Penelitian SekunderPenelitian Sekunder

Indra BudiIndra Budi

indra@cs.ui.ac.idindra@cs.ui.ac.id

Fakultas Ilmu Komputer UIFakultas Ilmu Komputer UI

Siklus InformasiSiklus Informasi

Penelitian SekunderPenelitian Sekunder

Merupakan pendekatan penelitian Merupakan pendekatan penelitian yang menggunakan data-data yang yang menggunakan data-data yang telah ada, selanjutnya dilakukan telah ada, selanjutnya dilakukan proses analisa dan interpretasi proses analisa dan interpretasi terhadap data-data tersebut sesuai terhadap data-data tersebut sesuai dengan tujuan penelitian.dengan tujuan penelitian.

History research, trend analysis, History research, trend analysis, SWOT analysis, forecasting analysis, SWOT analysis, forecasting analysis, dsb.dsb.

Keuntungan Penelitian Keuntungan Penelitian SekunderSekunder

MurahMurah Data dapat dikumpulkan/didapatkan Data dapat dikumpulkan/didapatkan

dengan cepatdengan cepat Dapat belajar dan mengerti kejadian di Dapat belajar dan mengerti kejadian di

waktu lampauwaktu lampau Akan dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan Akan dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan

melalui replication dan menambah jumlah melalui replication dan menambah jumlah sampelsampel

Pada penelitian sosial, dapat memahami Pada penelitian sosial, dapat memahami perubahan social (social change)perubahan social (social change)

Kerugian Penelitian SekunderKerugian Penelitian Sekunder

Keakuratan data tidak terjamin Keakuratan data tidak terjamin hasil interpretasi peneliti sebelumnyahasil interpretasi peneliti sebelumnya

Data yang tersedia kadang tidak Data yang tersedia kadang tidak sesuai dengan kebutuhansesuai dengan kebutuhan

Unit pengukuran yang berbedaUnit pengukuran yang berbeda Usang (tidak up-to-date)Usang (tidak up-to-date)

Metodologi umum dalam Metodologi umum dalam penelitian sekunderpenelitian sekunder

Mencari dan mengumpulkan dataMencari dan mengumpulkan data Membuat agar unit pengukuran yang Membuat agar unit pengukuran yang

digunakan dapat dibandingkan digunakan dapat dibandingkan (comparable)(comparable)

Mengevaluasi data/dokumenMengevaluasi data/dokumen Menentukan kelengkapan dataMenentukan kelengkapan data Melakukan analisa dataMelakukan analisa data

Sumber-sumber informasiSumber-sumber informasiType of Information Needed Research Resources

General overview of the subject Encyclopedia articles, textbooks

Lists of resources; location

informationOnline Catalog, Bibliographies, WWW

Current information, magazine,

journal and newspaper articlesPeriodical indexes, WWW

Definition of terms Dictionaries; subject dictionaries

Facts, tables of data, and

informative summariesAlmanacs, handbooks, manuals

Overview of the state-of-the-art,

including researchYearbooks, review articles, WWW

Names, addresses, with brief

facts about organizationsDirectories, WWW

Information about persons Biographical dictionaries

Information about booksBook reviews indexes, plot summaries,

criticism

Geographical facts Atlases, maps and gazetteers

Local information

Pamphlet file, local newspapers,

Newspaper on WWW or CDROM, books,

WWW

Evaluasi Sumber InformasiEvaluasi Sumber Informasi

Bagaimana menentukan sumber Bagaimana menentukan sumber informasi yang sesuai (best source) ?informasi yang sesuai (best source) ?

Suatu sumber informasi bisa jadi Suatu sumber informasi bisa jadi sesuai untuk seseorang, namun tidak sesuai untuk seseorang, namun tidak untuk yang lain, tergantung dari untuk yang lain, tergantung dari tingkat keperluan masing-masing tingkat keperluan masing-masing orang tsb dan kemampuan untuk orang tsb dan kemampuan untuk mengevaluasi sumber informasi.mengevaluasi sumber informasi.

Guide to Preliminary Evaluation

If you are evaluating a book, reading the whole book is not necessary at this point.

For the initial evaluation of a book or article, ask yourself the questions below

What does the title tell you? •Sometimes the titles conveys a lot.•Sebagai gambaran awal dalam

menentukan kelayakan sebuah dokumen/data.

Guide to Preliminary Evaluation (2)

Who is the author? • Look for information about the author at the

front of the book, at the end of the book, on the cover and in the preface or introduction. Consider these two points.

• Bagaimana kualifikasi penulisnya ?• Kaitan latar belakang penulis dengan topiknya,

apakah terdapat bias ? For example, if your topic is "gays in the military,"

will a gay person and a non-gay person necessarily look at the issues in the same way? If you are writing about Native American history, do you want the views of only European-Americans or also the views of some Native Americans?

Guide to Preliminary Evaluation (3)

When was it published?• Jika waktu menjadi hal yang penting terhadap data, maka hal

ini harus menjadi hal yang penting untuk diperhatikan, misal data sensus, data penjualan, data revenue, dsb.

• Does the date affect the usefulness of the material for your research? Why or why not?

• Beberapa hal dapat menjadi bagian dari latar belakang• If you are writing about something that happened a long time

ago, the date of a source is less important. Yet keep in mind that even though the facts about an issue or an event of the past probably haven’t changed, society’s attitudes might have changed a lot.

Does the source have any special features such as statistics, maps, charts or lists of dates? • Flip through the book. Sometimes there is a list of illustrations

at the front or back. • Is the presence or absence of these features important? Why

or why not?

Guide to Preliminary Evaluation (4)

Is it easy to find what you need? • Lihat daftar isi atau index

What is the scope of the book or article? In other words, what is the author trying to cover? • Buku baca pendahuluan, daftar isi, pengantar penulis• Artikel baca abstrak, atau paragraph awal/akhir dari

pendahuluan Be specific. For example, do not simply say to yourself

"This book is about American history." A better answer would be "This book covers American history starting from the arrival of the first European settlers in the 1600s and ending with the conclusion of World War II. It includes politics and economic issues but not social customs or the effects of the war."

Guide to Evaluation in Depth What is the author’s main point or

argument?• Dengan kata lain, apa topik utama dan argumen

yg digunakan penulis yg menggambarkan tujuan penulisannya.

How well does the author support the main point or argument? • Does he or she use evidence such as facts,

quotes and examples? Where did the author get his or her

information? • Look for footnotes or other references to sources

or people. Some of these resources might be helpful for additional research.

Guide to Evaluation in Depth (2)

Does the source contain primary material, secondary material, or some of each? • Is that important? Why or why not?

Is there any indication of bias? • Bias is prejudice or lack or objectivity

toward the topic. It’s sometimes obvious from the author’s identity or background, which were first mentioned in the preliminary guide. Yet often it is more subtle and can be detected only by careful consideration of the material.

Getting the Best InformationGetting the Best Information The best research requires the best information. Not

every item on your topic is equally useful or appropriate. Before you wrap up your research see if your material passes this test of quality.

Current• This is harder than it looks. If you are looking for recent material

then you need to make two checks on your information.• First: When was it published? The difference between 1980 and

1990 is enormous if you are studying U.S./Soviet relations. While magazines and journals will generally be more current than books, on certain hot topics even a book will get rushed into print.

• Second: When was the information it is based on published? Look at the items in the footnotes and bibliography. When were they published? Are the statistics as recent as they might be?

Getting the Best Information (2)Getting the Best Information (2) Valid

• Most people forget to consider this point. Libraries try to collect a wide variety of material for a wide variety of uses. If you are doing serious research then you need to choose the most authoritative sources available in the library so consider two points.

• First: Do you know anything about the author's credentials? In some magazines the same author who writes this week on AIDS wrote last week on lawn mowers. Did the author of your book get a degree in or work on the subject?

• Second: What about the publication's reputation? Some publications are less reliable, authoritative, and accurate than others. As one extreme, just think of the supermarket tabloids.

Getting the Best Information (3)Getting the Best Information (3) Objective

• It is almost impossible for anything to be entirely objective. Everyone has, at least, a cultural bias. A Japanese author may view dating rituals differently than a British author would. It's not that one is right or wrong, but that the researcher must understand the author's perspective. Check at least these two points.

• First: Does this author have an ax to grind? If a member of the N.R.A. is writing about gun control then you shouldn't accept that view alone. Ask a librarian if your sources are well balanced between, for example, conservative and liberal views.

• Second: Does time make a difference? An objective opinion at one point in time might be totally different at another point in time. It is possible, for example, to find quotes from reputable American leaders in praise of fascism and Mussolini. But those quotes will be from the mid-1930's, not from the mid-1940's.

Getting the Best Information (4)Getting the Best Information (4) Complete

• Everyone has something they tend to forget when doing research. Ask yourself these questions to find your blind spots.

• First: Is there a format of information that would still help? Did you try computers, statistics, maps, books, newspapers, scholarly journals, popular magazines, personal interviews, and any other relevant types of information?

• Second: Did you answer every question you needed to answer in order to prove your thesis? Did you look at your research for its holes and weaknesses?

Original• Finally, are your sources as close to the original as they can

be? For example, in studying President Reagan’s policies concerning people with AIDS, you can either read what he has to say on the topic or what someone else has to say. They both have some value but it is important to get the original source whenever possible so you make your own judgment and analysis

Evaluating Information from the World Wide Web

The Web presents special challenges for evaluating information. Because anyone can publish information on the Web, web pages don't necessarily go through the editorial process that most print pages go through.

First, consider the purpose of the site you're evaluating. Is it educational? Commercial? Is the site advocating a particular point of view, or does it appear to provide unbiased information? Ask yourself why the person or organization is providing this information...then evaluate web sites based on:

Accuracy• Is the information correct and accurate? Has it been fact

checked? Where did the information come from?

Evaluating Information from the World Wide Web (2) Authority

• Who is the author and what are his or her credentials? Is there a publisher with editorial oversight for the publication?

Currency• Is there a date indicating the age of the information? Can

you tell whether the date indicates when the information was first posted, when it was updated, or when it was first created?

Objectivity• Is there evidence of bias? Is the site attempting to sway

you on one direction or another? Coverage

• How complete is the information?

JurnalJurnal

Artikel riset dalam jurnal biasanya Artikel riset dalam jurnal biasanya paling tidak memuat 5 hal, yaitu:paling tidak memuat 5 hal, yaitu:• AbstractAbstract• IntroductionIntroduction• MethodsMethods• ResultsResults• DiscussionDiscussion

AbstractAbstract The abstract usually contains a The abstract usually contains a conciseconcise summary of summary of : :  

• the article's problem under investigation or the hypothesis,the article's problem under investigation or the hypothesis,• pertinent information on the participants,pertinent information on the participants,• brief review of methodology,brief review of methodology,• statistical analyses,statistical analyses,• results of the study, andresults of the study, and• implications of the study.implications of the study.

Jangan hanya menggunakan abstract ketika Jangan hanya menggunakan abstract ketika menginformasikan ttg suatu topikmenginformasikan ttg suatu topik

Gunakan asbtrak hanya sebagai panduan untuk Gunakan asbtrak hanya sebagai panduan untuk menentukan apakah paper tsb layak/berkaitan atau tidak !menentukan apakah paper tsb layak/berkaitan atau tidak !

IntroductionIntroduction Merupakan body of paper, biasanya berisikan:Merupakan body of paper, biasanya berisikan: pengenalan masalahpengenalan masalah

• It begins with a broad statement of the problem under It begins with a broad statement of the problem under investigation and then proceeds to narrow the focus to investigation and then proceeds to narrow the focus to the specific hypothesis or hypotheses of the study.  the specific hypothesis or hypotheses of the study. 

Tujuan, signifikansi, hipotesisTujuan, signifikansi, hipotesis• The purpose of this section is to introduce the reader to The purpose of this section is to introduce the reader to

the overall issue/problem that is being tested and to the overall issue/problem that is being tested and to provide justification for the hypothesis or hypotheses.  provide justification for the hypothesis or hypotheses. 

Literatur reviewLiteratur review• In order to accomplish these tasks, the author needs to In order to accomplish these tasks, the author needs to

review past research on the same topic, discussing their review past research on the same topic, discussing their findings. findings.

MethodsMethods The purpose of the The purpose of the MethodMethod section is to provide a detailed section is to provide a detailed

description of how the study was conducted.  Think of this description of how the study was conducted.  Think of this section as being a recipe with an exact description of how section as being a recipe with an exact description of how to replicate the study.  This section is usually divided into to replicate the study.  This section is usually divided into subparts:  subparts:     

Participants/SubjectsParticipants/Subjects Sampling Sampling• (Participants is the term used when humans are involved in the (Participants is the term used when humans are involved in the

study while Subjects is the term used when animals are in the study while Subjects is the term used when animals are in the study.)study.)

• This subsection contains information such as:This subsection contains information such as: number of participants and how they were selected & assigned number of participants and how they were selected & assigned

(e.g., at random?)(e.g., at random?) major demographic characteristicsmajor demographic characteristics (e.g., sex, age, race, ethnicity, (e.g., sex, age, race, ethnicity,

level of education, socioeconomic status)level of education, socioeconomic status) etcetc

Methods (2)Methods (2) Materials/Apparatus/MeasuresMaterials/Apparatus/Measures

• All physical aspects of the research design are described All physical aspects of the research design are described in this subsection.  It lists everything that was used in in this subsection.  It lists everything that was used in the study to help others replicate it (think "ingredients" the study to help others replicate it (think "ingredients" for cookies). for cookies). 

ProcedureProcedure• This subsection provides a detailed account of what This subsection provides a detailed account of what

happened in the study (think "directions" for making happened in the study (think "directions" for making cookies). cookies). 

ResultResult The The ResultsResults section is the statistical section is the statistical

reporting of the data.  Its purpose is to reporting of the data.  Its purpose is to describe what was found.  describe what was found. 

Typically, the writer presents the Typically, the writer presents the descriptive statistics first (e.g., summary descriptive statistics first (e.g., summary of the characteristics of the data) followed of the characteristics of the data) followed by the inferential statistics (e.g., statistics by the inferential statistics (e.g., statistics related to the testing of the hypothesis).  related to the testing of the hypothesis). 

Tables and figures are often used to Tables and figures are often used to convey important information in an convey important information in an organized manner.  organized manner. 

DiscussionDiscussion The The DiscussionDiscussion section reviews, interprets, and evaluates section reviews, interprets, and evaluates

the results of the study.  the results of the study.  The review of the results is done is nonThe review of the results is done is non--technical language, technical language,

using no statistical markings.  using no statistical markings.  Discussion sections typically begin by listing the hypothesis Discussion sections typically begin by listing the hypothesis

or hypotheses and then stating if the results supported or or hypotheses and then stating if the results supported or contradicted the hypothesis or hypotheses.  contradicted the hypothesis or hypotheses. 

Next, writers usually discuss similarities and differences Next, writers usually discuss similarities and differences between the current findings and findings of previous between the current findings and findings of previous research.  research. 

Any weaknesses of the current study are also reviewed and Any weaknesses of the current study are also reviewed and suggestions are made on improving the research design.  suggestions are made on improving the research design. 

Finally, a discussion section usually ends with the writer Finally, a discussion section usually ends with the writer providing directions for future research.  providing directions for future research. 

The discussion section begins with a narrow focus on the The discussion section begins with a narrow focus on the findings of the study and then proceeds more broadly by findings of the study and then proceeds more broadly by drawing conclusions until it ends with future implications.  drawing conclusions until it ends with future implications. 

Kapan harus menulis kutipan ?Kapan harus menulis kutipan ? Whenever you use another person's work, you must

identify the work by using a standard citation format.• Whenever using information which is not general knowledge

and it is the result of another author’s work. • Whenever the source of the information is important to

supporting an idea or argument and the reader needs to be convinced of the authority of the information.

• Whenever another author’s words or conclusions are quoted, paraphrased, or summarized.

Sumber yg dikutip dapat ditaruh di footnote atau di daftar referensi

Jangan mengutip namun tidak dituliskan sumbernya atau sebaliknya, dituliskan sumbernya namun tidak pernah dikutip !!!

ReferensiReferensi

Singleton, “Approaches to Sosial Singleton, “Approaches to Sosial Research 3Research 3rdrd Ed”, Oxford UP, 1999. Ed”, Oxford UP, 1999.

Research Methods and Strategies, Research Methods and Strategies, http://www.seattlecentral.org/faculty/http://www.seattlecentral.org/faculty/lkanne/textbook/lkanne/textbook/