PENGANTAR ORGANISASI DAN ARSITEKTUR KOMPUTER

Intro to Computer Organization*Hardware & SoftwareHardwareMesin yg sesungguhnya dan peralatan pendukungContoh: Monitor, disk drive, CD ROM, printer, CPU, keyboard, mouse

Software programs yang menyebabkan mesin mengerjakan sesuatuContoh: OS, word processing, games

Intro to Computer Organization*HardwareUnit Utama (main unit) yang tersambung dengan peralatan luar (peripheral)Unit Utama (main unit)Central processing unit (CPU)Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) melakukan pengolahan numerik dan logikaControl Unit mengendalikan ekesekusi dari suatu programMain memory (RAM)Tempat untuk menyimpan instruksi dan data

Intro to Computer Organization*Peralatan Luar (Peripheral)Input devices - keyboards, mouseOutput devices - monitor, printersSecondary memory devices - floppy disks, harddisk, CD-ROM

Intro to Computer Organization*Stuktur Hardware Komputer

Intro to Computer Organization*Jenis SoftwareSoftware SystemOperating system (OS)Kumpulan program yang memungkinkan pengguna dapat berkomunikasi dengan hardwareMengendalikan akses/keamanan, mengalokasikan peripheral, penjadwalan resourcesTanpa SO, hardware sulit digunakanSoftware AplikasiPrograms yg dirancang untuk keperluan khususword processing, games, CAE tools

Intro to Computer Organization*Hardware dan Software

Intro to Computer Organization*Istilah dlm MemoriBlocksSejunlah pageUntuk membagi main memory kedlm segmen-segmenPagesSejumlah byte1 block terdiri dari n pagesWord2 bytesBytes8 bitsBitsa binary digit

Intro to Computer Organization*Sifat MemoryVolatileIsi akan hilang jika tidak ada powerContoh: Main memory (RAM)Non-volatileIsi masih tetap tersimpan walaupun sumber listrik mati,Contoh: secondary storagefloppy disks, cds, tapes, hard drives

Intro to Computer Organization*Bahasa Pemrograman KomputerBahasa mesinDalam notasi binerarchitecture dependentBahasa AssemblyMenggunakan opcode dan registerjuga architecture dependentBahasa High-level Untuk membuat program-program aplikasiC, C++, Pascal, PL/1, Fortran, Cobol, Basic, Ada, Smalltalkarchitecture independentDibuat standarCompilerMengubah instruksi dalam bhs tinggi ke instruksi mesinInterpreterMengintrepretasikan perintah bhs tinggi pada saat runtime dengan cara mengerjakan instruksi mesin tertentu

Intro to Computer Organization*Compiled vs. InterpretedSebagian besar program dlm bahasa tingkat-tinggi di-compilecontoh:C, C++. dll

Apa keuntungannya?Apa kerugiannya?

Java adalah bahasa tingkat-tinggi yang di-compile dan di-interpretasi

Apa keuntungan dan kerugiannya dengan cara di-compile dan di-interpret?

Intro to Computer Organization*Pendekatan Layer-ingAda gap antara keinginan pengguna dengan apa yang dimengerti oleh komputer.

Apa yg menyebabkan gap? Bahasa.

Salah satu solusi: berbicara dg komputer menggunakan bahasa (mesin) yang dimengerti oleh komputer.

Solusi lain: menggunakan cara translasi atau interpretasi antara bahasa pengguna dengan bahasanya komputer

Dlm prakteknya ada beberapa lapis bahasa untuk menjembatani gap tsb. Inilah yang dinamakan Layer.

Intro to Computer Organization*Virtual MachineDengan pendekatan layer, pada setiap layer dapat dipandang sebagai suatu virtual machine yang mengerti bahasa tertentu pada layer tersebut

If a computer is designed with n levels, it can be regarded as n different virtual machines, each with a different machine language.

Intro to Computer Organization*Multilevel MachinesKebanyakan komputer-komputer modern, dirancang memiliki antara 2 sampai 6 layer.Problem-oriented Language levelAssembly Language levelOperating system machine levelInstruction set architecture levelMicroarchitecture levelDigital logic levelLevel 5Level 4Level 3Level 2Level 1Level 0

Intro to Computer Organization*Level 0 - Digital logic levelLapisan inilah yang benar-benar lapisan Hardware. Lapisan ini tersusun dari komponen elektronik yang dinamakan Gerbang (gates). Gerbang-gerbang dibentuk menjadi: memory, registers, adders, dll.

Level 1 - Microarchitecture levelThis level contains a collection of registers forming local memory and an ALU. These items are connected via a data path.

Level 2 - Instruction set architecture levelThe instruction set is designated by the hardware manufacturer.

Level 3 - Operating system machine levelIn many cases this level subsumes the contents of the underlying level. That isinstructions from the ISA level may more than likely also be present in this level. The purpose of this level is to carry out instructions from the next 2 levels.

Intro to Computer Organization*Level 4 - Assembly language levelThis level provides a means for programmers to write programs for levels 1,2, and 3 that is not as unpleasant as machine code. Programming at this level requires the use of a translator called an assembler.

Level 5 - Problem-oriented language levelAt this level, the languages most closely resemble human language. They are designed for application development and require translation via compilers or interpreters.

Intro to Computer Organization*Milestones in ArchitectureZeroth GenerationMechanical Computers (1642 - 1945)Pascal, Leibniz, Babbage, ZuseAtanasoff used capacitors

First GenerationVacuum Tubes (1945 - 1955)Colossus British governmentEniac Mauchley-Eckert which became UnisysIAS vonNeumannIBM

Second GenerationTransistors (1955 - 1965)DEC PDP 1 minicomputerControl Data Corp(CDC) 6600 Seymour CrayBurroughs B5000

Intro to Computer Organization*Third GenerationIntegrated Circuits (1965 - 1980)IBM 360 and 370 seriesPDP 11

Fourth GenerationVery Large Scale Integration(VLSI) (1980 - ? )IBM personal computerIBM clonesAppleOperating systems are born

Intro to Computer Organization*Computer FamiliesEach of the following architectures define a family of processors.

Pentium II IntelUltraSPARC II Sun MicrosystemspicoJava II Sun Microsystems

Intro to Computer Organization*Pentium II FamilyThis family has evolved from a calculator chip. It started out as a 4-bit CPU on a chip for a Japanese calculator manufacturer.

Heres a summarized history:4004800880868088802868038680486PentiumPentium ProPentium II

Intro to Computer Organization*UltraSPARC II FamilyThis family grew out of one persons love of running UNIX who had a distaste for doing so on timeshared computers.

A graduate student at Stanford built the first SUN(Stanford University Network) workstation. It was originally powered by a Motorola 68020 processor, and came with built-in Ethernet connection.SUN-1SUN-2SUN-3

Then switched to a RISC architecture to design their own processor SPARC(Scalable Processor ARChitecture).UltraSPARC I a 64 bit architecture

Intro to Computer Organization*picoJava II FamilyThis family of processors was also developed by Sun Microsystems.

This architecture is the hardware implementation of the Java Virtual Machine.

This family of chips is marketed towards embedded systems development.