yang lama (time-consuming)
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Pembagian Model
1. Model Fisik atau Analog (mis.experimen di lab)
2. Model Matematik:- Analitik (mis. Neraca masa, Streeter and Phelps)- Numerik (mis.Qual2k, WASP, HSPF dll)
Budi Kurniawan 4
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MODEL FISIK DAN MODEL MATEMATIK
Model Fisik• Similarity• Asumsi
Model Matematik• Governing Eqns.• Asumsi
Hybrid approach : kombinasi dari 2 model
KeterbatasanProblem dalam
•Skala•Waktu
Problem dalam•Data yang tidak mencukupi•Kualitas data yang rendah•Memahami proses
Keduanya dibutuhkan ketika sangat banyak penyederhanaan dalam perhitungannya
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Gambar Model Fisik Sebaran Polutan di Muara Sungai
Arus sejajar pantai
Polutan dari sungai
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Model Matematik Analitik• Metoda Neraca Massa :
CR = Σ Ci Qi = Σ Mi Σ V i Σ Vi
CR : konsentrasi rata-rata konstituen untuk aliran gabunganCi : konsentrasi konstituen pada aliran ke-iQi : Debit alir aliran ke-iMi : massa konstituen pada aliran ke-I
• Metoda Streeter – Phelps:dL/dt = - K’.L
L : konsentrasi senyawa organik (mg/L)t : waktu (hari)K’ : konstanta reaksi orde satu (hari-1)
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Model Matematik AnalitikBasic Mass Balance Water Quality Equation:Qd.Cd + Qs.Cs = Qr.Cr
• Qd = waste discharge flow in million gallons per day (mgd) or cubic feet per second or m3/sec
• Cd = pollutant concentration in waste discharge in milligrams per liter (mg/l)
• Qs = background stream flow in mgd or cfs or m3/sec above point of discharge
• Cs = background in-stream pollutant concentration in mg/l• Qr = resultant in-stream flow, after discharge in mgd or cfs
or m3/sec• Cr = resultant in-stream pollutant concentration in mg/l in
the stream reach (after complete mixing occurs)
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Example: Zinc
Assume a stream has a critical design flow of 1.2 cfs and a background zinc concentration of 0.80 mg/l.The State water quality criterion for zinc is 1.0 mg/l or less. The WLA for a discharge of zinc with a flow of 200,000 gpd is [Note: 200,000 gpd = 0.31 cfs]: Cd= Qr.Cr - Qs.Cs Cd = [(1.0)(0.31+1.2)−(0.8)(1.2)]/0.31
= (1.51−0.96)/0.31 = 0.55/0.31
= 1.77 mg/l
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Metode Neraca Masa
Parameter Zn
(Qs)= 0,01 m3/det(Cs)= 0.80 mg/l
Debit air limbah (Qd)= 0,001 m3/detBerapa Konsentrasi Air Limbah (Zn)?
Cr
BMA (Cr)Zn= 1 mg/l)
(Qr)= Qs + Qd
Qr
Cd?Qd
Cr.Qr = Cs.Qs + Cd.Qd
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Logam Berat: ZincDiketahui: Debit aliran sungai di hulu (Qs)= 0,01 m3/det Konsentrasi Zn sungai di hulu (Cs)= 0.80 mg/lKonsentrasi BMA (Cr)Zn= 1 mg/lDebit air limbah (Qd)= 0,001 m3Debit sungai di hilir (Qr) = Qs+QdDihitung:Berapa Konsentrasi Zn di air limbah (Cd) yang boleh dibuang?
Cr.Qr = Cs.Qs + Cd.Qd Cd=(Cr.Qr – Cs.Qs)/Qd
= [Cr.(Qs+Qd)-(Cs.Qs)]/QdCd = [(1.0)(0,01+0,001)−(0.8)(0,01)]/0.001
= 3 mg/l
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Metode Streeter Phelp
– Metode ini didasarkan pada kebutuhan oksigen pada kehidupan air (BOD) untuk mengukur terjadinya pencemaran di badan air.
– Metode ini diperkenalkan oleh Streeter dan Phelps pada tahun 1925 menggunakan persamaan kurva penurunan oksigen (oxygen sag curve).
– Metode pengelolaan kualitas air ditentukan atas dasar defisit oksigen kritik (DC).
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Metode Streeter Phelp
• Dua langkah penentuan daya dukung : – menentukan apakah beban yang diberikan
menyebabkan nilai defisit DO kritis melebihi defisit DO yang diijinkan atau tidak.
– apabila ya, maka diperlukan langkah kedua, yaitu menentukan beban BOD maksimum agar defisit DO kritis tidak melampaui defisit DO yang diijinkan.
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Receiving Water Model (US-EPA)
• Dynamic One-Dimensional Model of Hydrodynamics and Water Quality (EPDRiv1)
• Stream Water Quality Model (QUAL2K), CE-QUAL-W2 dan CE-QUAL-ICM
• CONservational Channel Evolution and Pollutant Transport System (CONCEPTS)
• Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC)• Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP)
Budi Kurniawan 14
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Watershed Models (US-EPA)
Budi Kurniawan
• Watershed Assessment Model (WAMView)• Storm Water Management Model (SWMM)• Hidrologycal Simulation Program Fotran (HSPF)• Loading Simulation Program in C++ (LSPC)• BASINS (HSPF, PLOAD, AQUATOX)• Storm Water Management Model (SWMM)• Loading Simulation Program in C++ (LSPC)• SWAT• Watershed Analysis Risk Managemnt Framework
(WARMF)15
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Konsep Pemodelan
Konsep pemodelan (hipotesis) merupakan separangkat asumsi yang merupakan ide dasar atau bangunan dasar mengenai bagaimana suatu sistem atau proses bekerja yang disesuaikan dengan tujuan pemodelan.
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Manfaat Pemodelan
• Para peneliti menggunakan model sebagai alat (tool) dalam memahami proses yang terjadi dan menemukan faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap suatu sistem.
• para praktisi menggunakan model untuk membantu dalam manajemen dan pengambilan keputusan.
• memahami secara lebih baik keberadaan polutan di lingkungan, persebaran dan perubahan fisik-kimia-bilogi polutan dan peran manusia dalam siklus polutan tersebut.
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Tujuan Pemodelan
– Untuk aplikasi apa model dibangun, apakah untuk keperluan penelitian ilmiah, engineering atau manajemen ?
– Pelajaran atau pemahaman apa yang ingin diperoleh dari model ?
– Pertanyaan apa yang ingin dijawab oleh model ?– Apakah pemodelan merupakan cara terbaik untuk
menjawab pertanyaan tersebut ?– Apakah model numerik benar-benar dibutuhkan ?
Dapatkan model analitik digunakan? Untuk kasus-kasus sederhana dimana model analitik tersedia dan cukup memadai, maka penggunaan model numerik merupakan pekerjaan yang berlebihan (overkill).
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Prosedur Pemodelan
• Konsep pemodelan• Identifikasi Model• Design Model • Simulasi (execution) dengan menggunakan beberapa
scenario • Kalibrasi (proses mencocokan hasil simulasi dengan
data lapangan untuk mendapatkan angka konstanta dan variabel yang sesuai)
• Verifikasi (menggunakan seri data yang berbeda)• Validasi (jika ada analytical dan analog models)• Sensitivity Analysis • Analisis hasil
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Variasi Model
1. Spasial (keruangan) - 1 Dimensi- 2 Dimensi- 3 Dimensi2. Temporal- Tunak (steady state)- Quasi Dynamic- Dinamik atau transient
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Variasi Model
• Konvensional Polutan (BOD, DO, Ph, TSS, Fecal coliform, minyak, oli)
• Non Konvensional polutan (ammonia, nitrogen, phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and whole effluent toxicity)
• Simple toxic, heavy metal, organic toxic
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Variasi Model
• Model berbasis DAS (watershed based model)
• Model berbasis sumber air (receiving based model)
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Data dan Informasi untuk Model Kualitas Air
• Peta Topografi• Peta Penggunaan Lahan• Peta Administrasi• Meteorologi dan klimatologi• Elevasi dan posisi geografis sumber air• Hidrologi (hidrolika) dan morfologi sumber air • Lokasi titik pantau dan Kualitas air hasil pemantauan• Jumlah beban, jenis dan lokasi sumber pencemar serta
karakteristik zat pencemar• Segmentasi sumber air• Kelas air atau baku mutu sumber air• Pemanfaatan sumber air
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Aplikasi Pemodelan Kualitas Air• Analisis kuantitatif hubungan antara beban pencemar yang
dikeluarkan sumber pencemar dengan kualitas air (air permukaan/air tanah).
• Analisis perubahan penggunaan lahan terhadap banjir dan kualitas air
• Analisis kuantitatif dampak perubahan iklim terhadap kualitas air sungai/air tanah.
• Analisis persebaran polutan (air lindi) di landfill, tumpahan minyak, kebocoran storage B3 sebagai bagian dari Environmental Risk Assessment serta analisis cause-effect dalam kasus lingkungan
• Menentukan total maximum daily load (TMDLs) segment sungai ,yang diperlukan untuk penyusunan kebijakan: izin pembuangan air limbah, penyusunan program, perdagangan alokasi limbah, mutu air sasaran, evaluasi tata ruang.
• Membantu dalam AMDAL• Water reuse dan Conjunctive use air permukaan dan airtanah
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Metode Perhitungan DTBP AirTotal Maximum Daily Loads (DTBPs) yaitu
jumlah maksimum beban pencemar yang diperbolehkan dibuang ke sumber air tanpa menyebabkan sumber air tersebut tercemar
DTBP = Waste Load Allocation + Load Allocation + Background water quality + Margin of safety (MoE)DTBP = Sumber Tertentu+ Sumber Tak tentu +Kualitas air + Faktor Pengaman
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Receiving Water Model (US-EPA)
• Dynamic One-Dimensional Model of Hydrodynamics and Water Quality (EPDRiv1)
• Stream Water Quality Model (QUAL2K), CE-QUAL-W2 dan CE-QUAL-ICM
• CONservational Channel Evolution and Pollutant Transport System (CONCEPTS)
• Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC)• Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP)
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QUAL2K:A Modeling Framework for Simulating River and Stream Water Quality(Version 2.11)
Documentation
The Mystic River at Medford, MA
Steve Chapra, Greg Pelletier and Hua TaoDecember 16, 2008Chapra, S.C., Pelletier, G.J. and Tao, H. 2008. QUAL2K: A Modeling Framework for Simulating River and Stream Water Quality, Version 2.11: Documentation and Users Manual. Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., Tufts University, Medford, MA., [email protected]
The Mystic River at Medford, MA
Steve Chapra, Greg Pelletier and Hua TaoDecember 16, 2008Chapra, S.C., Pelletier, G.J. and Tao, H. 2008. QUAL2K: A Modeling Framework for Simulating River and Stream Water Quality, Version 2.11: Documentation and Users Manual. Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., Tufts University, Medford, MA., [email protected]
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QUAL2K & QUAL2Kw• Model satu dimensi, dimana secara lateral dan vertikal
diasumsikan tercampur secara sempurna (the channel is well-mixed vertically and laterally)
• Kondisi hidrolik tunak (Steady state hydraulics) • Mensimulasi beban sumber Point dan Non-Point serta
pengambilan air (Abstractions) • Mensimulasi ruas saluran yang tidak sama dan beban
pencemar yang masuk dari berbagai sumber dan pengambilan air (Unequal reaches, Multiple loads/Abstractions)
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HW#1
HW#2
HW#3
HW#4
(a) A river with tributaries (b) Q2K reach representation
Mai
n s
tem
Trib 1
Trib2
Trib 3
QUAL2K segmentation scheme for (a) a river with tributaries. The Q2K reach representation in (b) illustrates the reach, headwater and tributary numbering schemes.
QUAL2K segmentation scheme for (a) a river with tributaries. The Q2K reach representation in (b) illustrates the reach, headwater and tributary numbering schemes.
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Introduction to the Water Quality Analysis Modeling System
WASPVersion 7.0April, 2005
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WASPWASPInputInput
BMDBMDEutrophicationEutrophication
Conservative Conservative ToxicantToxicant
MOVEMMOVEM
StoredStoredDataData
Hydro Hydro
Model Preprocessor/Data Server
MercuryMercury
Binary Model Output
Graphical Post Processor
ModelsHydrodynamicInterface
Expor
ted
Mod
el R
esul
ts
Messages
WASP Modeling FrameworkWASP Modeling Framework
CSV, ASCII Output
Organic Organic ToxicantsToxicants
HeatHeat
Binary Wasp Input File (wif)
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Surface Water Flow Options – WASP Screen
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Transport Fields – WASP Screen
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Applicable Module for Various Model Constituents
ModuleModule ConstituentConstituent
Simple ToxicantSimple Toxicant Non-reactive metals: Non-reactive metals: Copper, Lead, Zinc, CadmiumCopper, Lead, Zinc, Cadmium
Simple Organics: Simple Organics: MTBE, PCB HomologsMTBE, PCB Homologs
Non-Ionizing Organic ToxicantNon-Ionizing Organic Toxicant Reactive Metals: Reactive Metals: Arsenic, Tin, Selenium, ChromiumArsenic, Tin, Selenium, Chromium
Transformable Organics: Transformable Organics: Gasoline, Petroleum, BTEX, Gasoline, Petroleum, BTEX, PAHs, Chlorinated Solvents, PAHs, Chlorinated Solvents, PCBs, VOCsPCBs, VOCs
Organic ToxicantOrganic Toxicant Ionizable Organics: Ionizable Organics: Pesticides, Organic AcidsPesticides, Organic Acids
MercuryMercury Elemental Mercury, Divalent Elemental Mercury, Divalent Mercury, MethylmercuryMercury, Methylmercury
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Segmentationof Brandywine River
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Reaches:1. Annuminas2. Upper Plains3. Hobbiton4. Old Forest (monitoring)5. South Downs6. Tharbad Ferry7. Middle Brandywine8. The Crescent (monitoring)9. Minhiriath10. Lake Evendim epilimnion11. Lake Evendim hypolimnion12. Shirebourne Marsh 41Budi Kurniawan
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Brandywine WASP Network
7. Middle Brandywine8. The Crescent (monitoring)9. Minhiriath10. Lake Evendim epilimnion11. Lake Evendim hypolimnion12. Shirebourne Marsh
1.1. AnnuminasAnnuminas2.2. Upper PlainsUpper Plains3.3. HobbitonHobbiton4.4. Old Forest (monitoring)Old Forest (monitoring)5.5. South DownsSouth Downs6.6. Tharbad FerryTharbad Ferry
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Brandywine Physical Geometry
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Brandywine Simulation Control
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Brandywine Network (4)
• Copy segment names from the spreadsheet
• Highlight first row.
• Paste segment names in the Description field, and segment depths in the Depth Multiplier field.
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WASPWASP
Loading ModelsSWMMHSPFLSPCNPSMPRZMGBMM
Hydrodynamic ModelsEFDC
DYNHYDEPD-RIV1
SWMM
BioaccumulationBASSFCM-2
External Spreadsheets
ASCII FilesWindows Clipboard
WASP External Linkages
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TAM/WASP Model Segmentation
The TAM/WASP Modeling Framework for Development of Nutrient and BOD TMDLs in the Tidal Anacostia River, 2008
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The Anacostia River Watershed
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DO Criteria for Designated Uses in the Tidal Anacostia River
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Maximum Permitted Concentrations and Flows for Calculation ofMunicipal and Industrial Waste Load Allocations
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The Port Tobacco River is approximately 8.5 miles long and drains a predominantly forested watershed in Charles County. Land use within the watershed consists of 60 percent forest, 21 percent mixed agriculture and 19 percent urban land. According to water quality surveys, the Port Tobacco River was not supporting the following uses, inpart because of nuisance algal growths and low dissolved oxygen: water contact recreation and protection of aquatic life, and shellfish harvesting
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Watershed Models (US-EPA)
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• Watershed Assessment Model (WAMView)• Storm Water Management Model (SWMM)• Hidrologycal Simulation Program Fotran (HSPF)• Loading Simulation Program in C++ (LSPC)• BASINS (HSPF, PLOAD, AQUATOX)• Storm Water Management Model (SWMM)• Loading Simulation Program in C++ (LSPC)• SWAT• Watershed Analysis Risk Managemnt Framework
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Manfaat Watershed Models
• Integrasi rainfall –runoff dan stream model dengan menggunakan DAS sebagai batas pemodelan
• Memberitahukan kita respon kualitas air atas berbagai aktivitas manusia (mis:landuse) serta respon terhadap pilihan kegiatan perlindungan sumber air
• Alat untuk mensinergiskan program atau kegiatan pengendalian kerusakan DAS dengan pengelolaan dan pengendalian pencemaran air
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(Oki and Kanae 2006, Science)
But, what do we know now?
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Pelepasan air tanahPelepasan air tanah
Arus antaraArus antara
Aliran Permukaan
PeresapanPeresapanPermukaan Air Tanah
evapotranspirasi
Siklus Hidrologi
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Indikator kinerja (rasio debit max-min sungai, tingkat
erosi /sedimentasi, tinggi muka airtanah dan kualitas air
permukaan dan airtanah)
Outcome:Ekosistem DAS menjadi sehat,peningkatan income dan revenue, penyelesaian konflik, penurunan water-borne desease dan peningkatan kapasitas adaptasi perubahan iklim
Mapping•Identifikasi kondisi fisik (hidro-morfologi, iklim, land-use dan kualitas air) DAS•Identifikasi sumber pencemar •Identifikasi karakteristik zat pencemar•Identifikasi permasalahan dan stakeholders•Identifikasi peraturan dan lembaga formal dan informal perlindungan dan pengelolaan DAS • Identifikasi ekisting program/proyek
Tool:Izin Lingkungan,tata ruang,infrastruktur, pedoman,standar, peningkatan kapasitas, insentif-disinsentif, manajemen data base/spasial dan pemberdayaan masyarakat
Program dan kegiatan perlindungan dan Pengelolaan DAS:•Penurunan beban pencemaran dari sumbernya (point dan non-point source)•Pengelolaan kualitas air•Pengendalian kerusakan lahan dan tata air
Analysis datadan informasi
Aplikasi model Kualitas Air
DTBP/TMDL
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Hidrologycal Simulation Program Fotran (HSPF)
• The HSPF Model mensimulasi perjalanan polutan dan perubahan fisik-kimia-biologi (fate) polutan yang terjadi di seluruh sklus hidrologi.
• Terdapat dua proses berbeda yang dimodelkan, yaitu: (1) Proses yang menentukan perjalanan polutan dan perubahan fisik-kimia-biologi polutan pada permukaan dan dibawah permukaan DAS (the surface or in the subsurface of a watershed), and (2) proses di saluran air (in-stream processes).
• Proses pertama disebut dengan proses lahan atau DAS (land or watershed processes), proses kedua dinamakan dengan proses pada stream atau ruas sungai (in-stream or river reach processes).
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Watershed Analysis Risk Management Framework (WARMF)
Model WARMF dapat mengajari stakeholders dalam hal:1) Bagaimana input meteorologi memberikan dampak terhadap
kondisi hidrologi dan beban pencemar non-point ,2) Bagaimana land use mempengaruhi beban pencemar non-
point , 3) Bagaimana beban pencemar point and non-point tersebar
secara spasial,4) Bagaimana beban pencemar point and non-point
diterjemahkan menjadi kualitas air di sungai dan danau 5) Apakah kualitas air sesuai untuk peruntukan tertentu atau
tidak.
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Representation of Catawba River Basin by a Network of Land Catchments, RiverSegments, and Reservoirs
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Dialog Box for Land Use Data67Budi Kurniawan
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Meteorological Data for Charlotte-Douglas Airport 68Budi Kurniawan
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Specifying Designated Use 72Budi Kurniawan
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Specifying Water Quality Criterion for Designated Use. 73Budi Kurniawan
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Spreadsheet Table for Observed Water Quality 74Budi Kurniawan
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Simulated and Observed Flow of Catawba River at Calvin
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Summary Table for the Hypothetical Risk of Failure Analysis
Based on this hypothetical example, the risk of failure for the three control options are summarized in Table . The alternative with a low level control of 0.7 (30% reduction of load) has a lower cost, relatively speaking. But it has a 70% chance of not meeting the water quality objective. The medium cost alternative has a 34% chance of failure. The most expepensive alternative has a control level of 0.3 (70% reduction of load). But, the chance of falure is decreased to 2%.
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8080
POTENSI SUMBER DAYA DAN ANCAMAN BENCANADI WILAYAH PESISIR DAN PULAU-PULAU KECIL
POTENSI SUMBER DAYA DAN ANCAMAN BENCANADI WILAYAH PESISIR DAN PULAU-PULAU KECIL
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81
Pemilihan TEKNIK SIMULASI/PEMODELAN
• Sebaran Polutan di badan sungai atau estuaria
• Sebaran Nutrisi di badan sungai atau estuaria
• Kualitas air di estuaria• Intrusi garam untuk
pertambakan• Dinamika lidah pasir (sand
spit)• Layout struktur/bangunan
hidraulika• Pengerukan (dredging) and
pembuangan (dumping)• Masalah Erosi and Akresi• Analisis risiko banjir, tsunami,
dll
MemerlukanPemodelan Hidrodinamika,
Sedimen, kualitas air dll
a. Dilihat dari Tujuan simulasi :
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Kerangka fikir simulasi estuari
Energi pembangkit
AnginPasut
Debit sungai
Energi pembangkit
Konsentrasi dasarSumber aktif
Model hidrodinamika
•Aliran air•Suhu/salinitas•Kekekalan materi•Trajektori partikel
Model Transport•Adveksi•Dispersi
Hasil•Tinggi muka air•Arus, •Percampuran•Suhu, salinitas
Model gelombang•Pembentukan gel.•Penjalaran gel.•Disipasi energi
Model Sedimen
•Erosi•Aggregasi•Deposisi
Model Kualitas Air
•Transport•Transformasi
Energi Pembangkit
Angin
Hasil•Tinggi gelombang•Perioda gel. •Arah gelombang
Energi Pembangkit•Properti sedimen dasar•Solid loading
Hasil•Konsentrasi di kolom air•Konsentrasi di dasar
Hasil•Konsentrasi Sed.•Massa tersedimentasi, •Massa tererosi•Perubahan dasar 82Budi Kurniawan
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Contoh Model Matematik• Gelombang
– TUNAMI, TSUNAWI, ANUGA, COMCOT
– RCPWAVE (komersial),
– Mike 21-SW, Mike21-BW
– CGWAVE (komersial)
– Dll
• Sedimen pantai (pasir)
– Genesis US Army CERC
– Litpack (DHI)
• Arus (2 dimensi)
– Mike21-HD, Mike3D-HD(komersial)
– SMS – RMA2 (komersial)
– TELEMAC (komersial)
– 3DD
– Delft 3D
– Trisula
– POM
– Dll.
Polutan (2 dimensi) SMS-RMA4 (komersial) Mike21-ECO, Mike 3D-EQ Dll. (oil spill problem)
Sedimen suspensi perairan SMS-SED2D (komersial) Mike21-ST, Mike21-MT, Mike
3D-MT 3DD Delft 3D Ecomsed Dll
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MODEL HIDRODINAMIKA
• Pemodelan hidrodinamika didasarkan kepada deskripsi proses-proses yang mempengaruhi sirkulasi dan percampuran masa air yang menggunakan hukum konservasi masa dan momentum
• Parameter yang digunakan dalam pemodelan hidrodinamik meliputi: pasang surut, kemiringan hidrolika, suhu, friksi, turbulensi, angin dan tekanan atmosfir, dan pengaruh rotasi bumi (coriolis force)
• Output: Pola arus (kecepatan,arah) dan tinggi muka air (elevasi)
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Model Transpor Polutan
• Dipergunakan dalam memprediksi persebaran serta transformasi (perubahan fisik-kimia-biologi) polutan di perairan
• Proses yang dimodelkan: perjalanan dan konsentrasi dari zat pencemar setelah mengalami dispersi, ionisasi, sorpsi, dan mengalami degradasi melalui proses seperti; volatilisasi, biodegradasi, hidrolisis serta fotolisis
• Output: Persebaran konsentrasi polutan secara spasial dan temporal
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OUTPUT MODELING
• Prediksi kondisi kualitas air laut dan persebaran konsentrasi zat pencemar secara spasial dan temporal menggunakan lokasi outfall eksisting dan beban zat pencemar eksisting.
• Prediksi kondisi kualitas air laut dan persebaran konsentrasi zat pencemar sebagai respon dari penerapan berbagai skenario manajemen
• Beban polutan maksimum yang diperbolehkan untuk dibuang ke badan air laut dimasa sekarang dan masa yang akan datang agar baku mutu air laut yang ditetapkan tidak terlampaui.
• Lokasi outfall yang paling tepat agar zat pencemar mendapatkan dilusi yang optimal
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Kawasan ???
• Aktivitas: Industri, pariwisata, pelabuhan, transportasi, pemukiman
• Ekosistem sensitif: Terumbu karang, padang lamun, mangrove
• Kondisi hidro-geo-morfologi pesisir laut• Peraturan perundang-undangan• Sosial-ekonomi-budaya masyarakat
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PolutanPolutan
• SumberSumber– dari sungaidari sungai– buangan / buangan / effluenteffluent industri industri– Aktivitas transportasi lautAktivitas transportasi laut– dari dasar / timbunandari dasar / timbunan
• Mekanisme angkutan atau sebaranMekanisme angkutan atau sebaran– mengapung di permukaanmengapung di permukaan– melayang bersama aliranmelayang bersama aliran– terseret di atas dasar perairanterseret di atas dasar perairan
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Pertanyaan ????
• Berapa besar Beban Pencemaran yang masuk ke kawasan estuari atau laut di masa sekarang dan yang akan datang?
• Berapa kontribusi beban pencemar masing-masing sumber pencemar?
• Berapa besar beban pencemar maksimum yang dapat diasimilasi kawasan estuari atau laut ?
• Berapa kuota beban pencemar masing-masing sumber pencemar?
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TAHAPAN KAJIAN DIKAWASANInformasi peruntukan:
kawasan suaka alam laut, kawasan konservasi laut,
taman nasional laut, industri, pariwisata,
pelabuhan dll
Baku mutu kualitas air
Data dan informasi:Jenis sumber pencemar, beban dan karakteristik
air limbah, Iklim, hidro-oceanografi, kualitas air laut,komunitas biologi, penggunaan lahan dll
Pemodelan hidrodinamika, polutan tranpor dan ekosistem
•Total beban pencemar eksisting saat ini dan prediksi beban pencemar dimasa yang akan datang•Kontribusi beban pencemar dari berbagai sumber •Total beban pencemar yang diperbolehkan masuk kawasan (Daya Tampung Beban Pencemar)
Alokasi beban pencemarper industri di kawasan
Beban pencemareksisting per industri
di kawasanmemenuhi
Izin dikeluarkan
dibandingkan
•Izin ditunda•Pembinaan - Produksi bersih - Pengolahan limbah - Eco-industrial park
Tidak memenuhi
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Industri I
II III
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No Properti Keterangan
1 Jumlah grid arah x 375
2 Jumlah grid arah y 350
3 Resolusi grid arah x dan arah y 10 m
4 Luas tiap grid 100 m2
5 Langkah waktu perhitungan 5 detik
5 Kedalaman maksimum 15 m
4 Kedalaman minimum 1 m
5 Tipe elemen Elemen beda hingga
6 Luas area 13 km2
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Arus di Perairan Ujung Pangkah,Arus di Perairan Ujung Pangkah,Musim Angin Timur (Kecepatan Angin 5 m/s)Musim Angin Timur (Kecepatan Angin 5 m/s)
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Sebaran Sedimen dari 5 Muara SungaiSebaran Sedimen dari 5 Muara Sungai(Musim Angin Timur)(Musim Angin Timur)
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104104
Hasil Simulasi Sebaran Panas (Kondisi Eksisting, Angin Barat)
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DAFTAR PUSTAKAAbbot, M.B and W.A. Price, Coastal, Estuarial and Harbour Engineers, Reference
Book, 1994, E & FN Spon, LondonAmbrose, R. B., J. L. Martin, and T. A. Wool, 2009. WASP7, Streams Transport—
Model Theory, User's Manual, and Programmer's Guide. EPA/600/R-09/100, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA. 29
Budi Kurniawan, Kenji Jinno. Memoirs of the Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Vol.66, No.2, June 2006. “Numerical Transport model of chlorinated organic carbon compounds in saturated porous media”.
Budi Kurniawan, Kenji Jinno. Annual Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, JSCE, Vol.51, 2007, February. “Numerical modeling for assessment of contaminant vertical distribution under parameter uncertainties”.
Budi Kurniawan, Kenji Jinno. Journal of Environmental Hydrology, Vol.15, paper 1, March 2007. “Numerical modeling for risk assessment of groundwater contamination under river and pumping effect”.
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